PHD-Department of Kiswahili & African Languages

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Athari za kiswahili na kikuyu kwa uthabiti wa kishona nchini kenya:mtazamo wa kiisimujamii
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Motanya, Mercy Moraa
Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza athari za Kiswahili na Kikuyu kwa uthabiti wa Kiisimujamii wa Kishona nchini Kenya. Shona ni kabila mojawapo la Wabantu ambao asili yao ni nchini Zimbabwe na walifika nchini Kenya zaidi ya miaka sitini iliyopita kama wamishenari. Wameishi nchini Kenya kwa miaka hiyo yote bila utambulisho hadi mwaka wa 2020 ambapo walipewa uraia wa kuwa Wakenya. Kufikia sasa, Washona wametagusana na jamiilugha mbalimbali hapa nchini katika Kaunti ya Kiambu inayojulikana kwa wingilugha. Mtagusano lugha unapotokea, lugha husika huathirika kwa viwango mbalimbali: kifonetiki, kifonolojia, kimofolojia, kisintaksia, kisemantiki na hata kiisimujamii. Hivyo katika kuchunguza athari hizi, malengo yafuatayo yaliongoza utafiti huu: Kuchunguza athari za mtagusano wa Kiswahili na Kikuyu kwa Kishona, kuhakiki sababu zinazopelekea Washona kutumia Kiswahili na Kikuyu katika maeneo yao ya kijamii, kudhihirisha mielekeo yao katika matumizi ya Kiswahili na Kikuyu na kubainisha iwapo Washona wamefaulu kudumisha lugha yao asilia nchini Kenya au la. Nadharia ya Uthabiti wa Kiisimujamii wa lugha iliyoasisiwa na Giles, Bourhis na Taylor (1977) na kuendelezwa na Landweer (2000) na nadharia ya Uzalishaji Kijamii ya Bourdieu (1977), zilitumika katika kuchanganua data ya utafiti. Utafiti huu ulihusisha mawanda mawili ambayo ni utafiti wa maktabani na wa nyanjani. Utafiti wa maktabani ulihusisha kudurusu miswada, vitabu, machapisho na majarida yanayoangazia uthabiti wa kiisimujamii wa lugha, nadharia za uthabiti na udumishaji wa lugha pamoja na mbinu za utafiti. Kabla ya utafiti wa nyanjani, utafiti awali ulifanyika ili kutathmini ubora wa vifaa vya ukusanyaji data. Utafiti wa nyanjani ulifanyika katika makazi ya wanajamiilugha wa Kishona ili kupata data ya moja kwa moja iliyojibu maswali ya utafiti. Jumuiya ya utafiti ilikuwa kabila la Washona wanaoishi katika mitaa mitano ya kaunti ya Kiambu. Sampuli ya utafiti huu iliteuliwa kimaksudi na kwa njia elekezi ili kumpa mtafiti uhuru wa kutathmini na kuchagua wahojiwa ambao walimpa data inayofaa kutimiza malengo ya utafiti. Mbinu zilizotumiwa katika ukusanyaji data ni pamoja na mahojiano, utazamaji au uchunzaji, mijadala ya vikundi vidogo vidogo na maswali mepesi yaliyoandaliwa awali. Data iliyokusanywa ilichanganuliwa kwa kutumia mbinu changamano. Matokeo yaliwasilishwa kwa njia ya maelezo, takwimu na asilimia huku yakiongozwa na nadharia mbili za utafiti. Kufuatia juhudi za UNESCO za kudumisha lugha asilia, utafiti huu utakuwa wa manufaa kwa taifa la Kenya na mataifa mengine kwa kuwa umeongezea data muhimu katika kuhifadhi utamaduni wa Washona na mielekeo ya udumishaji kwa lugha za kabila mbalimbali.
Changamoto za uchanganuzi na ufasiriwa ushairi katika shule za upili nchini Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2014-10-10) Gakuo, Joseph Kariuki; Wafula, R. M.
Utafiti huu umechanganua suala la ufasiri na uelewekaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa shule za sekondari, Kenya. Ushairi ni somo la lazima shuleni na ambalo kwa muda mrefu sasa limewakanganya wanafunzi wa sekondari. Ripoti za baraza la mitihani la kitaifa zimedhihirisha matokeo mabaya ya mtihani wa Kiswahili hususan kutokana na somo la ushairi. Hali hii imewavutia wachunguzi na watafiti wengi kujaribu kuchangia suluhisho la kudumu kwa tatizo hili. Utanzu wa ushairi ndio mkongwe zaidi na wenye utata na mgogoro tangu jadi. Madhali hata tamthilia au riwaya ngumu huitwa ya kishairi. Uchunguzi huu ulijikita katika mtazamo wa nadharia za Ki-Hemenitiki na Uhistoria mpya. Utafiti ulinuia kutathmini jinsi ukengeushi wa Ki-Hemenitiki na kitamaduni unavyochangia ugumu wa ufasiri na uelewekaj i wa ushairi wa Kiswahili.Ili kuafikia lengo hili la udadisi, utafiti ulihusisha tungo mbalimbali za ushairi kutoka kwa Sauti ya Dhiki (Abdilatif Abdalla), Pambo la Lugha (Shaaban Robert), Kina cha Maisha (Said A. Mohamed). Utafiti huu ulijikita maktabani na nyanjani. Maktabani, utafiti ulinufaika na udurusu wa vitabu, miswada, majarida, tasnifu, makala na machapisho yaliyoangazia masuala ya nadharia, ushairi, uchanganuzi na tafiti kuhusu ugumu wa ufasiri wa mashairi kwajumla. Nyanjani, utafiti ulijikita katika kaunti ya Trans Nzoia na ya Mombasa. Tulitumia sampuli ya Kimakusudi iliyohusisha wanafunzi wa kidato cha tatu na cha nne. Jumla ya wanafunzi kumi waliteuliwa kutoka katika shule nne za kila kaunti. Shule hizo zilikuwa za kategoria tatu: Kitaifa, Kimkoa na Kiwilaya. Suala la kijinsia lilizingatiwa huku uteuzi wa sampuli ukiegemezwa kwa malengo ya utafiti, mipaka ya utafiti na nadharia za utafiti. Tulitumia hojaji kwa wanafunzi na walimu kutathmini mielekeo, kiwango cha uchanganuzi na ufasiri, pamoja na mbinu na hali nzima ya ufunzaji na ujifunzaji wa mashairi na ushairi shuleni. Tathmini hii iliegemezwa kwa vigezo vya ufasiri mwafaka wa Ki-Hemenitiki ambavyo ni ukubalifu, uwiano, ufaafu na mshikamano. Pia, tulitumia kazi mradi kwa wanafunzi hao kwa makusudi mawili: Tathmini ya umilisi kimsingi wa ushairi miongoni mwao na kutathmini uwezo wao wa ufasiri mashairi. Data iliyoibuliwa ilichanganuliwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya taraklishi ya uchanganuzi wa tarakimu sayansi za jamii. Matokeo yalidhihirishwa kwa viwango vya kiasilimia na kuwasilishwa kwa maelezo na ufafanuzi kwa takwimu majedwali na michoro duara. Utafiti umebaini kuwa ukengeushi wa Ki- Hemenitiki na kitamaduni ndio sababu kuu ya ufasiri na uhakiki mbaya wa ushairi miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa Sekondari Kenya. Utafiti umeweka bayana changamoto nyingi zinazokumba somo la ushairi ikiwa ni pamoja na mielekeo hasi miongoni mwa 50% ya wanafunzi hao, uhuru wa kupindukia wa kukabili somo la ushairi kwa walimu, matatizo ya lugha ya Kilahaja na Kikae, utahini wa kuyumbayumba, ukosefu wa mwongozo wa kufundishia kwa walimu, ukosefu wa vitabu teule na cha kiada cha ushairi na kwa jumla, ukosefu wa umilisi wa ushairi kwa wanafunzi miongoni mwa mengine. Utafiti huu umetoa mchango mufti katika taaluma ya ushairi wa Kiswahili hususan kuelewa jinsi ukengeushi wa Ki-Hemenitiki na kitamaduni unavyochangia ugumu wa ufasiri na uelewekaji wa ushairi. Hili limechangia katika kusuluhisha suala la ugumu wa ushairi miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa sekondari kwa kupendekeza jinsi viwango vya ukengeushi katika ufasiri vinavyoweza kuzibwa.
Defamiliarization in the novels of Euphrase Kezilahabi and Said Ahmed Mohamed
(2011-08-15) Osore, Miriam Kenyani
The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of defamiliarization techniques in selected novels of Euphrase Kezilahabi and Said Ahmed Mohamed. The novels analysed were purposefully sampled. Kezilahabi's Rosa Mistika (1971), Kichwamaji (1974), Gamba la Nyoka (1978), and Mohamed's Utengano (1980), Dunia Mti Mkavu (1980), Asali Chungu (1978), Kiza katika Nuru (1988) and Babu Alipofufuka (2001) were analysed. The study examined the following defamiliarization techniques: metaphor, irony, simile, synecdoche, metonymy, analogy, symbolism, juxtaposition, allusion, dream and magical transformations. The study adopted Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (CDA). This post-modernist conceptual framework is an interdisciplinary approach in the study of discourse, which views any use of language as a form of social practice. It postulates that discourses are shaped and constrained by social structures and culture. This study therefore, contextualized the texts as discourses and interrogated them to reveal social problems that are mediated by mainstream ideology and power relations. These techniques were analyzed within (CDA) variables such as the notions of ideology, religion, gender, power and culture. The results were presented in form of an informed discourse.The study found out that both Euphrase Kezilahabi and Said Ahmed Mohamed make deliberate and strategic use of defamiliarization techniques for foreground meaning. The authors utilize the techniques either to depict the reality of African life or to contest and protest against the dominant ideologies. The study found out that defamiliarization techniques utilized are ideologically motivated and reveal social, cultural, political, religious and historical constructs of the African society. The study concludes that CDA can be utilized effectively to analyse texts as a way of reading society. The study calls for further research in which CDA could be used to analyse other genres of literature as well as other Kiswahili fiction writers. Other defamiliarization .techniques such as neologism, oxymoron, parody, parallelism and antithesis could also be analysed
The impact of language policy on the development of Kiswahili in Kenya, 1930-1990
(2012-05-17) Mbaabu, George Ireri
Like most African countries, Kenya is linguistically dependent on the language (English) of the former colonizers for education, national, and international communication. However, Kenya has declared Kiswahili, the lingua franca of East and Central Africa, to be its national language. Besides these two languages, Kenya actively promotes twenty of its forty mother tongues at the national level. Some of the smaller mother tongues, which are not used in schools or in broadcasting, are facing extinction. At the same time Kenya is not participating fully in the corpus planning of the national Language. Tanzania is the country developing most of the new terminology for Kiswahili. Kenya uses books, dictionaries and new terms developed by Tanzania. In this study the author analyzes the development of language policy in its impact on the development of Kiswahili from a dependency perspective, that is, how linguistic dependency was established and perpetuated in a country where Kiswahili could be an effective answer to the complex issue of multilingualism. The study also discusses the impact of Kenya's failure to develop Kiswahili, that is, the incipient linguistic dependency on Tanzania, which is actively developing Kiswahili.
Itikadi katika riwaya za Said Ahmed Mohamed
(Kenyatta University, 2017-01) Murithi, Joseph Jesse
This research evaluated the use of ideology in S. A. Mohamed’s novels to find out whether it impacts his works over a period of time. The study was informed by the fact that many critics tend to assume that the attitudes, thoughts and views of the writer are the same and stable all the time. Since at specific times, these attitudes, thoughts and views are informed by a certain ideology it was important to evaluate the ideologies of a writer for a longer period to see whether they remained the same or they changed after a certain period and if so why the changes happened. It was found out that the ideologies of the writer changed to fulfil the needs of the writer’s audience, and reflect the changing aspects in society in relation to politics, economy, religion, traditions and general way of life. The researcher did this by analyzing ideologies in four novels written by S. A. Mohamed which were selected purposively to fulfil the needs of the research. These novels are Asali Chungu (1978), Kiza katika Nuru (1988), Dunia Yao (2006) and Mhanga Nafsi Yangu (2013). The researcher analysed the themes and characters in each novel and sought to analyse the changes reflected by the writer. Furthermore, the researcher investigated how the changes signalled the change of the writer’s ideology after a certain period of time and then sought to establish why the change occured. The theories that were used in this research were deconstruction theory which helped the researcher to demonstrate why ideology is not constant and the moral theory which guided the researcher to focus on the society and the audience that the writer aimed to reach in his works. The researcher used the library and field work method to conduct the research. In the library the main texts under analysis were read, the plots, themes, characters and style were analysed. Other texts written by the writer were read and they enriched our understanding of the issues under investigation. In addition, all texts related to the topic were read and they gave the researcher a thorough understanding of the research area. The researcher also went to the field and held discussions with the writer S. A. Mohamed and got his personal views on his works in general and specifically on the works under evaluation. A questionnaire was also used to ask the writer questions in relation to his work.The critics’ views were included by the use of a questionnaire and discussions in order to get their insights into the works under investigation. It is our conviction that by doing all this, we were able to show that the ideologies of the writer kept changing after every period of time to the point of contradicting himself. This is in an effort to fulfill the needs of his society in general and his responsibility in particular.Thus the ideology of a writer keeps changing to reflect the changes in the society.
Itikadi za Kiuana Katika Methali za Kinyankole na Kiswahili
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Lubuuka, Yunusu; Catherine Ndung'o; Jesse Joseph Murithi
Utafiti huu umechunguza itikadi za kiuana katika methali za Kinyankole na Kiswahili. Utafiti umedhamiria kubainisha itikadi za kiuana na vile zinavyoendeleza mahusiano ya kiuana kwa ukubalifu na ushawishi kati ya wanaume na wanawake. Itikadi kama imani za watu zina nguvu za kuwashawishi na kuwafanya wakubali nafasi zao na majukumu kwa misingi ya maumbile yao. Fikira na mielekeo katika mahusiano yao ya kawaida huganda akilini mwao na kuchukulia mambo kuwa ya kawaida. Imani hizi kuhusu mahusiano ya kiuana kati ya wanaume na wanawake zinaendelezwa kwa ukubalifu na ushawishi ulio na msingi katika utamaduni wa jamii zinazotawaliwa kwa mfumodume. Jambo hili limeafikiwa kwa kuchunguza mahusiano ya kiuana yanayodhihirishwa na itikadi za kiuana katika methali za Kinyankole na Kiswahili. Aidha, utafiti umehakiki methali zinavyoibua ukinzani wa itikadi za kiuana na athari zake kuhusu usawa wa kiuana katika methali za Kinyankole na Kiswahili. Kadri ajuavyo mtafiti, uhakiki na utafiti wa kina umekuwa haujafanywa kubainisha itikadi za kiuana zinavyoendeleza mahusiano ya kiuana kwa ukubalifu na ushawishi kati ya wanaume na wanawake. Vitabu vinne vya methali za Kinyankole na Kiswahili vimeteuliwa kuhusu itikadi za uana kwa njia ya kusudio. Vitabu hivi ni; Enfumu z’Omurunyankore Rukiga (Saite: 1989), Kamusi ya methali za Kiswahili (King’ei na Ndalu: 1989), Kamusi ya Methali (Wamitila: 2001) na Dafina Hazina ya Kiswahili (Al Haj Al Habsy, 2012). Data ambayo imekusanywa inahusu methali ambazo zinawasilisha itikadi za kiuana katika jamii ya Wanyankole na Waswahili. Nadharia za Itikadi Gramsci (1971), Ufeministi wa Kiafrika ya Steady (1981) na Udenguzi ya Derrida (1960) zimetumika. Nadharia ya Itikadi imetufaa katika kuwasilisha na kuchanganua itikadi mbalimbali zilizomo katika methali za Kinyankole na Kiswahili pamoja na kutathmini jinsi itikadi hizo zinazoendeleza mahusiano ya kiuana kwa ukubalifu. Nadharia ya Ufeministi wa Kiafrika kimsingi inalenga kuendeleza usawa wa kiuana bila ubaguzi wa binadamu katika misingi ya maumbile yao kijinsia pamoja na kuchunguza tofauti za kiuana zilizopo, na ambazo zinajikita katika amali za kijamii, kisiasa na kitamaduni. Mtazamo huu wa kinadharia umetumiwa kuelewa bayana itikadi za kiuana, mahusiano yake kimajukumu na jinsi itikadi hizo zinavyoathiri usawa wa kiuana kupitia methali za Kinyankole na Kiswahili.Vilevile, tumetumia nadharia ya Udenguzi kama inavyoendelezwa na Abrams na Harpham (2014). Nadharia hii imelenga kuhakiki methali ili kubainisha ukinzani wa itikadi za kiuana na athari zake kwa usawa wa kiuana. Nadharia hii imetuwezesha kufafanua methali kwa kina kwa kuibua fasili mbalimbali ambazo zimetubainishia itikadi zinazokinzana. Mbinu za utafiti ambazo zimetumika ni za maktabani na nyanjani. Maktabani, data imekusanywa kutokana na uchambuzi wa vitabu vya methali kutoka kwenye maktaba na makavazi ya Ankole, maktaba ya umma iliyoko Mombasa, maktaba ya ngome ya Fort Jesus na maktaba ya Lamu Fort. Data kutoka nyanjani inahusu maoni ya wasailiwa juu ya itikadi za kiuana katika methali kwa muktadha wa tamaduni za jamii za Wanyankole na Waswahili pamoja na methali. Utafiti umetumia mwongozo wa maswali na vinasa sauti kupata data pamoja majadiliano na wahojiwa. Wilaya za Kiruhura, Sheema nchini Uganda na miji ya pwani ya Mombasa, Lamu na Zanzibar zimehusishwa katika utafiti huu. Sampuli ya kusudio imetumiwa katika kutambua na kuwahoji wasailiwa ambao ni wanaume na wanawake wataalamu pamoja na wasomi wenye umri wa makamo. Data imechanganuliwa kwa mtindo wa kimaelezo na kuwasilishwa kwa mujibu wa malengo ya utafiti kwa kuongozwa na nadharia lengwa. Hatimaye itikadi za kiuana zimebainishwa na vile zinaendeleza mahusiano ya kiuana kwa ukubalifu. Aidha, methali za Kinyankole na Kiswahili zimeonyeshwa namna zinavyoibua ukinzani wa itikadi za kiuana na athari zake kuhusu usawa wa kiuna.
Mabadiliko ya Maana za Leksia za Kiswahili: Mtazamo Linganishi wa Kikale na Kisasa
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Gichuru, Tirus Mutwiri
The purpose of this study was to investigate semantic changes in Kiswahili lexemes by comparing the pre-20th century Swahili and the modern Swahili from selected texts. The study identified lexemes that have undergone meaning change and then investigated the factors that had influenced the direction of change, the semantic relationship between the new and the old form of meaning and further, the general impact of semantic change on Swahili lexicon. The study was guided by the Cognitive Semantic theory, as the main theory, and the Semantic field theory which was needed in explaining internal relationships between words. The tenets of Cognitive Semantic theory employed in this study were derived from the works of Lakoff (1987); Taylor (1999); Lee (2001); Croft na Cruse (2004); Vyvyan n.w. (2006) and Lemmens (2017). The main tenet of Cognitive Semantic is that linguistic cognition is an inextricable phenomenon of overall human cognition. Cognitive Semantic describes the meaning associated with a lexical item as conceptual, embodied, dynamic and essentially encyclopedic. Thus lexical units cannot be understood independent of larger knowledge structure. The Semantic field Theory, developed by Jost Trier in 1931, emphasizes that words should not be considered in isolation, but in their relationship to semantically related words. Words are set in areas or fields within which words interrelate and define each other. The data for this research was collected from selected pre-20th century Swahili texts such as Utenzi wa Hamziyya (1652) and Al Inkishafi (1749) and Krapf (1882), and from the field by conducting interviews and by administering questionnaires. The study concludes that there is a high frequency of lexemes that has undergone semantic changes during the period studied. The study found that meaning extension and metaphor are the most productive type of meaning change during the period studied. The study found that change of meaning of Swahili lexemes is grounded on our physical and social experiences which arises and is tied to how we construe different structures in the society. In fact, the study found that the historic evidence derived from socio-political, economic, technology and language development accounts for most observable changes in Swahili lexicon. The study also found that semantic changes have a direct impact on Swahili lexicon and day to day language use. For instance, they lead to polysemy which causes lexical ambiguity and growth of metaphoric form of language. Other lexemes have become vague or obsolete. The results of this research therefore, will contribute to the study of phenomena of change in Swahili lexicon, dictionaries development and comparative linguistics.
Maendeleo ya kiswahili nchini Uganda katika karne ya ishirini na moja
(Kenyatta university, 2023) Rais, Abdu Salim
Utafiti huu umejitenga na tafiti zilizopo kwa kuwa, ulitathmini maendeleo ya Kiswahili nchini Uganda katika muongo wa pili wa karne ya ishirini na moja, kwa kuchunguza uhusiano katika ukuaji na ueneaji wa matumizi yake. Watafiti wengi kama vile Mbaabu (1991) na Mlacha (1995) waliandika mengi kuhusu historia ya maendeleo ya Kiswahili, usanifishaji na sera za lugha kabla na baada ya mwaka 1928. Hata hivyo, kufikia wakati wa kukamilisha utafiti huu, hakukuwa na utafiti wa kina uliofanywa kutathmini viwango vya ukuaji na ueneaji wa matumizi ya Kiswahili nchini Uganda tangu 2011, licha ya Kiswahili kuendelea kukabiliana na changamoto tofauti. Kwa hivyo, mtafiti alikusudia kuziba pengo hilo. Madhumuni ya utafiti huu yalikuwa, kutathmini maendeleo ya Kiswahili nchini Uganda. Malengo mahsusi yalikuwa; kuchunguza ukuaji wa matumizi ya Kiswahili, kuchambua ueneaji wa matumizi ya Kiswahili, kubainisha uhusiano baina ya ukuaji na ueneaji wa matumizi ya Kiswahili na kutambua vihamasisho vilivyochangia maendeleo yake nchini Uganda. Upeo wa utafiti huu ulijikita katika asasi za kijamii k.v; biashara, elimu, siasa, dini na burudani. Utafiti huu ulifanyika Kampala nchini Uganda. Uamilifu wa Kiswahili ulibainishwa na nadharia ya Uamilifu iliyoasisiwa na wanasosholojia Auguste Comte (1787-1857), Herbert Spencer (1830-1903), Vilfredo (1848-1917) na Emile Durkheim (18571917) na kundelezwa na Mesthrie na wengine (2004). Nadharia hiyo iliwasilisha wazo kwamba, uamilifu ni lile jukumu ambalo hutekelezwa na fani katika jamii fulani. Nadharia hiyo ilitumiwa kutathmini dhima ya Kiswahili nchini Uganda. Pamoja na nadharia hiyo, nadharia ya Utegemezi (Ferraro, 2008) ilitumika. Utaratibu wa utafiti ulihusisha miundo ya kithamano na kiwingiidadi iliyotumika kwa kuzingatia mkabala wa mwimarishopembetatu katika ukusanyaji, uchanganuzi na uwasilishaji data. Data ilielezwa kwa kutumia asilimia za maratokezi kutokana na takwimu za matokeo ya maoni ya wahojiwa. Data ya utafiti huu ilikuwa unukuzi kutokana na nyaraka za hifadhi za maandishi asili ya asasi mbalimbali, maoni ya wataalamu na matokeo ya wahojiwa wa hojaji zilizochanganuliwa kwa kutumia programu ya SPSS. Sampuli ya wahojiwa waliojaza hojaji ilitokana na orodha ya walimu kutokana na jukwaa la Chakitau wasiozidi mia moja wilayani Kampala na ilibainishwa kupitia kigezo cha uteuzi wa sampuli cha Krejcie na Morgan (Amin, 2005). Wahojiwa wengine wa utafiti huu walitokana na asasi mahsusi zenye uhusiano na maswala ya Kiswahili k.v; wataalamu na wakuu wa vitengo mbalimbali walioteuliwa kimaksudi kupitia mbinu ya sampuli mkufu. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yatatoa mchango maalumu katika kuongezea kanzi ya elimu ya lugha kwa maarifa mapya kuhusu maendeleo ya Kiswahili nchini Uganda. Utafiti huu utapanua upeo wa tafiti za siku zijazo kuhusu maendeleo ya Kiswahili nchini Uganda. Matokeo ya utafiti yatachangia swala la uteuzi wa lugha ya taifa. Vile vile, utafiti huu utasaidia kukadiria manufaa ya Kiswahili katika asasi za kijamii k.v; elimu, biashara, siasa, ulinzi, dini, mawasiliano, utangazaji na burudani (Michira na wenzake, 2014).
Mapokeo na upya katika utenzi wa mwana kupona na vimelea vyake
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Kinara, Gladys
Utafiti huu ulichunguza mapokeo na upya katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona na vimelea vyake. Utafiti huu ulichochewa na hoja kuwa Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona ni maarufu na umeshughulikiwa na wataalam mbalimbali kufikia sasa. Hata hivyo, tangu utenzi huo kutungwa mwaka wa 1858 kumekuwa na washairi mbalimbali ambao wametunga tenzi zinazoelekea kuwa mwangwi wa utenzi huo na yaelekea kuwa utafiti wa aina hiyo haujatiliwa maanani. Ili kuziba pengo hilo, uchanganuzi ulifanywa kwa kuzingatia tungo zikiwemo Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona uliotungwa 1858 na kuchapishwa 1971 na Allen, J. W. T., ‘Utenzi wa Hati’ na ‘Utenzi wa Adili’ katika tawasifu ya Shaaban Robert ya; Maisha Yangu na Baada ya Miaka Hamsini (1967). Utenzi wa Howani Mwana Howani uliotungwa na Zaynab Himid Mohammed mwaka wa 1983 na utenzi wa Jawabu la Mwana Kupona uliotungwa na EL-Maawy mwaka wa 2011. Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza vipengele vya mapokeo katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona, kubainisha muumano katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona na vimelea vyake na kujadili upya katika vimelea vya Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya Ki-Bakhtin kuhusu lugha. Nadharia hii ilibuniwa na Mikhail Bakhtin na kuendelezwa na Clark na Holquist (1984), Farmer (1998), Hirschkop (2001), Holquist (2002), Brandist (2002) kati ya wengine. Kwa mujibu wa nadharia hii, lugha au usemi wowote una nguvu za aina mbili: nguvu za kani kitovu na nguvu za kani pewa. Nguvu za kani kitovu ni sehemu ya lugha inayoelekezwa kwenye kitovu au katika mhimili mkuu wa mzunguko. Nguvu za kani pewa nazo ni sehemu ya lugha inayovuta kwenda nje ya kitovu. Nguvu kati ya kani kitovu na kani pewa ziliwasilisha mabadiliko ya lugha na zilihakikisha kuwa daima mabadiliko hayo yalibakia kushindana. Mhimili wa kani kitovu ulitumiwa kuchunguza mapokeo katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kuponana muumano uliopo kati ya Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona na vimelea vyake. Nao mhimili wa kani pewa ulitumiwa kuchunguza upya katika vimelea vya Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona. Utafiti huu ulikuwa wa kimaelezo. Utafiti ulijikita maktabani na nyanjani. Mtafiti alizuru maktaba mbalimbali zikiwemo za vyuo, kitaifa na dafina mbalimbali kama Research Institute of Swahili Studies of Eastern Africa (RISSEA) kwa lengo la kupata data faafu ya utafiti huu. Maktabani, vitabu, makala, majarida na wavuti zilisomwa kwa kina ili kupata data iliyosaidia katika kuweka msingi wa utafiti huu. Nyanjani, mtafiti alizuru eneo la Lamu kwa lengo la kupata mawazo ya wahojiwa kuhusu Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona. Mawazo hayo yalitumiwa kushadidia utafiti husika. Mtafiti alitumia maswali ya mwongozo wa mahojiano na mjadala ili kupata maoni ya wahojiwa yaliyochangia ufanisi wa utafiti huu. Sampuli iliteuliwa kimaksudi. Vitabu vilisomwa kwa kina ili kupata data faafu ya utafiti huu. Uchanganuzi ulifanywa kwa kuzingatia mihimili ya nadharia ya ki-Bakhtin kuhusu lugha pamoja na malengo ya utafiti. Data iliwasilishwa kwa njia ya maelezo katika sura mbalimbali. Ilibainika kwamba; tenzi hizi kwa kiasi kikubwa ziliazima kutoka katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona kifani na kimaudhui. Mambo waliyoazima yalikuwa mapokeo ambayo yalirithishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine. Hata hivyo, japo warithi wa Mwana Kupona waliazima kutoka katika Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona, waliongeza upya katika tenzi zao ili kukidhi mahitaji ya wakati wao na hivyo kuzifanya tenzi hizi kuwa mwangwi wa Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona. Utafiti huu utachangia wasomi wa masuala ya fasihi ya Kiswahili katika kuonyesha uwezo wa vimelea vya Utenzi wa Mwana Kupona kama vifaa muhimu katika kuangazia mageuzi yaliyotokea katika jamii katika mpito wa wakati
Matukio yaliyochochea mabadiliko ya kimaudhui ya ushairi nchini tanganyika kati ya mwaka 1930 hadi 1960
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Njuguna,Helina Wanjiku
This study investigated the events that contributed to the change of themes in Kiswahili poetry in Tanganyika from the year 1930 to 1960. The poems were selected from the following texts: Koja la Lugha (1969), Kielezo cha Fasili (1968), Masomo Yenye Adili (1967), Pambo la Lugha (1966), Mashairi ya Saadan (1966), Diwani ya Mnyampala (1965), Diwani ya Akilimali (1963) and Sheria za Kutunga Mashairi na Diwani ya Amri (1954). The study was guided by four objectives: to explain how the language policy of Tanganyika before independence contributed to the change of themes in Kiswahili poetry, to explain how the roles of The Inter Territorial Language Committee contributed to the change of themes in Kiswahili poetry, to explain how the conventional rules of Kiswahili poetry composition contributed to the change of themes in Kiswahili poetry and to explain how the events during the struggle for independence in Tanganyika from the year 1950 to 1960, contributed to the change of themes in Kiswahili poetry. The research method used was discourse analysis of the selected texts. The study was guided by two theories: Dependency Theory and Commodification of Language Theory. The tenets of Dependency Theory were used to investigate how the Africans decolonized themselves by promoting and spreading Kiswahili. Also, they were used to investigate how the poets defended the African culture, language, political structures and praised the African writers. The tenets of Commodification of Language Theory were used to investigate the main themes present in poems during the colonial period. Also, the tenets were used to investigate the poets’ contribution to the spread of Kiswahili through political themes. The meaning of a poem was explained according to language use and context in relation to the whole poem. The research findings indicated that the poets chose their themes based on the events and the community life during the colonial period. The language policy during the German and British rule allowed the use of Kiswahili in governance and education though Kiswahili was a language of lower status compared to English. The poets promoted Kiswahili by praising the language and stating its importance to the people of Tanganyika in their poems. The roles of Inter Territorial Language Committee influenced the poets to choose themes that encouraged and guided the African writers, explained the importance of poetry together with the role of poets in promoting Kiswahili. The conventional rules in Kiswahili poetry influenced the poets to encourage composition of poems guided by those rules. The events during the struggle for independence in Tanganyika from the year 1950 to 1960, influenced the poets to compose poems with the following themes: resistance to colonialism, fight for African rights and culture, praise to the TANU party and its leader Julius Nyerere, desire for freedom, good leadership qualities and patriotism. This study has contributed to knowledge in the area of development and change of Kiswahili poetry. This study recommended that more research, be done on other poems of the same writers and others. Also, research to be done on development of themes in Kiswahili poetry; composed after Tanzania gained its independence up to date.
Mielekeo ya walimu na wanafunzi kuhusu mbinu na mazingira ya ufundishaji na athari kwa matokeo ya Kiswahili, Kisumu na Kakamega, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Okeyo, Linnah Apondi
Idara ya Mawasiliano na Teknolojia ya Elimu Chuo Kikuu Kiswahili ni lugha rasmi na ya taifa nchini Kenya ambapo ni somo la lazima linalofundishwa na kutahiniwa katika shule za msingi na za upili. Kimataifa, ni lugha inayotambuliwa kama chombo cha mawasiliano. Umilisi wa lugha hii hubainishwa kupitia ujuzi wa mtu katika stadi zake kuu; kusikiliza kuongea, kusoma na kuandika. Umilisi na utendaji katika lugha hata hivyo huweza kuathiriwa pakubwa na mielekeo ya mtu kuhusu lugha husika, wazungumzaji wake au hata majukumu yake.Tafiti nyingi zinaonyesha kuwa wanafunzi wengi hawawezi kujieleza kwa usahihi na kwa ufasaha hata baada ya kuhitimu masomo ya shule ya upili. Hali hii ilimchochea mtafiti wa kazi hii kuchunguza mielekeo ya walimu na wanafunzi wa shule za upili kuhusu mbinu na mazingira ya ufunzaji na ujifunzaji wa Kiswahili. Madhumuni ya utafiti huu yalikuwa ni kuchunguza mchango wa mielekeo ya wanafunzi na walimu katika ufunzaji na ujifunzaji wa Kiswahili katika Kaunti za Kisumu na Kakamega. Utafiti huu ulidhamiria: Kubainisha mitazamo kuhusu lugha ya Kiswahili miongoni mwa wanafunzi na walimu katika Kaunti za Kisumu na Kakamega, kuchunguza visababishi vya mitazamo hii, kuchunguza namna mitazamo hii ilivyoathiri shughuli ya ufunzaji na ujifunzaji wa somo la Kiswahili na iwapo ilikuwa na mchango wowote katika matokeo ya mitihani yake. Misingi ya nadharia iliyotumiwa ni ya nadharia za tabia na utambuzi. Utafiti huu ulitumia mbinu changamano; ulifuata mtindo wa kidahilishi na utaratibu wenye maelezo, kijarabati pamoja na utaratibu wa ulinganuzi. Wasailiwa walikuwa ni wakuu wa idara ya Kiswahili, walimu walioteuliwa kimaksudi na wanafunzi wa kidato cha tatu walioteuliwa kimaksudi na kinasibu katika shule za umma zilizoteuliwa kimakundi na kinasibu. Vifaa vya utafiti vilivyotumika ni hojaji, mahojiano, mitazamo ya darasani na mtihani wa Insha. Data ilichanganuliwa kutumia Toleo la takwimu 13 kwa muundo wa kimaelezo, kijarabati au kiidadi na kuwasilishwa kwa kutumia asilimia, grafu, viwango vya urudiaji na pai chati. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalibainishwa kimaudhui kulingana na madhumuni yake. Kutokana na matokeo ya ANOVA, vigeu vya kaunti, eneo la shule, umri na mwelekeo yalikuwa na umuhimu tofauti wa kiwango cha p<0.05 isipokuwa jinsia kwa kiwango cha p>0.05 kuonyesha kuwa zilizokuwa na umuhimu (kaunti, eneo la shule, umri na mwelekeo) ziliathiri matokeo ya wanafunzi japo tofauti iliyokuwepo ilikuwa ni finyu sana; huenda ilitokea kibahati. Kwa mujibu wa matokeo ya Urejeshaji wa vifaa (Logistic regression), matokeo ya wanafunzi wa Kisumu yalionyesha kuwa walikuwa na uwezekano wa 0.57 wa kuwa wabunifu zaidi kuliko Kakamega bali shule za mijini zilikuwa 1.79 wabunifu zaidi kuliko wa mashambani. Wanafunzi waliokuwa na mielekeo chanya walikuwa na uwezekano wa 1.45 wa kuwa wabunifu zaidi kuwaliko wenye mielekeo hasi. Makadirio ya walimu na wakuu wa idara yaliwiana kuhusu visababishi vya mielekeo kama kusahihisha kwa 62% bali yalitofautiana katika vigeu vingine kama ufaafu wa vifaa, vipindi walivyovifunza katika wiki, mada za somo kulingana na mahitaji yao, ya jamii na mielekeo ya wanafunzi; ambavyo walimu waliyakadiria sana kuliko wakuu hawa. Kulingana na wanafunzi mielekeo yao ilisababishwa sana na jinsia (90.1%) na eneo la shule (88.2%). Katika kaunti zote zaidi ya 50% ya wanafunzi walibainisha kuwa kelele ilikuwa changamoto kwao, chini ya 40% walikosa vifaa vya kutosha vya kujifunzia na muda wa kudurusu. Isitoshe, chini ya 20% walikubali kukosa watu wa kuiga pamoja na waelekezi somoni. Kulingana na walimu, kaunti zote zilibainisha kwa zaidi ya 90% kuwa uzembe wa wanafunzi ulikuwa changamoto kuu.Tofauti ya kimielekeo kati ya Kisumu na Kakamega si bayana sana kama ilivyo kati ya shule za mashambani na ya mijini huku wa mijini wakiwa na mielekeo chanya zaidi kuhusu lugha; mijini kwa 56.7% na mashambani 46.4% na mbinu za ufunzaji na ujifunzaji; mijini kwa 55.9% na mashambani 46.4%. Maoni ya walimu kulingana na athari ya mielekeo katika ufunzaji na ujifunzaji yalikadiriwa kuwa sawa Kisumu na mashambani kuwa viwango vya wanafunzi ndicho kisababishi kikuu kwa 100%, kikifuatwa na mielekeo ya wanafunzi (91.7%) na muda uliopo (91.7%). Hata hivyo, shule za Kakamega na mijini zilikadiria kwa njia sawa kuhusiana na mambo haya. Kakamega ilikadiriwa zaidi kuhusiana na mielekeo ya walimu huku Kisumu ikiongoza katika mambo mengine. Kulingana na wakuu wa idara, Kakamega inaonyesha kinyume cha hali ilivyokuwa Kisumu; Kisumu ikidokeza mielekeo ya wanafunzi kwa 75% Kakamega ikiwa na 45.4% huku mielekeo ya walimu Kisumu ikiwa chini; 41.7% na Kakamega 75%. Kuna mapendekezo kadhaa yaliyotolewa kuhusu namna ya kuimarisha ufunzaji na ujifunzaji wa Kiswahili na kuboresha matokeo yake katika mitihani hasa ya kitaifa nchini. cha Kenyatta
Muundo wa Njeo Katika Lugha ya Kingoni
(2013-12-17) Haule, Festo Christantus; Chacha, L. M.; Mudhune, E.
Utafiti huu umehusika kuchunguza muundo wa njeo na halinjeo katika lugha ya Kingoni. Mofimu ya njeo na halinjeo katika vitenzi vya lugha ya Kingoni inaundwa kupitia viambishi (mofimu) na toni. Kwa hivyo, masuala matatu ya msingi yameshughulikiwa ili kuweza kubaini muundo wa mofimu hizo. Kwanza, utafiti huu umechunguza viambishi katika vitenzi ili kuvibaini na kuona jinsi vinavyohusika katika kuunda njeo na halinjeo. Pili, umechunguza toni ili kuweza kubaini mwenendo wake katika kuunda njeo na halinjeo katika vitenzi vya lugha hii. Hatimaye, uhusiano wa viambishi na toni katika kuunda njeo na halinjeo za Kingoni umechunguzwa na kubainishwa. Misingi ya Nadharia ya Fonolojia Vipambasauti ambayo inahusika katika uchanganuzi wa toni hususan katika vitenzi na Nadharia ya Fonolojia ya Konsonanti Vokali ambayo inahusika katika uchunguzi wa silabi zimetumiwa. Nadharia hizo zimetumiwa ili kufanikisha malengo ya utafiti huu. Data ya utafiti huu hasa ilipatikana nyanjani ambako vitenzi vya njeo (pia virai tenzi na sentensi kwa ajili ya kubaini halinjeo) viliweza kukusanywa. Data hiyo ilipatikana katika vijiji vitano vya wilaya ya Songea Vijijini ambako lugha ya Kingoni inatumiwa zaidi. Vijiji hivyo ni Mpitimbi, Namatuhi, Matimila, Magagula na Peramiho (mji mdogo). Utafiti huu umegawanywa katika sura tano; Sura ya kwanza inahusu utangulizi wa kazi nzima. Katika kufanya hivyo kiini cha utafiti huu kimeelezwa. Aidha kumejadiliwa yaliyoandikwa kuhusu njeo na halinjeo katika lugha za Kibantu na lugha ya Kingoni. Vilevile, mbinu za utafiti zimebainishwa. Sura ya pili imechunguza vipengele vya fonolojia na mofolojia hususani katika vitenzi vya Kingoni kwa kuzingatia vipengele ambavyo vinahusiana na muundo wa njeo na halinjeo. Sura ya tatu imechanganua mofimu ya njeo katika vitenzi vya Kingoni. Uchanganuzi huo umehusisha viambishi awali, fuatishi, tamati na toni katika kubainisha mofimu hiyo. Sura ya nne imechanganua namna mofimu ya halinjeo inavyoundwa ambapo viambishi na toni pamoja na mazingira ya matukio katika kuundwa kwa halinjeo yameweza kubainishwa. Sura ya tano imehitimisha utafiti huu kwa kutoa muhtasari, matokeo, mapendekezo na changamato za utafiti huu. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yamedhihirisha kuwa kuna viambishi awali, fuatishi na tamati vya njeo katika vitenzi vya Kingoni. Aidha viambishi hasa viambishi awali vya wakati ndivyo vinavyohusika kubainisha halinjeo kwa kushirikiana na viambishi vya matukio. Matokeo hayo pia yamedhihirisha kuwa torn inahusika kubainisha njeo na halinjeo kwa kushirikiana na viambishi vya mofimu hizo. Utafiti huu licha ya kuwezesha kufahamu njeo na halinjeo katika lugha ya Kingoni, pia unaongeza ujuzi wa kiisimu kuhusu njeo na halinjeo katika lugha za Kibantu ikizingatiwa kuwa lugha hii ni miongoni mwa familia ya lugha hizo.
Mwingilianotanzu Katika Fasihi Simulizi ya Kiafrika: Mfano wa Embalu na Mwaka Kogwa
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Simiyu, W. F.
This study focuses on multigenerism in the performance of embalu and mwaka kogwa rituals. The research was occasioned by the need to up the fight for the rightful space and status of African languages and literatures and to fully exploit a lacuna that resulted from earlier researchers who concetrated on analysing genres of African Oral Literature in isolation. The study‟s main objective was to demonstrate how the two rituals are constructed and helped to perform their functions through multigenerism, which is influanced by the artists, the audience, the context and specific stages. A blend of Ethnopoetics and Emic Theory guided the collection and interpretation; where Ethnopoetics helped the researcher to collect and analyse data by mingling and interacting with the community under investigation, while the Emic Theory quided the researcher into utilizing the insiders‟ views in making sense out of the data collected. An Ethnomethodological approach which included participation, observation and interviews was used to collect songs, praise poetry, comedies and chants. The findings are presented using descriptions, pictures, charts and a documentary film. The research findings show that, the two rituals are constructed and empowered to perform their fuctions through a continous interplay of inseparable genres which constantly interrelate through processes like intertextuality, dialogism, genre eclipsing, generic chorusing and genre reconstruction, while in performance. These genre dynamics are influenced by the stages in the two rituals, the artists, the audience and the context of performance. In a nutshell, this study has underscored the fact that, African Oral Literature is a complete system of knowledge, made up of genres which can not separeted while in performance. Therefore, the research has contributed in the understanding of the nature of African Oral Literature in performance, and thus suggesting an alternative way of classifying and analysing it.
Narrating gender heterodoxies: a new historicist analysis of selected novels by African women
(Kenyatta university, 2021-04) Muneeni, Jeremiah Mutuku; J.K.S. Makokha; Esther K. Mbithi
This thesis analyses generational transmutations among women characters in four novels by African women writers whose temporal setting is a trajectory of a century. The transmutations have taken place within the three major African epochs mainly; precolonial, colonial, postcolonial and contemporary Africa with regards to African women. The study is based on the reasoning that the African women writers’ presentation of women characters through several generations in the same novel resonates with what is happening outside the fictional Africa. The study uses New Historicist Literary Theory and Feminism specifically African Feminism strand. Using cross-sectional textual analysis, the study examines The River and the Source by Margaret Ogola from Kenya, Kintu by Jennifer Makumbi from Uganda, Threads of Gold Beads by Nike Campell-Fatoki’s from Nigeria and Ancestor Stones by Aminata Forna’s from Sierra Leone. The premise of the cross-sectional analysis is that the four generations of women characters represented in each of the four novels by authors from different African countries is a representative of what is happening in Africa regarding women’s successive gain of emancipation from patriarchy which is in line with the changing world. Consequently, the basis of choices of the four novels is threefold; novels with four generations of women characters, novels written by contemporary African women, and novels that are historical in nature. The main objective is to demonstrate how women’s position in the society has changed from that of a subjugated victim of patriarchy during the pre-colonial time to that of empowered members of the society enjoying a considerable amount of inclusivity, equality and equity in contemporary time. The study concludes that interplay of different factors including Westernization in form of formal education and religion has, to a greater extend, diluted the structures used by patriarchy to subjugate women. The contemporary African woman is free to make career choices, make decisions on her marriage life, and has defeated the proclivity for male gender. In view of this observation, the study argues that, the journey towards gradual inclusivity of women into important spheres of life is better told by African women writers since they present a true picture of the situation of women across time as opposed to their male counterparts who tend to incline towards patriarchal ideologies hence misrepresenting women in their writing. Thus gender heterodoxies that characterize some pre-colonial African women gain traction gradually climaxing into a largely liberated contemporary African woman.
Siting text, culture, context and pedagogy in literary translation: a theorization of translation in cultural transfer with examples from selected texts in Kiswahili
(2011-12-16) Zaja, J. Omboga
The study of literary translation in Kiswahili has over a long period of time tended to gravitate towards systematic comparisons based on minimalist classical linguistic formalism. This is a scholarly fact that is attested to by a copious presence of academic dissertations, seminar papers as well as critical essays that have engaged literary translation in various ways and from several perspectives. However, most such studies are characterized by normative generalizations and a lack of clear theoretical rigor, which means that scholars have hardly asked; "in what ways has translation been used as a way of figuring out the relations between cultures, particularly in terms of its encounter with changed contexts, cultures, temporality and the pedagogy engendered in such changed circumstances?" This study has sought to move out of such restrictive stances so as to embrace and foreground what may be considered the muted reality of literary translation, a recognition that besides being essentially linguistic, literary translation is also an engagement that explores culture interaction, about which theorists and practitioners cannot afford to offer explications that are self-effacing. It argues that there is a prudent need to view literary translation as process of mediation between cultures, a means of perceiving words both in their abstract senses and in contexts of use, of treating linguistic forms and textual meanings as cues to the perception of cultural nuances, always amenable to inversions, revisions and reshuffling in the contexts of target cultures. In its broadest sense, this study is a critical theoretical rethinking of literary translation that points out the critical and crucial lapses and inadequacies that have characterized its research in Kiswahili. It points out the critical labyrinth in which such research has been entrapped as well as the puerile generalizations that have been generally emblematic of the studies overall. It outlines and critiques the theoretical lacunae that have punctuated literary translation studies in which it argues that such omissions have been nurtured by the use of single variable theories largely based on the minimalist theories of linguistics and language. It is also an engagement and interrogation of such theories which at the same time proposes a composite theoretical paradigm founded on culture, context, temporality and pedagogy and the interplay between them in informing both the theorizing and explications of literary translation. Instead of making arguments in favour of the fidelity of translation to the anterior text, it has argues in favour of the 'relevance' of any given translation to its specific time and domestic audience, to its environment and historical space. This is an emergent paradigm that is informed by contemporary theoretical advances in text linguistics, reader responses theories, text interaction and meaning retrieval, deconstructionism and postcolonialism. The overriding argument and, therefore, the thrust of this study, is that there is an urgent need for theoretical reorientation in which literary translation theorists and practitioners increasingly understand literary translation as cultural interaction, conceptualize it not merely as a form of linguistic exchange but also a process of interlingual exchange that participates in both text production and discursive formations.
Taathira za kiswahili na lugha nyingine kwa uthabiti wa kiisimujamii wa lugha za mama mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika: mfano wa Kikuyu
(2015) Kamau, Stephen Njihia
Utafiti huu ni wa kiisimujamii ulioangazia suala la mtagusano wa lugha za Kikuyu, Kiswahili, Kiingereza na Sheng miongoni mwa vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika. Utafiti wenyewe umejikita katika kuchunguza iwapo lugha za Kiswahili, Kiingereza na Sheng zinaathiri uthabiti wa kiisimujamii wa lugha ya Kikuyu miongoni mwa vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika. Lugha ya Kikuyu huonekana kama lugha iliyo na viwango vya juu vya uthabiti wa kiisimujamii kutokana na idadi yake kubwa ya wazungumzaji nchini Kenya. Hata hivyo, huenda lugha hii si thabiti katika mazingira mengine kama yale ya mijini miongoni mwa vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu, ambako kuna hali ya mtagusano wa lugha na wingilugha. Utafiti huu umetathmini athari za lugha ya Kiswahili, Kiingereza na Sheng kwa uthabiti wa kiisimujamii wa lugha ya Kikuyu miongoni mwa vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika kupitia stadi za lugha za kuongea, kusoma na kuandika kama nyenzo ya kubaini uthabiti wa kiisimujamii wa lugha ya Kikuyu. Data ya utafiti huu ilikusanywa nyanjani miongoni mwa vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika kwa kutumia mtindo wa mbinu changamano ya utafiti. Mtindo wa mbinu changamano ya utafiti unahusu matumizi ya mbinu za kimaelezo na kijarabati kwa pamoja katika utafiti mmoja. Tulitumia hojaji za matumizi na mielekeo ya lugha na mijadala ya kimakundi ili kubaini mielekeo ya vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika kuhusu lugha ya Kikuyu ikilinganishwa na lugha za Kiswahili, Kiingereza na Sheng. Aidha, vijana hawa walihusishwa katika mazoezi ya kuongea, kuandika na kusoma katika lugha za Kikuyu, Kiswahili, Kiingereza na Sheng ili kubaini viwango vyao vya umilisi wa lugha za Kikuyu, Kiswahili, Kiingereza na Sheng. Data ya utafiti huu ilichanganuliwa kwa mujibu wa malengo ya utafiti kwa kuongozwa na mihimili ya nadharia za Uthabiti wa Kiisimujamii wa Lugha na nadharia ya Vitendo Vilivyopangwa na Vitendo Vilivyofikiriwa. Matokeo ya utafiti yaliwasilishwa kupitia njia za maelezo, majedwali na chati ili kuweka wazi viwango vya umilisi wa Kikuyu walio nao vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika. Utafiti huu uliweza kubaini kuwa vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika wana mielekeo hasi na viwango vya chini vya umilisi wa lugha ya Kikuyu. Kutokana na mielekeo hasi na viwango vya chini vya umilisi wa lugha ya Kikuyu, utafiti huu ulibaini kuwa viwango vya uthabiti wa kiisimujamii wa lugha ya Kikuyu ni vya chini ikilinganishwa na viwango vya uthabiti wa kiisimujamii wa lugha za Kiswahili, Kiingereza na Sheng miongoni mwa vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika. Aidha, utafiti huu ulizua tasnifu kuwa kuna mpangilio mpya wa matumizi ya lugha kitriglosia miongoni mwa vijana mijini unaohusisha lugha za Kiingereza, Kiswahili na Sheng huku lugha za mama kama vile Kikuyu zikitengwa na basi kuziweka katika hatari ya kuanza kuangamia. Utafiti huu ni muhimu katika uwanja wa isimujamii kwa vile umetambulisha hali ya kiisimujamii ya lugha ya Kikuyu miongoni mwa vijana wa jamii ya Kikuyu mijini Nairobi, Kiambu na Thika. Tunatarajia kuwa matokeo ya utafiti huu yatasaidia katika kuanzisha shughuli za kuimarisha na kuinua viwango vya uthabiti wa kiisimujamii wa lugha za mama kwa jumla miongoni mwa vijana mijini nchini Kenya.
Taswira za kiuana katika nyimbo za tohara za wanaume miongoni mwa Waigembe
(2011-11-07) Kobia, John Mwithalii
Utafiti huu ni uchunguzi wa taswira za kiuana katika nyimbo za tohara za wanaume miongoni mwa Waigembe, nchini Kenya. Utafiti umehakiki majukumu, itikadi na mahusiano ya kiuana katika jamii ya Waigembe kupitia uchunguzi wa mojawapo ya tanzu za fasihi simulizi yao: nyimbo za tohara. Taswira za wanaume na wanawake katika nyimbo za tohara za wanaume zimehakikiwa ili kuibuka na mwonoulimwengu unaokubalika katika jamii ya Waigembe kuhusu mwanamume na mwanamke katika jamii hii. Misingi ya kinadharia iliyoongoza utafiti huu ni ya mtazamo wa kimwingiliano. Utafiti huu umeongozwa na nadharia ya uana kwa misingi ya maoni ya wataalamu kama vile Cameroon (1985), Coates (1985), Ostergeerd (1992), Meena (1992); nadharia ya uamali kama inavyopendekzwa na Levinson (1983) na Horn (1991); nadharia ya viwango vya manna kwa muj ibu wa Turner (1967) na nadharia ya utendaji kwa mtazamo wa Fine (1984), Schechner (1988) na Foley (1995). Nadharia ya uana imefaidi katika uhakiki wa taswira za mwanamume na mwanamke zinazoj itokeza katika nyimbo za tohara. Nadharia ya uamali ni muhimu katika uchanganuzi wa matumizi ya lugha katika muktadha wa utendaji wa nyiso. Nadharia ya viwango vya manna imetumika katika uhakiki wa maana mbalimbali, ilhali nadharia ya utendaji imesaidia katika uchanganuzi wa suala la utendaji, hadhira na uumbuji wa kimawasiliano katika nyimbo za tohara katika jamii ya Waigembe. Data asilia na iliyorekodiwa imetumika katika utafiti huu. Ili kupata misingi ya nadharia za uana, uamali, viwango vya manna na utendaji pamoja na usuli wa Waigembe na fasihi simulizi yao hasa nyimbo; maktaba, makavazi na tovuti mbalimbali zilitembelewa. Kwa kutumia mbinu za uchunguzi shirikishi nyanjani, hojaji, mahojiano ya kibinafsi na ya vikundi, data asilia ilikusanywa kutoka kata ndogo tisa (9) katika tarafa ya Igembe Mashariki, wilayani Igembe, mkoa wa Mashariki. Kwa kutumia mbinu ya usampuli matilaba (makusudi), wahojiwa 36 ambao ni magwiji wa fasihi simulizi ya Waigembe, (wanaume wawili na wanawake wawili kutoka kila kata ndogo), walishiriki katika utafiti huu. Data asilia iliyokusanywa (nyimbo za tohara za wanaume) ilirekodiwa kwenye kanda za kaseti na kanda ya video; kuandikwa kwa Kiigembe na kutafsiriwa kwa Kiswahili. Maneno yalifasiriwa kimuktadha ili kupata maana katika taswira za kiuana zinazodhihirika katika nyimbo hizo. Taswira za mwanamume na mwanamke zilihakikiwa kwa mujibu wa misingi ya nadharia za uana, uamali na viwango vya maana. Uchanganuzi wa taswira ulimwongoza mtafiti katika kutoa kauli na hoja katika utafiti huu. Imebainika kuwa nyimbo za tohara katika jamii ya Waigembe hutumia taswira kisanii ili kudhihirisha itikadi ya kiuana ya Waigembe, kukemea nwvu ya kijamii, kufichua na kuwakejeli waliopotoka kimaadili katika jamii. Utafiti unatoa wito kwa wanajamii kuzinduka katika matumizi ya fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika, kama chombo cha maendeleo kinachotambua wanaume na wanawake, siyo wapinzani, bali kama washiriki katika maendeleo.
Taswira za Ulemavu Kama Mtindo Katika Riwaya Teule za Said Ahmed Mohamed na Euphrase Kezilahabi
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Mutugu, Beth Njeri
Lengo la utafiti huu lilikuwa kuchunguza matumizi ya taswira za ulemavu kama mtindo wa kuwasilisha maudhui katika riwaya teule za Said Ahmed Mohamed na Euphrase Kezilahabi. Riwaya hizi ni: Dunia Mti Mkavu (1980), Utengano (1980), Tata zaAsumini (1990);za Said Ahmed Mohamed na Kichwamaji (1974), Dunia Uwanjawa Fujo (1975) na Rosa Mistika (1976) zilizoandikwa na Euphrase Kezilahabi. Kwa kuwa matumizi ya ulemavu kama mtindo hayajachanganuliwa katika utanzu wariwaya ya Kiswahili, utafiti huu ulinuia kuliziba pengo hili. Taswira za ulemavu zilizozingatiwa ni za ulemavu wa akili, ulemavu wa tabia na ulemavu wa viungo. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya mtindo na nadharia ya semiotiki. Nadharia ya mtindo ilimwezesha mtafiti kutambua taswira za ulemavu zilizotumika katika riwaya teule. Nadharia ya semiotiki inajikita kwenye mtazamo kuwa kiashiria kinaweza kuzua maana tofauti kulingana na muktadha wa matumizi yake. Kwa hivyo, nadharia hii iliuongoza utafiti huu katika kutambua maudhui yaliyowasilishwa kupitia kwa aina mbalimbali za ulemavu. Utafiti huu ulijikita kwenye misingi kwamba ulemavu unapotumiwa katika kazi ya fasihi, huwa ni kwa lengo mahsusi ambalo ni kuwasilisha maudhui fulani kwa njia ya kipekee. Data ilikusanywa kwa kusoma na kuzichambua riwaya teule kwa kuzingatia wahusika wenye ulemavu na jinsi walivyotumiwa kama mtindo. Data iliyokusanywa ilichanganuliwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya kimaelezo. Utafiti huu umebainisha kuwa taswira za ulemavu wa akili, ulemavu wa tabia na ulemavu wa viungo zimetumika na Said Ahmed Mohamed na Euphrase Kezilahabi kama mtindo wa kuwasilisha maudhui mbalimbali kwa njia ya kipekee. Matumizi ya mtindo huu yameiathiri hadhira lengwa ili itafakari zaidi kuhusu maswala ambayo hayajitokezi waziwazi. Maudhui yanayojitokeza ni ya kisiasa, kijamii na kiuchumi. Ingawa jumbe zinazowasilishwa ni za kawaida zinabeba uzito zaidi na kuiathiri hadhira zaidi zinapopitishwa kwa kutumia taswira za ulemavu. Aidha, waandishi wanafanikiwa katika lengo lao la kupitisha ujumbe wao kwa namna ya kipekee. Kwa hivyo, utafiti huuunadhihirisha kuwa mwandishi anapotumia taswira za ulemavu katika kazi yake, anafanya hivyo kwa lengo la kuwasilisha ujumbe mahsusi. Utafiti huu unatoa mapendekezo kuwa tafiti zaidi zifanywe ili kuchunguza matumizi ya ulemavu kama mtindo katika tanzu zingine za fasihi na kazi zingine zilizoandikwa na waandishi wengine wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. Aidha, inapendekezwa kuwa aina zingine za ulemavu ambazo hazijashughulikiwa katika utafiti huu zichunguzwe kwa kuzingatia matumizi yake kama mtindo. Utafiti huu utawafaidi waandishi, wahakiki, walimu na wanafunzi wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kwa kuwa unaangazia mtazamo mpya kuhusu matumizi ya ulemavu kama mtindo katika fasihi.
Tathmini ya usimilisho wa riwaya na hadithi fupi kwa wanafunzi wa sekondari nchini Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Kaui, T. M.
Novel and short story genres of written literature are created to be read, but not to be dramatized as is the case with the play. For a period of about fifteen years adapters have made effort to dramatize swahili prose texts. The dramatization of prose texts is made possible through transforming features of prose into features of drama. The purpose of this study was to evaluate adaptation of novels and short stories for secondary school students in Kenya. The study objectives were to explain the concept of adaptation, discuss history, stylistic devices and problems in adaptation. Further, the study was aimed at identifying the problems associated with adaptation and recommending possible ways of facing those challenges. The study has found out that novels and short stories use some dramatic features which make it possible to adapt them. The process of transforming prose structure into play has many challenges, which if not addressed appropriately can result in foiled adaptations. This research was guided by an eclectic approach where by it combined aspects of adaptation theory and performance theory. The foundations of adaptation theory which guided this research emphasized on faithful adherence to the original texts. These foundations were appropriate in analyzing the selected texts which were examinable in KCSE. The product was expected to demonstrate faithfulness to the original text. The foundations of performance theory were used to evaluate the appropriateness of stylistic devices used in transforming prose into drama. The research adopts both qualitative and quantitative methods in collection, analysis, and presentation of data. The study was carried out in two counties namely, Nairobi and Kitui, and involved four theatre groups. The groups adapted Utengano and Siku Njema novels and two anthologies of short stories, Mayai Waziri wa Maradhi na Hadithi Nyingine and Damu Nyeusi na Hadithi Nyingine. The research revealed that the main devices of style which were used to adapt the novels and short stories into dramatic pieces were intertextual in nature. Depending on how the adapters were adept at applying intertextuallity, they were less or more faithful to the original text. It further demonstrated that, novels and short stories possess features of drama contrary to views held by many scholars. That, contrary to adaptation critics‟ view that faithful adaptations are unattainable, the research has shown that faithful adaptations are indeed inevitable in some transformations. Through intertexuallity the thesis found out that texts and genres can cross their borderlines and still retain their original features.
Uainishaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili:Dhima ya methali
(2013-01-22) Maitaria, Joseph Nyehita; Momanyi, Clara; Wafula, Richard M.
Utafiti huu umeshughulikia dhima ya methali katika kuainishia ushairi wa Kiswahili. IIi kufanikisha lengo hilo, uchanganuzi umefanywa kwa kuzingatia tungo mahususi za Said Ahmed Mohamed (2001), Kithaka wa Mberia (2001), Alamin Mazrui (1994), Akilimali Snow-White (1974), Euphrase Kezilahabi (1974) na Abdilatif Abdalla (1974). Hao ni miongoni mwa watunzi mashuhuri wa ushairi wa Kiswahili hapa Afrika Mashariki kuanzia mwaka wa 1970 hadi wakati wa sasa. Mihimili iliyoongoza utafiti huu ilitokana na nadharia mbili: Fomula ya Kisimulizi na ile ya Semiotiki. Aidha, utafiti ulifanywa maktabani na nyanjani. Tasnifu hii imegawanyjka katika sura saba. Sura ya kwanza, imeshughulikia mada na madhumuni ya utafiti. Udurusu wa maandishi yaliyohusu mada ya utafiti pamoja na mihimili ya nadharia iliyoongoza utafiti huu pia iliigusiwa. Sura ya pili, imeshughulikia namna methali zilivyotumiwa kama fomula katika uwasilishaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili. Maelezo hayo yameimarisha utathmini wa uwiano uliopo baina ya fani na maudhui katika mashairi hayo teule. Nayo sura ya tatu, imechanganua baadhi ya mashairi ya Akilimali Snow-White na ya Abdilatif Abdalla ili kufafanulia dhima ya methali katika ushairi uliozingatia arudhi za kimapokeo. Sura ya nne, imechanganua baadhi ya mashairi ya Said Ahmed Mohamed na ya Alamin Mazrui. Uchanganuzi huo umebainisha jinsi ushairi wa kati ulivyotumia methali chache na ulivyoshirikisha kauli zilizoibuliwa kwa makusudi. Kadhalika, sura ya tano imechanganua baadhi ya mashairi ya Kithaka wa Mberia na ya Euphrase Kezilahabi ili kubainisha mwelekeo kuhusu matumizi ya methali chache mno au kutotumiwa kwazo katika uwasilishaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili. Aidha, sura hiyo imedhihirisha dhima ya methali kupitia kwa maudhui yaliyowasilishwa. Sura ya sita, imebainisha uainishaji wa Ushairi wa Kiswahili kwa kuzingatia matumizi ya methali. Uainishaji huo umependekeza kuwa ushairi wa Kiswahili huweza kugawanywa zaidi kimakundi. Sura ya saba, ni hitimisho la tasnifu. Mambo muhimu ambayo yamezingatiwa ni pamoja na muhtasari, matokeo, matatizo na mapendekezo kuhusu jinsi ushairi wa Kiswahili unavyoweza kufanyiwa utafiti zaidi. Aidha, sura hiyo imejaribu kujibu maswali ya utafiti kulingana na uchanganuzi wa mashairi yaliyozingatiwa..

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