RP-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Sea Blindness Implications on Maritime Security in Mombasa County , Kenya
(2024-01) Mbogo, Gilbert Waithaka; Ichani, Xavier Francis
Sea blindness in Africa remains a serious threat to maritime security as states continue to pay little attention to the sa feguard of their maritime realm . With increase in international apprehension relating to threats of piracy, robbery, blue economy violations , environmental and climate change threats it is prudent to factor in implications of sea blindness on maritime security in Kenya. This study investigated the implic ations of sea blindness on maritime security in Mombasa County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to assess the extent of sea blindness maritime security awareness among residents and stakeholders involved in maritime security in Mombasa County, to analy ze the socio - economic factors influencing sea blindness on maritime security in Mombasa County, to investigate the vulnerabilities associated with sea blindness and their impact on maritime security in Mombasa County and lastly to assess the effectiveness of existin g civic education initiatives in addressing impact of sea blindness on maritime security. The study utilized social learning and conflict theories. Study adopted the exploratory research design employing data collection through i nterviews with st akeholders including the f ishermen, the Kenya Navy personnel, Kenya Coast Guard officials, Kenya Maritime Authority, Kenya Ports Authority and Bandari College. The study also sampled views from the general public and expert opinions from the Non - government al Organizations interested in sea blindness and maritime security. The findings revealed low awareness of the concept of sea blindness, although respondents showed positive engagement after its definition was explained. Economic, cultural, and social fact ors contributed to varying levels of awareness, while existing civic education campaigns had moderate effectiveness. The study concluded that sea blindness undermines maritime security management by delaying response times, underreporting incidents, and hi ndering resource allocation and policy effectiveness. It identified vulnerabilities in environmental, economic, security, and social dimensions. The study recommended enhancing economic diversification, integrating maritime education into curricula, improv ing policy coordination, and expanding educational campaigns to mitigate sea blindness and improve maritime .
Influence of Intelligence Data Utilization in Crime Prevention in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(ijbm, 2024-10) Saruni,Jackline Lanoi
Abstract: Many jurisdictions across the globe are increasingly implementing intelligence management as a strategy for crime prevention. The study thus sought to determine the degree to which intelligence data utilization facilitates crime prevention in Nairobi City County. The Routine Activities Theory served as a guide for the investigation. The study population consisted of 556 criminal investigations officers (CIOs) from all Nairobi County sub-counties as well as sub-county criminal investigations heads, and a descriptive survey research technique was used. The study used the Yamane formula to calculate a sample size of 247 criminal investigations officers and conducted a census of all CIO sub-county heads. In order to calculate the number of officers in each sub-county whereby, stratified random sampling was utilized. Officers chosen for the study were given semi-structured questionnaires, and data was gathered through personal interviews with CIO sub-county heads. The Kiambu sub-county police division served as the site of the pilot research. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The correlation analysis results revealed that there was a positive and a strong significant association between intelligence data utilization and crime prevention (r=0.669, p=0.000<0.05). The hypothesis test results show that intelligence data utilization influences crime prevention (β = 0.619, ρ = 0.000< 0.05). The study concludes that intelligence data utilization significantly and powerfully affects crime prevention in Nairobi City County. However, Nairobi City County's current use of intelligence data for crime prevention is severely hampered by a number of significant factors. Officers are unable to map offenders and crime scenes using predictive data or do effective crime diagnostics because they lack the necessary training in interpreting intelligence data. The study recommends that the National Government's Ministry of Interior & Coordination adopt and use state-of-the-art data analytics technologies, like predictive analytics, to increase the effectiveness of employing intelligence data for crime prevention.
An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2025-02) Kaari, Mugambi Dyna; Sirera, Merecia Ann
Women under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study revealed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas. The study concluded that police culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. The study recommended that the police organization reviews the gender-blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage masculinity
Mass Media Coverage of East Africa Community Integration: A Case of Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024-07) Muriuki, Ruby Muthoni; Ichani, Xavier Francis
The purpose of this study was to examine Kenya’s mass media coverage of regional integration in the East African Community (EAC) using mixed method research methodologies. Study begins by a brief history of EAC integration to demonstrate the dream and aspiration for regional economic bloc and political federation among EAC member states. The study then examines the channels of mass media coverage of the integration issues in terms of frequency of coverage, the number of issues covered per program per day, the length of coverage in minutes in audio and visual channels and columns allocated in print and internet sources. Using both probability and non-probability sampling techniques and employing qualitative and quantitative data collected through questionnaires from 99 respondents, the study found that the EAC dream of uniting under one economic bloc and political federation has been long and is still ongoing. The public in Kenya relied on the mass media as the main source of obtaining information on the EAC integration. Radio was predominantly the channel that most citizens received information regarding the EAC integration, because of its accessibility, affordability, and wide coverage. The citizens mostly receive information regarding the structure of the EAC, the leadership changes, new policies and amendments and economic related news. Further, the media covers 1-2 issues per program per day and the length of broadcast coverage in most programs falls below 60 minutes in audio and visual channels. In print media, 1-2 columns are allocated to issues related to EAC integration. This study recommends the media to fully cover issues of EAC integration so as to inform and influence the public opinion of citizens in Kenya towards the EAC integration. Study also voices the need to safeguard the independence of media which will ensure neutrality in reporting leading to dissemination of accurate information regarding the EAC integration.
Kenya’s Public Diplomatic Initiatives in Enhancing Peaceful CoExistence among Ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache, Somalia and Mandera County, Kenya
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2025-07) Barako, Mariko Galgallo; Ngari, Lazarus Kinyua
This study investigated Kenya’s public diplomatic initiatives in enhancing peaceful co-existence among ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache, Somalia and Mandera County, Kenya. The strategies, achievements and challenges to Kenya public diplomatic initiatives in Bur Ache were examined. This study was informed by two complementary theories namely; Realism and Liberalism. Anchored on realism and liberalism this study considered public diplomacy in the context of broader social relations emphasizing that both states interests that are not necessarily pursued through the use of force, can still be achieved through the use soft power to influence foreign publics. This study employed both primary and secondary sources of data collection. A total of 380 respondents were selected for field interviews. Questionnaires were distributed to 360 residents, 180 each from Bur Ache and Mandera who were selected through random probability sampling. Interview schedules were administered to 20 purposively selected respondents who included; Diplomats, Officials of International NGOs, Clan elders and Muslim Clergy. Data collected was analyzed and interpreted quantitatively and qualitatively. The study found out that the Kenya Government has put in place effective public diplomatic strategies to enhance peaceful coexistence among ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache Region and Mandera County. It was also observed that the Kenya Government has made great achievements in its public diplomatic efforts in enhancing peaceful co-existence among ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache Region and Mandera County. Furthermore, it was noted that here exist a number of challenges faced by the Government of Kenya in its public diplomatic efforts in enhancing peaceful co-existence among ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache Region and Mandera County. This study recommended that additional efforts should be made by government through public diplomacy to increase pursuance of Kenya’s Foreign Policy in the Bur Ache Region. Additionally, the government of Kenya should come up with strategies to mitigate challenges faced by public diplomacy towards residents of Bur Ache.
The Communication Networks Adopted and their Effectiveness in Coordinating Community Responses during Violent Group Conflicts in Nairobi County, Kenya
(International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 2025-02) Maina, Joseph; Karanja, Joseph
This study investigated the effectiveness of communication networks in coordinating community responses. The study employed a descriptive survey design, targeting Nairobi County residents, Nyumba Kumi leaders, administrative officers, and NGO members involved in peace and security efforts. A total of 128 respondents were targeted, with 118 responses received, yielding a 92% response rate. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews, with quantitative data analyzed through descriptive statistics and qualitative data analyzed thematically. Findings revealed that, mobile technology is favored for communication because it offers real-time updates on violent events. Resident’s value early warning information, allowing them to make timely and informed decisions in response to potential violence. The study recommends enhanced partnerships with law enforcement, improved communication infrastructure, financial and logistical support to enhance the sustainability of these interventions.
Information Security Services Outsourcing on Security Culture Development Among Commercial State Corporations in Kenya
(Journal of Economics, Management Sciences and Procurement, 2024-03) Wanjeri, Joseph Karanja; wa Teresia, John Ndikaru
Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of outsourcing information security services on the development of security culture among commercial state corporations in Kenya. Material/methods: The study was anchored on the Protection Motivation Theory and employed a cross-sectional research design. The target population consisted of 108 heads of security, finance, procurement, and information and communication technology (ICT) departments from 27 commercial state corporations. A census technique was used, and data were collected through both open-ended and close-ended questionnaires. The dependability of the research tool was evaluated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. Findings: The findings revealed that outsourcing information security services had a positive and significant effect on the development of a security culture among commercial state corporations in Kenya. Conclusion: The study concluded that outsourcing information security services not only contributes to the development of a robust security culture but also addresses challenges related to accountability, risk assessment, and confidentiality. The use of access control models and the effective tools employed by security firms were found to effectively mitigate the risks associated with outsourcing. Value: The study recommended that commercial state corporations in Kenya should continue to harness the benefits of outsourcing information security services while prioritizing provider selection and risk assessment. This approach ensures that they can maintain a strong security culture and effectively manage associated risks
Influence of Current Migration Policies on Human Trafficking Patterns in Garissa County, Kenya (2019 – 2024)
(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2025-03) Rotich, Julius; Muiya, Bernard
Human trafficking has become a growing concern in migration management, prompting governments to implement policies aimed at mitigating associated risks. This research explored the impact of migration regulations on human trafficking trends in Garissa County, Kenya. The study aimed to assess how existing migration policies influence the occurrence of human trafficking along the Kenya-Somalia border in Garissa County. Grounded in the Transnational Organized Crime and Migration Systems theories, the study utilized a cross-sectional survey approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The research targeted 466 participants, selecting a sample of 215. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and interviews, with a pilot study conducted to ensure reliability. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was examined thematically. Findings indicated that migration policies provide some protection against trafficking but are undermined by enforcement challenges, including porous borders, resource constraints, corruption, inadequate training, and weak cross-border collaboration. Restrictive policies also inadvertently pushed migrants toward irregular routes, increasing vulnerability. While policies are effective at manned border points, their overall impact is weakened by structural gaps and outdated frameworks. The study recommended strengthening enforcement through increased funding, capacity building, improved coordination with Somali authorities, and regular policy updates to address evolving trafficking dynamics.
Counter-terrorism Strategies in Mombasa County: Analyzing Implementation Approaches to Mitigate Radicalization
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2025-03) Ong’esa, Isaiah Gechuki; Muoka, Boniface
The purpose of the study was to investigate the role and impact of Counter-Terrorism Strategies (CTS) in preventing radicalization in Mombasa County, Kenya. However, the Kenyan government through the National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC) and the AntiTerrorism Police Unit (ATPU) has continued to battle with radicalization especially in Mombasa County. Groups like Al-Shabaab remained active in the recruitment and radicalization of individuals for their cause, driven by both socio-economic factors and political exclusion, as well as ideological manipulation. The government after engaging in counterterrorism has encountered a number of difficulties such as human rights abuses, lack of community cooperation and the incorporation of hard and soft measures in combating radicalization. Some of these were conventional military operations accused of involved in extra judicial killings while others were soft power interventions like de radicalization initiatives that faced funding constraints and community skepticism. The study used survey descriptive research design with both quantitative and qualitative data, involving n=117 participants to assess the effects of CTS on radicalization in Mombasa County. Interviewing respondents from local communities, governmental officers, religious authorities and security forces, the study assessed whether counter-terrorism measures were helping to lessen radicalization or worsened it instead. These insights were important in understanding the balance of hard and soft CTS and the relationship between communities and the reasons underlying radicalization. In conclusion, the study provides actionable intelligence guided counter-terrorism strategies that can effectively and efficiently dismantle extremism, without infringing on any human rights, towards the goal of attaining sustainable security in Mombasa County.
Media Strategies Employed by Kenya in Public Diplomacy Efforts towards Somalia: Analyzing the Role of Strategic Communication in Bilateral Relations
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2025-02) Madowo, Jacqueline; Muoka, Boniface
The purpose of the study was to investigate how Kenya strategically employs media to shape narratives, influence the public discourse and legitimize its military involvement in Somalia from 2011 to 2022. Using a descriptive survey research approach, the study examined media public diplomacy initiatives in Somalia. The population consisted of journalists, legislators, diplomats and other media professionals who reported on the Kenya-Somalia engagement or influenced public opinion. A random sample was used to select a sample of n=22 participants, selected on the basis of their participation and level of expertise in relevant areas. Data were collected through documentary analysis of reports and media coverage, as well as through in-depth interviews using a survey guide. For qualitative data, a thematic analysis was used, while for quantitative content analysis a statistical analysis was used. In the context of Kenya's engagement in Somalia, findings were presented in a narrative way, providing a nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics between media coverage and public diplomacy initiatives. The study focusing on media strategies in shaping narratives revealed that Kenya maintained a strong diplomatic presence, contributing to regional stability and providing significant security and development support. Media coverage was extensive, often positive, but also included criticisms. The study found that public opinion on Kenya's military intervention in Somalia is strongly influenced by the country's media, with narratives having a significant positive or negative impact on the image of Kenya. However, media strategies have had varying degrees of success, mainly due to the poor infrastructure and literacy in Somalia, which has limited the influence and reach of the Kenyan media. To address these problems, the study proposed supporting inclusive development assistance to support media-driven projects and change public perceptions. It also stressed the need to invest in digital infrastructure and improve media engagement tactics to increase access and influence in Somalia.
Application of Joint Peace Committees in Management of Cattle Rustling among the Residents of Turkana and West Pokot Counties, Kenya
(Advances in Applied Sociology, 2025-06) Kipkorir, Koech; Omboto, John Onyango
Cattle rustlings remain a major cause of insecurity and conflict among the pastoralists in Turkana and West Pokot counties. As a result of the fatalities and loss of properties, the Kenyan government has made concerted efforts to control the vice by forced disarmament of communities living in Turkana and West Pokot counties, increased deployment of police reservists, increased patrols by the government, awareness creation and sensitization of the residents. However, these efforts have not succeeded to control the problem within Turkana and West Pokot counties as they have been more reactive than proactive. Therefore, the study sought to assess the influence of joint peace committees in management of cattle rustling among the residents of Turkana and West Pokot counties, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey in design. The target population were individuals from Turkana and Pokot ethnic group living within Turkana and West Pokot border area who have been affected by cattle rustling. Systematic random sampling, snowballing and purposive sampling were used in selecting respondents. The findings indicated that the joint peace committee agreement variable had a statistically significant positive influence on the management of cattle rustling, evidenced by a regression coefficient of t-value of 8.863, and a p-value of 0.000. The study concluded that joint peace committees are a critical and effective mechanism in the management of cattle rustling in Turkana and West Pokot counties. The components of inclusivity and trust, structured dialogue platforms, and training and capacity building were found to significantly influence outcomes. The study recommended that the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, in collaboration with county governments, should institutionalize joint peace committees by embedding them in local governance structures. These committees have proven effective in fostering dialogue, trust-building, and conflict resolution.
Effectsof Dusk-to-Dawn Curfews on Spatio-Temporal Crime Displacement in North-Rift Counties of Kenya
(International Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities(IJRSS), 2025-09) Sigu, Pavel; Kiboro, Christopher; Omboto, John
The use of dusk-to-dawn curfew to contain insecurity in the bandit-prone North-Rift Counties of Kenya has been a common and preferred hotspot policing strategy by law enforcement, yet its outcome has been moderate at best. The study utilized the geometric theory of crime and the theory of state society relations. This study used both quantitative and qualitative research methods. A three-level sampling procedure was used to select the respondents. First, purposive sampling was used to select the counties worst hit by crime and gazetted as hotspots based on legal notices no. 9, 10, 11, and 12 of 2023 and their subsequent extensions vide legal notices no. 167, 168, and 169. These counties were Turkana, Baringo, and West Pokot. Second, two divisions of within each county were randomly selected. Third, proportionate sampling was utilizedto distribute the sample population (384) across all the divisions taking into consideration gender balance. Data collected using questionnaires and focus group discussion guideswere analysed using both inferential, descriptive,and thematic analyses. The study established significant associationbetween dusk-to-dawn curfew and spatial crime displacement; χ²(140, N = 378) = 1839.638a, p = .0001, Cramér’s V = .698, and temporal crime displacement; χ²(120, N = 378) = 1195.452a, p = .0001, Cramér’s V = .562.In conclusion, curfew displaced rather than reduced crime, indicating the need for comprehensive security strategies.The study recommends to law enforcement and policing experts an integrated policing system that incorporates community-led policing initiatives together with hotspot policing strategies such as dusk-to-dawn curfew to minimise crime displacement.
Personnel Reforms and Performance in Law Enforcement among Directorate of Criminal Investigations Officers in Kenya: The Moderating Effect of Technology
(astern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2025-07) Ong’ale, Margaret Awino; Sirera, MereciaAnne Musundi; Mwangi, Judy W.
Policing is vital to a society’s criminal justice system, ensuring law and order, crime prevention, and public safety while protecting citizens’ rights. In Kenya, the Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI) faces challenges in balancing these duties. This study examines how personnel reforms affect DCI officers’ performance, grounded in Peelian Principles. Using a mixed-method approach, it collected quantitative data via Likert-scale questionnaires from 5,383 DCI officers across eight regions, analysing performance impacts with SPSS for objective, generalisable results. Qualitative data from open-ended interviews provided deeper insights into experiences and challenges. The sample included 384 respondents (230 DCI officers, 154 civil society representatives and Nyumba Kumi), selected through multistage sampling. Data collecting involved questionnaires, interviews with Regional Criminal Investigations Officers, and focus groups with civil society. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative findings were thematically analysed, offering a comprehensive view of reform effects on DCI performance. The study found that police reforms in Kenya focused on facilities, remuneration, and deployment. DCI performance improved due to ongoing fair recruitment reforms. Crucially, the analysis revealed that while personnel reforms independently influence performance (ẞ= 0.429, p = 0.000), their effect is significantly enhanced when complemented by technological reforms (ẞ= 0.245, p = 0.000). To improve DCI effectiveness, the government should equitably upgrade facilities nationwide, invest in digital tools for emerging crimes, and institutionalise regular infrastructure audits. Simultaneously, competitive, inclusive remuneration and transparent, skill-based deployment, guided by officer feedback and supported by trained supervisors, are essential for morale, trust, and performance.
Barriers to Women’s Agency in Counter-Terrorism Efforts in Mandera County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025-09) Omwakwe, Christine Kusa; Muiya, Bernard
The purpose of the study was to investigate the roles, challenges and contributions of women in counter-terrorism efforts in Mandera County, Kenya, from 2011 to 2023, highlighting barriers such as cultural norms, security threats and limited resources that hinder their agency. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach with a sample size of 384 women and stakeholders, the study assessed women's participation in community-based initiatives, intelligence gathering and peacebuilding, while identifying systemic barriers to their empowerment. Findings indicate that women's agency moderately enhances community resilience and counter-terrorism effectiveness, yet patriarchal structures and inadequate institutional support constrain their full involvement. The study advocates for gendersensitive policies, capacity-building and inclusive strategies to leverage women's contributions for sustainable security. The study contributes empirical insights to feminist international relations theory, emphasizing the need for intersectional approaches in counterterrorism frameworks.
Effectiveness of State-Led Initiatives in Mitigating Ethnic Conflicts in Njoro, Nakuru County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025-08) Chepkorir, Lilian; Macharia, Hannah Muthoni
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of state-led initiatives in mitigating ethnic conflicts for sustainable peace in Njoro, Nakuru County, Kenya. Literature was reviewed on historical context and causes of ethnic conflicts framework and implementation of state-led initiatives and the impact and challenges of peacebuilding efforts. The study utilized a descriptive survey research design to assess the effectiveness of state-led initiatives in mitigating ethnic conflicts in Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya, a region with a history of land-driven inter-ethnic clashes from 1992 to 2020. Employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, data was collected from a sample of 384 household heads and 10 key informants, selected through cluster random and purposive sampling, using face-to-face interviews, questionnaires and phone-based tracking. Findings revealed that state mechanisms like peace committees, community policing and chiefs’ mediation were widely recognized, with 70% of respondents affirming their role in conflict resolution, though challenges like resource constraints and perceived bias limited their impact. Local chiefs, elders, religious leaders and resource management agreements were rated highly effective, while police deployment and courts faced trust issues. The study recommends strengthening peace committees, integrating traditional methods, reforming police and judicial processes and addressing root causes like land disputes to ensure sustainable peace.
Strategies Employed by Women in Peace Building in Mt. Elgon Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025-08) Shakaba, Mberesia Immaculate; Onyango, Evans
Women have become significant actors in conflict resolution and peace building in Kenya. The objectives of the study interrogate the strategies used by women to participate in conflict resolution and peace building in Mt Elgon sub-County, Bungoma County in Kenya. Anchored on the social exclusion theory it was argued that the process of socialization segregates and excludes women from social relations and institutions which in essence inhibit their full participation in conflict resolution and peace building in society. This study adopted an explanatory research and case study designs. The target population was women and men who were witnesses or participants in the peace building process in the sub-County. This study employed the use of both primary and secondary sources of data. Stratified random and purposive sampling technique was used to select 45 respondents for field interviews. Instruments of data collection included interview guides and Focus Group Discussion (FDGs). The study employed qualitative methods of data analysis and interpretation. Findings from the study noted that women were actively involved in peace building in the post conflict period in Mt. Elgon sub-county. This was confirmed by the unique strategies employed by women to actively participate in peace building initiatives.
China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Debt Sustainability in Africa, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025-06) Akombe, David Onchwari; Kinyua, Lazarus Ngari; Mwea, Caroline Wandiri
This article reports results of an investigation on China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Africa. Two main questions were investigated, including; how relevant is the Belt and Road Initiative in Africa to Kenya’s Development aspirations? And what are the risks of the Belt and Road Initiative to Kenya’s debt sustainability? The study used a mixed method approach with a convergent design to examine the contributions of the BRI to Kenya’s development agenda and the risks the initiative poses to Kenya’s debt sustainability. This data was used to discuss findings using Hegemonic Stability theory and dependency theory. The study established that the BRI in Kenya promotes the country’s development goals in areas of infrastructure development, industrialization, promotion of the agricultural sector, and job creation, which has a direct impact on the economic growth. The Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), is meant to make an immense contribution to the economy. However, given the challenges faced by the project, such as underutilization, low economic output, and running expenses, its impacts might take longer than expected. It was established that the SGR, even though not responsible for the current debt vulnerability in the country, its unproductivity contributes to debt challenges. Thus, the study recommends a thorough independent feasibility test for any other expensive BRI project before construction.
Challenges in Using Smartphones and Social Media for Police Misconduct Documentation and Accountability in Kenya
(Journal International of Social Science & Humanities, 2025-05-23) Kirui, Gideon
Smartphones and social media arebecoming morevital in documentingpolice misconduct and promoting accountability. However, the challenges in their use,particularly in Kenya, have not been given much consideration. This study investigated the challenges individuals face when reporting misconduct usingthese tools and those encountered by oversight bodies in addressing such reports. The study was grounded on Social Learning Theory and Technological Determinism Theory. It adopted asequential explanatorymixed-method design. Respondentswerepolice officers and staff of the IndependentPolice Oversight Authority (IPOA).They were selected via stratified random and purposive sampling. Data were collectedusing an online survey and interview guide and analyseddescriptivelyand thematically. Findings indicated that the fear of reprisals, legal ambiguities, unequal access to technology, internet shutdowns, and privacy concerns discourage individuals from documenting and exposing misconduct.The challenges for oversight bodies included unclear evidence-handling policies, inadequate forensic capability, poor-quality and overly complex digital evidence, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. The study concluded that thesechallenges are interconnected, undermine police accountability, and fuel public distrust ofpolice and oversight mechanisms. Itrecommends broad reforms toenablesafe and effective documentation andtimely, transparent, and fairinstitutional responses
Determinants of Successful Implementation of Interagency Counterterrorism Strategies in Lamu County, Kenya
(CEDRED, 2025-06) Kirwa, Augustine Kiplimo; Handa, Stephen
The purpose of the study was to investigate the determinants of successful interagency counterterrorism strategies in Lamu County, Kenya, focusing on institutional coordination, resource allocation and intelligence sharing. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data was gathered from 115 respondents, including security personnel, government officials and community leaders, through questionnaires, interviews, document reviews and observations. Findings of the study highlight trust, clear communication and joint training as critical enablers of collaboration, while resource constraints, bureaucratic inefficiencies and mistrust pose significant challenges. The study recommends establishing formalized communication channels, increasing investments in surveillance technologies and formalizing communitybased counterterrorism units to enhance operational success. These insights provide a framework for policymakers to strengthen interagency cooperation in terrorism-prone regions like Lamu.
Community-Based Approaches to Peace Committee Formation: Lessons from Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
(CEDRED, 2025-04) Chepngetich, Rosemary Bor; Muoka, Boniface
The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors contributing to the establishment of community-based peace committees in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. Literature was reviewed on the theoretical frameworks of community-based conflict resolution, historical context and evolution of peace committees in Kenya and case studies on community engagement in peacebuilding in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design to explore their role and effectiveness in managing inter-ethnic conflicts, particularly between the Marakwet and Pokot communities. Primary data was collected through questionnaires distributed to 193 randomly selected participants across Marakwet East and West sub-counties, supplemented by Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with 15 purposively chosen stakeholders, including government officials, elders and NonGovernmental Organizations (NGO) representatives. The findings revealed high community awareness and perceived effectiveness of peace committees, driven by frequent engagement and alignment with local needs, bolstered by the inclusion of respected community figures and NGO support. However, challenges like political interference and funding shortages were noted as barriers to neutrality and sustainability. The study concludes that this hybrid model of traditional mediation and modern support offers a replicable framework for peacebuilding, recommending enhanced funding, protection from political influence and increased training and inclusivity to strengthen these efforts

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