MST-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Forensic Document Examination and Land Fraud Investigation at the Directorate of Criminal Investigations Headquarters in Nairobi City County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Wambugu, Susan
Many countries around the world recognize the importance of forensic document examination for detecting and mitigating fraudulent documents. As a result, they have established forensic document examination facilities. However, some countries still lack the capacity to detect and analyze fraudulent documents, particularly in relation to land fraud investigations. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of forensic document examination expertise on land fraud investigation at the Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI) headquarters in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were: to examine the tools used in forensic document examination to enhance land fraud investigations at the DCI headquarters; to assess the effects of forensic document examination on land fraud investigations; to identify the limitations of forensic document examination in influencing land fraud investigations; and to determine best practices for improving the impact of forensic document examination on land fraud investigations at the DCI headquarters. The study was guided by the fraud triangle theory and the routine activity theory. A case study research design was employed, using purposive sampling to identify suitable respondents and simple random sampling to select specific participants. A sample size of 64% of the target population was used. Data were collected through questionnaires and interview schedules from the selected respondents. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including percentages and frequencies. Quantitative data were presented using frequency distribution tables and percentages, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Both qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated to provide comprehensive insights into the key findings. The study's findings revealed that, magnifiers and microscopes, comparison devices, Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) lamp and electrostatic detection apparatus were the most used tools. From qualitative data the participants narrated that, the forensic document examinations increased confidence by both the victims and suspects in the land fraud investigation by the Police Service, speeded and fast-tracked land fraud investigation by the Police helped to increase the budget for procurement and adequate servicing of forensic tools for fraud investigation by the police service. However, despite valuable contributions forensic document examinations was limited in several ways that, include, corruption and malpractices may affect the results of evidence, emerging and evolving technologies used in document frauds, not adequate tools for use due to low government budget allocation and lastly, issues surrounding subjective interpretation. In relation to best practices, the study found well-equipped labs with serviceable equipment, adequate training and development for the forensic document examiners, accreditation by professional bodies and lastly, improved working conditions of the forensic document examiners. The study concluded, that forensic document examination is not driven by profit, it plays a crucial role in strengthening the government's ability to ensure document security and protect citizens' assets. Based on the findings, the study, recommended the department should be well funded by the government and other stakeholders so that it can be able to sustain and achieve its best practices.
Assessment of Rehabilitation Programs and Reformation of Inmates at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Alila, Thomas Wasonga
Rehabilitation is the process of retraining inmates to get into gainful activities that will deter them from crime in future. The number of individuals detained globally, and the global incarceration rate continues to rise across all geographical areas raising questions about the effectiveness of rehabilitation among prisoners. Despite ongoing rehabilitation in Kenyan Prisons and the Government’s effort toward rehabilitating offenders, the reoffending rate keeps increasing. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to find out whether rehabilitation programs in prison facilities rehabilitate offenders and, if not, why and what needs to be done to ensure adequate rehabilitation of offenders in Kenya. The following research objectives guided the study; to analyze the types of rehabilitation programs; examine the challenges facing rehabilitation programs; and finally establish possible solutions to the challenges facing rehabilitation programs in Kenya. Guided by rehabilitation theory, the study employed a descriptive survey research design, which helped to describe and portray the characteristics of inmates. Moreover, it employed both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Cluster sampling was used to determine the sample size with the target population of study being the inmates from Kamiti Maximum Prison, Nairobi City, Kenya. Data was analyzed quantitatively through frequencies and percentages using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) tool, and the findings were presented through tables, charts and graphs. The study identified rehabilitation programs for prisoners' reformatory discipline, including education programs, religious studies, and carpentry among several others. The study established that despite exposure to these reformatory programs, recidivism rates in Kenya remained high due to a range of factors, including mental and emotional trauma, societal discrimination, poor health, and overcrowding. The study makes several recommendations, including establishing aftercare committees to consider programs that review of long-term sentences to release rehabilitated inmates from prison. The study also recommends for the constitution of a team of career development officers who will develop better training policies for inmates and prison officers, introduce an effective payment system for technical jobs in prison, develop a strategy to stop the infiltration of drugs into prison, equip the prison programs with updated technologies in the actual job market, invest in facilities that ease congestion and improve health care offered in prison and recommend reviewed salary for prison officers. The study recommends that future studies should not primarily focus on rehabilitation of male inmates alone but female inmates too. By comparing data between male and female rehabilitation programs, policy makers can identify ways of increasing the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs. Understanding the future impact of the crime will facilitate the transformation of the criminal justice system and disrupt the persisting trends of crime.
Diplomatic Trends Between Kenya and South Korea Relations, 1964-2016
(Kenyatta University, 2024-07) Otieno, Willingtone Ouma
The emergence of new international economic giants such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea, has impelled Kenya to reframe her diplomatic connections on the global arena. Since 2016, there has been a bid to reestablish Kenya-South Korea diplomatic relations in order to increase cooperation and collaboration between the two countries. It is noted that irrespective of the fact that the two nations signed diplomatic relations in 1964, the relations are yet to be fully realized. The study examines how Kenya’s relations with South Korea was like in the Jomo Kenyatta era, 1963 – 1978. It interrogates dynamics of Kenya’s diplomatic relations with South Korea in the Moi era, 1978 -2002 and further examines how Kenya-South Korea diplomatic relations progressed in the Mwai Kibaki and Uhuru Kenyatta eras, 2003 – 2016. The study employed the realism theory which assumes that the notion of national interest is all about desire for power, and that power is the essential compass that guides political realism through the complex terrain of international relations. It also made reference to the international regime theory which is a collection of common expectations; norms and principles; plans; and financial and organizational commitments that a number of countries agreed to. The study adopted descriptive and explorative research designs. The main primary sources of data were interviews, archival data from the Kenya National Archives and the Kenya foreign policy documents. Secondary data was generated through critical textual analysis of books, published reports, magazines, dissertations and journals. The findings revealed that Kenya’s desire to position herself on the global stage for economic growth, prestige and reputation; Korean Question and; USA global influence defined Kenya-South Korea diplomatic relations from 1964-1978. Also, findings indicated that Kenya’s diplomatic trend was cautious while South Korea adopted a more radical revolutionary ideology prioritizing economic growth (self-reliance) and modernization. Further, the study indicated that the Moi era was characterized by high-level visits which saw President Chu Doo-Hwan of South Korea visiting Kenya and later in 1991, president Moi visited South Korea. Findings of this research provide helpful information on how the relations between the two countries has been since 1964 to 2016 and maybe useful for the formulation of better foreign policies for use by both the two countries in upscaling their influence across the globe. Additionally, the study is important in the sense that it adds to the body of knowledge for the academicians, and may acts as a guide for researchers and policymakers
Assessment of Kenya’s Mass Media in Promoting Regional Integration in East African Community (2015-2024)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Muriuki, Ruby
This study examined efforts of Kenya’s mass media in promoting regional integration in the East African Community (EAC) between 2015 and 2024. The precise objectives sought to examine the role played by the Kenya’s mass media in creating awareness on regional integration, to assess the extent of mass media coverage of issues relating integration of the EAC in Kenya, and lastly to evaluate how the mass media in Kenya has influenced the EAC integration process of the EAC. The study adopted a mixed method survey design which involved collecting and analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data. The study was conducted in Nairobi County and it relied on both primary and secondary data to source information. Data was gathered through interview schedules and questionnaires from the participants of this study. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used. The researcher found out that a majority of the Kenyan citizens are conversant about the EAC integration project as the process which allows the movement of people, labor, goods and services across the EAC region without restrictions. The citizens relied on the mass media as the main source of obtaining information on the EAC integration. Radio was predominantly the channel that most citizens received information regarding the EAC integration, because of its accessibility, affordability, and wide coverage. The citizens mostly receive information regarding the structure of the EAC, the leadership changes, new policies and amendments and economic related news. The media engages in shaping the public opinion of citizens towards the EAC integration and enhanced their active participation in the integration activities. As a result, it has accelerated economic development hence improving their living standards and quality of life. This study recommends that there is need for safeguarding the independence of media fraternity from external influences which will ensure neutrality in their reporting. As a result, leading to disseminating of accurate information regarding the EAC integration.
African Union Participation in Resolution of Post-Election Violence in Kenya (2007-2008)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Githongo, Dennis Mburuga
This study evaluates the effectiveness of the African Union (AU) intervention during the 2007/2008 election violence in Kenya. It examines the results of the AU's mediation process and assesses its role in preventing future violence. The specific objectives of this study were to assess the effectiveness of the African Union (AU) intervention against electoral violence in Kenya in 2007/2008, to determine the effectiveness of the AU in preventing future violence in Kenya, and to examine the outcomes of the intervention The AU mediation process after the violence in Kenya. The study used a case study research design, a research design that allows a study to examine in depth a program, event, activity, process, or person or individuals, and was based on North's (1990) institutional theory and mediation Theory formulated by Zartman (2000). The subject of the study was the AU's intervention against electoral violence in the 2007/2008 elections in Kenya. The study was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya targeting informants from the AU, Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The sample size of this study was 35 informants. Officials from the AU, Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed the study, through qualitative insights. Qualitative data collected was analyzed thematically and presented in qualitatively in form of verbatim notes. The findings identified the factors leading to the AU in electoral violence intervention to include lack of institutional capacity, weak laws that govern the operations of institutions, insufficient dispute resolution mechanisms, weak legal framework to handle electoral issues, political patronage and lack of political goodwill. The study indicate that AU was effective in electoral violence intervention as it attained the three elements of legitimacy that include the regulative, normative, and cognitive legitimacies. The findings show that AU was better positioned to undertake electoral violence intervention through negotiation, diplomacy, and innovative peace-building approaches. The study concludes that the government needs to strengthen institutions that handle elections and conflict resolution arising from electoral process. The study concludes that AU was better equipped in handling electoral violence intervention that local institutions as it had the elements of legitimacy. The study conclude that the AU was effective in electoral violence intervention by employing various strategies ranging from negotiation, mediation, diplomacy, and innovative approach. The study recommended that a multilateral approach to electoral violence intervention that incorporates international organizations and governmental agencies to boost legitimacy and capabilities in resolving electoral violence.
Principle of Complimentarity Applicability by International Criminal Court in 2007/2008 Post Election Violence in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Mutei, Faith Usengy’o
The research examined the applicability of the principle of complementarity by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in Kenya. Its specific objectives were to explore the application of the complementarity principle in the 2007/2008 post-election violence, determine whether jurisdictional conflicts arose in its application and analyze how complementarity in the Kenyan case compares to similar situations. Informed by compliance theory and the theory of sovereignty, the research focused on the ICC's innovative approach to complementarity, a relatively new concept in international criminal law. By assessing its effectiveness in the context of Kenya's 2007-2008 post-election violence, it sheds light on its potential to promote accountability and deter future atrocities. Kenya’s case highlights challenges faced by both domestic legal systems and international tribunals in prosecuting international crimes. The scope of the research concentrated on the ICC’s intervention (post-1998) in the 2007/2008 post-election violence in Kenya, covering electoral violence patterns from 1992 to 2022. It provides insight into the effectiveness of international and domestic legal mechanisms in addressing the cyclical nature of election-related violence, tracing Kenya's political instability since the introduction of multiparty politics in 1992. A descriptive survey research design was employed, with a target population consisting of 39 key lawyers involved in the ICC case, 8,262 civil rights groups, 22 political analysts and 349 local politicians. A sample size of 99 participants was selected. Data collection involved 10 interviews with political analysts and the Chair of the Justice and Legal Affairs Committee of the National Assembly. Additionally, 7 focus group discussions (FGDs) of 11 participants and 1 FGD of 12 participants were conducted with human rights groups and with lawyers. Participants were selected using purposive and convenient sampling. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews and FGDs, conducted face-to-face, by telephone, or via video conference. The interviews and FGDs were recorded and transcribed, with participants' consent obtained beforehand. Drawing on lessons from the Nuremberg Trials, the analysis reveals that while the complementarity principle is central to the ICC’s operations, its application in Kenya’s post-election violence case faced challenges such as political interference and limited domestic judicial capacity. The research recommends strengthening Kenya’s legal and institutional frameworks to improve accountability and the application of complementarity, with a focus on enhancing judicial independence, increasing international support for capacity-building and fostering closer cooperation between the ICC and national courts.
Climate Change and Cross-Border Conflicts among Pastoralists in East Africa: A Case of Turkana of Kenya and Karamojong of Uganda
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Kisindai,Johnstone Siiku
This study sought to assess the contribution of climate change in cross-border conflicts among the Turkana community of Kenya and Karamojong of Uganda. The specific objectives of the study were; to investigate the effects of prolonged droughts on cross-border conflicts among nomadic pastoralists, to examine the effect of rising temperature on cross-border conflicts among nomadic pastoralists and to analyze the effect of intergovernmental climate governance policies on cross-border conflicts among nomadic pastoralists in Kenya and Uganda common border. This study was guided by environmental resource scarcity theory. The study used explanatory research design with a target population comprising of 224,472 pastoralists, civil society and government officers from Loima and Moroto Districts of Turkana and Karamojong respectively. The sample size was 399 which was derived from the target population through proportionate stratified and purposive sampling. The actual respondents and informants were identified through purposive sampling. The study relied on semi-structured questionnaires and interviews to gather data from respondents. Expert opinion, content validity and construct validity were used to increase study’s validity. Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine internal consistency of the instruments of data collection. Content and thematic analysis aided in the analysis of primary and secondary data. The study achieved 57% response rate. On the first objective, the study found that prolonged droughts reduced income and lead to high food prices. On the second objective, it was established that rising temperature leads to reduced natural resource availability and poor water quality for animals leading to cross-border conflicts as communities jostle over pasture, water and reduced food reserves. On the third objective, the study revealed that intergovernmental climate governance policies affected issuance of transhumance certificate in the cross-border region. It was found that regional agreements of livestock branding strategies influenced cross-border conflicts. The study concluded that prolonged droughts and rising temperature affected cross border conflict. The study made conclusion that intergovernmental climate governance policies influenced cross border conflict among pastoralists of Turkana of Kenya and Karamojong of Uganda. The study recommended the adoption of modern technology to adapt with climate change effects, enhancement of community sensitization to enable the understanding of climate change issues and more development in the region, creation of employment, and enhancement of essential services to reduce the feeling of marginalization thereby eradicate cross-border conflicts.
Inter-Agency Collaboration Initiatives and Management of Illicit Brew in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Nguuri, Joseph Muriuki
Illicit brew continues to pose significant security, health, social, and economic risk globally, Kenya included. In response, the government has mobilized various agencies to manage the vice. However, collaboration among the agencies involved remains suboptimal. In response, the government has launched many programs to enhance inter-agency collaboration. The study thus sought to assess the efficacy of interventions implemented to improve inter-agency collaboration in the management of illegal brew in Kiambu County. Study’s objectives were to evaluate the influence of information-sharing frameworks, collaborative capacity-building initiatives and resource-sharing initiatives as strategies for enhancing collaboration among organizations involved in managing illegal brew in Kiambu County. The Collaborative Governance Theory and Social Network Analysis (SNA) theories were used. Descriptive survey design was employed. Target population for this study comprised of the National Government Administration officers (Chiefs and County Commissioners), police officers, NACADA officers, Chiefs, health officers, Liquor board and sub-county committee representatives, religious leaders, village elders, and community members. The study sample was selected using stratified, cluster, and purposive sampling procedures. Data was collected using both semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides. Questionnaires were administered using drop and approach while face-to-face discussions with the key informants were used for interviews. Prior to collecting field data, a pilot study was conducted in Nairobi County. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics generated using SPSS v24. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Findings from objective one indicated that information-sharing mechanism through shared inter-agency databases for the exchange of tactical, operational, and strategic intelligence among the agencies enhanced Inter-Agency collaboration in combating illicit brew. In objective two, the findings revealed that collaborative capacity-building initiatives through joint training sessions among the inter-agency involved in illicit brew operations enhanced their collective understanding of agency-specific roles. Findings from objective three revealed that resource-sharing initiatives such as joint investigations, joint operations, and sharing of human resources such as personnel and specialized expertise enhanced the coordination and efficiency of inter-agency efforts in combating illicit brew. In the end, this study provided the following recommendations; development and implementation of a standardized inter-agency information-sharing protocol, increase frequency of joint capacity-building initiatives and leverage on resource from the County government.
Humanitarian Intervention and Regime Change: A Case of North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military Operation in Libya, 2011-2022
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Murungi, Isaac Muthaura
This study examined two controversial topics of international relations, namely humanitarian intervention and regime change using the case study of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military intervention in Libya between 2011 and 2022. It begins by first exploring the long term and immediate causes of the Libya’s civil conflict leading to the intervention by the NATO. Secondly, the rationale of the NATO perspective on regime change in Libya is examined. Thirdly, a critique of the role of international community in precipitating regime change in Libya through NATO military intervention is offered. Finally, the effectiveness of the UN imposed transitional regime in meeting the aspirations of the people in post-Gadhafi Libya is assessed. This study was anchored on two classical complementary theories namely; realism and liberalism. On one hand, realism argues that humanitarian intervention by the NATO was motivated by the need to promote NATO’s geopolitical interests while liberalism on the other hand argues that the military intervention by NATO was a long-term process of extending the democratic project in Libya. The divergent views of these two theories have been used to explain the controversy surrounding NATO military intervention and regime change in Libya. The research blended a case study with explanatory research design. The study employed purposive sampling to select 70 informants for interviews including: Libyan citizens, Diplomats in the Libyan Embassy, experts in diplomacy and international relations, NATO officials and Military Attachés. Data was collected using key informant interviews and library research. Collected data was analyzed thematically in line with study objectives. The findings of this study aver that while it is evident that the NATO played a major military role in forestalling the Libyan insurrection, the use of force in supplanting democratically elected government by forcing a regime change was unwarranted. The regime change demonstrates Western powers (NATO) drive in international community to sanction humanitarian intervention against states purported to violate fundamental human rights of their citizens in order to achieve hidden interest of intervening states rather than proclaim state self-preservation and sovereignty of the host nation or state in question. Moreover, the imposed regime and government has been unable to restore political stability in post-Gadhafi Libya. This study recommends that before sanctioning any humanitarian interventions, the UN must clearly spell out the mandate of the intervening regional body. Besides, future intervention measures sanctioned to end human rights violations and abuse should never yield a regime change but restore political stability necessary in humanitarian interventions
Socio-Cultural Practices and Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Narok County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Owino, Lawrence Oketch
In Kenya, inter-ethnic conflicts have caused irreversible damages to people and their assets, and to the nation’s cohesive fabric. There have been several roots for interethnic conflicts, and one of them has been socio-cultural practices. Such practices are different in each generation and between various different ethnic groups. Despite this occurrence, limited studies have researched socio-cultural practices and inter-ethnic conflicts. Hence, this study investigated several socio-cultural practices, and the way they sway inter-ethnical conflicts in Narok county. The following objectives were utilized for the study: examine types of socio-cultural practices that affect inter-ethnic conflict in Narok county; Kenya, analyze the effects of socio-cultural practiced on the inter-ethnic conflict in Narok County, Kenya; and determine the best socio-cultural practices that can decrease the inter-ethnic conflict in Narok County, Kenya. This study utilized structural conflict theory and cultural theory to investigate socio-cultural practices and inter-ethnic conflicts. The research employed a cross-sectional survey approach conducted in Narok, focusing on adult residents categorized into security agencies, village elders, nyumba kumi elders, and the general public as the target demographic. The County was divided into constituencies and wards for sampling purposes using purposive sampling. Purposive sampling was used to select the security agencies, as well as village elders and nyumba kumi elders. The general public were picked by systematic random sampling. The tools utilized to get data were, questionnaires and interview schedule. Quantitative data underwent analysis using descriptive statistics. Specifically, frequency distributions were predominantly employed to synopsize the outcomes, aiding in the interpretation and presentation of the findings. Qualitative data, on the other hand, underwent thematic analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated to offer comprehensive depictions of the main discoveries. The study found that, there are four types of socio-cultural practices: promoting ethnic identities, upholding cultural belief systems, promotion of indigenous knowledge and passing downwards historical grievances. And together they affect inter-ethnic conflicts in Narok county. The study found that, there are four effects of socio-cultural practices: fostering institutionalization of discrimination within institutions and societal structures, increased hostility and mistrust among the communities, resulting in violence and leading to erosion of social cohesions. The study found that, there are four best practices to decrease interethnic conflicts: promoting socio-cultural exchange programs, promoting inter-ethnic dialogues, celebration of diversity and promoting conflict resolution programs. The study concluded that, the government should as a matter of fact and necessity have refined national values and incorporate them into our national security development strategy in order to have stability which is a pre-requisite for our national development. From the forgoing, cultural values if harnessed can be a vital tool for development strategy. The study recommended that, there should be efforts to counter the types of socio-cultural practices like promoting ethnic identities that heighten inter-ethnic conflicts, and strengthen the ones that can decrease in inter-ethnic conflicts like promoting socio-cultural exchange programs so as to attain the noble environment for the community and citizens.
Examining the Implications of Refugee Repatriation on National Security in Kenya: A Case of Kenya – Somalia Border
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Kundu, Absolom
Repatriation has been recognized to be the best approach to the African refugee crisis when conditions in their native nation are safe. If protection is not assured, there may be danger to both their immediate asylum and the safety of their home location. Notwithstanding the unrest in Somalia, the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS), the United Nations (UN), and the Kenyan government carried out a Tripartite Agreement that resulted in the repatriation; that is, reconnecting Somali refugees in Kenya with their homeland. However, there had been little reflection on the effects it would have on security along the Kenya Somalia border given its proximity to Daadab refugee camp where they had been hosted. The study’s main objective was to examine the implication of repatriation of Somali refugees from Dadaab camp on Kenya’s national Security. Specifically, the study intended to examine the post-repatriation security situation in the Dadaab and along the Kenya-Somali border; tassels the impact of Somali refugee repatriation on commercial activities along Kenya's border with Somalia; to explore the impact of Somali refugee repatriations on security agencies along Kenya's border with Somalia and to investigate potential measures to counter the impact of Somali refugee repatriations on border security between Kenya and Somalia. The study was guided by the Human Needs Theory and the Refugees and Development theory (RAD). The study employed the Ex-post facto and phenomenological designs. Security personnel and business owners who work along the Kenya-Somalia border were the target population of this study. Respondent data was gathered through in-person interviews and general information regarding border security was gathered with the aid of the surveys. Interviews conducted in person, observations, and self-administered questionnaires were used to gather the required data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. Thematic analysis was used to analyze quantitative data. The findings of the study revealed that Kenya was occasionally at risk of aggressiveness from repatriated refugees due to the refugee camps' proximity to borders in their home country. In regards to the commercial activities, repatriation of the refugees had led to loss of clients at (M=4.03) and the decline in border trade (M=4.01). From the qualitative data, the results showed that other than decline in commercial activities, the community members who worked on the humanitarian aid programmes had lost their jobs. The repatriation of Somali refugees has resulted in economic instability, along the Kenya-Somalia border. According to the results, there is a negative of repatriation on security (M=3.40) in the region with the security agents being the group most at (M = 4.02. In order to mitigate the negative consequences of repatriation, the study established that a peaceful and sustainable repatriation of refugees to their home countries would be made possible by improving social and economic conditions as well as access to timely, accurate, and objective information about those conditions in their home country. The study indicates that there is tension and insecurity because refugees place a great deal of strain on national resources by competing with the host communities, they also play a crucial role in economic development of the nation. However, they draw in more customers and, thanks to donations from non-governmental organizations that that come in to aid the refugees therefore lowering poverty and promoting security. According to the study, Kenyan government should figure out how to bring back the country's prima facie recognition of Somali refugees or create equitable, open and efficient asylum procedures nationwide. In order to support the Kenyan border to security, the government should continually recognize those people who were repatriated back to Somalia but failed to resettle in the nation and therefore opted to come back to Kenya for settlement as refugees.
Environmental Degradation and Inter- Ethnic Conflict in Meru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-12) Ochieng’, Joyce Akinyi
Environmental degradation continues to be one of the most serious challenges in achieving Kenya's Vision 2030 sustainable development goals. For instance, parts of Meru County where this study was done experience persistent conflict from environmental degradation and depletion of the natural resources, due to farming and livestock raring. The conflict pits the agriculturist Meru and other communities who are pastoralists. This study sought to examine the contribution of environmental degradation on escalating inter-ethnic conflict in Meru County. The objectives of the study were to Assess the extent of environmental degradation and inter-ethnic conflict in Meru County. Investigate the contribution of environmental degradation on inter-ethnic conflict in Meru County. Examine the strategies to mitigate environmental degradation to de-escalate inter-ethnic conflict in Meru County. The study used Human needs theory to examine the contribution of environmental degradation on escalating inter-ethnic conflict. This study employed phenomenological study research design using qualitative approach. The study employed purposive sampling technique.The research instruments used were, interview guides and Focused Group Discussion guide (FDGs). The location of the study was Tigania East Sub-County, Meru County. The analysis of data was done thematically and presented as narrations and quoted verbatim. The study found that environmental degradation in Meru County is primarily driven by overgrazing, deforestation, and poor land management practices among others. These factors have led to soil erosion, water and pasture scarcity, and reduced agricultural productivity, which in turn escalate inter-ethnic conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. The analysis revealed that environmental degradation not only strains the already limited resources but also intensifies competition and disputes over land, pasture and water. The study concludes that there is a significant relationship between environmental degradation and escalating inter-ethnic conflicts in Meru County. Effective strategies to mitigate these issues include enhancing community engagement, implementing robust environmental policies, promoting sustainable land use practices, and fostering conflict resolution mechanisms. To address environmental degradation in Tigania East, Meru County, Kenya, prioritize sustainable agriculture, reforestation, and waste management to combat erosion and pollution. Engage the community in conservation efforts, strengthen policies against harmful activities, and integrate land use plans to balance conservation and development. Implement conflict resolution mechanisms and revive traditional practices to enhance resilience. Capacity building and advocacy are key to fostering sustainable practices and ensuring long-term environmental stewardship. The study recommends sustainable agricultural practices, such as agroforestry and organic farming, should be adopted to enhance pasture. The study also recommends community engagement through education and participatory initiatives as a vital way fostering local stewardship of natural resources reducing conflicts over natural resources. Finally the study recommends strengthening policy frameworks and enforcement mechanisms is necessary to curb illegal activities such as logging and charcoal burning. Integrated land-use plans that balance conservation with developmental needs can help mitigate resource-based conflicts, supported by robust conflict resolution mechanisms and governance reforms.
Community Policing Strategies and Counter-Terrorism Initiatives in Garissa County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Mutugi, Fredrick Kimathi
Community Policing Strategies and Counter-Terrorism Initiatives in Garissa County, Kenya; explores the effectiveness of community participation in counter-terrorism efforts. Terrorism is a global security threat in the twenty first century and Kenya is no exception especially Garissa County which faces frequent terror attacks. In response to the growing threat of terrorism in Garissa County, this study examines strategies for enhancing community involvement. This study addresses the need to improve community participation in counter-terrorism efforts, with the general objective being to evaluate community policing strategies in counter-terrorism initiatives. Specifically, the study aimed to evaluate existing strategies, the significance of community intelligence and approaches to increasing community participation in counter-terrorism efforts. Grounded in the Partnership Theory, Cultural Change Theory and Erickson’s Identity Theory of Counter-Terrorism, the research utilized a cross-sectional survey design with structured questionnaires, targeting a sample of 384 individuals from Garissa County. Community policing appreciates the need for multi-stakeholder cooperation in counter-terrorism initiatives, founded on the mutual benefits of the stakeholders. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Key findings are that community policing strategies used in Garissa County are inter-faith dialogue, partnerships with locals and organizations and guidance and counseling of former terror convicts. There exists a suspicious relationship between law enforcers and locals which undermines intelligence gathering due to religious profiling. The findings underscore the critical role of community policing strategies, highlighting the necessity of strong collaboration between law enforcement and local communities. To strengthen links between communities and law enforcement, these efforts must be supported by ongoing efforts to develop trust. The study concludes that enhancing community participation requires increased engagement, better coordination of related programs, improved training and funding and the use of modern technology. This study recommends a change in policing culture and improved multi-stakeholder collaboration on terrorism.
Ethnic Dynamics and Security in Baringo County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Limo, Joseph Kibet
Baringo County, situated in Kenya's North Rift Valley region, has historically grappled with protracted conflicts. However, limited academic research has explored the relationship between ethnic dynamics and the county's security landscape. This study aimed to address this gap by investigating the interplay between ethnic dynamics and security within Baringo County. The study wase guided by three objectives: Analyse the effect of identity politics on security in Baringo County; Examine the influence of ethnic economic activities on security in Baringo County; and explore the best mechanism to address ethnic dynamism in Baringo county to enhance security. Instrumental theory and the Primodalist theory were utilized for the study. This study employed a descriptive survey design utilizing a mixed methods approach for data collection. This approach combined qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the research phenomenon. The target population was comprised residents of Baringo County who had resided there for at least ten years. To ensure a representative sample, a multi-stage sampling approach was employed. Questionnaire and interview guides were the main source of data collection. Qualitative data was analysed thematically while quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics and presented using frequency distributions tables and graphs. The findings from the two sets of tools were triangulated to obtain a thick description on the relationship between ethnic dynamic and security. This study found that, there were four effects of identity politics on security in Baringo County, Kenya: fragmentation and polarization of communities, conflict and violence between communities, radicalization and extremism community members and diversion of resources from the localities. This study also found that, there were four influences of ethnic traditional economic activities on security in Baringo County, Kenya: resource competition and conflict, livelihood dependence and vulnerability, cultural identity and resilience and community cohesion and cooperation. And lastly the study found that, there are four best mechanisms to address ethnic dynamism in Baringo county to enhance security, Kenya: Economic development and equity, long-term peacebuilding strategies, promotion of dialogue and understanding, and protection of minority rights. The study concludes on the pivotal role of economic development and equity initiatives in mitigating disparities and reducing competition over resources that often fuel ethnic tensions. Secondly, it advocates for long-term peacebuilding strategies that foster sustainable reconciliation and cooperation among communities, addressing root causes of conflict. A major recommendation would be to prioritize inclusive governance frameworks that actively involve diverse community stakeholders in decision-making processes.
Multi-Agencies Cooperation and Border Security along Kenya-Somalia Border Wajir County - Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Imai, Benjamin Juma
Securing their boarders has become a concern for all countries globally. This is because unsecure boarders pose a serious threat both to national and international security of states. For instance, the porous Kenya-Somali boarder continues to pose a serious threat to the security and development of Kenya as a country. This study therefore sought to examine the nexus between multi-agencies cooperation and border security along the Kenya-Somali border in Wajir County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to assess how coordinated multi-agencies patrols affects border security along the Kenya-Somalia border, to determine the influence of multi-agencies intelligence gathering on border security along the Kenya-Somalia border, to examine the influence of resource sharing among multi-agencies on border security along the Kenya-Somalia border and to examine the challenges to multi-agencies cooperation in securing the Kenya-Somalia border. The study was guided by systems theory. It adopted a descriptive survey research design that used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Stratified and simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to collect data for the study. The tools utilized to get data were, questionnaires and interview schedule. Both qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated to provide robust illustrations of the key findings. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as percentages, pie charts, and bar graphs. Qualitative data on the other hand was analyzed thematically and presented as quoted verbatim. The study found that joint coordinated patrols, joint intelligence gathering, sharing and analysis and sharing of resources among the various multi-agency teams played a crucial role in border security management. The study found that challenges such as inter-agency rivalries and turf wars for dominance of resources, effective coordination challenges in operations, cultural and institutional differences, inadequate resource allocation and operational discrepancies in the procedures, protocols and readiness negatively impacted on border security. The study concluded that, the Kenya Police Service, the Kenya Defense Forces (KDF), and local administrative bodies have made significant stride in enhancing boarder security along Kenya-Somali boarder in Wajir County. Also, by fostering a unified approach, these coordinated efforts have strengthened national defenses and enhanced responses to criminal activities. The study among other things recommended establishment of one command center for multi-agency teams and enhanced resources to bolster multi-agency efforts in boarder security.
Security Measures and Border Security at Namanga One Stop Border Post, Kajiado County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Oyosi, Erick Ochieng
The border administration policies emphasize the necessity for all participants in border management to be engaged to enhance the effectiveness of border operations. Security measures are normally enhanced along the border posts to improve on the national security of a given country by preventing entrance of terrorists, illegal goods and human trafficking. These security measures ensure safety at the border. The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of security strategies and border security management at Namanga OSBP. The specific objectives were as follows: to determine the effects of physical patrol on border security management at the Namanga one stop boarder post, Kajiado county, Kenya, to investigate the effects of integrated scanners on border security management at the Namanga one stop boarder post, Kajiado county, Kenya, and to examine the effects of electronic surveillance systems on border security management at the Namanga one stop boarder post, Kajiado county, Kenya. The research utilized Panic Theory of Border Management and the Segmentation Theory of Border Control. A descriptive survey research design was utilised. The population comprised of the employees at the Namanga OSBP, including police officers, customs officials, immigration officers, and National Intelligence Service employees, among others. The research used stratified random sampling. The data was collected via the use of questionnaires. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS and then presented using tables, percentages, graphs and pie charts. This study found out that border security is complex and it requires various interventions, which entails a combination of technology and human security personnel for effective operations. In regard to objective one, the researcher finds that physical patrol emerges as a fundamental border security management measure, and is considered essential in enhancing security at the border point by minimizing insecurity incidents and eliminating potential of border security breaches. In regard to objective two, the researcher finds that integrated scanners have been critical in the management or improvement of security at the border points. For the third objective, the researcher also finds a positive correlation between the electronic surveillance and effective border security management, hence observing that electronic surveillance is critical in the management of border security and in the improvement of services. Based on the findings, this study concluded that various security measures, including physical patrols, integrated scanning, and electronic monitoring, are essential in the management of border security and in enhancing services. A major recommendation of the study is to promote greater multi-agency and multi-stakeholder collaboration as a means of detaining individuals attempting to enter a country illegally and effectively seizing any contraband goods. This necessitates more efficient border patrols and surveillance strategies. Additionally, the study suggests exploring technologies such as Big Data and the Internet of Things to improve security, as well as examining cross-border politics in relation to border security management.
Police Use of Social Media and Public Trust in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Kemboy, Leonard Kipngetich
This study investigated how public trust is affected by police usage of social media and its effects on Nairobi County's security management. The following objectives guided the study; analyzing social media platforms used by police, examining public attitudes and perceptions of the members of the public towards police usage of social media, analyzing strategies that police use on social media to enhance public trust and examining impact of the challenges police encounter in gaining public trust through use of social media. The technological acceptability model and information flow theory directed the study. The study employed survey research design, target population was 9350 and the sample size was 384. simple and purposeful random sampling approaches were used, while questionnaires and interviews were utilized as data gathering tools. Quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS output for descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was analyzed thematically as per study objectives. The study established that Facebook and X are the most preferred social media platforms for police communication. On the same note, study found out that public perception and attitudes significantly influence public trust on police use of social media. Further the study established that the people of Nairobi are aware of the police's social media strategies and the most common strategies are incident reporting and updating, with moderate use of public relations. Community discussions are less common. On the last objective, the study revealed that police face challenges in using social media to build public trust, with false information, misuse, privacy concerns, technical issues, lack of resources, and inadequate training being the most significant issues. In conclusion, the study found that Facebook and X are the most preferred social media platforms by the Kenyan police for communication with the public. Public trust is significantly influenced by social media strategies like incident reporting and updating, but challenges such as misinformation, privacy concerns, and resource limitations hinder their effectiveness. The study recommends regular updates, transparency, and expanded use of platforms including TikTok and WhatsApp. Improved public awareness campaigns, investment in training, and technical tools are essential to overcoming these barriers and fostering trust.
Organized Criminal Gangs and Security in the Public Transport Sector in Embakasi, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Naliali, Chrispo Eliasaph
The public transport sector in urban areas in Africa plays a significant role in transporting people from one point to another. In spite of these the sector has faced challenges of control by organized criminal gangs. This happens in spite of measures taken by government to bring order to the sector. This study has examined organized criminal groups and security in the public transport sector in Emabakasi, Nairobi County, Kenya. Three objectives were formulated for this study. To begin with, this study examined the factors that influence the emergence of OCGs in the public transport sector in Embakasi. Second, this study assessed how the operations of OCGs in the public transport sector contribute to insecurity in Embakasi . Finally, the effectiveness of strategies put in place by the government of Kenya to counter the operations of OCGs in the public transport sector Embakasi was evaluated. This study was anchored on two complementary theories namely; the ungoverned spaces theory and the relative deprivation theory. The ungoverned spaces theory argued that the state's incapacity to control violence on its area of jurisdiction gives room to the emergence of OCGs. Based on relative deprivation theory this study has demonstrate how young people who have been relatively deprived from economic and social benefits of society express feelings of discontent and resentment by joining the growing number of criminal gangs in the area. This study took the form of exploratory research design. Both primary and secondary sources of data collection were employed. A field interview of 100 respondents was selected using purposive and snow balling sampling techniques. These included; current and former members of OCGs, informal transport operators, residents, security agencies and security experts. Data collected was analyzed and interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings of this study indicated that the public transport sector has been vulnerable to control and capture by organized criminal gangs. The study attributed the rise of OCGs to the inability of the government to fully govern the public transport sector where criminal gangs operate. Secondly it was noted that it was noted that the operations of OGGs has contributed to insecurity in Embakasi, In competition for money collected from transport operators, rival gangs have in many occasions clashed violently resulting in serious injuries, deaths and compromising the general security situation. Lastly, it was noted that although government has put up legislations and acts to contain OCGs, there was lack of good will and commitment from the authorities to combat OCGs in Embakasi. This study recommended that to curb the operations of OCGs in the informal transport sector in Kenya, the state must assert its authority in all sectors under its territory.
Kenya’s Interest in State (Re)Building of Somalia (2002-2021)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Bosh, Alinoor Moulid
This study examined Kenya's role in promoting peace and supporting state-building in Somalia between 2002 and 2021, a period characterized by Kenya's significant diplomatic, military and economic engagement in Somalia. The specific objectives this stsudy were to analyze Kenya's contributions to peace in Somalia, examine its underlying interests in the peace process, to assess the impact of Kenya's military intervention on Somalia's state-building, and to analyse the challenges Kenya faces in rebuilding the state of Somalia. This study is based on realism and constructivism theories. This study used a descriptive survey research design with a mixed methods approach. Quantitative data was collected through surveys, while qualitative insights were gained from interviews and case studies. The study area included Somalia and Kenya and targeted a diverse group of diplomats, representatives of international organizations, local communities, civil society organizations, regional leaders and representatives of the business sector. A purposive sampling method yielded 291 participants. Data collection methods included questionnaires, interviews, observations and document analysis with rigorous pre-testing of instruments to ensure validity and reliability. The results revealed a complex picture of Kenya's involvement in Somalia. Kenya's security contributions through its role in the African Union Mission in Somalia helped stabilize the region, while its diplomatic efforts facilitated political dialogue and solutions. Economic initiatives to promote cross-border development further underlined Kenya’s commitment in state rebuilding. Despite these contributions, the study found varying public perceptions of Kenya's role, highlighting a mix of support and skepticism. Challenges to Kenya's state-building efforts included limited access to accurate data, reliance on classified information, and skepticism about the reliability of official reports. The study concluded that Kenya's involvement significantly influenced Somalia's state-building by providing stability, promoting economic development and promoting regional cooperation. However, the research also highlighted the complexity of external interventions and the need to address the underlying socio-political dynamics for sustainable peace. The findings offer valuable lessons for future state-building initiatives in the Horn of Africa and have implications for policy and academic discourse on regional conflict resolution and intergovernmental relations.
Cross-Border Conflicts and Social-Economic Development along the Kenya-Ethiopia Border: A Case of Turkana County
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Mwangi, K. Cheloti
Kenya borders South Sudan, Ethiopia and Uganda on the western side. This border is ladened with cross-border conflict involving the Turkana of Kenya, Dasanach and Nyangatom of Ethiopia, Toposa of South Sudan, and Karamoja of Uganda. The cross-border conflicts between the pastoral communities of Kenya and Ethiopia continue to ravage the social-economic development of cross-border communities on the northwestern border of Kenya in Turkana County. Thus, this study focused on how managing the cross-border conflicts improved social economic growth in Turkana County on the Kenyan-Ethiopian border. The study was guided by three objectives: To examine the effect of cross-border conflicts on the social economic development of Turkana County on the Kenya-Ethiopia border, To assess the measures for enhancing intervention mechanisms for managing cross-border conflicts and social economic development of the Turkana County on the Kenya-Ethiopia border and to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention mechanisms for managing the cross-border conflicts and the social economic development of the Turkana County on the Kenya-Ethiopia border. The scope of the study was to gain more insight into the cross-border conflict ravaging the pastoral communities on the Kenyan-Ethiopian border, especially in Turkana County and how the social economic development of the area was affected. The study employed constructivism theory, which guided the study on the causal factors leading to cross-border conflicts to have a more nuanced approach to the factors that transcend cross-border conflict. The study was meant to give insight into the current state of affairs along the Kenyan-Ethiopian border and enable the state to initiate the suggested strategies to improve Kenya-Ethiopian relations. The study used an explanatory research design and multistage sampling. The study area was Turkana County, on the border between Kenya and Ethiopia. The researcher sampled from the targeted population of 65,218, derived from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2019 census of Turkana North Constituency, and by using Slovin's formula, a sample size of 392 respondents were used in the study. The study also used the questionnaire, interview schedule, focus group discussion and observation to collect primary data; the data was analysised using descriptive statistics and contend analysis. The findings indicated the effect of the high prevalence of cross-border conflicts and considerable impact on the social and economic development of the people in Turkana County. It also showed that there were various interventions measures to resolve the conflict. The measures included disarmament, arms control, managing border points and the judicial systems. Several effective intervention mechanisms were noted, such as using kraal elders and regional councils to relay information from the government to the communities and preventing cross-border conflict escalation. Concerning the management of cross-border conflicts, an intergovernmental approach was recommended that both states pool resources and enhance the livelihood of the border communities through shared facilities, which prevent one community from falling behind the other and becoming the source of continued conflict.

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