RP-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Incentives as Determinants of Job Retention among the Private Security Guards in Kenya: A Case of Radar Security Company.
(IOSR Journals, 2018) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Kavivya, Cyprian
The purpose of the study, was to examine incentives as determinants to Private Security guard‟s job retention in Kenya. Private Security Firms are faced with how to retain their Security Guards with incentives so as to improve the overall firms' performance and service. The study was able to establish that incentives is determinants to guards‟ job retention. Victor Vroom‟s Expectancy theory which explains a person‟s actions in terms of the goals a person wants to be achieved, was used. The consideration of the relationship between incentives as the independent variable in this study and job retention as the dependent variable was sought. The study employed a case study design, and the researcher first picked the groups of respondents by stratified random sampling method before using simple random sampling to select respondents in each group to take part in the research. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentages, average and mean then presented the data on tables, graphs and pie charts. The following recommendation was made: private security guards to be engaged on knowledge of high priority incentives. The findings of the study will be of significance: to the industry as it strives to improve its service, will be useful to the human resource planners within the industry, provide the stakeholders with an in-depth understanding of the expectations of the guards, add knowledge to the community of academia and stimulate further study on incentives as a job retention determinant in other fields of interest.
Commercial Security’s’ Effect on Security of Kenyans in Private Venues
(Emerging Science Journal, 2018) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Sirera, Ann
The strategic interplay between the Commercial security industry and security is complex. The realists view the provision of security as a fundamental obligation of the state. But to the liberalists, the pursuance of security can be achieved with the involvement of other actors offering the same. The question of whether the growing recognition of commercial security industry has marked an important shift in the norm of the state monopoly on violence in Africa needs answers. Despite this development, few studies have evaluated the effect of commercial security on security in Private Venues. Using Situational crime prevention theory, this study sort to demonstrate the effect of commercial security on security of Kenyans in Private Venues. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design, and was carried out in Nairobi with the target population of the adult residents in Nairobi. Customers and management of the commercial security industry were purposively sampled, whereas the general public and the security guards were systematically sampled. Questionnaire, interviews and structured observation were used to collect data. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. While quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics like percentages, average and mean, and pie charts. There is an accepted positive effect on security of Kenyans in private functions and venues where commercial security present. But efficiency would be achieved if, the commercial security personnel provide indiscriminate security responses where there is a breach. Grey area needing legal backing were identified as: arming of the commercial security personnel, proper uniforms and kitting, and training and skills. It is expected that the findings of this study will be of great significance to the commercial security industry stakeholders in their quest to provide security to their customers. The findings will also be used to inform policy and practice that can beneficial to national security in Kenya. It is also hoped to stimulate the academic community and the government of Kenya towards more research in the field, and for the formulation of policies that will improve the general security of the citizens.
Examining Commercialized Security Industry’s Services on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Technium Social Sciences Journal, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald; Sirera, Ann Merecia; Mwai, Wangari
Maintenance of security and good order for the citizens, had traditionally been undertaken by the state. However, non-state actors have come up to offer security to those who can afford to pay for it. And this is the liberalists view of the provision of security that, the pursuance of security can be achieved with the involvement of other actors offering the same. Despite this development, few studies have examined commercialized security industry services on national security in Kenya. Using Security Governance theory and Network Analysis theory, this study sought to understand the topic. The study took on a cross sectional survey design, and was carried out in Nairobi with the adult residents as the target population. A multistage sampling technique was employed to obtain the respondents. Questionnaires, scheduled interviews and structured observation were used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25, 2017) was used in data management and analysis. The results demonstrate that (1) Manned guarding significantly contributes to the 26 % of outcome of the commercialized security B = .260, β = .135, P = .007; (2) Alarm and Electronics 22.9 %; B = .229, β = .224, P = .001; (3) CVIT security service contributes significantly and positively at 10.8 %; B = .108, β = .118, P = .018. While commercial investigative security service 3.6 % (B = .036, β = .084, P < = .103 although it was not significant. The study concluded that, commercialized security though motivated by profit making plays a significant role that enhances state capacity in provision of security as well as contributes to safety of citizens. Thus the study recommended that, there should be efforts to increase the usage of commercialized security investigation service. It is expected that the findings of this research will provide data that can be used to inform policy and practice amongst commercial security providers to increase their impact on national security in Kenya. The data can also stimulate the academic community towards more research in the field.
Commercialized Security and Its Role in Selected Countries’ National Security
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Masiga, Casper; Kilongosi, Happi
The complexity of the contemporary world has dictated the commercial security to supplement the supply of security in states. This is for the varied security needs of the citizens to be fulfilled. Hence this study embarked to illustrate the various roles of commercialized security in the national security of selected countries: the USA, Britain, Australia, Israel, South Africa, DRC, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. The study has shown that the scope of commercialized security has expanded, thereby taking up some roles that require and some that do not require to be carried out by the state security agencies. This is partly due to its embracing of technology and enormous numbers of personnel than the state security agencies. But realistically, the state will not be losing its monopoly of violence, but distributing it to the commercialized security through a network of governance and partnership. This trend will continue and will be of direct benefit to the state’s ability to influence its security. Based on the findings, the study recommends effective regularization of commercial security as well as collaboration between state security agents.
The Establishment and Regulation of the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya and its Constitutionality
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Kilongosi, Happi
The commercial security industry's effective establishment and regulation have been overlooked in many states, including Kenya. The increase of Commercial security firms' involvement in national and transnational business resulted in the United Nations drafting the Convention on the Regulation, Oversight, and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies. This study examines the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya in terms of establishment and regulation, outlining the industry's major issues and challenges. The aim was to demonstrate that laws and practices relating to registration and regulation of the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya are loosely created, weak, and shaky. And up to date, the commercial security industry in Kenya is operating in contravention of the Constitution.
Evaluating the Effects of Commercialized Security on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Merecia, Ann Sirera
The growth and expansion of commercialized security markets are as a result of deficiencies in the ability of nations to effectively deliver security-related services. Therefore, a range of players is explicitly looked upon to supplement the supply of security services. Perhaps, the most important of these players are the commercial security firms, which have developed and grown expansively. These firms provide some aspect of security/policing services to their fee-paying consumers aimed at protecting the people and their physical assets, as opposed to public security which is a public good. The commercialized security industry has grown and expanded in Nairobi, Kenya, and offers a range of security services. Despite this development, few studies have examined the effects of these services on national security in Nairobi, Kenya. Using the Security Governance theory and Network Analysis theory, this study sought to understand the subject matter. The study took on a cross-sectional survey design and was carried out in Nairobi with the adult residents as the target population. A multistage sampling technique was employed to obtain the wards to be studied, whereas those who purchase or manage commercial security services for their organizations and management of the commercial security firms were purposively sampled, the general public and the security guards were systematically sampled. Questionnaires, scheduled interviews, and structured observation were used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25, 2017) was used in data management and analysis. In the analysis, descriptive statistics used included percentages and frequency distribution tables. These descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables into thematic areas and to convey the characteristics of key variables. Inferential statistics used was Multiple Regression analysis to establish relationships, provide predictions, and in concluding. The results demonstrated that the study identified five effects with each having a unique variance on national security: Visible presence that discourages criminal activities (B = .372, β = .383, P=.001), detection of criminal and harmful activities by the electronic devices (B=.250, β = .257, P = .001), intervention in stopping crime and harm (B = .213, β=.194, P = .001), intelligence on criminal activities through surveillance (B = .176, β= .159, P = .001) and creating a culture of security and crime awareness (B = .086, β = .076, P = .024). Together, both were significant predictors of national security F(5,368) = 111.42, p ˂ .001, R2 = .231. The study concluded that the effects of commercialized security on national security bring to fore the huge responsibility the industry is endowed with. Consequently, there should be favorable mechanisms in the country that can oversee the continuous development of the industry. The favorable mechanisms can only be realized through the consultation of the stakeholders: the commercial security industry, the citizens, and the state. Thus the study recommended that the Private Security Regulation Authority needs to start implementing some of the requirements that are in the PSRA No. 13 of 2016, which are meant to streamline the industry in terms of the training of the security guards, remunerations of the security guards, minimum requirements for recruitment and working environments. This is so that the country and citizens can benefit from the basis of which the authority was formed. It is expected that the findings of this research will provide data that can be used to inform policy and practice amongst commercial security providers to increase their impact on national security in Kenya. The data can also stimulate the academic community towards more research in the field
An Assessment of Strategic Corporate Communication Practice on the Service Delivery of Police in Kirinyaga County
(International Journal of Latest Research in Humanities and Social Science, 2021) Mutuma, Charles Baikanatha; Ngari, Lazarus. K.
The purpose of this study was to assess internal accountability strategies of the National Police Service and their impact on service delivery in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Specific objective of this study was to establish how strategic Corporate Communication Practices contribute towards service delivery in Kirinyaga County. The study was guided by the theory of functionalism championed by Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, and Robert K. Merton. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The sample population consisted of 220 consisting of two National Police Services (130 Administrative Police, 80 Kenya Police, and 10 Members of Police disciplinary team. These combined forces included 13 Senior Officers from the rank of Inspector and above and 207 other Ranks. Out of the target population, stratified and random sampling techniques were employed. Data collection was by Interview Guide and a questionnaire. Thematic approach was used to analyze data after sorting and coding. Presentation of findings was by narration. The findings revealed that accountability strategic management practices especially corporate communication had a significant positive impact on service delivery at National Police Service in Kirinyaga County. Despite this, a number of challenges still exist. The study is relevant to departmental needs especially equipping the Police Service as means of enhancing service delivery.
The Moderating Effect of CCTV Policies on the Relationship between CCTV Use and Police Operational Outcomes
(The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 2023) Kirui, G; Muiya, B; Ochieng, D; Waithaka, S
The widespread use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems has necessitated the implementation of policies and other regulations to limit their potential for abuse and privacy and civil rights violations. However, little information exists on whether such regulations influence CCTV use and outcomes. Therefore, this study investigated whether CCTV policies moderated the relationship between CCTV use and police operations outcomes in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was informed by Rational Choice Theory and Routine Activity Theory. It used both a cross-sectional design and a phenomenological design. The study participants comprised police officers attached to the CCTV command center and police stations in Nairobi County. They were sampled using cluster and purposive sampling. A questionnaire, a key informant interview guide, and a focus group guide were used to collect data. The findings revealed that CCTV policies greatly influenced CCTV use. They did, however, have a statistically insignificant moderated effect on the relationship between CCTV use and police operations outcomes (b =.001, 95% CI [-.410, .408], p =.996). The study concluded that CCTV policies influence CCTV use but do not moderate the relationship between CCTV use and police operations outcomes. It recommended that CCTV policies be published and regularly reviewed, and that police officers be sensitized about them.
Influence of Mentorship on Performance in the National Police Service – Kenya: Case Of Nairobi County
(RJI, 2023) Hassan, Aljir Isaack; Sirera, A. M.
Mentorship is a management tool used by organizations to build the capacity of their new employees by assigning them the more experienced members of the team to mold them and allow them to comfortably settle into the organizational culture and adopt the required professional standards. Mentorship can either be formal, informal or peer-to-peer. The effect of mentorship on organization performance has been exploited in other jurisdictions but little is known on the status of mentorship in the National Police Service. Using Social Learning Theory and Expertise Theory this study sought to establish the influence of mentorship on police performance in Nairobi County Kenya. The specific objectives were to Examine the status of mentorship in the National Police Service, establish whether mentorship can enhance professionalism in the National Police Service, Explore the relationship between mentorship and police accountability and determine the challenges of mentorship in the National Police Service. A descriptive survey research design was employed to conduct the study. The target population was 1060 officers drawn from Kenya Police Service (KPS), Administration Police Service (APS) and Directorate of Criminal Investigation (DCI) working in Nairobi County Kenya. The county was divided into clusters and a cluster was randomly picked to get the target population. Stratified random sampling techniques was used to get respondent from the KPS, APS and DCI within the cluster and purposive sampling was used to interview the key respondents. A combination of both questionnaire and interview schedule was used to collect data. For Quantitative data the analysis was done using frequency counts and percentages while for qualitative data, thematic analysis was used to identify latent issues. The Researcher used Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS) to analyze and present data. The study observed that mentorship is present in NPS and officers acknowledged that their level of professional conduct and accountability can be pegged on the mentorship they received on their initial deployment. Mentorship in NPS was found to have some challenges ranging from poor feedback mechanism to minimal or non-allocation of resources to implement mentorship programme. The study therefore recommended formulation of policies and strategies to uniformly implement mentorship in NPS in addition to other array of recommendations. The study will add to the body of knowledge on mentorship practices in the NPS
Community Policing Strategies in Counter-terrorism Initiatives in Garissa County, Kenya, the Significance of Community Intelligence
(JAIS, 2023) Mutugi, Fredrick Kimathi
Garissa County, located in northeastern Kenya, has experienced a significant number of terrorist attacks in recent years. The most notable of these attacks occurred in 2015 when AlShabaab militants attacked Garissa University College, killing 148 people, most of whom were students. These attacks caused significant damage to the region's social and economic fabric, undermining development and social cohesion efforts. In response to these attacks, the Kenyan government implemented various counter-terrorism initiatives, including deploying security forces and implementing policies and legislation. However, these efforts have limited success in preventing future attacks, primarily due to a lack of community involvement. Community policing strategies have emerged as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. Community policing involves building partnerships between law enforcement agencies and the community to prevent crime and address community concerns. In the context of counter-terrorism, community policing strategies involve working with community members to identify and report suspicious activities, promoting community resilience, and enhancing trust and communication between law enforcement and the community. Community intelligence plays a vital role in community policing strategies. This is because community members are often the first to observe suspicious activities and report them to law enforcement agencies. Additionally, community intelligence provides valuable information to law enforcement agencies in preventing terrorist attacks and identifying the individuals involved. Garissa County has implemented various community policing strategies in its counter-terrorism initiatives, including establishing community policing units, conducting community sensitization programs, and partnering with civil society organizations. However, there is a need to enhance these strategies to ensure greater community involvement and the effective use of community intelligence in preventing future attacks. Community policing strategies emerge as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. This study examines the role of community policing strategies in counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County, focusing on the significance of community intelligence in identifying and preventing terrorist activities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The study's findings indicated that community intelligence plays a significant role in countering terrorism, contributing to the literature on community policing strategies and counterterrorism initiatives and provide policymakers and practitioners with evidence-based recommendations for enhancing counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County and other regions facing similar challenges. Ultimately, this research improves on community policing strategies to enhance the effectiveness of counter-terrorism initiatives and prevent future attacks in Garissa County, Kenya through investing in technology and human resource to gather intelligence.
Strengthening Resilience to Fire Disasters through Community Participation in Gikomba Market, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(EJ-SOCIAL, 2023) Ongoro, Daniel Juma; Muiya, Benard Munyao
Fire disasters accounts for 20% of the total disaster in Kenya, with direct property loss estimated at USD 595,715 From 2014 to 2022, a total of 248 fire incidences were reported in Nairobi, about 30 of which occurred in the Gikomba market. Contribution of community in disaster risk mangenet can never be overlooked in disaster resilience building. Even though the concept of multi-stakeholder has been adopted in Kenya, the community's involvement in disaster risk management has always been passive. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine how the level of fire risk awareness by the Gikomba community affects their participation in disasters risk management. This study was guided by the model of Sense of Community Responsibility (SOCR), Rocha’s community empowerment model, and the theory of margin. A mixed research design was adopted in the study. A stratified random sample was obtained by dividing the Gikomba market population into several homogenous and nonoverlapping strata based on the nature of the business. Open-ended questionnaires were administered to collect quantitative data from 384 respondents. On the other hand, the no-probability sampling technique was used through purposive snowball sampling to collect qualitative data through interviews. Key informants were mainly disaster experts drawn from, national, county, and private stakeholders. Quantitative data was analyzed through SPSS (version 26) software, while qualitative data was organized into meaningful and reasonable units that were coded using words or short phrases. The study established that level of community understanding of their involvement in disaster risk management was low since 52% of the respondents believed that disaster risk reduction was the sole duty of the national government or county governments. Therefore, this study recommends that, both national and county governments enact and implement laws that will enhance community participation in disaster risk management programs as part of the stakeholder group in line with the existing multiagency concept of operation. Further disaster risk awareness should be integrated into school curricula to improve disaster awareness at the local level.
Effectiveness of Civil-Military Coordination in Resources Mobilization during Disaster Response Operations in Kenya: A Case Study of Solai Dam Tragedy in Nakuru County, Kenya
(JSSH, 2023) Kiumbani, Charles Muriithi; Barasa, Leah Muriithi
This study assessed how well civil-military cooperation worked to mobilize resources during the Solai Dam catastrophe disaster response operation in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was informed by general systems theory. The study's target group included 395 respondents from the multi-agency response team and other stakeholders who were involved in the Solai dam accident. A descriptive research design was used. The study's 199 respondents were chosen by stratified random selection, and its major data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. The researcher sought permission from the relevant authority before proceeding with data collection. A pilot study was undertaken by the researcher to evaluate the questionnaire's validity and reliability. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23) was used in the cleaning and recording of data. The qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive, regression, and correlation analysis. Data presentation was done by the use of percentages, frequency tables, means, and narratives. The research demonstrated a positive and statistically significant impact of Civil-Military coordination in resource mobilization on the effectiveness of disaster response operations in Kenya. Based on the results of the study, it concluded that civil-military coordination in resource mobilization has a statistically and positive significant impact on disaster response operations effectiveness in Kenya. The study recommended that Civil-Military organizations must improve their command and control, understanding, knowledge, and relations to improve coordination in resource mobilization. The study further recommended strict adherence and implementation of the existing policies, legal and institutional frameworks on disaster management.
The Context behind Women Involvement in Insecurity Issues: A Case of Women in Terrorism in Mombasa County, Kenya
(IJIRAS, 2023) Kamande, Regina Wairimu
This paper is a case study whose purpose was to establish how and why women engage themselves into terror activities. liberation movements and women enlightening programs are believed to emancipate women from culture and stereotypes that could hide them from behaving as their male counterpart. This has contributed to women joining the Kenya. Women are known to be the custodian of peace and moral in any given society However, this has not been the case as there has been huge increase in female offenders and many women have dominated some crimes which are thought to be masculine crimes like terrorism, serial killings, human and drug trafficking, mafia, gang wars with number of women implicated in terrorism-related crimes continue to rise with 100 of distinct suicide conducted by female in2017.The objective of this study therefore was to; (i) establish roles played by women liberation movements in joining terrorism (ii) find out the compelling factors that predispose women to join terrorism (iii) investigate the roles of women in extremist groups and challenges during de-radicalization process. Theoretical framework for this study was be anchored on the Social conflict theory by Karl Marx which maintains that society constitute of two classes (the rich and the poor) resources distribution is the core cause of conflict as it is interconnected through political, economic, technological and demographic dimensions which together constitute the social conflict in the world. The study will be carried out in Mombasa County, the target population will be sampled using probability which purposive sampling method and non-purposive sampling for the key informants. The data collection instruments will included questionnaires, interview schedules and focused group discussion. The data collected will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Arising from this study was the conclusion that women plays a crucial role in stabilizing terrorism as they are more royal compared to men especially if their social economic needs are meet. however, it is unfortunate that rehabilitation programs provided are ill-prepared in that they are ‘one fit’ for all. The significance of this study rests on the assumption that if rehabilitation programs and re-integration programs can be used effectively during deradicalization process it can yield substantial benefits for individual women, prison warders, family government and society at large. The findings of this study will be useful to government, women, family community, society and future researcher who will be able to recognize, appreciate and uphold the benefits of understanding detriments for women involving themselves in terrorism and other crimes.
Government Policy on Rehabilitation of Children Involved In Street Crime in Nakuru County
(Reviewed Journal International of Social Science & Humanities, 2023) David, Ndirangu Ndiang’ui; Kavivya, Cyprian
The menace of street children involved in crime is still prevalent in major urban centres in Kenya despite government intervention measures put in place to address the problem. This research examined the government policy on rehabilitation of children involved in street crime in Nakuru County. The study used structural empowerment theory as its foundation. Target population was 595 respondents from children department, prison staff, court staff, street children, the National Youth Service staff and National Government Administrative officers. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were utilized to identify 128 respondents from the study population. Data collection instruments included questionnaire for government employees and interview guide for street children. The study questionnaire was checked for validity using expert review and for reliability using the test-retest technique. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of statistical package for social science (SPSS). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized in the process of data analysis. Study findings revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship between government policy interventions and rehabilitation of street children involved in crime. Further still, inadequate funding, inadequate personnel, poor entry behaviour and inadequate tools and equipment in institutions that provide rehabilitation for street children involved in crime were the challenges faced in the implementation of government measures aimed at addressing criminality among street children in Nakuru County. Based on the study findings and conclusions, the study recommended that the government should establish policies and guidelines that are grounded in statute to offer practical solutions to the crime committed by street children. This would mainly be in terms of preventive and supportive programmes for the rehabilitation and reformation of street children, not only those involved in crime but also those who are yet to engage in crime.
Extent to Which Geospatial Techniques Have Been Integrated In Police Response Strategies for Crime Prevention in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Reviewed Journals International, 2023) Gichohi, John Wachiuri; Murimi, Shadrack; Owino, George Evans
The objective of this study was to assess the extent to which geospatial techniques have been integrated in police response strategies for crime prevention in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was underpinned on the situational crime prevention theory. In this study descriptive survey research design was adopted and the methodology aimed at gathering information utilizing the questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The choice of Nairobi City County as the area of study was informed by accessibility of the essential infrastructure that Geospatial techniques innovation can ride on. One hundred and fifty-two police officers formed the sample size of the study from a target population of 755. Stratified purposive sampling was adopted for the study where each stratum consisted of relatively homogeneous sub group that was randomly selected to reduce biases. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected. Quantitative data was analyzed through statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) for computation of statistical summaries. The qualitative data was in the first place arranged systematically into text format and then exported into a spreadsheet. As revealed by the results of the study, Service delivery in terms of efficiency in police crime response strategies have improved with application of geospatial techniques in crime prevention in Nairobi City County. In order to create harmony in in dissemination of crime data obtained through geospatial techniques the study recommended for a policy to guide the sharing and protecting the information from non-intended dissemination. The researcher recommended two studies that can be conducted in the future
Challenges in Using Closed-Circuit Television in Police Operations in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Strategic Journals of Business & Change Management, 2023) Kirui, G; Muiya, B; Ochieng, D; Waithaka, S
Despite the police-operated closed-circuit television (CCTV) system in Nairobi City County being operational since mid-2015, insecurity remains a big problem. Hence, this study endeavored to establish the challenges hindering its effective use. The study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, integrating data from surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews. The study sample was obtained from police officers operating CCTV and those attached to police stations in Nairobi County using cluster sampling and purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Findings showed that the most significant challenges confronting the CCTV system were inadequate funding, surveillance evasion, CCTV vandalism, and unrealistic public expectations. The study concluded that the system was underperforming and risked collapsing. It recommended increased and timely funding for the system, quick responses and harsher penalties for CCTV vandalism, and public awareness of CCTV.
Role of National Police Service during Public Health Emergencies: Case of Covid 19 Pandemic in Mombasa County, Kenya
(JSSH, 2023) Khalil, Dhulkifly Hemed; Musili, Phelista Marura
The National Police Service is in charge of keeping the public secure and the community free from criminal activity. In some cases, their harsh tactics used to deter crime have recognized the police, including beating and gassing members of the public. The National Police Services are enlisted in times of public health emergencies like the Covid-19 outbreak. Although very important, their involvement in such health risks is still not fully understood. With reference to the Covid-19 outbreak in Mombasa County, Kenya, this study was conducted to precisely explore the role that the National Police Service performs during public health emergencies with a focus on the Covid-19 pandemic in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific goals: to examine the National Police Service's roles during the Covid-19 pandemic, to identify the difficulties the police encountered in performing their duties, and to determine the most effective strategies for reducing those difficulties in Mombasa County. Contingency theory, the complexity of problem theory, and social disorganization theory were used in the study. The study used a descriptive survey with 530 police officers as the target population, and a sample size of 228 officers was determined using stratified random sampling and Yamane's formulas. To gather primary data for the study, structured questionnaires and key informant interviews been employed. With the help of SPSS version 24, descriptive statistics were utilized in analyzing the data. Descriptive statistics were expressed in terms of frequencies, means, and standard deviation. Throughout the research process, ethical consideration was taken into account. The results of this study will help National policy makers, particularly the Ministry of Health, understand how to work with local police during pandemic outbreaks like Covid-19. According to the study findings the police officers were involved in enforcing containment measures such as wearing of masks, enforcing public health regulation and curfews which were also widely used to curb the Covid-19. However, the study findings revealed that police faced a lot of challenges which included lack of important protective gears such as PPE, disposable gloves, particle respirators, and disposable coveralls and gowns, hostility from the community, lack of motivation and even becoming victims which in some case led to death. The study therefore recommends that police should be properly equipped with the right gear, properly trained to handle emergencies, be counseled, participate in community awareness and be motivated to enable them observe basic human rights during their duties to reduce hostility with the community.
The Implications of Bilateral Diplomatic Relations between Kenya and Uganda on East Africa Regional Cooperation
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2023) Kiprotich, Joash; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
The bilateral diplomatic relations between Kenya and Uganda serve as a crucial linchpin in the broader context of East Africa. As two of the region's most influential nations, their diplomatic interactions hold substantial sway over the direction and success of collaborative initiatives within the East African Community (EAC). The study delves into the multifaceted implications of Kenya-Uganda bilateral relations on East Africa's regional cooperation, exploring historical context, diplomatic interactions, and policy decisions. It provides valuable insights into how these dynamics have influenced the trajectory of the East African region, encompassing trade partnerships, political collaborations, and conflict resolutions. The review of related literature provides a comprehensive understanding of the study, focusing on economic integration and trade dynamics, political cooperation, and security and regional stability. It highlights the multifaceted nature of this relationship, which can either bolster or hinder regional cooperation depending on various factors. The findings underscore the complex interplay between these two influential East African nations and the broader regional context. Economic integration and trade dynamics play a crucial role in shaping regional cooperation, as evidenced by studies showing the positive impact of trade agreements between Kenya and Uganda on East Africa's economic integration. Infrastructure development, such as transportation corridors, further enhances trade, and regional connectivity. However, challenges like trade imbalances and competition can strain relations, emphasizing the need for effective conflict resolution mechanisms. Political cooperation and diplomatic relations are pivotal for understanding the Kenya-Uganda bilateral relationship's dynamics. The methodology employed in the study, including data collection through interviews and surveys, case study analysis, and data triangulation, ensures robust findings. The study identifies both positive and negative implications of Kenya-Uganda bilateral relations on East Africa's regional cooperation. Cooperative diplomacy fosters regional integration and stability, while strained relations can hinder initiatives. The complex reality calls for context-specific approaches and conflict resolution mechanisms. The recommendations highlight the importance of encouraging cooperative relations, strengthening conflict resolution mechanisms, and promoting trade facilitation and infrastructure development. Recognizing the constructive roles of Kenya and Uganda in mediation and fostering regular diplomatic engagement can contribute to regional stability and cooperation within the East African Community
The Relationship between the Integration of Maritime Security and Blue Economy Development in the Kenyan Coast
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2023) Munyao, Andrew Isoongo; Mulu, Francis
The study examined the complex relationship between maritime security and blue economy growth along the Kenyan Coast, rich in marine resources. Maritime security, including fighting piracy, illegal fishing, and other hazards, is essential to marine safety. The blue economy, which used marine resources sustainably, offered economic growth and diversification. The impact of marine security integration on blue economy development was crucial for informed policymaking, sustainable resource management, and coastal economic growth. The study unraveled the dynamics, challenges, and opportunities inherent in this relationship, providing valuable insights for the holistic development of Kenya's coastal areas. The study objectives evaluated the impact of integrated maritime security measures on the overall security environment along the Kenyan Coast, examined key indicators of blue economy development in the Kenyan Coast and identify challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of maritime security and blue economy development. Some issues of maritime security integration and blue economy growth along the Kenyan Coast were unexplored. These included the effects of marine security measures on diverse blue economy segments, local community socio economic impacts, and blue economy sustainability. Maritime security measures' effects on marine ecosystems and biodiversity needed attention. Literature review explored the impact of integrated maritime security measures on the overall security environment, key indicators of blue economy development, and challenges and opportunities associated with their integration. The study utilized a mixed-methods research design, incorporating qualitative methods such as in depth interviews and quantitative methods like surveys. Document analysis and GIS mapping provided additional insights. The study revealed security improvements, blue economy growth, and resource and coordination issues. Synergies between marine security and blue economy efforts were found. Integrated maritime security measures improved Kenyan Coast security. The study recommends on patrols and surveillance to reduce maritime risks. Maritime security organizations should receive advanced surveillance technology, well-equipped vessels, and training. Government organizations, private businesses, and local communities should collaborate to address coordination and resource restrictions. Develop marine security agency and stakeholder capabilities. The latest security threats and technologies require training, knowledge sharing, and skill development. The study found marine security enhances blue economy activities. Blue economy development and resource sustainability should be linked by policy. Blue economy activities include aquaculture and ecotourism. Policymakers should coordinate marine security and blue economy efforts to protect Kenyan Coast economic activity.
Curse or Blessing in Reformation of Convicts? An Analysis of Imprisonment as a form of Punishment
(London Journals Press, 2023-02) Omboto, John Onyango
Even though there are other forms of punishment such as fines, community service order, and probation service among others for convicted offenders, imprisonment is the most commonly applied world over, particularly for felonies. Sending convicts to prison is driven by the belief that incarceration is the best measure of ensuring protection of the society. Nevertheless, imprisonment is also common because it is awarded as an alternative to fines and other financial penalties for petty offenders who cannot afford the financial conditions due to poverty. However, in Kenya like in other jurisdictions, this form of punishment is characterized by weaknesses which have over the years made it a failure in its key mandates of reformation, rehabilitation, retribution, incapacitation and deterrence.

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