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Item Cross-Border Conflicts andSocial-Economic Development alongtheKenya-Ethiopia Border: A Case ofNorthwesternKenya(IPRJB, 2024) Mwangi, Kevin; Mung'ale,AndrewKenyabordersSouthSudan, Ethiopia,andUgandaon the western side. The border is ladened with cross-border conflict involving the TurkanaofKenya, DasanachandNyangatomofEthiopia, ToposaofSouthSudan, andKaramojaofUganda. Thecross-borderconflictsbetweenKenyaandEthiopiacontinuetoravagethesocial-economicdevelopmentofcross-bordercommunitiesontheborderofKenya. Thus, thisstudyfocusedonmanagingthecross-borderconflict andimprovingeconomic growthon the Kenyan northwestern borderand Kenya-Ethiopia relations.Methodology:Thestudyusedanexplanatory research design and multistage sampling.Thestudysampled the targeted population of 65,218 respondents of the Turkana North constituency. A descriptive analysis of 392 respondents was used in questionnaires, focus group discussions,and observation to collect quantitative and qualitative data.Findings:Thefindings indicate a high prevalence of cross-border conflicts, their considerable impacts on the social and economic development of the affected areas and communities, and varying levels of effectiveness of various interventions to resolve the issue.After examining the effect of cross-border conflicts on the social economic development of the Kenya-Ethiopia border, the findings showed that locals on the Kenyan side were victims of cross-border attacks from Merille of Ethiopia,as revealed by 76% of the respondents.The study acknowledged the presence of interventions for Managing cross-border Conflicts and Social Economic Development in Turkana County, Kenya-Ethiopia Borderadministrative mechanisms in managing cross-border conflicts and improving Kenya-Ethiopia relations. The study concluded that the effectiveness of these strategies would enhance the capacity of Kenya and Ethiopia to alleviate the social economic growth of the people and boost relations in the region.The studyevaluatedmeasures for enhancing the interventions for managing Cross-border Conflict and Social Economic Development in Turkana County, Kenya-Ethiopia Border. The study documented the state's various actions to mitigate, reduce,or eradicate cross-border conflict in northwestern Kenya. These actions were meant to address cross-border conflict and improve the social economic development of the area.Unique Contribution toTheory, Practice andPolicy:Constructivist perspective to the cross-border conflict on Kenyan-Ethiopian conflict allows for a better understanding of how identity, norms,and perceptions contribute to the prevalence and persistence of the conflicts. Such perspectives provide a more nuanced approach to the issues that transcend the traditional economic and geopolitical factors to consider the cultural and social aspects of the cross-border conflict.The study concludes that the effective implementation of the disarmament mechanism on the border of Kenya and Ethiopia contributed to the cross-border conflict and enhanced the social-economic development of Turkana County, concluding that the mechanism for cross-border conflict isadequate. However,their implementation wasweak due to lackingresources and goodwill.Therefore, the study recommended that Kenya and Ethiopiaaddress the root causes of cross-border conflicts, triggers, and accelerators by promoting effective institutional policiesand administrative frameworks for managing natural resources and setting up official access crossing points. Finally,Kenya and Ethiopia pool resources to boost the livelihoods of their border communitiesItem An Assessment of Community Based Organizations in Countering Violent Extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024-10) Muriithi, Eva Makandi; Macharia, Hannah M.The purpose of this study was to assess Community Based Organizations in countering violent extremism in Kenya, with focus on Isiolo County. The research investigated Community Based Organizations engagement in countering violent extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya, regarded as one of the vulnerable counties in Kenya, suffering high levels of insecurity ranging from cattle rustling, banditry and other threats. The study was guided by three specific objectives: to examine the community-based organizations involved in countering violent extremism in Isiolo County; to establish the forms of violent extremism in Isiolo County, and to assess strategies used by community-based organizations to counter violent extremism. The literature review was done according to the research objectives. The study was guided by social identity theory and theory of change. In terms of methodology, the study used mixed method approach. Descriptive survey research design was adopted that targeted 53,217 populations from which a sample size of 100 was determined using a sampling formula. Multistage sampling was adopted to select respondents from each of the sub locations in the three sub counties under which a systematic random sampling approach was used. Purpose sampling was used to select participants for qualitative data. Data analysis involved qualitative and quantitative methods. SPSS Version 26 was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Quantitative data was presented in tables while qualitative data was presented using narratives and quotes. There were more formal than informal CBOs operating in Isiolo County CVE efforts. These CBOs were focused on recruitment and radicalization of youth into VE since there were no reported or known cases of violent attacks in the county. Building awareness and trust in their communities was the frequent strategy used by CBOs in Isiolo County to countering VE efforts. The research recommends that informal CBOs should be supported so as to achieve formal status so as to enjoy more participation the policy formulation processes with county and national governments. Secondly, it is recommended for a multi-faceted method to counter and prevent VE in Isiolo County due to the changing nature of youth radicalization and recruitment that has moved to online platformsItem Integration of Artificial Intelligence on Diplomatic Practice in Kenya (2000-2024)(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024) Mungai, Regina Paul; Odhiambo,Evans OnyangoThe purpose of this study was to investigate the current strategies that Kenya is using to cement the use of AI in its diplomatic strategies. The contention of the study is that incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into diplomatic operations is a critical area for integration, especially in light of developing technical environments. This shift presents Kenya as a dynamic actor in international affairs in addition to modernizing conventional diplomatic techniques. Using an explanatory research design, the study combined qualitative and quantitative techniques, such as semi-structured interviews, structured questionnaires, and document analysis, to collect in-depth information from a target population of 40 participants, which included personnel from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of East Africa Community, Ministry of ICT and Foreign Service Academy. The study utilizes a constructivist and realist theoretical framework to explore how the advent of AI technology can modify established diplomatic norms and practices to assert authority within the global scope. The findings established the enforcement of digital diplomacy as a key strategy. The other strategies were the institution of capacity building to AI practitioners, enforcement of AI automation within consular services and the integration of AI on informal diplomatic practices. The study concluded that, while the integration of AI into Kenya's diplomatic practice has provided immense opportunities for improved decision-making and operational efficiency, it also raises concerns about data privacy, algorithmic bias, and potential job displacement within the diplomatic corps.Item The United Nations Environmental Program Efforts in the Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements in Nairobi City County, Kenya, 1992-2022(IJRISS, 2024-10) Cherotuk, Jonah Kiprugu; Onyango, Evans OdhiambUrban areas have become a global concern as a significant source of environmental issues. As a leading authority in environmental matters, UNEP has stepped in to help states to protect urban environment as a wider strategy of safeguarding planetary health. This study sought to examine efforts made by the UNEP in implementing MEAs aimed at safeguarding urban environment of Nairobi City County between 1992 and 2022.The study employed a combination of descriptive and explanatory research designs. Interviews and questionnaires were utilized to collect qualitative and quantitative data respectively while document review was utilized to collect secondary data. The target population comprised officials from NEMA, KWS, MFA, UNEP, Nairobi County Government, members of the Parliamentary Committee on Environment and Lands, KFS staff, Nairobi residents, and environmental CBO employees. The study had a total of 104 respondents out of a sample size of 130. Grounded on Liberal Institutionalism theory, the study argued that UNEP has played a key role in the implementation of MEA in Kenya through technical assistance and capacity building to stakeholders, advocacy and awareness raising, facilitation of stakeholders’ engagements, funding and resource mobilization as well as data and information sharing. Study findings indicate that UNEP’s support for key projects such as Green Infrastructure Project, Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Plan for Nairobi City County, Air Quality Improvement Programs, Sustainable Urban Transport System and Clean Energy Projects have reduced air pollution and mitigated climate change in the County. The study concluded that the UNEP has enhanced Kenya’s participation in international environmental debates, position Kenya as the regional leader on environmental matters and facilitated the country’s access to international environmental funding which has improved the overall environmental quality of Nairobi City County alongside other urban centers in Kenya.Item The Impact of Kenya Defense Forces' Infrastructure Development on Livelihoods: A Comprehensive Analysis of Socio-economic Implications(2023-09) Okwaro, Fredrick OumaThe purpose of this article is to examine the dynamics of Kenya Defense Forces in infrastructure development in Kenya and effects on livelihoods. The contention of this article is that infrastructure development plays a pivotal role in promoting economic growth and improving the overall quality of life for communities. In the context of developing countries like Kenya, where infrastructure gaps persist, such development initiatives are of utmost importance. While the primary purpose of infrastructure projects is often seen in terms of economic advancement, it is crucial to consider their broader socio-economic implications, including their effects on local livelihoods. One significant actor in the infrastructure development landscape in Kenya is the Kenya Defense Forces (KDF). The KDF, responsible for safeguarding national security, has been actively involved in infrastructure projects across the country. These initiatives range from road and bridge construction to the establishment of military facilities and training centers. While these projects primarily aim to enhance national defense capabilities and ensure strategic advantages, their impacts on local communities and their livelihoods have received limited attention in academic and policy discourse. The KDF's infrastructure development's effects on livelihoods are crucial for various reasons. First, these initiatives frequently need large financial investments and use of human and material resources, which might damage the local economy. Second, infrastructure development can improve livelihoods by creating jobs, money, and access to needed services. Third, indirect influences including social dynamics, cultural practices, and environmental variables can shape communities' socio-economic fabric. Due to a dearth of research, the KDF's infrastructure development's effects on local livelihoods are unknown. This study bridged that gap by analyzing the socio-economic effects of these projects. By employing a mixedmethods approach, encompassing quantitative data analysis and qualitative interviews, the study explored the multifaceted dimensions of livelihoods, including income generation, employment opportunities, access to basic services, and social well-being. Findings of this research shed light on the complex relationship between infrastructure development by the KDF and local livelihoods. It contributes to a better understanding of how these projects influence economic activities, social dynamics, and overall community welfare. Furthermore, the study identified potential challenges, opportunities, and policy recommendations to maximize the positive impacts while mitigating any adverse consequences on livelihoods. The comprehensive analysis of socio-economic implications resulting from the KDF's infrastructure development serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, development practitioners, and local communities. The study recommends the formulation of effective strategies to leverage infrastructure development for sustainable livelihood improvement and fosters inclusive growth in Kenya.Item Kenya's Role in Promoting Peace and State (Re) building in Somalia(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024-07) Bosh, Alinoor Moulid; Ichani, XavierKenya had an intricate role in promoting peace and state (re) building efforts in Somalia. Kenya's intervention was driven by a combination of regional stability concerns and the need to address the spillover effects of insecurity and terrorism. The analysis explored Kenya's contributions through military intervention as part of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), diplomatic efforts aimed at fostering a Somali-led peace process, and the provision of humanitarian assistance. There were acknowledgements on the achievements of Kenya's intervention, including territorial gains against al-Shabaab and the creation of space for the Somali Federal Government to establish its authority. However, there were challenges associated with Kenya's military presence, including accusations of human rights abuses and potential destabilization of local communities. The study delved into the importance of diplomacy and political engagement in fostering sustainable peace. Kenya's role in hosting peace talks and advocating for inclusivity was highlighted. The analysis explored the crucial role of humanitarian assistance in addressing immediate needs while simultaneously strengthening local governance structures and promoting state legitimacy. Drawing on insights from existing literature on the effectiveness of military intervention, diplomacy, and humanitarian assistance in state (re) building, the study emphasized on the need for a nuanced approach. The study employed a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys alongside descriptive research. Data collection included surveys, interviews, document analysis, and observation of diplomatic meetings, military operations, and peace negotiations. The target population included representatives from various stakeholder groups in Kenya and Somalia (n=291). The study found that Kenya played an intricate role in Somalia's state (re)building efforts. This included diplomatic initiatives, military engagement through AMISOM, humanitarian aid provision, and economic cooperation. Kenya's diplomatic efforts facilitated dialogue and political solutions. Military intervention addressed security challenges and created space for reconstruction. Humanitarian aid alleviated suffering and bolstered resilience. Economic cooperation projects fostered regional integration and development. The study concludes that Kenya's contributions were significant but highlights the need for long-term solutions. It recommends a focus on political reconciliation, economic development, and transparency in economic cooperation alongside continued security measures. By implementing these recommendations, Kenya can further strengthen its positive contributions to lasting peace and stability in Somalia. Key Words: Kenya, Somalia, Diplomacy, Governance, Intervention, Security, Stability & State (Re) buildingItem Availability of Prisoners Reformation Programmes and Uptake Determinants at Kitengela Prison in Kenya(Scientific Research Publishing, 2024-12) Odhiambo, Dickson Osina; John, Onyango OmbotoPrisons world over are mandated to reform prisoners and rehabilitate them back into the society as law abiding citizens. This is accomplished through several reformation programmes. A study conducted at Kitengela prison in Kajiado County, Kenya, sought to analyse the available prisoners’ reformation programmes employed in rehabilitation at the prison. Specifically, the study analysed the implementation of the programmes, established the challenges faced in implementation, and found out possible control strategies for the challenges. The study was guided by Reformation Theory of punishment and adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised of convicts and the prison staff from which a sample size of 113 respondents were selected by simple random sampling method to participate in the study. Data was collected by questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGD) and Key Informants interview. Quantitative data was analysed and presented in percentages, tables, and diagrams while qualitative data was thematically narrated. The study established that for prisoners, carpentry was the most available at 100%, welding 97.5% and training in masonry 95%. While on the programmes that are operational, welding, carpentry, and horticulture had 77.50%, 74.68%, and 58.75% respectively. The most available psychological program was counselling services at 87.50%, while on education, Kenya Certificate of Primary Education and Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education levels were the most available, operational and successfully implemented. The determinants of a prisoner’s placement on specific programmes are income generation to the government, the need for post-release employment, need to reform, making incarceration bearable, and availability of infrastructures among others. This paper is an in-depth analysis of the available programs, and the factors influencing placement of prisoners in particular reformation programmes.Item The Participation of Women in African Union Mission (Amisom) in Dhobley Somalia Between 2013 and 2023(Head Start Network for Education and Research, 2024-12) Nasieku, Barasa Alex; Omboto, John OnyangoA study on the mandate of deployed women in AMISOM in Dhobley Somalia from the year 2013 to 2023 sought to among others establish the unique roles and strategies women employ within the AMISOM mission. The research employed a descriptive survey design blending qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. A diverse set of stakeholders, including military personnel, policymakers, and representatives from international organizations affiliated with AMISOM were engaged in the study. Key informant interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data. The study established that while there was widespread involvement of women in AMISOM activities and initiatives, there are areas which require improvement. These include enhancing women visibility, addressing barriers to their access to leadership opportunities, promoting institutional support for gender equality, provision of adequate support and resources for women-led initiatives, and mainstreaming gender in mission policies and practices. This paper is a detailed presentation of the study findings specifically on participation and contribution of women to AMISOM in Dhobley Somalia during the years 2013 to 2023.Item Coordinated Multi-Agencies Patrols and Border Security along the KenyaSomalia Border in Wajir County(International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 2024) Juma, Imai Benjamin; Oyombra, GeorgeSecuring their boarders has become a concern for all countries globally. This is because unsecure boarders pose a serious threat both to national and international security of states. For instance, the porous Kenya-Somali boarder continues to pose a serious threat to the security and development of Kenya as a country. This study therefore sought to examine how coordinated multi-agencies patrols affects border security along the Kenya-Somalia border. It adopted a descriptive survey research design that used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Stratified and simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to collect data for the study. The tools utilized to get data were, questionnaires and interview schedule. Both qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated to provide robust illustrations of the key findings. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as percentages, pie charts, and bar graphs. Qualitative data on the other hand was analyzed thematically and presented as quoted verbatim. The study found that joint coordinated patrols, joint intelligence gathering, sharing and analysis and sharing of resources among the various multi-agency teams played a crucial role in border security management. The study concluded that, the Kenya Police Service, the Kenya Defense Forces (KDF), and local administrative bodies have made significant stride in enhancing boarder security along Kenya-Somali boarder in Wajir County. The study recommended that, as far as the issue of joint multi-agency patrols are concerned, there is need to increase human resource and provide the necessary gears for effective multiagency patrols. For further research, the study had restricted itself to the multi-agency’s cooperation and border security along the Kenya-Somalia border in Wajir County. However, a number of similarities in the multi-agencies’ cooperation was noticed, mostly through literatures. It would be prudent, to stretch out this research to other regions, to determine the applicability of these findings for the whole of the country Kenya.Item Mission After Mission: Challenges of African Union Mission on State Reconstruction in Somalia(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS), 2025-04) Kandie, Dennis Kiptoo; Ichani, Xavier Francis; Onyango, Evans OdhiamboThe unending challenges attributed to Peace Support Operations (PSO) in Somalia, is a glaring reality of how the African Union (AU) and her global partners are grappling with the costs of civil war, state fragility and international terrorism in Somalia which has turned out to be mission after mission. Anchored on state building and securitization theories, this study interrogated the challenges faced by the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) in carrying out state reconstruction. Three key challenges namely; strategic, operational and tactical are analyzed. An in-depth analysis and synthesis of the current relevant literature reviewed to unearth existing gaps in Somalia state reconstruction efforts. This study employed the case study research design. The targeted population was from AU, AMISOM, and experts in PSO from which a sample of 62 informants was purposively drawn. Interview and observation schedules were employed as key instruments of primary data collection while secondary data was collected using document analysis. The analyzed data was presented qualitatively. This study established that AMISOM faced three key strategic challenges namely, complexities and dynamism in the mission’s mandate, inadequate funding, and the overall inadequacies of the mission’s capacity and capability. AMISOM also endure two key tactical challenges. Firstly, the challenge of fighting the invisible enemy and secondly, the lack of internal coherence and coordination in the AMISOM command. Four operational challenges were identified. Firstly, negative clannism and clan differences among the Somali population. Secondly cases of violations of international laws and norms. Thirdly, uncertainty and fragility in the Somalia political atmosphere and fourthly, incidences of piracy off the Coast of Somalia. This study recommended that military interventions such as AMISOM require adequate technical, financial, logistical, administrative, and legitimate support to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations. African Union Commission should ensure that limitations and lessons learned in the previous missions in Somalia are addressed in both the UNSC and AUPSC so that a formidable framework is attained in guiding and enhancing missions that succeed AMISOM. Further, multisectoral approaches should be embraced in addressing challenges encountered in PSOs.Item Efforts towards Gender Mainstreaming Policies and Performance of Women Officers in Kenya Police Service in Nairobi County(International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 2024-10-07) Njue, Cathrine Murungi; Ichani, XavierThis paper looked at the efforts towards gender mainstreaming policies and performance of women officers in Kenya police service in Nairobi County. In relation to this, it examined the laws, policies and practices, organizational culture, gender bias, and gender sensitization in service delivery to female police officers. Survey research design of descriptive nature was employed. The study target population was 1200 police officers from 10 police posts in Nairobi County. The respondents comprised of 290 senior officers, gender relevant government officials from Nairobi and a section of the public. The primary data was collected using closed and open-ended questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential analyses were used while carrying out this research. Coming to the main questions of the study, it is possible to conclude that there is a professionally positive and statistically significant relation between institutional legal framework, gender discrimination, and community perception and the performance of Kenyan policewomen. Thus, the conclusion with following the main findings of research was that, gender mainstreaming should be considered as efficient tools to improve the performance and activity of women within the sphere of national security. The main recommendations was Compulsory Gender Polity Training.Item The Suitability of the Mandate Used by the United Nations Humanitarian Military Intervention in North Kivu Province, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, 2004-2022(IJRISS, 2024-10) Oduor, Oduol Joseph; Oduor, Otieno IsaiahNorth Kivu is one of the provinces in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) where conflict seems to defy the multiple interventions by a number of national, regional and international organizations. It hosts several United Nations Humanitarian Military Intervention (UNHMI) bases and has shown a humanitarian crisis resulting from the conflict in Eastern DRC including hostilities by the armed groups. This study interrogated the suitability of the mandate used by the UNHMI through the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) between 2004 and 2022. This study was informed by two complementary theories namely; Realism and New Institutionalism. Realism argued that that humanitarian military intervention by the UN in Eastern DRC was motivated by the need to promote the geopolitical interests of powerful states. New Institutionalism on the other hand contended that North Kivu province was characterized by weak institutions and there was lack of trust between the different actors. This study took the form of an exploratory research design employing the use of both primary and secondary sources. Purposive and snow ball sampling techniques were used to select 99 respondents who included 19 representatives from international humanitarian organizations in North Kivu, 20 representatives from the civil society, 10 government officials, 15 experts in conflict management, 15 security specialists, and 20 Congolese nationals. Questionnaires and interview schedules were the main research instruments. The study concluded that in as much as the UNHMI was suitable in the context of conflict management, the operation faced a number of setbacks. The study recommended that the government of DRC, taking advantage of the suitability of the Mandate of UNHMI, should cooperate with and provide more support to MONUSCO in addressing the conflictItem Sea Blindness Implications on Maritime Security in Mombasa County , Kenya(2024-01) Mbogo, Gilbert Waithaka; Ichani, Xavier FrancisSea blindness in Africa remains a serious threat to maritime security as states continue to pay little attention to the sa feguard of their maritime realm . With increase in international apprehension relating to threats of piracy, robbery, blue economy violations , environmental and climate change threats it is prudent to factor in implications of sea blindness on maritime security in Kenya. This study investigated the implic ations of sea blindness on maritime security in Mombasa County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to assess the extent of sea blindness maritime security awareness among residents and stakeholders involved in maritime security in Mombasa County, to analy ze the socio - economic factors influencing sea blindness on maritime security in Mombasa County, to investigate the vulnerabilities associated with sea blindness and their impact on maritime security in Mombasa County and lastly to assess the effectiveness of existin g civic education initiatives in addressing impact of sea blindness on maritime security. The study utilized social learning and conflict theories. Study adopted the exploratory research design employing data collection through i nterviews with st akeholders including the f ishermen, the Kenya Navy personnel, Kenya Coast Guard officials, Kenya Maritime Authority, Kenya Ports Authority and Bandari College. The study also sampled views from the general public and expert opinions from the Non - government al Organizations interested in sea blindness and maritime security. The findings revealed low awareness of the concept of sea blindness, although respondents showed positive engagement after its definition was explained. Economic, cultural, and social fact ors contributed to varying levels of awareness, while existing civic education campaigns had moderate effectiveness. The study concluded that sea blindness undermines maritime security management by delaying response times, underreporting incidents, and hi ndering resource allocation and policy effectiveness. It identified vulnerabilities in environmental, economic, security, and social dimensions. The study recommended enhancing economic diversification, integrating maritime education into curricula, improv ing policy coordination, and expanding educational campaigns to mitigate sea blindness and improve maritime .Item Influence of Intelligence Data Utilization in Crime Prevention in Nairobi City County, Kenya(ijbm, 2024-10) Saruni,Jackline LanoiAbstract: Many jurisdictions across the globe are increasingly implementing intelligence management as a strategy for crime prevention. The study thus sought to determine the degree to which intelligence data utilization facilitates crime prevention in Nairobi City County. The Routine Activities Theory served as a guide for the investigation. The study population consisted of 556 criminal investigations officers (CIOs) from all Nairobi County sub-counties as well as sub-county criminal investigations heads, and a descriptive survey research technique was used. The study used the Yamane formula to calculate a sample size of 247 criminal investigations officers and conducted a census of all CIO sub-county heads. In order to calculate the number of officers in each sub-county whereby, stratified random sampling was utilized. Officers chosen for the study were given semi-structured questionnaires, and data was gathered through personal interviews with CIO sub-county heads. The Kiambu sub-county police division served as the site of the pilot research. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The correlation analysis results revealed that there was a positive and a strong significant association between intelligence data utilization and crime prevention (r=0.669, p=0.000<0.05). The hypothesis test results show that intelligence data utilization influences crime prevention (β = 0.619, ρ = 0.000< 0.05). The study concludes that intelligence data utilization significantly and powerfully affects crime prevention in Nairobi City County. However, Nairobi City County's current use of intelligence data for crime prevention is severely hampered by a number of significant factors. Officers are unable to map offenders and crime scenes using predictive data or do effective crime diagnostics because they lack the necessary training in interpreting intelligence data. The study recommends that the National Government's Ministry of Interior & Coordination adopt and use state-of-the-art data analytics technologies, like predictive analytics, to increase the effectiveness of employing intelligence data for crime prevention.Item An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2025-02) Kaari, Mugambi Dyna; Sirera, Merecia AnnWomen under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study revealed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas. The study concluded that police culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. The study recommended that the police organization reviews the gender-blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage masculinityItem Mass Media Coverage of East Africa Community Integration: A Case of Kenya(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024-07) Muriuki, Ruby Muthoni; Ichani, Xavier FrancisThe purpose of this study was to examine Kenya’s mass media coverage of regional integration in the East African Community (EAC) using mixed method research methodologies. Study begins by a brief history of EAC integration to demonstrate the dream and aspiration for regional economic bloc and political federation among EAC member states. The study then examines the channels of mass media coverage of the integration issues in terms of frequency of coverage, the number of issues covered per program per day, the length of coverage in minutes in audio and visual channels and columns allocated in print and internet sources. Using both probability and non-probability sampling techniques and employing qualitative and quantitative data collected through questionnaires from 99 respondents, the study found that the EAC dream of uniting under one economic bloc and political federation has been long and is still ongoing. The public in Kenya relied on the mass media as the main source of obtaining information on the EAC integration. Radio was predominantly the channel that most citizens received information regarding the EAC integration, because of its accessibility, affordability, and wide coverage. The citizens mostly receive information regarding the structure of the EAC, the leadership changes, new policies and amendments and economic related news. Further, the media covers 1-2 issues per program per day and the length of broadcast coverage in most programs falls below 60 minutes in audio and visual channels. In print media, 1-2 columns are allocated to issues related to EAC integration. This study recommends the media to fully cover issues of EAC integration so as to inform and influence the public opinion of citizens in Kenya towards the EAC integration. Study also voices the need to safeguard the independence of media which will ensure neutrality in reporting leading to dissemination of accurate information regarding the EAC integration.Item Kenya’s Public Diplomatic Initiatives in Enhancing Peaceful CoExistence among Ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache, Somalia and Mandera County, Kenya(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2025-07) Barako, Mariko Galgallo; Ngari, Lazarus KinyuaThis study investigated Kenya’s public diplomatic initiatives in enhancing peaceful co-existence among ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache, Somalia and Mandera County, Kenya. The strategies, achievements and challenges to Kenya public diplomatic initiatives in Bur Ache were examined. This study was informed by two complementary theories namely; Realism and Liberalism. Anchored on realism and liberalism this study considered public diplomacy in the context of broader social relations emphasizing that both states interests that are not necessarily pursued through the use of force, can still be achieved through the use soft power to influence foreign publics. This study employed both primary and secondary sources of data collection. A total of 380 respondents were selected for field interviews. Questionnaires were distributed to 360 residents, 180 each from Bur Ache and Mandera who were selected through random probability sampling. Interview schedules were administered to 20 purposively selected respondents who included; Diplomats, Officials of International NGOs, Clan elders and Muslim Clergy. Data collected was analyzed and interpreted quantitatively and qualitatively. The study found out that the Kenya Government has put in place effective public diplomatic strategies to enhance peaceful coexistence among ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache Region and Mandera County. It was also observed that the Kenya Government has made great achievements in its public diplomatic efforts in enhancing peaceful co-existence among ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache Region and Mandera County. Furthermore, it was noted that here exist a number of challenges faced by the Government of Kenya in its public diplomatic efforts in enhancing peaceful co-existence among ethnic Somalis in Bur Ache Region and Mandera County. This study recommended that additional efforts should be made by government through public diplomacy to increase pursuance of Kenya’s Foreign Policy in the Bur Ache Region. Additionally, the government of Kenya should come up with strategies to mitigate challenges faced by public diplomacy towards residents of Bur Ache.Item The Communication Networks Adopted and their Effectiveness in Coordinating Community Responses during Violent Group Conflicts in Nairobi County, Kenya(International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 2025-02) Maina, Joseph; Karanja, JosephThis study investigated the effectiveness of communication networks in coordinating community responses. The study employed a descriptive survey design, targeting Nairobi County residents, Nyumba Kumi leaders, administrative officers, and NGO members involved in peace and security efforts. A total of 128 respondents were targeted, with 118 responses received, yielding a 92% response rate. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews, with quantitative data analyzed through descriptive statistics and qualitative data analyzed thematically. Findings revealed that, mobile technology is favored for communication because it offers real-time updates on violent events. Resident’s value early warning information, allowing them to make timely and informed decisions in response to potential violence. The study recommends enhanced partnerships with law enforcement, improved communication infrastructure, financial and logistical support to enhance the sustainability of these interventions.Item Information Security Services Outsourcing on Security Culture Development Among Commercial State Corporations in Kenya(Journal of Economics, Management Sciences and Procurement, 2024-03) Wanjeri, Joseph Karanja; wa Teresia, John NdikaruPurpose: The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of outsourcing information security services on the development of security culture among commercial state corporations in Kenya. Material/methods: The study was anchored on the Protection Motivation Theory and employed a cross-sectional research design. The target population consisted of 108 heads of security, finance, procurement, and information and communication technology (ICT) departments from 27 commercial state corporations. A census technique was used, and data were collected through both open-ended and close-ended questionnaires. The dependability of the research tool was evaluated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. Findings: The findings revealed that outsourcing information security services had a positive and significant effect on the development of a security culture among commercial state corporations in Kenya. Conclusion: The study concluded that outsourcing information security services not only contributes to the development of a robust security culture but also addresses challenges related to accountability, risk assessment, and confidentiality. The use of access control models and the effective tools employed by security firms were found to effectively mitigate the risks associated with outsourcing. Value: The study recommended that commercial state corporations in Kenya should continue to harness the benefits of outsourcing information security services while prioritizing provider selection and risk assessment. This approach ensures that they can maintain a strong security culture and effectively manage associated risksItem Influence of Current Migration Policies on Human Trafficking Patterns in Garissa County, Kenya (2019 – 2024)(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2025-03) Rotich, Julius; Muiya, BernardHuman trafficking has become a growing concern in migration management, prompting governments to implement policies aimed at mitigating associated risks. This research explored the impact of migration regulations on human trafficking trends in Garissa County, Kenya. The study aimed to assess how existing migration policies influence the occurrence of human trafficking along the Kenya-Somalia border in Garissa County. Grounded in the Transnational Organized Crime and Migration Systems theories, the study utilized a cross-sectional survey approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The research targeted 466 participants, selecting a sample of 215. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and interviews, with a pilot study conducted to ensure reliability. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was examined thematically. Findings indicated that migration policies provide some protection against trafficking but are undermined by enforcement challenges, including porous borders, resource constraints, corruption, inadequate training, and weak cross-border collaboration. Restrictive policies also inadvertently pushed migrants toward irregular routes, increasing vulnerability. While policies are effective at manned border points, their overall impact is weakened by structural gaps and outdated frameworks. The study recommended strengthening enforcement through increased funding, capacity building, improved coordination with Somali authorities, and regular policy updates to address evolving trafficking dynamics.