RP-Department of Security and Correction Science

Permanent URI for this collection

https://repository.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/21003

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 48

Assessing the Effects of Terrorism on the Living Conditions of Residents in Garissa County, Kenya
(IJRISS, 2024-05) Mbindyo, Jedidah Ndinda; Masiga, Casper
Garissa County is prone to terrorism activities. Frequent terror attacks in Garissa County have had economic effects on the livelihoods of local people in Garissa County. The research sought to determine the effects of terrorism on the living conditions of Garissa County residents. The study targeted residents, chiefs, national police officers and women groups who have been in Garissa sub-county which is in close proximity to Garissa University College where a terror attack occurred in 2015. A sample size of 399 was obtained from 163,914 residents in Garissa sub-county. The survey utilized random and purposive sampling to select the study participants. Data was collected using questionnaires, scheduled interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data was analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in forms of means, percentages, and standard deviations. Qualitative data from the interviews and Focus Group Discussions was tape recorded, and analyzed qualitatively and presented in narratives. The study found that the effects of terrorism on residents are broad ranging from health issues to economic problems; terrorism diminishes the living conditions of the residents in Garissa County, Terrorism event diminishes the quality of life by creating anxiety and uncertainties, chasing away investors and entrepreneurs who create employment opportunities, hence reducing income levels. The study proves its value to a number of stakeholders such as, the government, Kenya police, residents and future researchers, by recommending on how to improve counterterrorism mitigation strategies and consequently reduce terrorist attacks leading to improved quality of life. The study particularly recommends the government to focus on intelligence led community policing, to improve information flow and sharing, create research platforms which checks for vulnerability and commit to improving security related technology
Assessing the Scope and Impact of Wildlife Trade and Poaching in Kenya: Conservation, Enforcement, and Socioeconomic Dimensions
(JAIS, 2023-09) Cheloti, Becky Mulemia; Mulu, Francis
The urgent need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to addressing the complex challenges of wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. Conservation efforts must be intensified to protect iconic species like elephants and rhinos, with a focus on enhanced anti-poaching measures and habitat preservation. The expansion of protected areas and the establishment of wildlife corridors are vital steps in safeguarding Kenya's rich biodiversity. Additionally, strengthening law enforcement agencies is imperative to combat wildlife trafficking effectively. This includes providing the necessary resources, training, and technology to law enforcement personnel while promoting transparency and accountability within these organizations. International collaboration is essential to address the transnational nature of wildlife crime networks. Socioeconomic dimensions cannot be overlooked, as poverty and limited alternative livelihoods were identified as significant drivers of poaching. Therefore, the study recommends the development of alternative income opportunities for communities living near wildlife habitats to reduce their reliance on illegal activities. Community engagement and the inclusion of local perspectives in conservation strategies are crucial for long-term success. In conclusion, the study's findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach that integrates conservation, enforcement, and socioeconomic development to effectively combat wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. By addressing the root causes of these issues and strengthening collaborative efforts, Kenya can better protect its biodiversity and improve the well-being of its communities. The study recommends on a comprehensive approach to address wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. It prioritizes increased investment in conservation, including anti-poaching efforts, habitat protection, and community programs to safeguard species like elephants and rhinos through the expansion of protected areas and wildlife corridors. Additionally, the study underscores the need to strengthen law enforcement with training and technology, emphasizing improved inter-agency communication and accountability to combat global wildlife trafficking networks. Moreover, it stresses poverty reduction and community engagement in economic development to discourage poaching, promoting community-based conservation to instill a sense of responsibility for wildlife preservation. This multifaceted strategy aims to tackle the complex challenges of wildlife conservation in Kenya.
Assessment of Security Intelligence Analysis Impacts to Humanitarian Communities Safety and Security in Kenya
(IAJILE, 2024-10) Mburu, Amos Muiruri
Security intelligence analysis involves the systematic collection, evaluation, and interpretation of information to understand potential threats. For humanitarian communities, this means understanding the dynamics of criminal activities, political tensions, economic conditions, and other external factors that may disrupt their operations. Through crime analysis, NGOs identified patterns and trends that may indicate emerging threats, such as increased crime rates in areas where they operate or targeted attacks against humanitarian workers. The current study aimed to assess the security intelligence analysis impacts to humanitarian communities’ safety and security in Kenya. The study objectives were; to evaluate how humanitarian communities incorporate open-source information into their security assessments and decision-making processes related to safety and security and to explore the patterns and trends of criminal activities and how these dynamics impact the safety of humanitarian communities. The study was guided by PESTLE analysis theory and Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study consisted of includes program managers, IT personnel, and security officers. There are about 6,000 registered NGOs in the country. A combination of purposive and stratified sampling techniques was utilized to select participants for this study. The sample size included 200 respondents, which is adequate for achieving statistical significance and enabling in-depth analysis. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis involved quantitative methods. The quantitative data obtained from the structured questionnaires was analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages. Further, regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between information security practices and the safety and security of NGOs. The findings revealed that a significant relationship (r = 0.75) between crime hotspots and the presence of NGOs, indicating that NGOs operating in areas with higher crime rates face greater security challenges. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r = 0.68) was found between the regular use of open-source information and the effectiveness of security assessments, suggesting that organizations that actively integrate open-source intelligence are better equipped to anticipate and respond to emerging threats. The study concluded that NGOs face multiple security challenges, including crime, cyber threats, political unrest, and social disruptions, which significantly affect their operations. The use of security intelligence, specifically through crime and threat analysis, enables these organizations to anticipate risks, prepare for potential disruptions, and respond effectively to emerging threats. The study recommended that government should establish frameworks that encourage closer collaboration between security agencies and NGOs. Through sharing intelligence data, especially regarding crime patterns and emerging threats, the government may help NGOs stay informed and better prepare for potential security challenges. Regular engagement through workshops and training sessions will also foster trust and cooperation.
An Assessment of Strategic Corporate Communication Practice on the Service Delivery of Police in Kirinyaga County
(International Journal of Latest Research in Humanities and Social Science, 2021) Mutuma, Charles Baikanatha; Ngari, Lazarus. K.
The purpose of this study was to assess internal accountability strategies of the National Police Service and their impact on service delivery in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Specific objective of this study was to establish how strategic Corporate Communication Practices contribute towards service delivery in Kirinyaga County. The study was guided by the theory of functionalism championed by Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, and Robert K. Merton. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The sample population consisted of 220 consisting of two National Police Services (130 Administrative Police, 80 Kenya Police, and 10 Members of Police disciplinary team. These combined forces included 13 Senior Officers from the rank of Inspector and above and 207 other Ranks. Out of the target population, stratified and random sampling techniques were employed. Data collection was by Interview Guide and a questionnaire. Thematic approach was used to analyze data after sorting and coding. Presentation of findings was by narration. The findings revealed that accountability strategic management practices especially corporate communication had a significant positive impact on service delivery at National Police Service in Kirinyaga County. Despite this, a number of challenges still exist. The study is relevant to departmental needs especially equipping the Police Service as means of enhancing service delivery.
Challenges Facing Multi-Agency Security Management in Violence Prone West Pokot County, Kenya
(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2024-11) Maratani, Nambande Rachel; Omboto, John Onyango
The North Rift Region of Kenya which includes West Pokot County has for a long-time experienced incidences of insecurity brought about by pastoralist militias. Therefore, the Kenyan government has adopted multi-agency security management approach to control the menace. A study conducted at West Pokot County examined the relationship between the multi-agency approach and security management. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the following: multi-agency institutions’ involvement in security management, multi-agency security command structure and coordination of security formations, challenges faced by multi-agency security personnel, and mechanisms of improving multi-agency security management approaches in the County. The study which was a descriptive survey in design was guided by the Systems Theory, and Securitization Theory. The study participants included security personnel from the Military, National Police Service, National Intelligence Service, Civil Society Organizations, NGOs, Chiefs and their assistant, and the village leaders. The sample size comprised of302 respondents drawn from the Military, National Police Service, and National Intelligence Service. On the challenges faced in multi-agency security management in West Pokot County,72% of the respondents indicated that lack of adequate resources and equipment was a serious problem,75% inadequate technical capacity, and 54% lack of a unified framework in security management which sometimes leads to clashes among the teams. The study recommends that community policing should be brought to the centre of multiagency approaches to security management as this will help in creating synergy between the multiagency security teams and civilians, and prior to commencement of the multiagency security operations, a thorough assessment of the needs of the security teams in terms of equipment and resources should be done in order to ensure that they are motivated enough to carry out the security operation successfully. This paper presents the study findings on multi-agency security institutions’ involvement in West Pokot, the challenges faced by the personnel, and the mechanisms of improving multi-agency security engagement in the county.
Challenges in Using Closed-Circuit Television in Police Operations in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Strategic Journals of Business & Change Management, 2023) Kirui, G; Muiya, B; Ochieng, D; Waithaka, S
Despite the police-operated closed-circuit television (CCTV) system in Nairobi City County being operational since mid-2015, insecurity remains a big problem. Hence, this study endeavored to establish the challenges hindering its effective use. The study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, integrating data from surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews. The study sample was obtained from police officers operating CCTV and those attached to police stations in Nairobi County using cluster sampling and purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Findings showed that the most significant challenges confronting the CCTV system were inadequate funding, surveillance evasion, CCTV vandalism, and unrealistic public expectations. The study concluded that the system was underperforming and risked collapsing. It recommended increased and timely funding for the system, quick responses and harsher penalties for CCTV vandalism, and public awareness of CCTV.
Challenges of Integrating Surveillance Technologies and Security Management by Private Security Providers in Nakuru County, Kenya
(RJI, 2024-03) Ngure, Anthony Rebo; Handa, Stephen
The study determined challenges of integrating surveillance technologies and security management by private security providers in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study utilized the Integrated System Theory of managing security information. The study adopted a descriptive research design which employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches in collecting and analyzing data which was then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study targeted private security providers in Nakuru County as unit of analysis. It also employed purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques to select 30 respondents from ten (10) private security providers from the three sub counties distributed among the five sectors of the economy. Interviews and FGDs as well questionnaire were used in the collecting data. Findings indicated that inadequate networks and infrastructure presented additional difficulties for private security companies. Additionally, private security companies faced challenges such improper outcome analysis, corruption, and police intervention during investigations, which made it difficult to find the offenders and resulted in criminals operating freely on the streets. Similarly, security providers encounter technical difficulties such as complex security system installations carried out by unqualified individuals who lack the necessary knowledge and skills; frequent equipment breakdowns, blackouts, malfunctioning equipment, and shortage of qualified technicians. The study concluded that private security companies should use surveillance technologies to suit changing customer demands and keep up with changing crime trends; customers are satisfied with the functionalities of the surveillance technologies and that integrating surveillance technologies is not free of challenges. The study recommended that the police and private security personnel work together to respond to criminal activities and improve the use of surveillance technologies in incident response coordination.
Commercial Security’s’ Effect on Security of Kenyans in Private Venues
(Emerging Science Journal, 2018) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Sirera, Ann
The strategic interplay between the Commercial security industry and security is complex. The realists view the provision of security as a fundamental obligation of the state. But to the liberalists, the pursuance of security can be achieved with the involvement of other actors offering the same. The question of whether the growing recognition of commercial security industry has marked an important shift in the norm of the state monopoly on violence in Africa needs answers. Despite this development, few studies have evaluated the effect of commercial security on security in Private Venues. Using Situational crime prevention theory, this study sort to demonstrate the effect of commercial security on security of Kenyans in Private Venues. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design, and was carried out in Nairobi with the target population of the adult residents in Nairobi. Customers and management of the commercial security industry were purposively sampled, whereas the general public and the security guards were systematically sampled. Questionnaire, interviews and structured observation were used to collect data. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. While quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics like percentages, average and mean, and pie charts. There is an accepted positive effect on security of Kenyans in private functions and venues where commercial security present. But efficiency would be achieved if, the commercial security personnel provide indiscriminate security responses where there is a breach. Grey area needing legal backing were identified as: arming of the commercial security personnel, proper uniforms and kitting, and training and skills. It is expected that the findings of this study will be of great significance to the commercial security industry stakeholders in their quest to provide security to their customers. The findings will also be used to inform policy and practice that can beneficial to national security in Kenya. It is also hoped to stimulate the academic community and the government of Kenya towards more research in the field, and for the formulation of policies that will improve the general security of the citizens.
Commercialized Security and Its Role in Selected Countries’ National Security
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Masiga, Casper; Kilongosi, Happi
The complexity of the contemporary world has dictated the commercial security to supplement the supply of security in states. This is for the varied security needs of the citizens to be fulfilled. Hence this study embarked to illustrate the various roles of commercialized security in the national security of selected countries: the USA, Britain, Australia, Israel, South Africa, DRC, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. The study has shown that the scope of commercialized security has expanded, thereby taking up some roles that require and some that do not require to be carried out by the state security agencies. This is partly due to its embracing of technology and enormous numbers of personnel than the state security agencies. But realistically, the state will not be losing its monopoly of violence, but distributing it to the commercialized security through a network of governance and partnership. This trend will continue and will be of direct benefit to the state’s ability to influence its security. Based on the findings, the study recommends effective regularization of commercial security as well as collaboration between state security agents.
Community Policing Strategies in Counter-terrorism Initiatives in Garissa County, Kenya, the Significance of Community Intelligence
(JAIS, 2023) Mutugi, Fredrick Kimathi
Garissa County, located in northeastern Kenya, has experienced a significant number of terrorist attacks in recent years. The most notable of these attacks occurred in 2015 when AlShabaab militants attacked Garissa University College, killing 148 people, most of whom were students. These attacks caused significant damage to the region's social and economic fabric, undermining development and social cohesion efforts. In response to these attacks, the Kenyan government implemented various counter-terrorism initiatives, including deploying security forces and implementing policies and legislation. However, these efforts have limited success in preventing future attacks, primarily due to a lack of community involvement. Community policing strategies have emerged as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. Community policing involves building partnerships between law enforcement agencies and the community to prevent crime and address community concerns. In the context of counter-terrorism, community policing strategies involve working with community members to identify and report suspicious activities, promoting community resilience, and enhancing trust and communication between law enforcement and the community. Community intelligence plays a vital role in community policing strategies. This is because community members are often the first to observe suspicious activities and report them to law enforcement agencies. Additionally, community intelligence provides valuable information to law enforcement agencies in preventing terrorist attacks and identifying the individuals involved. Garissa County has implemented various community policing strategies in its counter-terrorism initiatives, including establishing community policing units, conducting community sensitization programs, and partnering with civil society organizations. However, there is a need to enhance these strategies to ensure greater community involvement and the effective use of community intelligence in preventing future attacks. Community policing strategies emerge as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. This study examines the role of community policing strategies in counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County, focusing on the significance of community intelligence in identifying and preventing terrorist activities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The study's findings indicated that community intelligence plays a significant role in countering terrorism, contributing to the literature on community policing strategies and counterterrorism initiatives and provide policymakers and practitioners with evidence-based recommendations for enhancing counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County and other regions facing similar challenges. Ultimately, this research improves on community policing strategies to enhance the effectiveness of counter-terrorism initiatives and prevent future attacks in Garissa County, Kenya through investing in technology and human resource to gather intelligence.
The Context behind Women Involvement in Insecurity Issues: A Case of Women in Terrorism in Mombasa County, Kenya
(IJIRAS, 2023) Kamande, Regina Wairimu
This paper is a case study whose purpose was to establish how and why women engage themselves into terror activities. liberation movements and women enlightening programs are believed to emancipate women from culture and stereotypes that could hide them from behaving as their male counterpart. This has contributed to women joining the Kenya. Women are known to be the custodian of peace and moral in any given society However, this has not been the case as there has been huge increase in female offenders and many women have dominated some crimes which are thought to be masculine crimes like terrorism, serial killings, human and drug trafficking, mafia, gang wars with number of women implicated in terrorism-related crimes continue to rise with 100 of distinct suicide conducted by female in2017.The objective of this study therefore was to; (i) establish roles played by women liberation movements in joining terrorism (ii) find out the compelling factors that predispose women to join terrorism (iii) investigate the roles of women in extremist groups and challenges during de-radicalization process. Theoretical framework for this study was be anchored on the Social conflict theory by Karl Marx which maintains that society constitute of two classes (the rich and the poor) resources distribution is the core cause of conflict as it is interconnected through political, economic, technological and demographic dimensions which together constitute the social conflict in the world. The study will be carried out in Mombasa County, the target population will be sampled using probability which purposive sampling method and non-purposive sampling for the key informants. The data collection instruments will included questionnaires, interview schedules and focused group discussion. The data collected will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Arising from this study was the conclusion that women plays a crucial role in stabilizing terrorism as they are more royal compared to men especially if their social economic needs are meet. however, it is unfortunate that rehabilitation programs provided are ill-prepared in that they are ‘one fit’ for all. The significance of this study rests on the assumption that if rehabilitation programs and re-integration programs can be used effectively during deradicalization process it can yield substantial benefits for individual women, prison warders, family government and society at large. The findings of this study will be useful to government, women, family community, society and future researcher who will be able to recognize, appreciate and uphold the benefits of understanding detriments for women involving themselves in terrorism and other crimes.
Curse or Blessing in Reformation of Convicts? An Analysis of Imprisonment as a form of Punishment
(London Journals Press, 2023-02) Omboto, John Onyango
Even though there are other forms of punishment such as fines, community service order, and probation service among others for convicted offenders, imprisonment is the most commonly applied world over, particularly for felonies. Sending convicts to prison is driven by the belief that incarceration is the best measure of ensuring protection of the society. Nevertheless, imprisonment is also common because it is awarded as an alternative to fines and other financial penalties for petty offenders who cannot afford the financial conditions due to poverty. However, in Kenya like in other jurisdictions, this form of punishment is characterized by weaknesses which have over the years made it a failure in its key mandates of reformation, rehabilitation, retribution, incapacitation and deterrence.
Devolved Governance and Implications on National Security: Exploring the Role of Clan Elites in the North Eastern Region, Kenya
(JAIS, 2024-01) Elmi, Abdi Rashid; Sirera, Anne Merecia; Handa, Okumu Stephen
The purpose of this article is to examine devolved governance units in Kenya and Implications on National Security, using the role of clan elites in the North Eastern Region as a focus for ilustration The period of study was on the devolution period of 2013 to 2022. The contention of the article is that in North-Eastern region, Kenya, devolution was operationalized in an environment of historical inter and intra clan rivalry. In this setting, the citizenry had unbalanced power as encapsulated in the clans they belong to. This brings into question whether devolved governance may yield the expected benefits in such environments of potential uneven power. It was therefore critical to evaluate the outcomes of devolution in the context of clannism amid elitism in north-eastern region and its attendant implications on Kenya’s national security. Using a mixed method approach, the study employed a household survey, key informant interviews, and a review of relevant documents to gather data. A total of 932 participants from Wajir, Mandera, and Garissa Counties took part in the study which was conducted in May and December 2022. The findings indicated potential capture of local governments by elites, with the monetization of politics and the entrenchment of clan-based politics, nepotism and cronyism playing a key role with significant implications for security. The results further showed that, elites use hegemonic approach to whip clannism to their support to the detriment of security in the region. The study recommended that, the County Governments in the North Eastern region should adopt laws and regulations that will permit equity and inclusion in leadership roles that are representative of clan diversity. The study also recommended that national institutions such as IEBC and National Cohesion and Integration Commission [NCIC] should fully implement their mandate to ensure diversity representation in governance. To maintain peaceful interclan coexistence and hence national security, it was recommended that county governments in the North Eastern region should implement more public goods initiatives and public participation.
Dynamics of East African Regional Trade and Implications on Poverty Alleviation in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-09) Lolgisoi, Betty Naisenya; Mung’ale, Andrew
The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamics of East African Community regional trade and its implications on poverty alleviation, with a focus on Kenya. The contention of this study is that poverty is one of the main global challenges facing humanity today due to depleting resources and growing population. Even with the Kenyan government's efforts to eliminate poverty and attain Sustainable Development Goal No 1 since gaining independence, half of the Kenyan population continue to live in poverty, lacking access to fundamental services like healthcare, education, adequate housing, and potable water. The study sought to investigate East African Community regional trade on poverty alleviation with a focus on Kenya. The study adopted Ricardian theory of comparative advantage, Heckscher-Ohlin theory and regional integration theory. Explanatory and descriptive research design were used targeting all 44 staff from the State Department of East African Community Affairs, 30 staff from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and 743 traders from City Square Centre, Starehe Sub-County. Respondents were identified using systematic random sampling from a sample that included 39 staff members from the State Department of East African Community Affairs, 28 personnel from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, and 260 traders from City Square. The collection of primary data involved the use of a semi-structured interview framework. The instrument’s validity was assessed through content, face, and construct validity. To confirm its reliability, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated, yielding a value of 0.7. Data analysis included both descriptive and inferential statistics. Additionally, qualitative data, organized thematically, underwent content analysis. Ethical conduct was observed such as confidentiality and voluntary participation of respondents. The research identified a substantial and beneficial correlation between poverty reduction and regional trade. The regional trade had a notable impact on the mitigation of poverty. It was concluded that there was a relationship between EAC regional trade and poverty alleviation in Kenya. It was concluded that regional trade has resulted to more economic growth necessary in enhancing household income for poverty alleviation in Kenya. The study recommended that Kenya should build capacities and create favorable environment for its population to enhance more exports into the EAC regional trade.
Effectiveness of Civil-Military Coordination in Resources Mobilization during Disaster Response Operations in Kenya: A Case Study of Solai Dam Tragedy in Nakuru County, Kenya
(JSSH, 2023) Kiumbani, Charles Muriithi; Barasa, Leah Muriithi
This study assessed how well civil-military cooperation worked to mobilize resources during the Solai Dam catastrophe disaster response operation in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was informed by general systems theory. The study's target group included 395 respondents from the multi-agency response team and other stakeholders who were involved in the Solai dam accident. A descriptive research design was used. The study's 199 respondents were chosen by stratified random selection, and its major data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. The researcher sought permission from the relevant authority before proceeding with data collection. A pilot study was undertaken by the researcher to evaluate the questionnaire's validity and reliability. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23) was used in the cleaning and recording of data. The qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive, regression, and correlation analysis. Data presentation was done by the use of percentages, frequency tables, means, and narratives. The research demonstrated a positive and statistically significant impact of Civil-Military coordination in resource mobilization on the effectiveness of disaster response operations in Kenya. Based on the results of the study, it concluded that civil-military coordination in resource mobilization has a statistically and positive significant impact on disaster response operations effectiveness in Kenya. The study recommended that Civil-Military organizations must improve their command and control, understanding, knowledge, and relations to improve coordination in resource mobilization. The study further recommended strict adherence and implementation of the existing policies, legal and institutional frameworks on disaster management.
The Establishment and Regulation of the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya and its Constitutionality
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Kilongosi, Happi
The commercial security industry's effective establishment and regulation have been overlooked in many states, including Kenya. The increase of Commercial security firms' involvement in national and transnational business resulted in the United Nations drafting the Convention on the Regulation, Oversight, and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies. This study examines the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya in terms of establishment and regulation, outlining the industry's major issues and challenges. The aim was to demonstrate that laws and practices relating to registration and regulation of the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya are loosely created, weak, and shaky. And up to date, the commercial security industry in Kenya is operating in contravention of the Constitution.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Police Reforms in Enhancing National Security in Kenya
(Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024) Mudale, Roba Dabassa; Mwea, Caroline Wandiri
National security has evolved to encompass not just military threats but also societal issues impacting public safety. Police play a crucial role in maintaining order, but recent years have seen calls for reform due to concerns about use of force and racial bias. The study investigated the relationship between police reform and national security in Kenya, through an evaluation of the effectiveness of specific reforms like community policing, body-worn cameras, de-escalation training, civilian review boards, and banning no-knock warrants. The study acknowledged the challenges of implementation, including resource constraints, institutional resistance, community skepticism, political influence, and the uncritical adoption of foreign models. Measuring the success of reforms on national security presents difficulties. Defining national security is complex, and attributing change to specific reforms is challenging due to concurrent social and economic factors. The study employed a longitudinal case study design to examine the impacts of police reforms in Kenya. Data collection involved a mixed methods approach, utilizing quantitative data on crime statistics through surveys and qualitative data through interviews, focus groups and document analysis. The analysis revealed positive outcomes from reforms, including improved community relations, strengthened accountability, and technological advancements in policing. However, challenges like incomplete implementation, public skepticism, and external socioeconomic factors limit the full realization of these reforms. The study emphasizes the need for sustained commitment, fostering public trust, and addressing root causes of crime to ensure a safer and more just Kenya.
Evaluating the Effects of Commercialized Security on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Merecia, Ann Sirera
The growth and expansion of commercialized security markets are as a result of deficiencies in the ability of nations to effectively deliver security-related services. Therefore, a range of players is explicitly looked upon to supplement the supply of security services. Perhaps, the most important of these players are the commercial security firms, which have developed and grown expansively. These firms provide some aspect of security/policing services to their fee-paying consumers aimed at protecting the people and their physical assets, as opposed to public security which is a public good. The commercialized security industry has grown and expanded in Nairobi, Kenya, and offers a range of security services. Despite this development, few studies have examined the effects of these services on national security in Nairobi, Kenya. Using the Security Governance theory and Network Analysis theory, this study sought to understand the subject matter. The study took on a cross-sectional survey design and was carried out in Nairobi with the adult residents as the target population. A multistage sampling technique was employed to obtain the wards to be studied, whereas those who purchase or manage commercial security services for their organizations and management of the commercial security firms were purposively sampled, the general public and the security guards were systematically sampled. Questionnaires, scheduled interviews, and structured observation were used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25, 2017) was used in data management and analysis. In the analysis, descriptive statistics used included percentages and frequency distribution tables. These descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables into thematic areas and to convey the characteristics of key variables. Inferential statistics used was Multiple Regression analysis to establish relationships, provide predictions, and in concluding. The results demonstrated that the study identified five effects with each having a unique variance on national security: Visible presence that discourages criminal activities (B = .372, β = .383, P=.001), detection of criminal and harmful activities by the electronic devices (B=.250, β = .257, P = .001), intervention in stopping crime and harm (B = .213, β=.194, P = .001), intelligence on criminal activities through surveillance (B = .176, β= .159, P = .001) and creating a culture of security and crime awareness (B = .086, β = .076, P = .024). Together, both were significant predictors of national security F(5,368) = 111.42, p ˂ .001, R2 = .231. The study concluded that the effects of commercialized security on national security bring to fore the huge responsibility the industry is endowed with. Consequently, there should be favorable mechanisms in the country that can oversee the continuous development of the industry. The favorable mechanisms can only be realized through the consultation of the stakeholders: the commercial security industry, the citizens, and the state. Thus the study recommended that the Private Security Regulation Authority needs to start implementing some of the requirements that are in the PSRA No. 13 of 2016, which are meant to streamline the industry in terms of the training of the security guards, remunerations of the security guards, minimum requirements for recruitment and working environments. This is so that the country and citizens can benefit from the basis of which the authority was formed. It is expected that the findings of this research will provide data that can be used to inform policy and practice amongst commercial security providers to increase their impact on national security in Kenya. The data can also stimulate the academic community towards more research in the field
Evolution of Terror Attacks and Response by Kenya Security Forces from 1998 To 2020
(RJSSH, 2024-03) Kibe, James Chege; Ngari, Lazarus
Over the last two decades, the manner in which terrorists have carried attacks in Kenya and beyond has evidently evolved. However, response by our security forces seems to have not evolved to match the everchanging modus operandi of the terrorists. The attacks have evolved from simple bomb attacks, use of heavy mass bombs, missiles, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attacks (MTFAs), and many other forms. The main objective of the study was to examine evolution of terrorism attacks and response by the Kenyan Security Forces. The specific objectives were to investigate changes in the nature of terror attacks in Kenya from 1998 to the present, to evaluate the responses by Kenya security forces from 1998 to the present and to establish alternative methods of response during terror attacks. The study employs a descriptive, quantitative and qualitative research design. The goal was to collect data from various sources in order to gain a deeper understanding of their opinions, perspectives and attitudes in regard to the terror attacks in Kenya and how they have been responded to. The study’s target population was the Kenyan security agents. Structured interviews and focus group discussions were used to acquire qualitative data, while questionnaires were used to obtain numerical data. The study found that there were indeed tremendous changes in the nature of terror attacks since 1998. These changes ranged from the weapons used to the effectiveness of measures put in place after terror attacks. The study also found that various actions had been taken by the Kenya security forces in response to terror attacks since the 1998 US embassy bombing. These included enhanced communication and coordination during terror attacks, efficiency in responding to attacks, intelligence gathering and various counter terrorism strategies. The study further found alternative methods of response including the Introduction of anti-terror unit on standby in high-risk areas, improving multiagency communication and coordination and the incorporation of technology in terror attacks. The study thus concluded that the Kenyan government can work towards a peaceful future by learning from the past and building on the successes and failures of previous efforts. The study recommended that the Kenyan security forces should set up counter-terrorism policies which would help to curb terrorism. Other recommendations from the study included; enhancing international cooperation, improving multi-agency communication and coordination, and community engagement.
Examining Commercialized Security Industry’s Services on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Technium Social Sciences Journal, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald; Sirera, Ann Merecia; Mwai, Wangari
Maintenance of security and good order for the citizens, had traditionally been undertaken by the state. However, non-state actors have come up to offer security to those who can afford to pay for it. And this is the liberalists view of the provision of security that, the pursuance of security can be achieved with the involvement of other actors offering the same. Despite this development, few studies have examined commercialized security industry services on national security in Kenya. Using Security Governance theory and Network Analysis theory, this study sought to understand the topic. The study took on a cross sectional survey design, and was carried out in Nairobi with the adult residents as the target population. A multistage sampling technique was employed to obtain the respondents. Questionnaires, scheduled interviews and structured observation were used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25, 2017) was used in data management and analysis. The results demonstrate that (1) Manned guarding significantly contributes to the 26 % of outcome of the commercialized security B = .260, β = .135, P = .007; (2) Alarm and Electronics 22.9 %; B = .229, β = .224, P = .001; (3) CVIT security service contributes significantly and positively at 10.8 %; B = .108, β = .118, P = .018. While commercial investigative security service 3.6 % (B = .036, β = .084, P < = .103 although it was not significant. The study concluded that, commercialized security though motivated by profit making plays a significant role that enhances state capacity in provision of security as well as contributes to safety of citizens. Thus the study recommended that, there should be efforts to increase the usage of commercialized security investigation service. It is expected that the findings of this research will provide data that can be used to inform policy and practice amongst commercial security providers to increase their impact on national security in Kenya. The data can also stimulate the academic community towards more research in the field.

Browse

Browsing RP-Department of Security and Correction Science by Title

Results Per Page

Sort Options