RP-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Adoption of a Multi-Agency Approach in Securing Kenya’s International Borders
(International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities (IAJAH), 2022-09) Kirimi, Joel Mugambi; Kinyanjui, F. K.; Ngari, L.
Kenya international boundaries are generally porous in nature and have their fair share of challenges and disputes. Kenya recognizes the centrality of international boundaries in securing her sovereignty and has deployed different security agencies for this purpose. The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the multiagency approach in international boundary security in Kenya. A descriptive study was applied targeting officers from multi agencies that deal with securing Kenya’s international boundaries. Stratified and census sampling were employed. Primary data was collected using key informant interviews and a survey questionnaire and analyzed using content analysis and descriptive analysis respectively. The findings indicate that the multiagency approach was effective in promoting coordination, training and support among the security agencies in the efforts of securing the international boundaries. The study recommends that the government enhances the initiatives of multiagency approach undertaken by different security agencies with the aim of securing Kenya’s international boundaries. The study suggests that further studies be conducted focusing on the challenges faced using the multi-agency approach in securing the international borders.
An Assessment of Community Based Organizations in Countering Violent Extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024-10) Muriithi, Eva Makandi; Macharia, Hannah M.
The purpose of this study was to assess Community Based Organizations in countering violent extremism in Kenya, with focus on Isiolo County. The research investigated Community Based Organizations engagement in countering violent extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya, regarded as one of the vulnerable counties in Kenya, suffering high levels of insecurity ranging from cattle rustling, banditry and other threats. The study was guided by three specific objectives: to examine the community-based organizations involved in countering violent extremism in Isiolo County; to establish the forms of violent extremism in Isiolo County, and to assess strategies used by community-based organizations to counter violent extremism. The literature review was done according to the research objectives. The study was guided by social identity theory and theory of change. In terms of methodology, the study used mixed method approach. Descriptive survey research design was adopted that targeted 53,217 populations from which a sample size of 100 was determined using a sampling formula. Multistage sampling was adopted to select respondents from each of the sub locations in the three sub counties under which a systematic random sampling approach was used. Purpose sampling was used to select participants for qualitative data. Data analysis involved qualitative and quantitative methods. SPSS Version 26 was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Quantitative data was presented in tables while qualitative data was presented using narratives and quotes. There were more formal than informal CBOs operating in Isiolo County CVE efforts. These CBOs were focused on recruitment and radicalization of youth into VE since there were no reported or known cases of violent attacks in the county. Building awareness and trust in their communities was the frequent strategy used by CBOs in Isiolo County to countering VE efforts. The research recommends that informal CBOs should be supported so as to achieve formal status so as to enjoy more participation the policy formulation processes with county and national governments. Secondly, it is recommended for a multi-faceted method to counter and prevent VE in Isiolo County due to the changing nature of youth radicalization and recruitment that has moved to online platforms
An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2025-02) Kaari, Mugambi Dyna; Sirera, Merecia Ann
Women under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study revealed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas. The study concluded that police culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. The study recommended that the police organization reviews the gender-blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage masculinity
Application of Joint Peace Committees in Management of Cattle Rustling among the Residents of Turkana and West Pokot Counties, Kenya
(Advances in Applied Sociology, 2025-06) Kipkorir, Koech; Omboto, John Onyango
Cattle rustlings remain a major cause of insecurity and conflict among the pastoralists in Turkana and West Pokot counties. As a result of the fatalities and loss of properties, the Kenyan government has made concerted efforts to control the vice by forced disarmament of communities living in Turkana and West Pokot counties, increased deployment of police reservists, increased patrols by the government, awareness creation and sensitization of the residents. However, these efforts have not succeeded to control the problem within Turkana and West Pokot counties as they have been more reactive than proactive. Therefore, the study sought to assess the influence of joint peace committees in management of cattle rustling among the residents of Turkana and West Pokot counties, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey in design. The target population were individuals from Turkana and Pokot ethnic group living within Turkana and West Pokot border area who have been affected by cattle rustling. Systematic random sampling, snowballing and purposive sampling were used in selecting respondents. The findings indicated that the joint peace committee agreement variable had a statistically significant positive influence on the management of cattle rustling, evidenced by a regression coefficient of t-value of 8.863, and a p-value of 0.000. The study concluded that joint peace committees are a critical and effective mechanism in the management of cattle rustling in Turkana and West Pokot counties. The components of inclusivity and trust, structured dialogue platforms, and training and capacity building were found to significantly influence outcomes. The study recommended that the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, in collaboration with county governments, should institutionalize joint peace committees by embedding them in local governance structures. These committees have proven effective in fostering dialogue, trust-building, and conflict resolution.
Assessing the Effects of Terrorism on the Living Conditions of Residents in Garissa County, Kenya
(IJRISS, 2024-05) Mbindyo, Jedidah Ndinda; Masiga, Casper
Garissa County is prone to terrorism activities. Frequent terror attacks in Garissa County have had economic effects on the livelihoods of local people in Garissa County. The research sought to determine the effects of terrorism on the living conditions of Garissa County residents. The study targeted residents, chiefs, national police officers and women groups who have been in Garissa sub-county which is in close proximity to Garissa University College where a terror attack occurred in 2015. A sample size of 399 was obtained from 163,914 residents in Garissa sub-county. The survey utilized random and purposive sampling to select the study participants. Data was collected using questionnaires, scheduled interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data was analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in forms of means, percentages, and standard deviations. Qualitative data from the interviews and Focus Group Discussions was tape recorded, and analyzed qualitatively and presented in narratives. The study found that the effects of terrorism on residents are broad ranging from health issues to economic problems; terrorism diminishes the living conditions of the residents in Garissa County, Terrorism event diminishes the quality of life by creating anxiety and uncertainties, chasing away investors and entrepreneurs who create employment opportunities, hence reducing income levels. The study proves its value to a number of stakeholders such as, the government, Kenya police, residents and future researchers, by recommending on how to improve counterterrorism mitigation strategies and consequently reduce terrorist attacks leading to improved quality of life. The study particularly recommends the government to focus on intelligence led community policing, to improve information flow and sharing, create research platforms which checks for vulnerability and commit to improving security related technology
Assessing the Scope and Impact of Wildlife Trade and Poaching in Kenya: Conservation, Enforcement, and Socioeconomic Dimensions
(JAIS, 2023-09) Cheloti, Becky Mulemia; Mulu, Francis
The urgent need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to addressing the complex challenges of wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. Conservation efforts must be intensified to protect iconic species like elephants and rhinos, with a focus on enhanced anti-poaching measures and habitat preservation. The expansion of protected areas and the establishment of wildlife corridors are vital steps in safeguarding Kenya's rich biodiversity. Additionally, strengthening law enforcement agencies is imperative to combat wildlife trafficking effectively. This includes providing the necessary resources, training, and technology to law enforcement personnel while promoting transparency and accountability within these organizations. International collaboration is essential to address the transnational nature of wildlife crime networks. Socioeconomic dimensions cannot be overlooked, as poverty and limited alternative livelihoods were identified as significant drivers of poaching. Therefore, the study recommends the development of alternative income opportunities for communities living near wildlife habitats to reduce their reliance on illegal activities. Community engagement and the inclusion of local perspectives in conservation strategies are crucial for long-term success. In conclusion, the study's findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach that integrates conservation, enforcement, and socioeconomic development to effectively combat wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. By addressing the root causes of these issues and strengthening collaborative efforts, Kenya can better protect its biodiversity and improve the well-being of its communities. The study recommends on a comprehensive approach to address wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. It prioritizes increased investment in conservation, including anti-poaching efforts, habitat protection, and community programs to safeguard species like elephants and rhinos through the expansion of protected areas and wildlife corridors. Additionally, the study underscores the need to strengthen law enforcement with training and technology, emphasizing improved inter-agency communication and accountability to combat global wildlife trafficking networks. Moreover, it stresses poverty reduction and community engagement in economic development to discourage poaching, promoting community-based conservation to instill a sense of responsibility for wildlife preservation. This multifaceted strategy aims to tackle the complex challenges of wildlife conservation in Kenya.
Assessment of Security Intelligence Analysis Impacts to Humanitarian Communities Safety and Security in Kenya
(IAJILE, 2024-10) Mburu, Amos Muiruri
Security intelligence analysis involves the systematic collection, evaluation, and interpretation of information to understand potential threats. For humanitarian communities, this means understanding the dynamics of criminal activities, political tensions, economic conditions, and other external factors that may disrupt their operations. Through crime analysis, NGOs identified patterns and trends that may indicate emerging threats, such as increased crime rates in areas where they operate or targeted attacks against humanitarian workers. The current study aimed to assess the security intelligence analysis impacts to humanitarian communities’ safety and security in Kenya. The study objectives were; to evaluate how humanitarian communities incorporate open-source information into their security assessments and decision-making processes related to safety and security and to explore the patterns and trends of criminal activities and how these dynamics impact the safety of humanitarian communities. The study was guided by PESTLE analysis theory and Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study consisted of includes program managers, IT personnel, and security officers. There are about 6,000 registered NGOs in the country. A combination of purposive and stratified sampling techniques was utilized to select participants for this study. The sample size included 200 respondents, which is adequate for achieving statistical significance and enabling in-depth analysis. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis involved quantitative methods. The quantitative data obtained from the structured questionnaires was analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages. Further, regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between information security practices and the safety and security of NGOs. The findings revealed that a significant relationship (r = 0.75) between crime hotspots and the presence of NGOs, indicating that NGOs operating in areas with higher crime rates face greater security challenges. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r = 0.68) was found between the regular use of open-source information and the effectiveness of security assessments, suggesting that organizations that actively integrate open-source intelligence are better equipped to anticipate and respond to emerging threats. The study concluded that NGOs face multiple security challenges, including crime, cyber threats, political unrest, and social disruptions, which significantly affect their operations. The use of security intelligence, specifically through crime and threat analysis, enables these organizations to anticipate risks, prepare for potential disruptions, and respond effectively to emerging threats. The study recommended that government should establish frameworks that encourage closer collaboration between security agencies and NGOs. Through sharing intelligence data, especially regarding crime patterns and emerging threats, the government may help NGOs stay informed and better prepare for potential security challenges. Regular engagement through workshops and training sessions will also foster trust and cooperation.
An Assessment of Strategic Corporate Communication Practice on the Service Delivery of Police in Kirinyaga County
(International Journal of Latest Research in Humanities and Social Science, 2021) Mutuma, Charles Baikanatha; Ngari, Lazarus. K.
The purpose of this study was to assess internal accountability strategies of the National Police Service and their impact on service delivery in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Specific objective of this study was to establish how strategic Corporate Communication Practices contribute towards service delivery in Kirinyaga County. The study was guided by the theory of functionalism championed by Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, and Robert K. Merton. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The sample population consisted of 220 consisting of two National Police Services (130 Administrative Police, 80 Kenya Police, and 10 Members of Police disciplinary team. These combined forces included 13 Senior Officers from the rank of Inspector and above and 207 other Ranks. Out of the target population, stratified and random sampling techniques were employed. Data collection was by Interview Guide and a questionnaire. Thematic approach was used to analyze data after sorting and coding. Presentation of findings was by narration. The findings revealed that accountability strategic management practices especially corporate communication had a significant positive impact on service delivery at National Police Service in Kirinyaga County. Despite this, a number of challenges still exist. The study is relevant to departmental needs especially equipping the Police Service as means of enhancing service delivery.
Availability of Prisoners Reformation Programmes and Uptake Determinants at Kitengela Prison in Kenya
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2024-12) Odhiambo, Dickson Osina; John, Onyango Omboto
Prisons world over are mandated to reform prisoners and rehabilitate them back into the society as law abiding citizens. This is accomplished through several reformation programmes. A study conducted at Kitengela prison in Kajiado County, Kenya, sought to analyse the available prisoners’ reformation programmes employed in rehabilitation at the prison. Specifically, the study analysed the implementation of the programmes, established the challenges faced in implementation, and found out possible control strategies for the challenges. The study was guided by Reformation Theory of punishment and adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised of convicts and the prison staff from which a sample size of 113 respondents were selected by simple random sampling method to participate in the study. Data was collected by questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGD) and Key Informants interview. Quantitative data was analysed and presented in percentages, tables, and diagrams while qualitative data was thematically narrated. The study established that for prisoners, carpentry was the most available at 100%, welding 97.5% and training in masonry 95%. While on the programmes that are operational, welding, carpentry, and horticulture had 77.50%, 74.68%, and 58.75% respectively. The most available psychological program was counselling services at 87.50%, while on education, Kenya Certificate of Primary Education and Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education levels were the most available, operational and successfully implemented. The determinants of a prisoner’s placement on specific programmes are income generation to the government, the need for post-release employment, need to reform, making incarceration bearable, and availability of infrastructures among others. This paper is an in-depth analysis of the available programs, and the factors influencing placement of prisoners in particular reformation programmes.
Barriers to Women’s Agency in Counter-Terrorism Efforts in Mandera County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025-09) Omwakwe, Christine Kusa; Muiya, Bernard
The purpose of the study was to investigate the roles, challenges and contributions of women in counter-terrorism efforts in Mandera County, Kenya, from 2011 to 2023, highlighting barriers such as cultural norms, security threats and limited resources that hinder their agency. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach with a sample size of 384 women and stakeholders, the study assessed women's participation in community-based initiatives, intelligence gathering and peacebuilding, while identifying systemic barriers to their empowerment. Findings indicate that women's agency moderately enhances community resilience and counter-terrorism effectiveness, yet patriarchal structures and inadequate institutional support constrain their full involvement. The study advocates for gendersensitive policies, capacity-building and inclusive strategies to leverage women's contributions for sustainable security. The study contributes empirical insights to feminist international relations theory, emphasizing the need for intersectional approaches in counterterrorism frameworks.
Border Security Challenges: a Case Study of Kenya and Somalia Border Relations (1991-2017)
(path of science, 2022) Akenga Reuben; Morumbasi Kigen; Handa Stephen
The porous border of Kenya/ Somalia has always been problematic to the Kenyan government, ever since the Somali government’s fall in 1991. This study was based along the Kenya- Somalia boundary in Mandera County. The study examined border security challenges between Kenya- Somalia from 1991-to 2017. One specific objective guided it: to discuss challenges to border security strategies along with Kenya- Somalia border. The study was guided by descriptive survey research design and experimental research designs. This research used several sampling strategies: convenience, systematic, snowball, random sampling, and purposive techniques. The researcher selected a sample size of 398 that comprised heads of families. Further, 85 critical informants of private and public responders were chosen from the two case studies. Primary information was gathered using FGDs, survey tools such as questionnaires and observations and interviews. On the other hand, secondary data was retrieved through relevant articles and publication content analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics proved vital in analyzing preliminary information, while content analysis was utilized when analyzing qualitative data. Tables and figures present the data analyzed. The study established that 86 % of the respondents stated that regional politics, power politics and geopolitical conflicts were significant impediments to border management strategies. It was concluded that geopolitical disputes were the main challenge encountered in border management strategies. The study recommends that Kenya partner with likeminded stronger countries in Africa's horn, affected by the Somali problem like Ethiopia, and develop a common approach to learning from them on dealing with the border issue.
Challenges Facing Multi-Agency Security Management in Violence Prone West Pokot County, Kenya
(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2024-11) Maratani, Nambande Rachel; Omboto, John Onyango
The North Rift Region of Kenya which includes West Pokot County has for a long-time experienced incidences of insecurity brought about by pastoralist militias. Therefore, the Kenyan government has adopted multi-agency security management approach to control the menace. A study conducted at West Pokot County examined the relationship between the multi-agency approach and security management. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the following: multi-agency institutions’ involvement in security management, multi-agency security command structure and coordination of security formations, challenges faced by multi-agency security personnel, and mechanisms of improving multi-agency security management approaches in the County. The study which was a descriptive survey in design was guided by the Systems Theory, and Securitization Theory. The study participants included security personnel from the Military, National Police Service, National Intelligence Service, Civil Society Organizations, NGOs, Chiefs and their assistant, and the village leaders. The sample size comprised of302 respondents drawn from the Military, National Police Service, and National Intelligence Service. On the challenges faced in multi-agency security management in West Pokot County,72% of the respondents indicated that lack of adequate resources and equipment was a serious problem,75% inadequate technical capacity, and 54% lack of a unified framework in security management which sometimes leads to clashes among the teams. The study recommends that community policing should be brought to the centre of multiagency approaches to security management as this will help in creating synergy between the multiagency security teams and civilians, and prior to commencement of the multiagency security operations, a thorough assessment of the needs of the security teams in terms of equipment and resources should be done in order to ensure that they are motivated enough to carry out the security operation successfully. This paper presents the study findings on multi-agency security institutions’ involvement in West Pokot, the challenges faced by the personnel, and the mechanisms of improving multi-agency security engagement in the county.
Challenges in Using Closed-Circuit Television in Police Operations in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Strategic Journals of Business & Change Management, 2023) Kirui, G; Muiya, B; Ochieng, D; Waithaka, S
Despite the police-operated closed-circuit television (CCTV) system in Nairobi City County being operational since mid-2015, insecurity remains a big problem. Hence, this study endeavored to establish the challenges hindering its effective use. The study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, integrating data from surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews. The study sample was obtained from police officers operating CCTV and those attached to police stations in Nairobi County using cluster sampling and purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Findings showed that the most significant challenges confronting the CCTV system were inadequate funding, surveillance evasion, CCTV vandalism, and unrealistic public expectations. The study concluded that the system was underperforming and risked collapsing. It recommended increased and timely funding for the system, quick responses and harsher penalties for CCTV vandalism, and public awareness of CCTV.
Challenges in Using Smartphones and Social Media for Police Misconduct Documentation and Accountability in Kenya
(Journal International of Social Science & Humanities, 2025-05-23) Kirui, Gideon
Smartphones and social media arebecoming morevital in documentingpolice misconduct and promoting accountability. However, the challenges in their use,particularly in Kenya, have not been given much consideration. This study investigated the challenges individuals face when reporting misconduct usingthese tools and those encountered by oversight bodies in addressing such reports. The study was grounded on Social Learning Theory and Technological Determinism Theory. It adopted asequential explanatorymixed-method design. Respondentswerepolice officers and staff of the IndependentPolice Oversight Authority (IPOA).They were selected via stratified random and purposive sampling. Data were collectedusing an online survey and interview guide and analyseddescriptivelyand thematically. Findings indicated that the fear of reprisals, legal ambiguities, unequal access to technology, internet shutdowns, and privacy concerns discourage individuals from documenting and exposing misconduct.The challenges for oversight bodies included unclear evidence-handling policies, inadequate forensic capability, poor-quality and overly complex digital evidence, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. The study concluded that thesechallenges are interconnected, undermine police accountability, and fuel public distrust ofpolice and oversight mechanisms. Itrecommends broad reforms toenablesafe and effective documentation andtimely, transparent, and fairinstitutional responses
Challenges of Integrating Surveillance Technologies and Security Management by Private Security Providers in Nakuru County, Kenya
(RJI, 2024-03) Ngure, Anthony Rebo; Handa, Stephen
The study determined challenges of integrating surveillance technologies and security management by private security providers in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study utilized the Integrated System Theory of managing security information. The study adopted a descriptive research design which employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches in collecting and analyzing data which was then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study targeted private security providers in Nakuru County as unit of analysis. It also employed purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques to select 30 respondents from ten (10) private security providers from the three sub counties distributed among the five sectors of the economy. Interviews and FGDs as well questionnaire were used in the collecting data. Findings indicated that inadequate networks and infrastructure presented additional difficulties for private security companies. Additionally, private security companies faced challenges such improper outcome analysis, corruption, and police intervention during investigations, which made it difficult to find the offenders and resulted in criminals operating freely on the streets. Similarly, security providers encounter technical difficulties such as complex security system installations carried out by unqualified individuals who lack the necessary knowledge and skills; frequent equipment breakdowns, blackouts, malfunctioning equipment, and shortage of qualified technicians. The study concluded that private security companies should use surveillance technologies to suit changing customer demands and keep up with changing crime trends; customers are satisfied with the functionalities of the surveillance technologies and that integrating surveillance technologies is not free of challenges. The study recommended that the police and private security personnel work together to respond to criminal activities and improve the use of surveillance technologies in incident response coordination.
China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Debt Sustainability in Africa, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025-06) Akombe, David Onchwari; Kinyua, Lazarus Ngari; Mwea, Caroline Wandiri
This article reports results of an investigation on China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Africa. Two main questions were investigated, including; how relevant is the Belt and Road Initiative in Africa to Kenya’s Development aspirations? And what are the risks of the Belt and Road Initiative to Kenya’s debt sustainability? The study used a mixed method approach with a convergent design to examine the contributions of the BRI to Kenya’s development agenda and the risks the initiative poses to Kenya’s debt sustainability. This data was used to discuss findings using Hegemonic Stability theory and dependency theory. The study established that the BRI in Kenya promotes the country’s development goals in areas of infrastructure development, industrialization, promotion of the agricultural sector, and job creation, which has a direct impact on the economic growth. The Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), is meant to make an immense contribution to the economy. However, given the challenges faced by the project, such as underutilization, low economic output, and running expenses, its impacts might take longer than expected. It was established that the SGR, even though not responsible for the current debt vulnerability in the country, its unproductivity contributes to debt challenges. Thus, the study recommends a thorough independent feasibility test for any other expensive BRI project before construction.
Commercial Security’s’ Effect on Security of Kenyans in Private Venues
(Emerging Science Journal, 2018) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Sirera, Ann
The strategic interplay between the Commercial security industry and security is complex. The realists view the provision of security as a fundamental obligation of the state. But to the liberalists, the pursuance of security can be achieved with the involvement of other actors offering the same. The question of whether the growing recognition of commercial security industry has marked an important shift in the norm of the state monopoly on violence in Africa needs answers. Despite this development, few studies have evaluated the effect of commercial security on security in Private Venues. Using Situational crime prevention theory, this study sort to demonstrate the effect of commercial security on security of Kenyans in Private Venues. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design, and was carried out in Nairobi with the target population of the adult residents in Nairobi. Customers and management of the commercial security industry were purposively sampled, whereas the general public and the security guards were systematically sampled. Questionnaire, interviews and structured observation were used to collect data. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. While quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics like percentages, average and mean, and pie charts. There is an accepted positive effect on security of Kenyans in private functions and venues where commercial security present. But efficiency would be achieved if, the commercial security personnel provide indiscriminate security responses where there is a breach. Grey area needing legal backing were identified as: arming of the commercial security personnel, proper uniforms and kitting, and training and skills. It is expected that the findings of this study will be of great significance to the commercial security industry stakeholders in their quest to provide security to their customers. The findings will also be used to inform policy and practice that can beneficial to national security in Kenya. It is also hoped to stimulate the academic community and the government of Kenya towards more research in the field, and for the formulation of policies that will improve the general security of the citizens.
Commercialized Security and Its Role in Selected Countries’ National Security
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Masiga, Casper; Kilongosi, Happi
The complexity of the contemporary world has dictated the commercial security to supplement the supply of security in states. This is for the varied security needs of the citizens to be fulfilled. Hence this study embarked to illustrate the various roles of commercialized security in the national security of selected countries: the USA, Britain, Australia, Israel, South Africa, DRC, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. The study has shown that the scope of commercialized security has expanded, thereby taking up some roles that require and some that do not require to be carried out by the state security agencies. This is partly due to its embracing of technology and enormous numbers of personnel than the state security agencies. But realistically, the state will not be losing its monopoly of violence, but distributing it to the commercialized security through a network of governance and partnership. This trend will continue and will be of direct benefit to the state’s ability to influence its security. Based on the findings, the study recommends effective regularization of commercial security as well as collaboration between state security agents.
Community Policing Strategies in Counter-terrorism Initiatives in Garissa County, Kenya, the Significance of Community Intelligence
(JAIS, 2023) Mutugi, Fredrick Kimathi
Garissa County, located in northeastern Kenya, has experienced a significant number of terrorist attacks in recent years. The most notable of these attacks occurred in 2015 when AlShabaab militants attacked Garissa University College, killing 148 people, most of whom were students. These attacks caused significant damage to the region's social and economic fabric, undermining development and social cohesion efforts. In response to these attacks, the Kenyan government implemented various counter-terrorism initiatives, including deploying security forces and implementing policies and legislation. However, these efforts have limited success in preventing future attacks, primarily due to a lack of community involvement. Community policing strategies have emerged as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. Community policing involves building partnerships between law enforcement agencies and the community to prevent crime and address community concerns. In the context of counter-terrorism, community policing strategies involve working with community members to identify and report suspicious activities, promoting community resilience, and enhancing trust and communication between law enforcement and the community. Community intelligence plays a vital role in community policing strategies. This is because community members are often the first to observe suspicious activities and report them to law enforcement agencies. Additionally, community intelligence provides valuable information to law enforcement agencies in preventing terrorist attacks and identifying the individuals involved. Garissa County has implemented various community policing strategies in its counter-terrorism initiatives, including establishing community policing units, conducting community sensitization programs, and partnering with civil society organizations. However, there is a need to enhance these strategies to ensure greater community involvement and the effective use of community intelligence in preventing future attacks. Community policing strategies emerge as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. This study examines the role of community policing strategies in counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County, focusing on the significance of community intelligence in identifying and preventing terrorist activities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The study's findings indicated that community intelligence plays a significant role in countering terrorism, contributing to the literature on community policing strategies and counterterrorism initiatives and provide policymakers and practitioners with evidence-based recommendations for enhancing counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County and other regions facing similar challenges. Ultimately, this research improves on community policing strategies to enhance the effectiveness of counter-terrorism initiatives and prevent future attacks in Garissa County, Kenya through investing in technology and human resource to gather intelligence.
Community-Based Approaches to Peace Committee Formation: Lessons from Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
(CEDRED, 2025-04) Chepngetich, Rosemary Bor; Muoka, Boniface
The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors contributing to the establishment of community-based peace committees in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. Literature was reviewed on the theoretical frameworks of community-based conflict resolution, historical context and evolution of peace committees in Kenya and case studies on community engagement in peacebuilding in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design to explore their role and effectiveness in managing inter-ethnic conflicts, particularly between the Marakwet and Pokot communities. Primary data was collected through questionnaires distributed to 193 randomly selected participants across Marakwet East and West sub-counties, supplemented by Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with 15 purposively chosen stakeholders, including government officials, elders and NonGovernmental Organizations (NGO) representatives. The findings revealed high community awareness and perceived effectiveness of peace committees, driven by frequent engagement and alignment with local needs, bolstered by the inclusion of respected community figures and NGO support. However, challenges like political interference and funding shortages were noted as barriers to neutrality and sustainability. The study concludes that this hybrid model of traditional mediation and modern support offers a replicable framework for peacebuilding, recommending enhanced funding, protection from political influence and increased training and inclusivity to strengthen these efforts

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