RP-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Challenges Facing Multi-Agency Security Management in Violence Prone West Pokot County, Kenya
(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2024-11) Maratani, Nambande Rachel; Omboto, John Onyango
The North Rift Region of Kenya which includes West Pokot County has for a long-time experienced incidences of insecurity brought about by pastoralist militias. Therefore, the Kenyan government has adopted multi-agency security management approach to control the menace. A study conducted at West Pokot County examined the relationship between the multi-agency approach and security management. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the following: multi-agency institutions’ involvement in security management, multi-agency security command structure and coordination of security formations, challenges faced by multi-agency security personnel, and mechanisms of improving multi-agency security management approaches in the County. The study which was a descriptive survey in design was guided by the Systems Theory, and Securitization Theory. The study participants included security personnel from the Military, National Police Service, National Intelligence Service, Civil Society Organizations, NGOs, Chiefs and their assistant, and the village leaders. The sample size comprised of302 respondents drawn from the Military, National Police Service, and National Intelligence Service. On the challenges faced in multi-agency security management in West Pokot County,72% of the respondents indicated that lack of adequate resources and equipment was a serious problem,75% inadequate technical capacity, and 54% lack of a unified framework in security management which sometimes leads to clashes among the teams. The study recommends that community policing should be brought to the centre of multiagency approaches to security management as this will help in creating synergy between the multiagency security teams and civilians, and prior to commencement of the multiagency security operations, a thorough assessment of the needs of the security teams in terms of equipment and resources should be done in order to ensure that they are motivated enough to carry out the security operation successfully. This paper presents the study findings on multi-agency security institutions’ involvement in West Pokot, the challenges faced by the personnel, and the mechanisms of improving multi-agency security engagement in the county.
The Effects of Identity Politics on Security in Baringo County, Kenya
(OPRA publications, 2024-12-10) Limo, Joseph; Merecia, Ann Sirera
Identity politics have been found to create divisions in societies with multiple ethnic communities due to varied cultural and ethnic dynamics leading to insecurity. Baringo County, situated in Kenya's North Rift Valley region, hosts different ethnic communities and has historically grappled with protracted conflicts. However, there has been limited research exploring the effects of identity politics and the county's security landscape. This study sought to investigate the effect of identity politics on security in Baringo County. This study employed a descriptive survey design utilizing a mixed methods approach for data collection. The target population was comprised residents of Baringo County who had resided there for at least ten years. The findings from the two sets of tools were triangulated to obtain a thick description on the relationship between cultural dynamic and security. This study found that, identity politics had negative effects on security in Baringo County, Kenya manifested four pathways which were: fragmentation and polarization of communities, conflict and violence between communities, radicalization and extremism community members and diversion of resources from the localities. The findings demonstrated that these aspects mutually reinforced each other creating an environment of hostilities that led to violent conflicts. Therefore, rather than unite to fight challenges faced in development, identity politics created fissures whose end result is insecurity thus denying residents peace. To enhance peaceful coexistence there is need to address the underlying issues that that encouraged ethnic diversionary politics and instead embrace inclusivity to enhance unity in the region.
Assessment of Security Intelligence Analysis Impacts to Humanitarian Communities Safety and Security in Kenya
(IAJILE, 2024-10) Mburu, Amos Muiruri
Security intelligence analysis involves the systematic collection, evaluation, and interpretation of information to understand potential threats. For humanitarian communities, this means understanding the dynamics of criminal activities, political tensions, economic conditions, and other external factors that may disrupt their operations. Through crime analysis, NGOs identified patterns and trends that may indicate emerging threats, such as increased crime rates in areas where they operate or targeted attacks against humanitarian workers. The current study aimed to assess the security intelligence analysis impacts to humanitarian communities’ safety and security in Kenya. The study objectives were; to evaluate how humanitarian communities incorporate open-source information into their security assessments and decision-making processes related to safety and security and to explore the patterns and trends of criminal activities and how these dynamics impact the safety of humanitarian communities. The study was guided by PESTLE analysis theory and Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study consisted of includes program managers, IT personnel, and security officers. There are about 6,000 registered NGOs in the country. A combination of purposive and stratified sampling techniques was utilized to select participants for this study. The sample size included 200 respondents, which is adequate for achieving statistical significance and enabling in-depth analysis. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis involved quantitative methods. The quantitative data obtained from the structured questionnaires was analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages. Further, regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between information security practices and the safety and security of NGOs. The findings revealed that a significant relationship (r = 0.75) between crime hotspots and the presence of NGOs, indicating that NGOs operating in areas with higher crime rates face greater security challenges. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r = 0.68) was found between the regular use of open-source information and the effectiveness of security assessments, suggesting that organizations that actively integrate open-source intelligence are better equipped to anticipate and respond to emerging threats. The study concluded that NGOs face multiple security challenges, including crime, cyber threats, political unrest, and social disruptions, which significantly affect their operations. The use of security intelligence, specifically through crime and threat analysis, enables these organizations to anticipate risks, prepare for potential disruptions, and respond effectively to emerging threats. The study recommended that government should establish frameworks that encourage closer collaboration between security agencies and NGOs. Through sharing intelligence data, especially regarding crime patterns and emerging threats, the government may help NGOs stay informed and better prepare for potential security challenges. Regular engagement through workshops and training sessions will also foster trust and cooperation.
Integrated Security Solutions in Manufacturing Industries and Its Impact to Loss Prevention in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(IAJAH, 2024-09) Mburu, Amos Muiruri
The manufacturing sector has always been a cornerstone of economic development, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions like Nairobi, Kenya. As industrial activities expand, so do the associated risks, including theft, vandalism, and operational losses. Nairobi's industrial area, in particular, has witnessed significant challenges related to security, impacting the overall efficiency and profitability of manufacturing firms. Loss prevention in this sector has grown in importance, necessitating the adoption of comprehensive security measures that are both proactive and reactive. Integrated security solutions, which encompass a combination of personnel, technology, and procedures, have emerged as an essential strategy for manufacturers aiming to safeguard their assets. The study objectives were; to assess the existing security frameworks utilized by manufacturing firms in Kenya, identifying both technological and human resource components and to identify key challenges in implementing integrated security solutions. The study was guided by Routine activity theory which was developed by Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felson (1979). The study adopted an explanatory research design. The target population of the study comprised manufacturing firms operating within Nairobi’s Industrial Area. According to the Nairobi County Government (2021), there are approximately 150 registered manufacturing firms in this area. A stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure that the sample was representative of different types of manufacturing firms within the Industrial Area. The population was divided into strata based on the size of the firm (small, medium, and large). A sample size of 50 firms was selected. This sample size was determined based on Yamane’s (1967) formula. The study relied on secondary data as the primary research instrument. Data analysis was conducted using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The study revealed that most manufacturing firms in Nairobi's Industrial Area employed a combination of technological and human resource components in their security frameworks. Descriptive statistics indicated that 80% of the firms used surveillance technologies, such as CCTV cameras, as their primary security tool. The findings from inferential statistics showed a positive correlation (r =0.72, p < 0.05) between the use of integrated security systems (technology and human resources) and loss prevention, indicating that firms with more comprehensive security frameworks experienced fewer security breaches. The study also identified several key challenges faced by manufacturing firms when implementing integrated security solutions. Additionally, 45% of the respondents mentioned difficulties in keeping up with technological advancements, as systems often became outdated quickly, requiring frequent upgrades. The study concluded that the integration of technological and human resource components plays a pivotal role in enhancing loss prevention. Manufacturing firms that implemented advanced security systems such as surveillance cameras, biometric access controls, and alarm systems, in conjunction with trained security personnel, experienced fewer security breaches and significant reductions in losses caused by theft, vandalism, and operational disruptions. Manufacturing firms, especially SMEs, should explore costeffective security technologies that offer scalable solutions. Governments and industry bodies can assist by providing incentives, subsidies, or tax reliefs to lower the initial costs of implementing advanced security systems, enabling more firms to adopt these technologies. The study recommended that manufacturing firms should invest in regular training programs to enhance the skills of security personnel responsible for managing and operating integrated security systems. Firms must prioritize regular upgrades and maintenance of their security systems to ensure that they remain effective and up to date.
The Various Initial Police Recruit Courses Offered to Enhance the Work Performance of Police Officers, Nairobi City County
(IOSR-JHSS, 2023-11) Mutula, Josiah Muendo; Mutonyi, Gerald Peter
Background: With the continuing cases of police officers’ unprofessionalism and violations of the work ethos outlined in the various instruments of police work manuals such as the 2018 Kenya Police Service Internal Affairs Unit Operations Manual and the National Police Service Police Officer Manual. It has been observed that a significant number of this indiscipline and improper conduct is being committed by police officers who had recently graduated from police training colleges. While it is evident that this behavior is not entirely attributable to the training dispensed, and that other factors might be at play to contribute to such misconduct. Therefore, this study focused on the various initial police recruit courses offered to enhance the work performance of police officers, Nairobi City County. Materials and Methods: The Training Review model was the theory used. This study was guided by a descriptive survey design that presented an opportunity for the researcher to obtain and present unique qualitative views derived from interviews and questionnaires that go a long way in inductive learning and knowledge building. The target population was police Officers serving within Nairobi County. The study used the multistage sampling. Primary data was gathered through questionnaires and focus group discussions. Results: The findings of the study were that, firearm handling, drill, discipline, tactics and physical training and basic investigations were the top courses offered in initial police recruit training. Conclusion: The study concluded that the different types of training offered under these initial police recruit training require a holistic view of training to enable more components of training relevant for the work place performance to be incorporated. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the NPS prioritize periodical evaluations of the initial police recruit training to improve its content and boost its efficacy among learners.
Influences to Mass Killings for It to Impact on Personal Security in the Ituri Region of Democratic Republic of Congo (2008–2022)
(IOSR-JHSS, 2023-11) Mukokoma, Kambale Eliphaz; Mutonyi, Gerald Peter
Background: Citizens of any nation, are bestowed some inalienable rights and freedoms. Such include, living in a society that honors freedom in political participation, prevention of government repression, prevention of mass violation of human rights and prevention of threats from militarization. But there are situations which hinder the achievement of such and one is, organized murder of specific people in the community. Therefore, this study sought to assess what influences mass killings for it to impact on personal security in the Ituri region of Democratic Republic of the Congo (2008–2022). Materials and Methods: The study used the Institutional Anomie theory. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design, and was carried out in Ituri region with the target population of all adult residents. A multistage sampling technique was employed starting with the clustering of the regions in the study area. Purposive sampling was used to obtain the administrative units to be studied. Those who had experiences of the mass killings were identified through snowballing. Questionnaire and interviews were used to collect data. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. While quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentages, average and mean, and pie charts. Results: The findings of the study were that, mistrust between the government and local community, political repressions, absence of a functioning state and its institutions at the regional level and was human rights abuses were the major influences to mass killings in Ituri region hence impacting on personal security. Conclusion: The very visible presence of state security personnel enhances the feeling of insecurity. The systematic nature of the destruction and pillage, and the brutality of the attacks on civilians, strongly suggests that attacks are intended to displace the populations from their villages and settlements. Consequently, there should be favorable mechanisms in DRC which can oversee the continuous curtailing of systematic killings. The favorable mechanisms can only be realized through the consultation of the stakeholders: the government, the militias, the various non-governmental organizations, and the citizens.
Perspectives and Experiences of Women Involved in Peacebuilding Processes in Kenya
(JAIS, 2023-11) Gichinga, Teresa Wangechi; Mulu, Francis
The purpose of this study was to investigate experiences of women involved in peacebuilding processes in Kenya. The driving factor for the study was political instability and ethnic conflicts have plagued Kenya, especially since the post-election violence in 2007 and 2008, which claimed the lives of over a thousand people and displaced over 600,000. Many women have been subjected to sexual abuse, been forced to flee their homes, and lost loved ones as a result of these wars. Despite these setbacks, women in Kenya have participated in peacemaking initiatives. Their contributions to community building and healing have been invaluable. Women have played an important role in many aspects of peacebuilding, including but not limited to conflict resolution, mediation, negotiations, and the promotion of social cohesion and community development. The Women's Peace Caravan is an outstanding instance of women's participation in peacebuilding in Kenya. In 2008, a group of women who had been impacted by the violence that followed an election launched this effort. The Ladies’ Peace Caravan was a group of ladies from all over the country who set out on a journey to spread messages of peace and unity. The caravan went to the locations where the violence had taken place and hosted seminars and discussions on fostering peace. Through non-governmental groups, women have also contributed to fostering peace. For instance, the Kenyan Women's Peace Network (KEWOPA) is a network of organizations led by women that advocate for national stability. Conflict resolution, mediation, and promoting women's rights in peacebuilding are all areas in which KEWOPA has participated. Women peacebuilders in Kenya, however, encounter significant obstacles. In peacebuilding efforts, women frequently experience a lack of access to resources and prejudice because of their gender. Women rarely have a voice in formal peace talks and are routinely left out of decision-making procedures. The role of women in fostering peace is also underappreciated. The study findings revealed that Kenyan women participate in local peace committees, civil society groups, and community-based organizations to build peace. Women's perspectives and engagement in addressing the root causes of conflicts and fostering inclusive, long-term peace need to be highlighted. The study established that Kenyan women confront several peacebuilding challenges such as discrimination, marginalization, gender-based violence, and exclusion from decision-making which cause setbacks. If these trends continue, women's engagement may reduce violence and conflict, increase democracy, and improve social cohesion and reconciliation. The study recommends the need to involve Kenyan women in peacebuilding outreach and support for women's organizations and civil society groups, training and capacitybuilding, and efforts to remove systemic impediments to women's participation in decisionmaking.
Types of Security Awareness Programs to Enhance National Security in Lamu County
(International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 2024) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Pesa, Ibra Mwinyi
The security programs in a country are meant to ensure the national security of it. And the same applies in Kenya where there are various security programmes customized for each region in the country and also for each security situation. This is because, citizens in a nation, are bestowed some inalienable rights and freedoms including being safe from dangers and harms. As it is, Kenyans are constantly living in the fear of what could happen next, as well as the next point that could be attacked by the terror attacks as well as the local rebels. Despite this development, few studies have evaluated the types of security awareness programs on national security in Lamu County, Kenya. Using Theory of Reinforcement and The Theory of Reasoned Action, this study sought to demonstrate influence of security awareness programs on national security. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design, and was carried out in Lamu with the target population all adult residents. A multistage sampling technique was employed starting with the clustering of the regions in the study area. Purposive sampling was used to obtain the constituencies and the wards to be studied. Clustering was used to group the target population into three homogenous groups. Security agencies were randomly sampled. Village elders were purposively sampled. Ten nyumba kumi elders were purposively sampled and the general public were systematically random sampled. Questionnaire and interviews schedules were used to collect data. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics mainly frequency distributions were used to summarize the results that facilitated in the interpretation of the key findings as well as presentation of the findings. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Both qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated to provide robust illustrations of the key findings. The study found that, there are four types of security awareness programs: Nyumba Kumi Initiative, the School Outreach Security Awareness Programs, Physical Security Awareness Programs and Cyber Security Awareness Programs. The study concluded that, the state should be considered the central security provider, and whose stability and legitimacy are the main sources of protection for its citizens, from any kind of threats. The study recommended that, the state security agencies need to streamline their department in terms of the training and developing the skills of their agents to be at per with how to confront the various environments when doing community awareness.
The Relationship between the Integration of Maritime Security and Blue Economy Development in the Kenyan Coast
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2023) Munyao, Andrew Isoongo; Mulu, Francis
The study examined the complex relationship between maritime security and blue economy growth along the Kenyan Coast, rich in marine resources. Maritime security, including fighting piracy, illegal fishing, and other hazards, is essential to marine safety. The blue economy, which used marine resources sustainably, offered economic growth and diversification. The impact of marine security integration on blue economy development was crucial for informed policymaking, sustainable resource management, and coastal economic growth. The study unraveled the dynamics, challenges, and opportunities inherent in this relationship, providing valuable insights for the holistic development of Kenya's coastal areas. The study objectives evaluated the impact of integrated maritime security measures on the overall security environment along the Kenyan Coast, examined key indicators of blue economy development in the Kenyan Coast and identify challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of maritime security and blue economy development. Some issues of maritime security integration and blue economy growth along the Kenyan Coast were unexplored. These included the effects of marine security measures on diverse blue economy segments, local community socio economic impacts, and blue economy sustainability. Maritime security measures' effects on marine ecosystems and biodiversity needed attention. Literature review explored the impact of integrated maritime security measures on the overall security environment, key indicators of blue economy development, and challenges and opportunities associated with their integration. The study utilized a mixed-methods research design, incorporating qualitative methods such as in depth interviews and quantitative methods like surveys. Document analysis and GIS mapping provided additional insights. The study revealed security improvements, blue economy growth, and resource and coordination issues. Synergies between marine security and blue economy efforts were found. Integrated maritime security measures improved Kenyan Coast security. The study recommends on patrols and surveillance to reduce maritime risks. Maritime security organizations should receive advanced surveillance technology, well-equipped vessels, and training. Government organizations, private businesses, and local communities should collaborate to address coordination and resource restrictions. Develop marine security agency and stakeholder capabilities. The latest security threats and technologies require training, knowledge sharing, and skill development. The study found marine security enhances blue economy activities. Blue economy development and resource sustainability should be linked by policy. Blue economy activities include aquaculture and ecotourism. Policymakers should coordinate marine security and blue economy efforts to protect Kenyan Coast economic activity.
Implications of Internal Security Operations on Mental Health of Civilians in Kapedo, Turkana County, Kenya 2011-2020
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2024) Munuve, Roselyn Wanoo; Xavier, Francis Ichani
The purpose of this study was to investigate implications of internal security operations on mental health of civilians in Kapedo, Turkana County, Kenya. The contention of the study is that internal security operations continue to attract the attention of scholars globally. This study therefore, seeks to contribute to the debates on mental health consequences of internal security operations on civilians by examining the frequency of the internal operations, the type and intensity of force used during the intervention, the number officers deployed in each operation, the mental health consequences of the operations and community perspectives on the operations. Related literature on internal operations whether military or police and mental health effects of armed conflicts was reviewed to inform this study. Theories used to underpin the study were the human security theory and conflict transformation theory. The research utilized a combination of primary and secondary sources. Quantitative and qualitative techniques including use of questionnaires and interviews were employed to collect and analyze data from respondents and informants. The sample size was 190 participants. The study concluded that, Kenya has in many occasions sanctioned internal security operations where the military, police and other security agencies are deployed to deal with rising waves of banditry, cattle rustling in the North Rift. At many times, these internal security operations are executed with deadly force and other strategies short war. The type of force used, its frequency and strategy have both direct and indirect mental health consequences on civilians. These effects manifest in an array of psychosocial symptoms. Study concludes that internal security operations pose a high risk of causing psychosocial problems on civilians in conflict zones. Therefore, there is need for the government to introduce and revamp psychosocial management strategies as component of civilians-police relation during internal security operations.
Personal Factors that Influence Criminal Recidivism among Recidivists in Munzenze Prison, North Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
(International Journal of Advanced Multidiscipliary Research and Studies, 2024) Bwanasafi, Muhesi Arsene; Oyombra, George
Many countries around the world are confronted with the challenge of recidivism. Recidivism has become a global phenomenon that challenges the efficiency of both criminal justice systems and security systems. One of the most important measures of the efficiency of prison programs is the reduction of recidivism rate. Meant to rehabilitate convicts, prisons play an important role within the criminal justice. By exploring personal factors that influence criminal recidivism in Munzenze prison. This study adopted Exploratory Sequential design using mixed method approach. The target population consisted of 1089 recidivists in Munzenze Prison, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The target population also included prison officers, religious leaders and civil actors. A sample of 100 recidivists was drawn for questionnaires and focus group discussions, while prison officers, religious leaders and civil actors participated as key informants. Questionnaires, focus group discussions guides, and key informant interviews schedules were used as data collection instruments. Qualitative data was thematically analyzed using content analysis and presented as quoted verbatim. While quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented using percentages, tables, average and mean, and pie charts. The study found that personal factors such as marital status influence criminal recidivism among recidivists in Munzenze Prison. For example, 86% were single, 8% were separated, 1% were widowed, and none were divorced. But among those who were single, around half of them had children. The study concluded that, the overwhelming responsibilities of a family when an individual is not in an employment, predisposes one to engage in crime to get proceeds to utilize on the family. The study recommended that, there should be a creation and implementation of a comprehensive rehabilitation programs within the Munzenze prison system that address the personal factors contributing to recidivism. These programs should focus vocational training, and education to equip inmates with skills and coping mechanisms to reduce the likelihood of reoffending
Assessing the Scope and Impact of Wildlife Trade and Poaching in Kenya: Conservation, Enforcement, and Socioeconomic Dimensions
(JAIS, 2023-09) Cheloti, Becky Mulemia; Mulu, Francis
The urgent need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to addressing the complex challenges of wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. Conservation efforts must be intensified to protect iconic species like elephants and rhinos, with a focus on enhanced anti-poaching measures and habitat preservation. The expansion of protected areas and the establishment of wildlife corridors are vital steps in safeguarding Kenya's rich biodiversity. Additionally, strengthening law enforcement agencies is imperative to combat wildlife trafficking effectively. This includes providing the necessary resources, training, and technology to law enforcement personnel while promoting transparency and accountability within these organizations. International collaboration is essential to address the transnational nature of wildlife crime networks. Socioeconomic dimensions cannot be overlooked, as poverty and limited alternative livelihoods were identified as significant drivers of poaching. Therefore, the study recommends the development of alternative income opportunities for communities living near wildlife habitats to reduce their reliance on illegal activities. Community engagement and the inclusion of local perspectives in conservation strategies are crucial for long-term success. In conclusion, the study's findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach that integrates conservation, enforcement, and socioeconomic development to effectively combat wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. By addressing the root causes of these issues and strengthening collaborative efforts, Kenya can better protect its biodiversity and improve the well-being of its communities. The study recommends on a comprehensive approach to address wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. It prioritizes increased investment in conservation, including anti-poaching efforts, habitat protection, and community programs to safeguard species like elephants and rhinos through the expansion of protected areas and wildlife corridors. Additionally, the study underscores the need to strengthen law enforcement with training and technology, emphasizing improved inter-agency communication and accountability to combat global wildlife trafficking networks. Moreover, it stresses poverty reduction and community engagement in economic development to discourage poaching, promoting community-based conservation to instill a sense of responsibility for wildlife preservation. This multifaceted strategy aims to tackle the complex challenges of wildlife conservation in Kenya.
Utilization of Conflict Mapping to Identify Key Actors and their Relationship in the Maritime Disputes between Kenya and Somalia
(JAIS, 2023-08) Kitavi, Linda Kana; Nyawo, James
Conflict mapping has been useful in identifying important actors and their links in KenyaSomalia maritime disputes and clarifies the responsibilities and interests of multiple stakeholders, including governments, organizations, and local communities, through systematic classification and visual representation. This technique examines historical associations, economic incentives, and political affiliations to understand interactions and future alliances. Conflict mapping helps politicians, diplomats, and mediators navigate complex situations through astute analysis and visual representation. Objectively, the study analysed the key stakeholders involved in the maritime disputes between Kenya and Somalia, evaluated the interactions, relationships, and dynamics between the key actors in maritime disputes and utilized the insights gained from conflict mapping to inform decision-making processes and contribute to conflict resolution efforts. The study employed a descriptive research design, combining qualitative approaches such as interviews with diplomatic officials, experts, and civil society representatives, with quantitative methods like social network analysis. These approaches were designed to achieve the three objectives of the study. The analysis of key stakeholders illuminated a diverse range of actors, including the governments of Kenya and Somalia, international organizations, neighboring states, non-state entities, and local communities, each driven by intricate interests and motivations. In conclusion, Kenya-Somalia maritime issues involve many stakeholders with different interests and concerns. The governments of both nations are key players because to economic, strategic, and sovereignty factors. The UN and AU mediate and facilitate diplomacy, while the ICJ provides legal foundation. Local communities and civil society groups emphasize people. Historical, legal, geographical, and personal aspects affect interactions and dynamics, making understanding crucial for effective remedies. Conflict mapping insights help strategic decision-making by offering a holistic overview and addressing political and human elements. Conflict mapping is essential for informed strategies and durable peace as conflicts evolve. As a recommendation, Kenya and Somalia should prioritize persistent, transparent diplomatic dialogue, respecting historical claims and finding common ground. Facilitate neutral mediation through UN and AU engagement. Address human impact with local community representatives. Trust and cooperation between adjacent governments like Djibouti and Ethiopia can be used to evaluate interactions. Support regional actors for stability with international organization support. Use conflict mapping to improve decision-making. Visualize stakeholder interactions, strategically align coalitions, and compromise. Ensure negotiating agendas address all stakeholders. Incorporate local consultations. Accept inclusive conflict resolution guided by conflict mapping to address root issues and improve regional stability.
Devolved Governance and Implications on National Security: Exploring the Role of Clan Elites in the North Eastern Region, Kenya
(JAIS, 2024-01) Elmi, Abdi Rashid; Sirera, Anne Merecia; Handa, Okumu Stephen
The purpose of this article is to examine devolved governance units in Kenya and Implications on National Security, using the role of clan elites in the North Eastern Region as a focus for ilustration The period of study was on the devolution period of 2013 to 2022. The contention of the article is that in North-Eastern region, Kenya, devolution was operationalized in an environment of historical inter and intra clan rivalry. In this setting, the citizenry had unbalanced power as encapsulated in the clans they belong to. This brings into question whether devolved governance may yield the expected benefits in such environments of potential uneven power. It was therefore critical to evaluate the outcomes of devolution in the context of clannism amid elitism in north-eastern region and its attendant implications on Kenya’s national security. Using a mixed method approach, the study employed a household survey, key informant interviews, and a review of relevant documents to gather data. A total of 932 participants from Wajir, Mandera, and Garissa Counties took part in the study which was conducted in May and December 2022. The findings indicated potential capture of local governments by elites, with the monetization of politics and the entrenchment of clan-based politics, nepotism and cronyism playing a key role with significant implications for security. The results further showed that, elites use hegemonic approach to whip clannism to their support to the detriment of security in the region. The study recommended that, the County Governments in the North Eastern region should adopt laws and regulations that will permit equity and inclusion in leadership roles that are representative of clan diversity. The study also recommended that national institutions such as IEBC and National Cohesion and Integration Commission [NCIC] should fully implement their mandate to ensure diversity representation in governance. To maintain peaceful interclan coexistence and hence national security, it was recommended that county governments in the North Eastern region should implement more public goods initiatives and public participation.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Police Reforms in Enhancing National Security in Kenya
(Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024) Mudale, Roba Dabassa; Mwea, Caroline Wandiri
National security has evolved to encompass not just military threats but also societal issues impacting public safety. Police play a crucial role in maintaining order, but recent years have seen calls for reform due to concerns about use of force and racial bias. The study investigated the relationship between police reform and national security in Kenya, through an evaluation of the effectiveness of specific reforms like community policing, body-worn cameras, de-escalation training, civilian review boards, and banning no-knock warrants. The study acknowledged the challenges of implementation, including resource constraints, institutional resistance, community skepticism, political influence, and the uncritical adoption of foreign models. Measuring the success of reforms on national security presents difficulties. Defining national security is complex, and attributing change to specific reforms is challenging due to concurrent social and economic factors. The study employed a longitudinal case study design to examine the impacts of police reforms in Kenya. Data collection involved a mixed methods approach, utilizing quantitative data on crime statistics through surveys and qualitative data through interviews, focus groups and document analysis. The analysis revealed positive outcomes from reforms, including improved community relations, strengthened accountability, and technological advancements in policing. However, challenges like incomplete implementation, public skepticism, and external socioeconomic factors limit the full realization of these reforms. The study emphasizes the need for sustained commitment, fostering public trust, and addressing root causes of crime to ensure a safer and more just Kenya.
The Dilemma of Balancing between Benefits and Risks: Desert Locust Management Best Practices
(Path of Science, 2023-09-30) Gachie, Eliud Baraka; Sirera, Ann Merecia; Ong’amo, George Otieno
While desert locusts threaten human security, their management can introduce unintended risks, leading to a normative dilemma. Therefore, this study sought to determine desert locust management best practices that can protect human security from pests and management practices in Kenya. The analysis used ex-post facto evaluation and cross-sectional survey designs. The target population included desert locust-affected persons. A multi-stage sampling approach using stratified and purposive random sampling techniques was used to target a sample size of 900 respondents. Structured questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGD) were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data was analysed using frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis and incorporated in the discussion. The findings revealed that there were several possible desert locust management best practices. The study concludes that the integrated pest management (IPM) approach presents the most preferred opportunity to build resilience against human resource, technical and financial challenges through the progressive use of readily available knowledge and skills during physical control before advancing to more sophisticated strategies such as biological and chemical control options. The study recommends that scholars, policymakers and practitioners develop a customised IPM strategy for desert locust management in Kenya.
Policing Pests on Plants: Securitisation of Desert Locust Management to Protect Human Security
(Path of Science, 2024-01-31) Gachie, Eliud Baraka; Sirera, Ann Merecia; Ong’amo, George Otieno
The gregarious desert locust is one of the most dangerous pests that require urgent and extreme interventions. The study, therefore, sought to analyse desert locust management practices that were securitised to protect human security in Kenya. The study employed a mixed methods approach using ex-post facto evaluation and cross-sectional survey designs. The target population included desert locust-affected persons. A multi-stage sampling approach using stratified and purposive sampling techniques was used to target a sample size of 900 respondents drawn from 30 counties affected by desert locusts. Structured questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGD) were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data was analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics using frequencies, percentages and ordinal logistic regression. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis and incorporated in the discussion. The results showed the securitisation of chemical control, recovery programs, physical control, surveillance and indigenous technical knowledge and skills (ITKS), contributing 43%, 16%, 16%, 15% and 10% in safeguarding human security against desert locust risks. From the findings, the study concludes that all the phases of managing desert locusts were securitised to protect human security. Since the securitisation of chemical control had the highest contribution in protecting human security against desert locust risks, the study recommends research on applying biological pesticides rather than synthetic insecticides.
Strategies of Preserving Somali National Identity in Kakuma Refugee Camp: Case of Second-Generation Somalis, 2000-2022
(JAIS, 2023-11) Muchiri, W Sheila Lisa; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
The purpose of the study was to find out strategies adopted in the preservation of refugee national identity. The study was guided by the theory of integration and social identity theories. The study adopted an explanatory research design targeting 41,394 Somali refugees from Kakuma refugee camp. Purposive sampling was used to identify 50 participants. A pilot study was done in the Dadaab refugee camp where feedback was used to improve the instrument. An in-depth interview was used to collect primary data. Validity was achieved using content and expert validity. Narrative analysis aided in qualitative analysis. While ethical considerations such as anonymity, voluntary participation, confidentiality and privacy of participants were observed. The study found that there was preservation of Somali nationality evidenced in the creation of community spaces, organization of cultural events and language learning. However, there was a shortage of Islamic teachers that limited the learning of the language. The study concluded that the strategies adopted have enhanced the preservation of Somali nationality at the Kakuma camp. It was recommended that policy makers should consider the enhancement of community spaces, organization of cultural events and strategic recruitment Islamic teachers to encourage language learning hence reinforce the preservation of Somali nationality. The study also recommended documentation of oral history and enhanced involvement of the local leaders and the elders as well as engagement in youth cultural activities for more exposure thereby preserve Somali nationality.
The Implications of Bilateral Diplomatic Relations between Kenya and Uganda on East Africa Regional Cooperation
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2023) Kiprotich, Joash; Onyango, Evans Odhiambo
The bilateral diplomatic relations between Kenya and Uganda serve as a crucial linchpin in the broader context of East Africa. As two of the region's most influential nations, their diplomatic interactions hold substantial sway over the direction and success of collaborative initiatives within the East African Community (EAC). The study delves into the multifaceted implications of Kenya-Uganda bilateral relations on East Africa's regional cooperation, exploring historical context, diplomatic interactions, and policy decisions. It provides valuable insights into how these dynamics have influenced the trajectory of the East African region, encompassing trade partnerships, political collaborations, and conflict resolutions. The review of related literature provides a comprehensive understanding of the study, focusing on economic integration and trade dynamics, political cooperation, and security and regional stability. It highlights the multifaceted nature of this relationship, which can either bolster or hinder regional cooperation depending on various factors. The findings underscore the complex interplay between these two influential East African nations and the broader regional context. Economic integration and trade dynamics play a crucial role in shaping regional cooperation, as evidenced by studies showing the positive impact of trade agreements between Kenya and Uganda on East Africa's economic integration. Infrastructure development, such as transportation corridors, further enhances trade, and regional connectivity. However, challenges like trade imbalances and competition can strain relations, emphasizing the need for effective conflict resolution mechanisms. Political cooperation and diplomatic relations are pivotal for understanding the Kenya-Uganda bilateral relationship's dynamics. The methodology employed in the study, including data collection through interviews and surveys, case study analysis, and data triangulation, ensures robust findings. The study identifies both positive and negative implications of Kenya-Uganda bilateral relations on East Africa's regional cooperation. Cooperative diplomacy fosters regional integration and stability, while strained relations can hinder initiatives. The complex reality calls for context-specific approaches and conflict resolution mechanisms. The recommendations highlight the importance of encouraging cooperative relations, strengthening conflict resolution mechanisms, and promoting trade facilitation and infrastructure development. Recognizing the constructive roles of Kenya and Uganda in mediation and fostering regular diplomatic engagement can contribute to regional stability and cooperation within the East African Community
Mobile Phone Money Fraudulency and Psychological Wellbeing of Victims in Nakuru County Kenya
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2024-05-04) Gitonga, Julius K.; Wambua, Peter Philip
Psychological wellbeing can be referred to the extent to which people experience positive emotions and feelings of happiness. Although baseline psychological wellbeing may be fairly stable, day to day events and experiences also exert an impact. For example, even the most resilient person may eventually become very low, or depressed, if his or her daily experiences are constantly troubling. However, Kenyans have undergone massive stressful tragedies that results from mobile money fraudulences across the country. Cases of fraudulence are reported every day where victims suffer financial strain, social estrangement and emotional distress that continues for many years after the scam has happened. Kenya has been among the world countries which have experienced a tremendous increase of the number of people who prefer using mobile phones devices to carry out financial transaction services. However, this has made the service users become vulnerable targets to fraudsters who have increased in large numbers because of the gain in the fraudulent activities they carry out on daily basis. Nakuru County is among the counties in Kenya with high incidences of mobile money fraudulence cases according to a survey that was conducted among the 47 counties in the country. This became the motivation factor to the researcher to conduct a study that is designed to assess techniques used by criminals to fraudulently steal money from users of mobile money services and the exiting psychological effects on the victims in Nakuru County and make recommendations on how to mitigate this vice in the county. The study will adopt a descriptive research design survey where it will target residents of the county from among business people, counseling psychologists, social workers, the victims, medical doctors, people working in mobile banking related fields such as banks and mobile money services agents and police officers in cybercrime departments who will form the target population. Raw data from respondents will be obtained using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussions. The analyzed data will be presented in the form of narrative and verbatim quotations. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics including percentages and means which will be presented in tables, graphs, and pie charts.

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