CW-Department of Recreation Management & Exercise Science

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The African running phenomenon: the role of genetics, nutrition and demographic factors in explaining the success of east African runners international distance running
(Makerere University, 2008) Onywera, V.O.; Boit, M.K; Pitsiladis, Y.P.
An analysis of extrinsic incentives value rating amongst selected male team, individual and combat sports athletes' in Kenya
(Makerere University, 2008) Mukhwana, Kizito; Simiyu, Njororai.W.; Wanderi, Mwangi P.
Little conclusive research has been reported in the area of sports in Kenya and the contributing factors to athletic performances. Yet, sporting organizations countrywide continue to spend large amounts of money on sports incentives as performance reinforcers in the quest for excellence in sports performances. This study sought to analyze the differences amongst Kenyan male individual, team and combat sports athletes'. A descriptive survey (Ex-post facto) research design was utilized. A total of 120 athletes were studied. The athletes involved in the study were 40 from team sports, 40 from individual sports and 40 from combat sports. Stratified random sampling was used to determine the teams and individuals for study. The fish bowl technique was used to determine teams whose players were randomly sampled for the study. The same also applied to individual athletes. The extrinsic reinforcer value-rating Questionnaire (RlYRS) comprising a five point Likert scale was used to gather data. The Questionnaire gathered data on the value rating by the subjects on Employment opportunities, Public recognition, material and monetary reward, free medical care and Insurance coverage. The data obtained were analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. The statistical analysis technique used was one-way analysis of variance, where rejection of null hypothesis was set at P<0.05. the ANOYA findings revealed no significant differences amongst Kenyan male team, individual and combat sports athletes incentives' value amongst Kenyan male team, individual and combat sports athletes incentives' value rating on employment opportunities F=3.07, scholarship awards F=4.205 public recognition F=3.7'73, material and monetary F=96.191, free medical care F=17.489 insurance coverage F=5.643. These values are not significant at 0.05 alpha level (p>0.05.). Based on the findings of this study, type of sport was not a major determinant of incentive value rating by the athletes on Employment opportunities, Public recognition, Material and monetary reward, free medical care and Insurance coverage. From the findings it was concluded that incentives must symbolize the athlete-sport relationship, they must have lasting trophy value, and rewards must reflect the individual sports policies. The recommendations were that the government formulates a policy in which performance incentives are spelt out, for example, insurances should be made compulsory and mandatory for national and international athletes, and public recognition as an incentive should be used mainly on the younger athletes. There is also need to emphasize the role of schooling in talent nurturing for sports athletes in Kenya. It was suggested that efforts be initiated to start research studies focusing on a comparative analysis of the existing sport incentives value with a view establishing the differences and similarities between male and female athletes and analyzing the incentive's value of female athletes in all sports in the Kenyan Sports settings.
Analysis of influences in soccer: the case of Kenya Science Teachers College
(2007) Mwisukha, A.; Rintaugu, E.G.; Nteere, J. S.
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the reasons why post-graduate students don't participate in structured sport and their leisure activities. Data was collected through questionnaires from 53 randomly selected post-graduate students of Kenyatta University. Data was manually analysed for frequencies and percentages. Findings indicated that the post-graduate students don't participate in sport due to lack of time, sport programs not catering for their needs and too much academic work and engage in passive leisure activities of watching T.V, spending time with the family and reading. It was recommended that sport programmes in the university need to be made post-graduate students friendly and they need to be educated on the benefits of active lifestyles and management.
Analysis of selected match actions in the 1994 world cup soccer tournament
(KAHPER-SD, 2000) Njororai, W.W.S.
A soccer match is characterised by several technical and tactical actions. Some of these technical actions include throw-ins, headers, crosses (centres), goal attempts, goals, free kicks, goal kicks, corners, offside, injuries, penalties and substitutions. However, the frequency of occurrence of these actions is not well known. This study, therefore, set out to register the frequency of occurrence of these actions during the world cup soccer tournament held in the USA between 17th June to 17th July 1994. A total of 52 matches were transmitted live on television. The matches were watched on television and the data recorded by an experienced observer. The data was analysed and descriptively presented. Among other findings, it was . established that the mean fer each action was: throw-ins (41.7), headers (73.8), crosses (30.6), free kicks (30), goal attempts (20.2), comers (10.3), goal kicks (19.7), off-sides (5.9), injuries (2.8), goals (2.71), penalties (.3), cards (4.4), and substitution (3.5) per match respectively. Such findings are useful to sports scientists and coaches who are facilitated to design training programmes that can allow for adequate emphasis on each of these match actions.
Analysis of the Health-Related Fitness Status of Lecturers and Students of Kenyatta University, Kenya (2004)
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Muasya, Vincent; Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W.; Simiyu, W.
Physical fitness refers to an individual's ability to perform daily tasks without undue fatigue and having ample energy to meet unforeseen emergencies and enjoy leisure time pursuits. Health related fitness variables include cardio-respiratory endurance, percent body fat, low back flexibility, upper body strength endurance and abdominal muscular endurance. These variables have their foundation in prevention and remediation of hypokinetic ailments. Sedentary lifestyle is the cause of low levels. of fitness which in turn subjects victims to hypokinetic diseases. This study therefore, compared health-related fitness measures of Kenyatta University's 22 lecturers and 30 students at the university'S Fitness Centre. Appropriate field tests were used to measure the subjects' fitness levels. The t-test showed significant differences between lectures' and students' mean abdominal muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance: students' fitness on these variables was higher. There were no significant difference I their low back flexibility upper body strength endurance and percent body fat, The need for enhancing lecturer's abdominal muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance was emphasized.
Analysis of the profiles of Kenya's top athletics coaches: Implications for the development of athletics in the country.
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W.W.S.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Boit, Michael K
Coaches are central in the technical development of athletes. In addition to guiding athletes towards achievement of optimum performance, they serve as role models, counselors and teachers. In view of this, it is important that coaches are well educated, professionally trained and posses acceptable and admirable personal attributes. It is against this background that the present study set out to establish the profiles of Kenya's top athletes in the country. Out of total participation of 134 provincial and national athletics coaches, a sample of 101 (75%) coaches was randomly selected and used in the study. A questionnaire was used to gather data on the demographic details of the coaches. The results indicated that a majority of the coaches 79 (78.22%) were males and were married and had children A larger proportion of the coachers, 42(41.59%) were aged between 40 and 49 than the least, 3(2.97%) who were under 29 years of age. The largest proportion of the coaches, 50.5% possessed ordinary level (form I to IV) education The largest fraction of the coaches had coaching experience ranging from 11-20 years and most of them, 86 (85.15%) had other regular employment apart from coaching. Most of the coaches, 56 (55.45%) were certified by the International Association of Athletics Federations, and a large proportion of them coached middle and long distance races. Arising from these results, a recommendation was made to train more female and younger coaches in all areas of athletics. The need of full time coaches and the establishment of a national institute or academy to train local coaches was also emphasized.
Anthropometric Measures of East African University Rugby Players.
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Litaba, S. A.; Wabuyabo, Issah K.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.
Rugby requires high levels of all fitness components in various proportions. The running speed, dodging, tackling, scrumming and jumping need: good grip, weight and strength among other fitness components to fulfill positional play roles. Methods: seven teams participating in the 2004 East African University Games were the subjects in the study. Sergeants jump method was used to establish the vertical jump scores of the subjects, leg to leg bioelectrical impedance method was used to get weight and body fat percentages, sit and reach method was used to get low back flexibility scores, while a handgrip dynamometer was used to get the handgrip scores. Findings: The teams had a mean explosive strength of51.1 ern, body fat % of 20.5, low back flexibility of 9.8 and handgrip of 51.6 kg. These values were lower compared to those of European rugby clubs except handgrip strength (i.e. 52.8, 10, 30). Conclusion: The young athletes should target the standard fitness values to enable them join professional clubs.
Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitudes and Experiences of General Practitioners and Pharmacists In Selected Counties in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Kimtai, Rotich Jonathan; Elijah Gitonga; Edna Thangu
The Athletic support personnel (ASP) significantly influence athletes' attitudes, perceptions, and use of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs). Among the ASP, General Practitioners and Pharmacists play a substantial role in providing medical and pharmaceutical support to athletes. Health practitioners are in a position to influence, advise, encourage or discourage the use of PEDs to precarious athletes yearning to improve their performance beyond the limit. Nonetheless, the decision of General Practitioners or Pharmacists to encourage or discourage the use of PEDs depends on their knowledge, experience, and attitude toward doping. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate General Practitioners’ and Pharmacists’ doping knowledge, attitudes, and experience from seven purposely selected counties in Kenya and to examine if there were significant differences in doping knowledge and attitude between General Practitioners and Pharmacists in Kenya. A cross-sectional analytical study design was used to examine General Practitioners’ and Pharmacists’ doping knowledge, attitudes, and experiences. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select General Practitioners and Pharmacists from the seven targeted counties. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data for the study. Six hundred and fifteen practitioners (250 General Practitioners and 365 Pharmacists) participated in the study. Of these, 151 (60.4%) male and 99 (39.6%) female were General Practitioners, while 209 (57.3%) male and 156 (42.7) female were Pharmacists. Results demonstrated that General Practitioners and Pharmacists in Kenya are well aware of WADA and ADAK. General Practitioners and Pharmacists self-reported average to slightly above average doping knowledge (47.77 ± 14.03 and 46.63 ± 13.36), respectively, where the average doping knowledge was measured at 42.5. Mann-Whitney test results revealed no significant difference in doping knowledge between General Practitioners and Pharmacists (p = .518). General Practitioners and Pharmacists had a negative attitude towards doping (45.23 ± 13.64 and 47.28 ± 13.65), where a score of 59.5 and above implied being positive towards doping attitude. Mann Whitney test showed a significant difference between General Practitioners and Pharmacists towards doping attitude (p = .039). Male respondents demonstrated more doping knowledge, 49.04 ± 13.57, compared to the female respondents, 44.35 ± 13.29. Mann-Whitney test revealed that gender significantly influenced respondents, doping knowledge (p = .006), and attitude towards doping (p = .016). Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that age contributed to significant difference in doping knowledge among Pharmacists (p = .024) but not with the General Practitioners p = .024. Kruskal-Wallis analysis also indicated that work experience contributed remarkable variation in doping knowledge among General Practitioners (p < .001) but not among Pharmacists. In addition, age and work experience demonstrated (Kruskal Wallis test) significant influence on the doping attitude of General Practitioners (p =.003) and (p = .008), but no significant difference was identified among the Pharmacists, p =.301 and p = .063 respectively. Pharmacists in Kenya were an essential source of doping and related information. As many as 155 (25.2%) General Practitioners and Pharmacists had been requested for doping information or substances during their professional work. It was concluded that General Practitioners and Pharmacists in Kenya have unreliable doping knowledge and negative attitudes towards doping. Age significantly influenced the doping knowledge of General Practitioners and Pharmacists. A considerable difference exists in the doping attitude between General Practitioners and Pharmacists. The study recommended more anti-doping education, campaigns, and training that start at the college level to address the low doping knowledge of younger practitioners. An emphasis is needed to involve more female practitioners in anti-doping campaigns to ensure doping knowledge across the board. A study involving all General Practitioners and Pharmacists in Kenya is recommended to provide a comprehensive view of the current doping status in the country.
An assessment of basketball injuries in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Akpata, D. O.
Basketball is, theoretically, a no-contact game, but it has been established that personal contact cannot be avoided entirely when 10 players are moving with great speed over a limited space. Due to this obvious contact, high tempers and friction, so many injuries have occurred during games, which have led to loss of playing time as well as physical and psychological consequences. This study investigated the aetiology and time course of the injuries in both male and female basketball players during the first phase of the 1997National Basketball Classic League, in order to detect a substantial typology of sports injuries and offer special programmes for their prevention. Results indicated that the main aetiological factors were the opponent, the floor and type of shoes. Most of the injuries occurred during pressure defences and inside plays. No major difference was found in the pattern of injuries between the male and female players. Based on results of this study, it will seem that the number and severity of injuries in basketball could be minimised, if the rules and mechanics of officiating pressure defences, charged/ block and inside-plays are amended.
Assessment of Fitness and Training among East African Universities Swimming Athletes
(ICSEMIS, 2016) Mwangi, F.M.; Mwihaki, M.G.; Wachira, J.L.; Wabuyabo, L.K.; Onywera, V.O.
Assessment of the employees awareness of the applicability of ergonomic exercises in the banking institutions in Nairobi, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2009) Waiganjo, L.B.; Mwisukha, A.
Assessment of the Physical Training Programme at the Kenya Police Training College, Kiganjo
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Wabuyabo, Issah K.; Onywera, V.O.
Policing has never been an easy job. Police Officers are often required to perform physically demanding tasks as part of their police duty. For this they need a reasonable level of physical fitness to deal effectively with situations as well as defending themselves or others against attack. It is essential that they possess a standard of physical fitness which will enable them to perform these tasks pro:fessionally, and without the risk of injury, when the need arises. It is for this reason that minimum standards of physical fitness must be achieved by candidates wishing to join the Police Service as well as serving officers. This paper examines the perceptions of the Police Recruits on the physical training programmes offered at the Kenya Police Training College, Kiganio. It is intended that by understanding the perceptions of the programmes, suggestions for improvement will be made.
Care and Management of Athletes Medical Issues among East African Universities
(ICSEMIS, 2016) Mwangi, F.M.; Mwihaki, M.G.; Wanjira, J.L.; Thangu, E.K.; Rintaugu, E.G.
Coach Motivation of University Athletes at Kenyatta University
(University of Dar Es-salaam, 2013-11) Muniu, R.; Mwisukha, A.; Gitonga, E.
Motivation is a key component in performance among competitive athletes for it defines the direction and intensity of effort. Research indicates that there is a clear relationship between the coaches' approach in training and motivation. This study is set out to find out the effect of the coaches training methods in motivating the athletes. The research involved players from three major sports at Kenyatta University namely, soccer, basketball and hockey. Among the areas examined were individual attention, use of material incentives, feedback and making the sport more interesting for the players. The study received responses from 84 players in the named sports. Results indicate that methods used by coaches in training have a considerable effect on the motivation of the players.
A comparative analysis of motor fitness and physical activity levels amongst 10 to 13 years old Kenyan and German children
(Kenyatta University, 2009) Porsche, M.; Boes, K.; Steiner, H.; Wanderi, M. P.
A comparative analysis of the physical education curricula in secondary schools in East Africa
(2001) Wamukoya, E. K.; Kadoodooba, M. A. B.
Physical Education Curriculum in East Africa has been and continues to be influenced greatly by the colonial infusion. The vestiges of the colonial empire building and maintenance have remained even after independence. As evidenced from the following analysis, it is true that the traditional forms of physical activities and organization were repressed, replaced or modified following the infusion of the British colonial masters. However, the activities that were introduced in turn produced a situation that reflects the dominant ideology of a super-imposed system. Given that the field of Physical education and sport remains largely unexplored, this paper analyses the existing curricular offerings in the subject within the East African Countries with a view to making suggestions for improvement, review or change. From the analysis, it appears that only in Kenya has the style and organization of school physical education changed since political independence. In Uganda and Tanzania not much has been done to bring about curriculum change in schools in physical Education. From the paper it is also evident that there is urgent need for scholars, researchers, educationists, politicians and other practitioners from East Africa (either individually and/or collectively) to revisit the area. Finally, various recommendations are made to help improve the curriculum and teaching of physical education and sport in the region.
Competitiveness of the North Rift Region of Kenya as a Sports Tourism Destination
(African Sport Management Association, 2013) Tubey, Winnie; Mwisukha, A.
The Contribution of Coaches at Different stages to Archers' Performance in Taiwan
(2011) Mwisukha, A.; Kai-Li, W.; Ping-Kun, C.
Taiwan government has set forth the Regulations Governing the Provision of Incentives to Coaches for Meritorious Service under which the so-called "meritorious coach" is limited to the coach heading up the team for the game being played without paying attention to inspirational coaches and coaches at different stages (later-stage coaches) that had made contributions to the training of archers. Doubts are raised about the extent
Corporate marketing in Kenyan sports
(Makerere University, 2008) Ng'ang'a, Muigai; Wanderi, Peter Mwangi
Strategic corporate investors use sports variously as a medium of marketing their products and services. This paper is a result of a study on the corporate sector involvement in sports in Kenya. A high response ate (74.2%) to a simple survey provided data on 46 companies incorporated in Kenya, and operating in Kenya. Findings revealed that the Kenyan sport has gradually changed during the last 15 years in line with a shift to a more liberalized economic environment. Most companies (95.65%) reported to have used sports as a means to gain ancLdevelop publicity while others, used sports (21. 74%) to introduce new products to the market as well as to create product awareness. The use of sports for product and service promotions, sponsorships, sports related corporate marketing activities and use of full-time sports marketing personnel indicates the increasing importance of sports to the corporate sector. The study revealed that the corporate sector is extensively involved in sports activities in Kenya for varied reasons, the ultimate one being profit maximization.
Destination branding through sports
(University of Dar Es-salaam, 2013-11) Tubey, W.; Mwisukha, A.
A brand is 'an identifiable product, service, person or place, augmented in such a way that the buyer or user perceives relevant, unique added values which match their needs most closely. Success results from being able to sustain these added values in the face of competition'. Added values may be functional and non-functional and take on meanings where consumer awareness is triggered consciously or intuitively. The main aim of destination marketing is to convey a positive image of itself, in such a way that is not only more attractive for potential visitors and tourists but also for the local people to feel identified with the territory and satisfied with their life quality. The development of the destination image must be carried out emphasizing its personality to avoid going unnoticed in this increasingly globalized and saturated market. Destination branding is one of the latest trends in tourism marketing but the major question is whether branding is the best option for all the destinations. The role of sports events has been evolving over time. While sports events are still planned to bring people together and to generate economic benefits, they are increasingly used as marketing strategies to help promote, position, and brand destinations in a similar fashion that events contribute to corporate brand development through sponsorship activities. The purpose of this paper is to examine how sports can contribute to a region's or a country's marketing and branding strategies. More specifically, the paper proposes to study the potential of branding Kenya as a sports destination with objectives centering on existing images/perceptive, tourism dynamics and brand leadership.

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