CW-Department of Recreation Management & Exercise Science

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An investigation into differences in modified stork balance abilities between experienced and inexperienced karatekas at Kenyatta University
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Kinoti, J. W.; Njororai, W. W. S.; Kiganjo, G. M.
Karate is a martial art sport whose main objective is to develop techniques and tactics for self-defense without the use of weapons. The ability to balance determines how well an individual can perform in this sport. The body's balance is maintained at the hips where the mass of the body is concentrated. A one case shot study was carried out on twelve experienced and twelve inexperienced male karatekas. The subjects were tested on modified stork balance. The two groups were compared using the t-test. Among other findings, it was established that the experienced karatekas had a mean of 111.42 seconds compared to 58.08 seconds for the non-experienced group. The difference in balancing ability was significant at p~ 0.05 level in favour of experienced karatekas. It was evident that the more one engaged in the sport the more one became competent in the balancing abilities. Training and persistent practice are, therefore, vital if one is to perfect the much needed balancing abilities.
An assessment of basketball injuries in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Akpata, D. O.
Basketball is, theoretically, a no-contact game, but it has been established that personal contact cannot be avoided entirely when 10 players are moving with great speed over a limited space. Due to this obvious contact, high tempers and friction, so many injuries have occurred during games, which have led to loss of playing time as well as physical and psychological consequences. This study investigated the aetiology and time course of the injuries in both male and female basketball players during the first phase of the 1997National Basketball Classic League, in order to detect a substantial typology of sports injuries and offer special programmes for their prevention. Results indicated that the main aetiological factors were the opponent, the floor and type of shoes. Most of the injuries occurred during pressure defences and inside plays. No major difference was found in the pattern of injuries between the male and female players. Based on results of this study, it will seem that the number and severity of injuries in basketball could be minimised, if the rules and mechanics of officiating pressure defences, charged/ block and inside-plays are amended.
The impact of rule changes on the goals scored in the US'94 soccer tournament
(KAHPER-SD, 2000) Njororai, W.W.S.
The object of the game of soccer is to score and to avoid conceding goals. Goals are a key feature of the sport. However. the low scoring rate at the 1990 edition of the world cup led to the amendments of the rules prior to the 1994 edition. This study aimed at establishing the trend of scoring at the US'94 soccer tournament bearing in mind the rule amendments, This study was retrospective in nature as it Involved analysing the data that was derived from the "world cup USA statistics 1994". The results were presented using percentages, frequencies, means and tables. Among other findings, it was established that: the scoring rate went up (2.71) compared to ltalia'90 (2.21) per match; the run- of play yielded most goals (67.4%) compared to the standard situations (32.6%); more goals were scored In the second half compared to the first and extra time; more goals were scored by the feet (82.3%) compared to headers (17.7%); most goals were scored from the penalty box (80.9%) compared to those from outside (19.1%); strikers accounted for most goals scored (66.7%), compared to 24. 8% and 7.8% for the mid field and defending players respectfully. Additionally, the peak time for scoring was between the 76m and 90th minutes, which accounted for .19.9%-of all the goals scored. The improved scoring rate by the strikers, the fruitful solo efforts, and the productive free kicks were attributed to the amended rules pertaining to the tackles from behind, positioning of the defensive wall, and over-all strict enforcement of the rules by the referees. The amended rules contributed to the offensive play that characterised this tournament. It was concluded that experimentation of rules before implementation was a fruitful exercise. It is a~ vital that players ere prepared technically, tactically, physically and mentally to be able to cope with the demands of a tournament such as the world cup.
Analysis of selected match actions in the 1994 world cup soccer tournament
(KAHPER-SD, 2000) Njororai, W.W.S.
A soccer match is characterised by several technical and tactical actions. Some of these technical actions include throw-ins, headers, crosses (centres), goal attempts, goals, free kicks, goal kicks, corners, offside, injuries, penalties and substitutions. However, the frequency of occurrence of these actions is not well known. This study, therefore, set out to register the frequency of occurrence of these actions during the world cup soccer tournament held in the USA between 17th June to 17th July 1994. A total of 52 matches were transmitted live on television. The matches were watched on television and the data recorded by an experienced observer. The data was analysed and descriptively presented. Among other findings, it was . established that the mean fer each action was: throw-ins (41.7), headers (73.8), crosses (30.6), free kicks (30), goal attempts (20.2), comers (10.3), goal kicks (19.7), off-sides (5.9), injuries (2.8), goals (2.71), penalties (.3), cards (4.4), and substitution (3.5) per match respectively. Such findings are useful to sports scientists and coaches who are facilitated to design training programmes that can allow for adequate emphasis on each of these match actions.
Role of public relations in sports
(KAHPER-SD, 2000) Mwisukha, A.
Public Relations is a terminology that IS frequently used to refer to the relationship between two or more individuals or groups who have common interests. It involves the efforts that are made by an individual, institutions or groups of people to win the support of those who are members of the community with whom they interact, encounter or associate, and whose co-operation is sought. In the sports circles..public relations has to do with the image that is projected by those involved in sports to the rest of the people in the community; such an image must aim at promoting good relations. The absence of good public relations among personnel involved in the various aspects of sports is bound to lead to unnecessary friction, frustration, disorder, division, unproductively and general lack of support or goodwill. It is against this background that the present paper reviews the importance and essential elements of good public relations in sports.
Organisation of a sports meeting: a presentation of the checklist
(KAHPER-SD, 2000) Mwisukha, A.
The organisation of sports meets or tournaments is one of the major functions carried out by personnel involved in the management and administration of sports. The process of preparing any given sports meet entails a wide range of activities which sports managers and administrators must be well-versed with. Unless adequate time, care and effort is put into the whole process, it becomes possible to have some important areas vital to the success of a sports meet being omitted, ignored or overlooked. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to present a checklist for those who are or who may be charged with the responsibilities of making preparations for sports competitions.
Physical activity level of students with disabilities in public and private universities in Kenya - a survey
(2001) Bukhala, P. W.; Gathua, S.
In this study, a survey of students with disabilities in all the six public and five private Universities in Kenya was carried out. All those registered with the office of the Deans of Students as having a physical or visual disability responded to the questionnaire. The results indicated that most of the students were physically inactive. They rarely engaged in any physical activity even though they were aware that exercises were important to them. They wished they could participate in recreational activities to improve their fitness levels and for pleasure. They were not aware of sports opportunities available to them at campus. They perceived a number of factors as barriers to their participation in physical activities. These include inaccessible facilities, lack of encouragement, lack of information and also lack of adapted equipment and facilities suitable to them. Such barriers as physical discomfort or medical problems were not perceived as limited.
Sports management in Kenya: the role of the Kenya national sports council and the government department of sports
(2001) Litaba, S. A.; Mwisukha, A.; Onywera, V.O.
Arising from the well-recognized benefit of sport at individual and' society levels, many countries of the world have embraced its development The interest and efforts towards popularizing and promoting sport have focused on the various facets that are meant to enhance increased participation and competition in the various sporting activities. One of these, alongside others, is the establishment of suitable management structures and procedures of facilitate the development and organization of sporting activities. The Government of Kenya recognizes the development of sport as one of its core functions. The commitment of the government towards the development of sport is reflected in the role it has played and continues to play not only in facilitating the creation of Sports Management bodies but also in being sensitive to Issue relation to sport management in the country. The existence and operations of the government's department of Sports and the Kenya National Sports council has often generated debate and controversy within some quarters of the sporting fraternity in the county. There have been allegations of duplication of duties of the two and some appeals for the scrapping of either of them The present study therefore focuses on presenting and the functions of the two entities.
A comparative analysis of the physical education curricula in secondary schools in East Africa
(2001) Wamukoya, E. K.; Kadoodooba, M. A. B.
Physical Education Curriculum in East Africa has been and continues to be influenced greatly by the colonial infusion. The vestiges of the colonial empire building and maintenance have remained even after independence. As evidenced from the following analysis, it is true that the traditional forms of physical activities and organization were repressed, replaced or modified following the infusion of the British colonial masters. However, the activities that were introduced in turn produced a situation that reflects the dominant ideology of a super-imposed system. Given that the field of Physical education and sport remains largely unexplored, this paper analyses the existing curricular offerings in the subject within the East African Countries with a view to making suggestions for improvement, review or change. From the analysis, it appears that only in Kenya has the style and organization of school physical education changed since political independence. In Uganda and Tanzania not much has been done to bring about curriculum change in schools in physical Education. From the paper it is also evident that there is urgent need for scholars, researchers, educationists, politicians and other practitioners from East Africa (either individually and/or collectively) to revisit the area. Finally, various recommendations are made to help improve the curriculum and teaching of physical education and sport in the region.
Physical activity and mortality among aged person
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Wamukoya, E. K.; Mwisukha, A.; Thwagi, M. J.
Aging is unavoidable for every human being. It is a process that brings about physiological, physical and mental decline, which in turn leads to health and related life-threatening problems for lite aged people. The decrease and eventual loss of functional capacity associated with aging is a factor of concern that must be adequately addressed if the lives of the people are to be enhanced and prolonged. Aged persons need to be f' guided against leading reckless and inactive lifestyles that enhance their degeneration processes and thereby shorten their lives. They require information on how to improve their chances of living long and healthy lives, It is important for them to know that they can prevent, delay, lessen .and even reverse the effects of the degeneration through suitable health habits, and especially by involving themselves in suitable physical activity.
Insights into the family setting as a centre for leisure and recreation service delivery
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Warutere, C. M.; Wanderi, P. M.; Mwisukha, A.
Sports Participation of Post-Graduate Students at Kenyatta University
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Rintaugu, E.G.; Njororai, W.W.S.; Mwisukha, A.
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the reasons why postgraduate students do not participate in structured sports and their leisure activities. Data was collected through questionnaires from 53 randomly selected postgraduate students of Kenyatta University. Data 'was manually analyzed for frequencies and percentages. findings indicated that the postgraduate students do not participate in sports due to lack of time, sports programmes not catering for their heeds and too much academic work and engage in passive leisure of watching television; spending time with the family and reading. It was recommended that sport programmes in the University heed to be made postgraduate students friendly and the students to be educated on the benefits of active lifestyles
The effects of an Eighteen day outdoor mountaineering course on the levels of stress experienced by army cadets
(Kenyatta University, 2005) Muniu, R.; Muthmoi, B.N.; Kimani, M.J.; Muigai, D.
All organisms try to maintain a balance in their day to day function for maximum efficiency. Any factor interfering with this balance forces the a readjustment within the organism This forced change is experienced as stress and as long as it is not beyond the organism's coping mechanism, it does not cause permanent damage. Outdoor courses require the subjects to undergo new experiences by removing them from their day to day routine. This is done through creation of conditions that require extreme physical endurance and application of new cognitive competencies. The study was conducted on a group of one hundred and fifty cadets undergoing an eighteen day outdoor course at the Mt Kenya school of adventure. A pre-test and a post test on stress before and after the course. Changes in stress levels were examined in terms of cognitive functioning, emotional reaction and psychosomatic reactions to establish.
Fitness based ranking of teams participating in Zone Five Handball Championship
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Mwihaki, M.G.; Wabuyabo, Issah K.; Mwisukha, A.; Odero, Martin, N.
Ranking of teams is usually based on the goal aggregate, which is a factor that comprises of many variables. The underlying assumption in such criteria of classification is that a team will only emerge as a winner by being the best i.e. both in fitness and skill. However in each individual sport there are dominant attributes that contribute to overall success despite the fact all aspects offitness are important. This study involved three male teams participating in zone five handball championships (July-2005) in Kenya. The purpose of the study was to find out if fitness ranking of the teams would be consistent with goal aggregate ranking. Method: all the three teams underwent fitness testing for selected variable and their means determined. The means were raked as 1, 2 and 3 and assigned score valuables of 3,2 and 1 respectively. The total score for each team was used to rank the teams. This was then compared to goal aggregate ranking. Results: The first tam in fitness ranking was the last in goal aggregate ranking and vice versa. Discussion: the first team had high valuables of dominant attributes necessary in handball hence good performance despite low average general fitness. The second in rank had optimum score values hence average performance while the last one had low skill with high physical fitness with low values in dominant attrioutes necessary in handball. Conclusion: both physical fitness-and skill training are key to good performance.
Analysis of the Health-Related Fitness Status of Lecturers and Students of Kenyatta University, Kenya (2004)
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Muasya, Vincent; Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W.; Simiyu, W.
Physical fitness refers to an individual's ability to perform daily tasks without undue fatigue and having ample energy to meet unforeseen emergencies and enjoy leisure time pursuits. Health related fitness variables include cardio-respiratory endurance, percent body fat, low back flexibility, upper body strength endurance and abdominal muscular endurance. These variables have their foundation in prevention and remediation of hypokinetic ailments. Sedentary lifestyle is the cause of low levels. of fitness which in turn subjects victims to hypokinetic diseases. This study therefore, compared health-related fitness measures of Kenyatta University's 22 lecturers and 30 students at the university'S Fitness Centre. Appropriate field tests were used to measure the subjects' fitness levels. The t-test showed significant differences between lectures' and students' mean abdominal muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance: students' fitness on these variables was higher. There were no significant difference I their low back flexibility upper body strength endurance and percent body fat, The need for enhancing lecturer's abdominal muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance was emphasized.
Fitness profiling and comparisons between ranked and unranked competitive Kenyan junior tennis players.
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Kiganjo, George M.
Fitness allows tennis players to optimise their playing technique,ensuring high level of performance and reduces the risk of injury. Combined with psychological, tactical and technical training, physical fitness makes a significant difference to determine winning a tennis match. The purpose of this study was to profile competitive Kenyan junior female and male tennis players and determine differences in their fitness on recognised tennis related physiological parameters. The fitness components measured included aerobic capacity (1.5 mile run), strength (grip strength), power (vertical jump), speed (20-yard dash), muscular endurance (60-second sit-up), agility (spider test), flexibility (sit and reach) and body composition (calipers). A questionnaire was also administered to the players to determine fitness training habits and attitudes to fitness. A physical fitness training programme was suggested to the coaches and players but not enforced by the researchers. A comparison of3month interval repeat test results for the different fitness components was made between KLTA junior ranked male (n=14, age 16.23) and female players (n = 12, age=14.23 yrs) and unranked players male(n = 10, age = 17.10 yrs), female (n=13.23yrs). The results of the present study showed that the boys and girls' fitness levels were sub-standard compared to I1F age based normative standards. This may partly explain the lull in the performance of Kenya's tennis players given the relative importance of physical fitness on high-level competitive tennis play. Questionnaire results showed that most of the players were spending considerable time doing fitness training each week, did not have a fitness program to follow and would like a fitness program written for them. The study recommends that Kenyan players need to be coached on how to implement fitness in their daily training regime, be provided with individualised fitness programs that make more efficient use of time, minimise the risk of burnout and injury, and provide maximal fitness gains.
The role of sports and physical education in Kenyan learning institutions in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Kiganjo, G.M.; Njororai, W.W.S.
Development Goals (MDGs) has ostensibly created a catalytic effect on the development of sports and physical education because it helps set and frame the global, national and local development agenda, provides the vision and plans of action to concretise the realities affecting human development. The MDGs are also be reflected in the UN declaration of the year 2005 as the International Year of Sport and Physical Education (IYSPE 2005), which is a major recognition and challenge to physical educators. This paper makes a critical analysis and discussion on why and row sports and physical education in Kenyan learning institutions can help in the achievement of each of the identified eight (MDGs). The (MDGs) are concerned with eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empower women, reduction in child mortality and improve maternal health, combating HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability and developing a global partnership fur development. Several paradigms and reflections are postulated to explain how sports and physical education creates opportunities to help fight poverty, are an essential elerrent of access to quality and universal education They also help in building confidence and overcoming prejudce amongst girls in learning institutions, help to convey messages on access and empowerment, helps to provide HIV/Aids and disease prevention messages. ~ Additionally, sports and physical education are ideal to raise ~ awareness about the need to preserve the environment, offer ~ opportunities fur innovative partnerships and can be used as a tool to build and foster partnerships fur development. Sports and physical education cannot afford to be left behind in strategic and global movements and thoughts. Learning institutions provides conducive environments and commitments to put in place right polices, procedures and best practices fur achieving the MDGs. The paper envisages and recommends that sport managers and physical educators in Kenya rise up to the challenge of ensuring that the global UN set MDGs are understood and realised locally, nationally and within the subjects and disciplines of sports and physical education.
Food and Macronutrient Intake of Elite Kenyan Distance Runners
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Onywera, V.O.; Boit, Michael K.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Pitsfladis, Yannis P.
The food and macronutrient intake of elite Kenyan runners was compared to recommendations for endurance athletes. Estimated energy intake (EI: 2987 ±293 kcal; mean ± standard deviation) was lower than energy expenditure (EE:3605 ±119 kcal; P <0.001) and body mass (BM:58.9 ±2.7 kg vs.58.3 ±2.6 kg; P <0.001) was reduced over the 7-d intense training period. Diet was high in carbohydrate (76.5%,10.4 g/kg BM per day) and low in fat (13.4%). Protein intake (10.1%;1.3 g/kg BM per day) matched recommendations fur protein intake. Fluid intake was modest and mainly in the form of water (1113 ±269 mL;0.34 ±0.16 mL/kcal)and tea (1243 ±348 mL). Although the diet met most recommendations for endurance athletes for macro nutrient intake, it remains to be determined if modifying energy balance and fluid intake will enhance the performance of elite Kenyan runners.
Vertical jump and hand grip ability of Male East African University Volleyball Players.
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Wabuyabo, Issah K.; Wahome, P.; Mse, E.; Wamukoya, E.K.; Njororai, W.W.S.; Onywera, V.O.
Explosive strength (Vertical jumping) requires high levels of explosive muscular power. The double legged volleyball spike jump and block jumps are very different in technique, but fundamentally they are similar. Volleyball players typically jump from one leg to perform a lay up, and from two legs to rebound jump, again both are very different styles of jumping which are fundamentally similar in their movement patterns. Methods: twenty players from four teams participating the 2004 East African University teams participated in this study. Seargents' jump method was used to establish the vertical jump scores of the subjects while a handgrip dynamometer was used to get the handgrip scores. Findings: The teams had a mean explosive strengthof64.11 and handgrip of49.47.
Effects of gender on goal orientation and satisfaction among Kenyan Volleyball League Players
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Bulinda, Mugalla H.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Njororai, W.W.S.
Sport psychology studies have shown that goal orientation may be affected by gender. According to Duda and Nicholls (1992) goal orientation has two categories, task and ego. Male and female players have portrayed varying goal orientation towards sport. Most studies have shown female players to be more task oriented while their male counterparts have portrayed ego-oriented traits. Additionally, goal orientation has been found to affect satisfaction of players towards sports. Task oriented players have been found to affect satisfaction ofplayers towards sports. Task oriented players have been found to be more intrinsically motivated while ego oriented players have been found to be extrinsically motivated. The study involved 134 players from 12 teams in division 1 (48.5%) and division 2 1 (51.5%) of Kenyan National Volleyball League. The study included both male (46.3%) and female (53.7%) players. Sampling of the teams was done randomly from the two strata of division 1 and division 2 of Kenyan National Volleyball League. Goal orientation was measured suing the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire.

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