RP-Department of Security and Correction Science

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An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2025-02) Kaari, Mugambi Dyna; Sirera, Merecia Ann
Women under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study revealed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas. The study concluded that police culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. The study recommended that the police organization reviews the gender-blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage masculinity
Application of Joint Peace Committees in Management of Cattle Rustling among the Residents of Turkana and West Pokot Counties, Kenya
(Advances in Applied Sociology, 2025-06) Kipkorir, Koech; Omboto, John Onyango
Cattle rustlings remain a major cause of insecurity and conflict among the pastoralists in Turkana and West Pokot counties. As a result of the fatalities and loss of properties, the Kenyan government has made concerted efforts to control the vice by forced disarmament of communities living in Turkana and West Pokot counties, increased deployment of police reservists, increased patrols by the government, awareness creation and sensitization of the residents. However, these efforts have not succeeded to control the problem within Turkana and West Pokot counties as they have been more reactive than proactive. Therefore, the study sought to assess the influence of joint peace committees in management of cattle rustling among the residents of Turkana and West Pokot counties, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey in design. The target population were individuals from Turkana and Pokot ethnic group living within Turkana and West Pokot border area who have been affected by cattle rustling. Systematic random sampling, snowballing and purposive sampling were used in selecting respondents. The findings indicated that the joint peace committee agreement variable had a statistically significant positive influence on the management of cattle rustling, evidenced by a regression coefficient of t-value of 8.863, and a p-value of 0.000. The study concluded that joint peace committees are a critical and effective mechanism in the management of cattle rustling in Turkana and West Pokot counties. The components of inclusivity and trust, structured dialogue platforms, and training and capacity building were found to significantly influence outcomes. The study recommended that the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, in collaboration with county governments, should institutionalize joint peace committees by embedding them in local governance structures. These committees have proven effective in fostering dialogue, trust-building, and conflict resolution.
Assessing the Effects of Terrorism on the Living Conditions of Residents in Garissa County, Kenya
(IJRISS, 2024-05) Mbindyo, Jedidah Ndinda; Masiga, Casper
Garissa County is prone to terrorism activities. Frequent terror attacks in Garissa County have had economic effects on the livelihoods of local people in Garissa County. The research sought to determine the effects of terrorism on the living conditions of Garissa County residents. The study targeted residents, chiefs, national police officers and women groups who have been in Garissa sub-county which is in close proximity to Garissa University College where a terror attack occurred in 2015. A sample size of 399 was obtained from 163,914 residents in Garissa sub-county. The survey utilized random and purposive sampling to select the study participants. Data was collected using questionnaires, scheduled interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data was analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in forms of means, percentages, and standard deviations. Qualitative data from the interviews and Focus Group Discussions was tape recorded, and analyzed qualitatively and presented in narratives. The study found that the effects of terrorism on residents are broad ranging from health issues to economic problems; terrorism diminishes the living conditions of the residents in Garissa County, Terrorism event diminishes the quality of life by creating anxiety and uncertainties, chasing away investors and entrepreneurs who create employment opportunities, hence reducing income levels. The study proves its value to a number of stakeholders such as, the government, Kenya police, residents and future researchers, by recommending on how to improve counterterrorism mitigation strategies and consequently reduce terrorist attacks leading to improved quality of life. The study particularly recommends the government to focus on intelligence led community policing, to improve information flow and sharing, create research platforms which checks for vulnerability and commit to improving security related technology
Assessing the Scope and Impact of Wildlife Trade and Poaching in Kenya: Conservation, Enforcement, and Socioeconomic Dimensions
(JAIS, 2023-09) Cheloti, Becky Mulemia; Mulu, Francis
The urgent need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to addressing the complex challenges of wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. Conservation efforts must be intensified to protect iconic species like elephants and rhinos, with a focus on enhanced anti-poaching measures and habitat preservation. The expansion of protected areas and the establishment of wildlife corridors are vital steps in safeguarding Kenya's rich biodiversity. Additionally, strengthening law enforcement agencies is imperative to combat wildlife trafficking effectively. This includes providing the necessary resources, training, and technology to law enforcement personnel while promoting transparency and accountability within these organizations. International collaboration is essential to address the transnational nature of wildlife crime networks. Socioeconomic dimensions cannot be overlooked, as poverty and limited alternative livelihoods were identified as significant drivers of poaching. Therefore, the study recommends the development of alternative income opportunities for communities living near wildlife habitats to reduce their reliance on illegal activities. Community engagement and the inclusion of local perspectives in conservation strategies are crucial for long-term success. In conclusion, the study's findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach that integrates conservation, enforcement, and socioeconomic development to effectively combat wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. By addressing the root causes of these issues and strengthening collaborative efforts, Kenya can better protect its biodiversity and improve the well-being of its communities. The study recommends on a comprehensive approach to address wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. It prioritizes increased investment in conservation, including anti-poaching efforts, habitat protection, and community programs to safeguard species like elephants and rhinos through the expansion of protected areas and wildlife corridors. Additionally, the study underscores the need to strengthen law enforcement with training and technology, emphasizing improved inter-agency communication and accountability to combat global wildlife trafficking networks. Moreover, it stresses poverty reduction and community engagement in economic development to discourage poaching, promoting community-based conservation to instill a sense of responsibility for wildlife preservation. This multifaceted strategy aims to tackle the complex challenges of wildlife conservation in Kenya.
Assessment of Security Intelligence Analysis Impacts to Humanitarian Communities Safety and Security in Kenya
(IAJILE, 2024-10) Mburu, Amos Muiruri
Security intelligence analysis involves the systematic collection, evaluation, and interpretation of information to understand potential threats. For humanitarian communities, this means understanding the dynamics of criminal activities, political tensions, economic conditions, and other external factors that may disrupt their operations. Through crime analysis, NGOs identified patterns and trends that may indicate emerging threats, such as increased crime rates in areas where they operate or targeted attacks against humanitarian workers. The current study aimed to assess the security intelligence analysis impacts to humanitarian communities’ safety and security in Kenya. The study objectives were; to evaluate how humanitarian communities incorporate open-source information into their security assessments and decision-making processes related to safety and security and to explore the patterns and trends of criminal activities and how these dynamics impact the safety of humanitarian communities. The study was guided by PESTLE analysis theory and Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study consisted of includes program managers, IT personnel, and security officers. There are about 6,000 registered NGOs in the country. A combination of purposive and stratified sampling techniques was utilized to select participants for this study. The sample size included 200 respondents, which is adequate for achieving statistical significance and enabling in-depth analysis. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis involved quantitative methods. The quantitative data obtained from the structured questionnaires was analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages. Further, regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between information security practices and the safety and security of NGOs. The findings revealed that a significant relationship (r = 0.75) between crime hotspots and the presence of NGOs, indicating that NGOs operating in areas with higher crime rates face greater security challenges. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r = 0.68) was found between the regular use of open-source information and the effectiveness of security assessments, suggesting that organizations that actively integrate open-source intelligence are better equipped to anticipate and respond to emerging threats. The study concluded that NGOs face multiple security challenges, including crime, cyber threats, political unrest, and social disruptions, which significantly affect their operations. The use of security intelligence, specifically through crime and threat analysis, enables these organizations to anticipate risks, prepare for potential disruptions, and respond effectively to emerging threats. The study recommended that government should establish frameworks that encourage closer collaboration between security agencies and NGOs. Through sharing intelligence data, especially regarding crime patterns and emerging threats, the government may help NGOs stay informed and better prepare for potential security challenges. Regular engagement through workshops and training sessions will also foster trust and cooperation.
An Assessment of Strategic Corporate Communication Practice on the Service Delivery of Police in Kirinyaga County
(International Journal of Latest Research in Humanities and Social Science, 2021) Mutuma, Charles Baikanatha; Ngari, Lazarus. K.
The purpose of this study was to assess internal accountability strategies of the National Police Service and their impact on service delivery in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Specific objective of this study was to establish how strategic Corporate Communication Practices contribute towards service delivery in Kirinyaga County. The study was guided by the theory of functionalism championed by Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, and Robert K. Merton. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The sample population consisted of 220 consisting of two National Police Services (130 Administrative Police, 80 Kenya Police, and 10 Members of Police disciplinary team. These combined forces included 13 Senior Officers from the rank of Inspector and above and 207 other Ranks. Out of the target population, stratified and random sampling techniques were employed. Data collection was by Interview Guide and a questionnaire. Thematic approach was used to analyze data after sorting and coding. Presentation of findings was by narration. The findings revealed that accountability strategic management practices especially corporate communication had a significant positive impact on service delivery at National Police Service in Kirinyaga County. Despite this, a number of challenges still exist. The study is relevant to departmental needs especially equipping the Police Service as means of enhancing service delivery.
Barriers to Women’s Agency in Counter-Terrorism Efforts in Mandera County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025-09) Omwakwe, Christine Kusa; Muiya, Bernard
The purpose of the study was to investigate the roles, challenges and contributions of women in counter-terrorism efforts in Mandera County, Kenya, from 2011 to 2023, highlighting barriers such as cultural norms, security threats and limited resources that hinder their agency. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach with a sample size of 384 women and stakeholders, the study assessed women's participation in community-based initiatives, intelligence gathering and peacebuilding, while identifying systemic barriers to their empowerment. Findings indicate that women's agency moderately enhances community resilience and counter-terrorism effectiveness, yet patriarchal structures and inadequate institutional support constrain their full involvement. The study advocates for gendersensitive policies, capacity-building and inclusive strategies to leverage women's contributions for sustainable security. The study contributes empirical insights to feminist international relations theory, emphasizing the need for intersectional approaches in counterterrorism frameworks.
Challenges Facing Multi-Agency Security Management in Violence Prone West Pokot County, Kenya
(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2024-11) Maratani, Nambande Rachel; Omboto, John Onyango
The North Rift Region of Kenya which includes West Pokot County has for a long-time experienced incidences of insecurity brought about by pastoralist militias. Therefore, the Kenyan government has adopted multi-agency security management approach to control the menace. A study conducted at West Pokot County examined the relationship between the multi-agency approach and security management. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the following: multi-agency institutions’ involvement in security management, multi-agency security command structure and coordination of security formations, challenges faced by multi-agency security personnel, and mechanisms of improving multi-agency security management approaches in the County. The study which was a descriptive survey in design was guided by the Systems Theory, and Securitization Theory. The study participants included security personnel from the Military, National Police Service, National Intelligence Service, Civil Society Organizations, NGOs, Chiefs and their assistant, and the village leaders. The sample size comprised of302 respondents drawn from the Military, National Police Service, and National Intelligence Service. On the challenges faced in multi-agency security management in West Pokot County,72% of the respondents indicated that lack of adequate resources and equipment was a serious problem,75% inadequate technical capacity, and 54% lack of a unified framework in security management which sometimes leads to clashes among the teams. The study recommends that community policing should be brought to the centre of multiagency approaches to security management as this will help in creating synergy between the multiagency security teams and civilians, and prior to commencement of the multiagency security operations, a thorough assessment of the needs of the security teams in terms of equipment and resources should be done in order to ensure that they are motivated enough to carry out the security operation successfully. This paper presents the study findings on multi-agency security institutions’ involvement in West Pokot, the challenges faced by the personnel, and the mechanisms of improving multi-agency security engagement in the county.
Challenges in Using Closed-Circuit Television in Police Operations in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Strategic Journals of Business & Change Management, 2023) Kirui, G; Muiya, B; Ochieng, D; Waithaka, S
Despite the police-operated closed-circuit television (CCTV) system in Nairobi City County being operational since mid-2015, insecurity remains a big problem. Hence, this study endeavored to establish the challenges hindering its effective use. The study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, integrating data from surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews. The study sample was obtained from police officers operating CCTV and those attached to police stations in Nairobi County using cluster sampling and purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Findings showed that the most significant challenges confronting the CCTV system were inadequate funding, surveillance evasion, CCTV vandalism, and unrealistic public expectations. The study concluded that the system was underperforming and risked collapsing. It recommended increased and timely funding for the system, quick responses and harsher penalties for CCTV vandalism, and public awareness of CCTV.
Challenges in Using Smartphones and Social Media for Police Misconduct Documentation and Accountability in Kenya
(Journal International of Social Science & Humanities, 2025-05-23) Kirui, Gideon
Smartphones and social media arebecoming morevital in documentingpolice misconduct and promoting accountability. However, the challenges in their use,particularly in Kenya, have not been given much consideration. This study investigated the challenges individuals face when reporting misconduct usingthese tools and those encountered by oversight bodies in addressing such reports. The study was grounded on Social Learning Theory and Technological Determinism Theory. It adopted asequential explanatorymixed-method design. Respondentswerepolice officers and staff of the IndependentPolice Oversight Authority (IPOA).They were selected via stratified random and purposive sampling. Data were collectedusing an online survey and interview guide and analyseddescriptivelyand thematically. Findings indicated that the fear of reprisals, legal ambiguities, unequal access to technology, internet shutdowns, and privacy concerns discourage individuals from documenting and exposing misconduct.The challenges for oversight bodies included unclear evidence-handling policies, inadequate forensic capability, poor-quality and overly complex digital evidence, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. The study concluded that thesechallenges are interconnected, undermine police accountability, and fuel public distrust ofpolice and oversight mechanisms. Itrecommends broad reforms toenablesafe and effective documentation andtimely, transparent, and fairinstitutional responses
Challenges of Integrating Surveillance Technologies and Security Management by Private Security Providers in Nakuru County, Kenya
(RJI, 2024-03) Ngure, Anthony Rebo; Handa, Stephen
The study determined challenges of integrating surveillance technologies and security management by private security providers in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study utilized the Integrated System Theory of managing security information. The study adopted a descriptive research design which employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches in collecting and analyzing data which was then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study targeted private security providers in Nakuru County as unit of analysis. It also employed purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques to select 30 respondents from ten (10) private security providers from the three sub counties distributed among the five sectors of the economy. Interviews and FGDs as well questionnaire were used in the collecting data. Findings indicated that inadequate networks and infrastructure presented additional difficulties for private security companies. Additionally, private security companies faced challenges such improper outcome analysis, corruption, and police intervention during investigations, which made it difficult to find the offenders and resulted in criminals operating freely on the streets. Similarly, security providers encounter technical difficulties such as complex security system installations carried out by unqualified individuals who lack the necessary knowledge and skills; frequent equipment breakdowns, blackouts, malfunctioning equipment, and shortage of qualified technicians. The study concluded that private security companies should use surveillance technologies to suit changing customer demands and keep up with changing crime trends; customers are satisfied with the functionalities of the surveillance technologies and that integrating surveillance technologies is not free of challenges. The study recommended that the police and private security personnel work together to respond to criminal activities and improve the use of surveillance technologies in incident response coordination.
China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Debt Sustainability in Africa, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025-06) Akombe, David Onchwari; Kinyua, Lazarus Ngari; Mwea, Caroline Wandiri
This article reports results of an investigation on China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Africa. Two main questions were investigated, including; how relevant is the Belt and Road Initiative in Africa to Kenya’s Development aspirations? And what are the risks of the Belt and Road Initiative to Kenya’s debt sustainability? The study used a mixed method approach with a convergent design to examine the contributions of the BRI to Kenya’s development agenda and the risks the initiative poses to Kenya’s debt sustainability. This data was used to discuss findings using Hegemonic Stability theory and dependency theory. The study established that the BRI in Kenya promotes the country’s development goals in areas of infrastructure development, industrialization, promotion of the agricultural sector, and job creation, which has a direct impact on the economic growth. The Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), is meant to make an immense contribution to the economy. However, given the challenges faced by the project, such as underutilization, low economic output, and running expenses, its impacts might take longer than expected. It was established that the SGR, even though not responsible for the current debt vulnerability in the country, its unproductivity contributes to debt challenges. Thus, the study recommends a thorough independent feasibility test for any other expensive BRI project before construction.
Commercial Security’s’ Effect on Security of Kenyans in Private Venues
(Emerging Science Journal, 2018) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Sirera, Ann
The strategic interplay between the Commercial security industry and security is complex. The realists view the provision of security as a fundamental obligation of the state. But to the liberalists, the pursuance of security can be achieved with the involvement of other actors offering the same. The question of whether the growing recognition of commercial security industry has marked an important shift in the norm of the state monopoly on violence in Africa needs answers. Despite this development, few studies have evaluated the effect of commercial security on security in Private Venues. Using Situational crime prevention theory, this study sort to demonstrate the effect of commercial security on security of Kenyans in Private Venues. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design, and was carried out in Nairobi with the target population of the adult residents in Nairobi. Customers and management of the commercial security industry were purposively sampled, whereas the general public and the security guards were systematically sampled. Questionnaire, interviews and structured observation were used to collect data. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. While quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics like percentages, average and mean, and pie charts. There is an accepted positive effect on security of Kenyans in private functions and venues where commercial security present. But efficiency would be achieved if, the commercial security personnel provide indiscriminate security responses where there is a breach. Grey area needing legal backing were identified as: arming of the commercial security personnel, proper uniforms and kitting, and training and skills. It is expected that the findings of this study will be of great significance to the commercial security industry stakeholders in their quest to provide security to their customers. The findings will also be used to inform policy and practice that can beneficial to national security in Kenya. It is also hoped to stimulate the academic community and the government of Kenya towards more research in the field, and for the formulation of policies that will improve the general security of the citizens.
Commercialized Security and Its Role in Selected Countries’ National Security
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Masiga, Casper; Kilongosi, Happi
The complexity of the contemporary world has dictated the commercial security to supplement the supply of security in states. This is for the varied security needs of the citizens to be fulfilled. Hence this study embarked to illustrate the various roles of commercialized security in the national security of selected countries: the USA, Britain, Australia, Israel, South Africa, DRC, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. The study has shown that the scope of commercialized security has expanded, thereby taking up some roles that require and some that do not require to be carried out by the state security agencies. This is partly due to its embracing of technology and enormous numbers of personnel than the state security agencies. But realistically, the state will not be losing its monopoly of violence, but distributing it to the commercialized security through a network of governance and partnership. This trend will continue and will be of direct benefit to the state’s ability to influence its security. Based on the findings, the study recommends effective regularization of commercial security as well as collaboration between state security agents.
Community Policing Strategies in Counter-terrorism Initiatives in Garissa County, Kenya, the Significance of Community Intelligence
(JAIS, 2023) Mutugi, Fredrick Kimathi
Garissa County, located in northeastern Kenya, has experienced a significant number of terrorist attacks in recent years. The most notable of these attacks occurred in 2015 when AlShabaab militants attacked Garissa University College, killing 148 people, most of whom were students. These attacks caused significant damage to the region's social and economic fabric, undermining development and social cohesion efforts. In response to these attacks, the Kenyan government implemented various counter-terrorism initiatives, including deploying security forces and implementing policies and legislation. However, these efforts have limited success in preventing future attacks, primarily due to a lack of community involvement. Community policing strategies have emerged as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. Community policing involves building partnerships between law enforcement agencies and the community to prevent crime and address community concerns. In the context of counter-terrorism, community policing strategies involve working with community members to identify and report suspicious activities, promoting community resilience, and enhancing trust and communication between law enforcement and the community. Community intelligence plays a vital role in community policing strategies. This is because community members are often the first to observe suspicious activities and report them to law enforcement agencies. Additionally, community intelligence provides valuable information to law enforcement agencies in preventing terrorist attacks and identifying the individuals involved. Garissa County has implemented various community policing strategies in its counter-terrorism initiatives, including establishing community policing units, conducting community sensitization programs, and partnering with civil society organizations. However, there is a need to enhance these strategies to ensure greater community involvement and the effective use of community intelligence in preventing future attacks. Community policing strategies emerge as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. This study examines the role of community policing strategies in counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County, focusing on the significance of community intelligence in identifying and preventing terrorist activities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The study's findings indicated that community intelligence plays a significant role in countering terrorism, contributing to the literature on community policing strategies and counterterrorism initiatives and provide policymakers and practitioners with evidence-based recommendations for enhancing counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County and other regions facing similar challenges. Ultimately, this research improves on community policing strategies to enhance the effectiveness of counter-terrorism initiatives and prevent future attacks in Garissa County, Kenya through investing in technology and human resource to gather intelligence.
Community-Based Approaches to Peace Committee Formation: Lessons from Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
(CEDRED, 2025-04) Chepngetich, Rosemary Bor; Muoka, Boniface
The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors contributing to the establishment of community-based peace committees in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. Literature was reviewed on the theoretical frameworks of community-based conflict resolution, historical context and evolution of peace committees in Kenya and case studies on community engagement in peacebuilding in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design to explore their role and effectiveness in managing inter-ethnic conflicts, particularly between the Marakwet and Pokot communities. Primary data was collected through questionnaires distributed to 193 randomly selected participants across Marakwet East and West sub-counties, supplemented by Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with 15 purposively chosen stakeholders, including government officials, elders and NonGovernmental Organizations (NGO) representatives. The findings revealed high community awareness and perceived effectiveness of peace committees, driven by frequent engagement and alignment with local needs, bolstered by the inclusion of respected community figures and NGO support. However, challenges like political interference and funding shortages were noted as barriers to neutrality and sustainability. The study concludes that this hybrid model of traditional mediation and modern support offers a replicable framework for peacebuilding, recommending enhanced funding, protection from political influence and increased training and inclusivity to strengthen these efforts
The Context behind Women Involvement in Insecurity Issues: A Case of Women in Terrorism in Mombasa County, Kenya
(IJIRAS, 2023) Kamande, Regina Wairimu
This paper is a case study whose purpose was to establish how and why women engage themselves into terror activities. liberation movements and women enlightening programs are believed to emancipate women from culture and stereotypes that could hide them from behaving as their male counterpart. This has contributed to women joining the Kenya. Women are known to be the custodian of peace and moral in any given society However, this has not been the case as there has been huge increase in female offenders and many women have dominated some crimes which are thought to be masculine crimes like terrorism, serial killings, human and drug trafficking, mafia, gang wars with number of women implicated in terrorism-related crimes continue to rise with 100 of distinct suicide conducted by female in2017.The objective of this study therefore was to; (i) establish roles played by women liberation movements in joining terrorism (ii) find out the compelling factors that predispose women to join terrorism (iii) investigate the roles of women in extremist groups and challenges during de-radicalization process. Theoretical framework for this study was be anchored on the Social conflict theory by Karl Marx which maintains that society constitute of two classes (the rich and the poor) resources distribution is the core cause of conflict as it is interconnected through political, economic, technological and demographic dimensions which together constitute the social conflict in the world. The study will be carried out in Mombasa County, the target population will be sampled using probability which purposive sampling method and non-purposive sampling for the key informants. The data collection instruments will included questionnaires, interview schedules and focused group discussion. The data collected will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Arising from this study was the conclusion that women plays a crucial role in stabilizing terrorism as they are more royal compared to men especially if their social economic needs are meet. however, it is unfortunate that rehabilitation programs provided are ill-prepared in that they are ‘one fit’ for all. The significance of this study rests on the assumption that if rehabilitation programs and re-integration programs can be used effectively during deradicalization process it can yield substantial benefits for individual women, prison warders, family government and society at large. The findings of this study will be useful to government, women, family community, society and future researcher who will be able to recognize, appreciate and uphold the benefits of understanding detriments for women involving themselves in terrorism and other crimes.
Counter-terrorism Strategies in Mombasa County: Analyzing Implementation Approaches to Mitigate Radicalization
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2025-03) Ong’esa, Isaiah Gechuki; Muoka, Boniface
The purpose of the study was to investigate the role and impact of Counter-Terrorism Strategies (CTS) in preventing radicalization in Mombasa County, Kenya. However, the Kenyan government through the National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC) and the AntiTerrorism Police Unit (ATPU) has continued to battle with radicalization especially in Mombasa County. Groups like Al-Shabaab remained active in the recruitment and radicalization of individuals for their cause, driven by both socio-economic factors and political exclusion, as well as ideological manipulation. The government after engaging in counterterrorism has encountered a number of difficulties such as human rights abuses, lack of community cooperation and the incorporation of hard and soft measures in combating radicalization. Some of these were conventional military operations accused of involved in extra judicial killings while others were soft power interventions like de radicalization initiatives that faced funding constraints and community skepticism. The study used survey descriptive research design with both quantitative and qualitative data, involving n=117 participants to assess the effects of CTS on radicalization in Mombasa County. Interviewing respondents from local communities, governmental officers, religious authorities and security forces, the study assessed whether counter-terrorism measures were helping to lessen radicalization or worsened it instead. These insights were important in understanding the balance of hard and soft CTS and the relationship between communities and the reasons underlying radicalization. In conclusion, the study provides actionable intelligence guided counter-terrorism strategies that can effectively and efficiently dismantle extremism, without infringing on any human rights, towards the goal of attaining sustainable security in Mombasa County.
Curse or Blessing in Reformation of Convicts? An Analysis of Imprisonment as a form of Punishment
(London Journals Press, 2023-02) Omboto, John Onyango
Even though there are other forms of punishment such as fines, community service order, and probation service among others for convicted offenders, imprisonment is the most commonly applied world over, particularly for felonies. Sending convicts to prison is driven by the belief that incarceration is the best measure of ensuring protection of the society. Nevertheless, imprisonment is also common because it is awarded as an alternative to fines and other financial penalties for petty offenders who cannot afford the financial conditions due to poverty. However, in Kenya like in other jurisdictions, this form of punishment is characterized by weaknesses which have over the years made it a failure in its key mandates of reformation, rehabilitation, retribution, incapacitation and deterrence.
Determinants of Successful Implementation of Interagency Counterterrorism Strategies in Lamu County, Kenya
(CEDRED, 2025-06) Kirwa, Augustine Kiplimo; Handa, Stephen
The purpose of the study was to investigate the determinants of successful interagency counterterrorism strategies in Lamu County, Kenya, focusing on institutional coordination, resource allocation and intelligence sharing. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data was gathered from 115 respondents, including security personnel, government officials and community leaders, through questionnaires, interviews, document reviews and observations. Findings of the study highlight trust, clear communication and joint training as critical enablers of collaboration, while resource constraints, bureaucratic inefficiencies and mistrust pose significant challenges. The study recommends establishing formalized communication channels, increasing investments in surveillance technologies and formalizing communitybased counterterrorism units to enhance operational success. These insights provide a framework for policymakers to strengthen interagency cooperation in terrorism-prone regions like Lamu.

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