MST-Department of Security and Correction Science
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Item Devolved governance influence on internal security management in Nakuru County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Koech,Moses KipropThe 2010 Constitution of Kenya, operationalized in 2013, established a devolved system of governance, delegating specific functions to county governments while retaining security under national government control. Despite this, county governments influence security through priority-setting and development mandates. The study evaluated the influence of devolved governance on effective internal security management in Nakuru County, Kenya, from 2013 to 2023. Specifically, the study analyzed the evolving security drivers in Nakuru County following the implementation of devolution in 2013, assessed the effects of devolved governance structures on security management in Nakuru County, examined the challenges hindering effective collaboration between national and county security frameworks in Nakuru County and proposes strategies for enhancing security management within the devolved system in Nakuru County. Using an exploratorydescriptive research design with mixed methods, the study purposively selected Nakuru County, targeting 120 respondents (household representatives, community leaders, businesspersons and Nyumba Kumi leaders) from Biashara, Flamingo, Kivumbini, Nakuru East and Menengai wards in Nakuru Town East Sub-County. Data was collected using interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires. Key insecurity drivers identified include historical land disputes, unemployment, criminal activities, marginalization and migration. Devolution has enhanced security through local participation, County Policing Authorities (CPAs) and community policing initiatives like Nyumba Kumi, but challenges such as corruption, mismanagement of funds, resource constraints, lack of political goodwill and limited expertise persist. The study confirms adequate legal frameworks but highlights gaps in implementation. Recommendations include strengthening anti-corruption measures, reforming police services, enhancing local participation, improving intergovernmental coordination and deploying skilled security personnel.Item Amref’s Healthcare Diplomacy and Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal Three in Nairobi City County, Kenya, 2015-2023(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Mwendwa, Jacinta M.Healthcare diplomacy has increasingly become a critical mechanism for sustainable development goal three in the global health landscape, particularly in Kenya, where health challenges are compounded by socio-economic factors. This study examined the role of AMREF Health Africa in advancing healthcare diplomacy and its contributions to sustainable development goal three (SDG 3), on Good health and well-being. The broad objective of this study was to assess AMREF’s health diplomacy and implementation of SDG 3 in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: first, to examine the contribution of AMREF’s healthcare diplomacy on sustainable health outcomes. Secondly, to analyse the effectiveness of AMREF's healthcare diplomatic strategies and enhancement of sustainable health development. Lastly, to assess the obstacles that impeded the implementation of AMREF’s healthcare diplomacy efforts. The study area was Nairobi City County, Kenya. The target population involved healthcare practitioners and professionals, Government officials, policy makers, beneficiaries of health programs, private sector partners, community based health organization and AMREF officials. The scope of the study was between the years 2015 to 2023. The theories of Constructivism and Global Governance were used to guide the study. Besides, the study adopted descriptive survey and explanatory research designs and used questionnaires and interview guides to collect data. Purposive and snow balling sampling were used to select respondents. Data analysis was achieved through qualitative and quantitative techniques. The findings of objective one revealed the following that AMREF’s important approach anchored in policy advocacy, collaborative partnerships, improved community access, capacity building, and data-informed planning has produced measurable impacts across various levels of the health ecosystem. AMREF Health Africa, as a prominent African-led health organization, has positioned itself at the intersection of health diplomacy and community empowerment. Further, the findings of objective two exposed that through advocacy, partnership-building, digital innovation, and localized interventions, AMREF has contributed significantly to shaping policy and practice in some of Nairobi’s most underserved areas. Finally, the findings of objective three disclosed that inadequacy of government collaboration and bureaucratic inefficiencies entrenched within public health systems impede implementation of AMREF’s health diplomacy efforts. These issues manifest through frequent delays in approvals, lack of timely coordination between different levels of government, and the slow, sometimes reluctant, integration of AMREF’s innovative community health models into national and county health planning frameworks. The study recommends on the need for strengthened public-private collaboration. The study also recommends increased domestic investment in health, and institutional support to ensure the long-term impact and scalability of AMREF’s health diplomacy efforts across KenyaItem Challenges Encountered in Using Information Security Metrics to Improve Patient Safety in Public Hospitals, Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Mwaura, Maryanne WaitheraIdeally, majority of people who visit a healthcare facility do so with the purpose of getting medical treatment. The person goes in with the confidence that medical treatment is accurate and safe, so they have the best chance possible of achieving the desired outcome. The sad reality is that correct and safe medical treatment is not always achieved. Patient information is one of the resources that hospitals heavily rely on to achieve its goals. This study investigated the challenges of using Information Security Metrics in public referral hospitals in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya. The specific objectives were to; examine the technical components of Information Security Metrics and their effects on promoting patient safety, determine security controls that protect the Privacy, Integrity and Accessibility of data in Information Security Metrics in promoting patient safety, ascertain key patient safety reporting systems in Information Security Metrics that help in reducing medical errors and analyse the legal challenges of using Information Security Metrics to promote patient safety with reference to the Kenyan Data Protection Act, No. 24 of 2019. Socio-Technical Systems Theory guided the study. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview guide. Two hundred and eighty-eight respondents from healthcare workers, ICT staff and health records personnel were sampled through cluster, simple random and purposive sampling methods. Quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS through illustrative, correlation and Principal Component Analysis, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The findings revealed that technical components such as data collection software and backup generators promoted patient safety, but challenges included inadequate staff training. Security controls like firewalls and antivirus software were critical, though procedural weaknesses, such as inconsistent password management, limited their impact. Patient safety reporting systems lacked well-developed infrastructure, with 50.9% disagreeing that adequate systems were in place, while mandatory reporting of ISM issues was key to improving reporting culture. Moreover, legal frameworks prioritized patient privacy and confidentiality, though patient engagement remained moderate. The study demonstrated that while technical, procedural, and legal elements of ISM contribute significantly to patient safety, gaps in implementation and engagement persist. The study thus concludes that effective implementation of Information Security Metrics (ISM) is necessary for improving patient safety in healthcare facilities. In view of the findings, the study recommends improvement of infrastructure, enforcement of procedural consistency, and strengthening patient engagement to maximize the effectiveness of ISM in healthcare facilities. Also, the hospitals should consider prioritizing the development and implementation of comprehensive training programs for staff on the use of ISM tools and protocols.Item Assessing Citizen Engagement in Enhancing Counter-Terrorism Operations in Lamu County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Murerwa, HumphreyKenyans have been living in perpetual fear of where and when the next terror attack might strike. But citizen engagement has been lauded as an approach that ensures success of programmes and counter-terrorism operations can be one of them. Therefore, the study undertook to assess citizen engagement in enhancing the counter-terrorism operations in Lamu county, Kenya. The objectives utilised were: to examine the role of local leaders and community groups in fostering citizen collaboration in counter-terrorism efforts, to assess community awareness levels regarding counter-terrorism policies and initiatives, to evaluate the communication channels used between citizens and security agencies for counter-terrorism information sharing. The Social Contract and Community Policing Theories, were used. The study utilized a mixed-methods research design, conducted in Lamu County with a target population of adult residents. A multistage sampling approach was employed, starting by clustering the study area into regions. Purposive sampling was then used to select the specific constituencies and wards, after which the population was divided into three homogeneous clusters: village elders and nyumba kumi elders were purposively sampled, the general public of the local community members were systematically random sampled. Using questionnaires and interview guides, the researcher collected data for this study. Thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data and the descriptive statistics, including means and averages, were used for the quantitative data, which was also visualized in pie charts, tables and graphs. The findings of the study were: local leaders are crucial for counter-terrorism, providing intelligence and building partnerships, the nyumba kumi initiative, a grassroots neighbourhood watch, is the top counter-terrorism program, bridging the intelligence gap, security barazas are key forums that build trust and cooperation between citizens and police, a lack of training for local leaders compromises security and highlights the need for capacity-building and that multiple communication channels like the chiefs, elders, informal networks and religious leaders form a trust-based security network. The study concluded that, the community-based strategies, led by local leaders, are indispensable for counter-terrorism, building security through trust and collaboration, despite the success of Nyumba Kumi and Security Barazas, a lack of training for community leaders limits their full potential and that Lamu's counter-terrorism success depends on a diverse, trust-based network of communication channels where the community co-produces safety. The study recommended that, to sustain security, formally recognize and strengthen the roles of local leaders and community groups, a structured training program for Village Elders and Nyumba Kumi Leaders is recommended to improve intelligence handling skills and that security agencies should integrate diverse communication channels into a "network of networks" to ensure intelligence flow and reinforce the community's partnership.Item Climate Change, Resource-Based Ethnic Conflicts and Socio-Economic Development in Baringo South Sub-County, Baringo County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Cheruiyot, Julius KipngenoClimate change poses major challenges by creating uncertainties that threaten rural populations reliant on natural resources. In Baringo South, extended droughts trigger conflicts over water and pasture among the Tugen, Pokot, and Njemps. These conflicts escalate into ethnic clashes, undermining peace, displacing communities, and reversing social and economic progress, leaving populations vulnerable to poverty and insecurity. This study interrogated the nexus between climate changes; resource based ethnic conflicts and socio-economic development in Baringo South sub-County. Three objectives were formulated for this study. To begin with this study interrogated the role of climate change in resource based ethnic conflicts in Baringo South sub-County. Secondly the study analyzed effects of resource based conflicts on social-economic development in Baringo South sub-County. Third, the effectiveness of initiatives and strategies put in place by various stakeholders in mitigating resource based ethnic conflicts in Baringo South sub-County were analyzed. Anchored on two complementary theories namely; legitimate domination theory and environmental insecurity theory, this study argued that environmental degradation and shrinking access to pasture and water resources as a result of changes in climatic conditions ignite resource-based disputes which take the form of ethnic conflicts among pastoralists communities. Such resource based ethnic conflicts have negative impactions on socio-economic development of communities affected. The study was in the form of a descriptive research design. This study made use of primary and secondary data in achieving intended objectives. The target population in this study included residents of Baringo South, NGOs leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and local administrators. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were employed to identify a total of 300 respondents for field interviews. Random sampling was employed to select 280 residents while purposive sampling selected informants who NGOs leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and local administrators. Questionnaires were administered to 280 men and women from the dominant pastoralist ethnic groups while interview guides were administered to 20 purposively selected informants. Data collected was analyzed and interpreted both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study found that climate change intensifies resource scarcity and conflict political and economic agendas often fueled by elites exacerbate ethnic rivalries and prolong violence. It was observed that resource-based ethnic conflicts disrupt trade, education, health services, and infrastructure, causing shortages, school closures, damaged facilities, and destroyed roads, ultimately undermining socio-economic development in the region. The study noted that elders are most effective in resolving conflicts though enforcement is weak. Government efforts remain inadequate, NGOs show potential but lack support, while religious leaders, women, and youth have limited influence.Item China’s Humanitarian Diplomacy and State Reconstruction in Somalia, 2008 To 2023(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Chen RuiThis study examined China’s humanitarian diplomacy and state reconstruction in Somali between 2008 and 2023. The study was guided by three specific objectives. This study assessed the impact of Chinese humanitarian aid on the socio-economic development of Somalia, examined the effectiveness of Chinese capacity-building programs in enhancing Somalia's state reconstruction and explored the perceptions of the Somali population towards Chinese involvement in state reconstruction efforts. The study adopted realism and constructivism as theoretical paradigms. Realism posited that states operate in an anarchic international system where national interests and power dynamics are paramount. Constructivism on the other hand emphasized the importance of social constructs, norms and identities that shape international interactions. The study took the form of an exploratory research design. The tools of data collection were questionnaires and structured interview guides. This study employed purposive and snowball sampling techniques to identify Chinese diplomats and officials involved in Somalia-related affairs, Somali government officials and policymakers, representatives from Chinese humanitarian organizations and Somali nationals. Data was collected from a sample 384 respondents. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. The study established that Chinese humanitarian aid had positive impacts on the socio-economic development of Somalia. It was also observed that Chinese capacity-building programs were effective in enhancing Somalia's state reconstruction. This study further noted that the Somali population has a negative perception towards Chinese involvement in state reconstruction efforts. This study recommended that the Federal Republic of Somalia should come up with mitigating strategies to make Chinese humanitarian aid effective. It also recommended that the Peoples’ Republic of China should strengthen capacity building in state reconstruction in post-conflict Somalia. It was further recommended that Chinese humanitarian assistance to Somalia should adequately address locals’ specific needs to reduce the gap between aid provision and locals’ expectationsItem Community-Led Strategies for Cattle Rustling Prevention in West Pokot County, Kenya (2010-2022)(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Chombus, Benson KibetRustling of cattle has been a thorny and disruptive issue within the West Pokot County, Kenya, that has spilled over to safety and socio-economic progress of the community, as well as realignment of stable situations in the region too. Regardless of the presence of various interventions by state actors, the occurrence of cattle rustling cases only prove that further studies on locally based interventions and those grounded in communities should also be analyzed as appropriate measures to reduce the problem on a sustainable basis. The study aimed at determining community-led strategies for cattle rustling prevention in West Pokot County, Kenya (2010-2022). The Social Capital Theory and the Collective Efficacy Theory were used as the conceptual lenses that steered the study in comprehending the role of social relationships, collective action structures, and power dynamics in the perpetuation and reaction to cattle rustling. Convergent parallel mixed methods design was chosen which involved a combination of quantitative and qualitative data gathered simultaneously. The quantitative data were collected to 300 respondents who were chosen using stratified random sampling with qualitative data being collected using purposive interviews and focus group discussions with the community leaders, the elders, chiefs, and security actors. The quantitative data were observed based on descriptive and inferential statistics, and qualitative data were based on a thematic analysis to obtain the depth of the community in their perceptions, experiences, and stories. The research found out that community based early warning and elder’s councils are the two primary actors in cattle rustling in West Pokot County. The awareness of early warning measures was strong at 80.67%, with elders (36%) and community scouts (30%) as the primary providers of the warning, and mobile phones and SMS as the primary means of communication (45%). Early warnings were well accepted by the respondents to reduce cattle rusting (Mean 3.71) and that information sources are credible (Mean 3.73), but this is counteracted by shortages of resources (Mean 3.92). The councils of elders reported active with 53% intervention rates (often/very often 60%), high community acceptability (78%) and high enforcement (71% fully/partially). Community-led strategies were also impeded by major challenges, of which 82% mentioned lack of resources (34%), lack of coordination (24%), and gaps in infrastructure (18%). The result of inferential analysis showed that early warning system and elders councils were significantly predicting cattle rustling prevention (R2 = 0.465, Adjusted R2 = 0.461, F = 120.071, p <.001). Early warnings systems were the most impacted (β= 0.524, p < .001) then the councils of elders (β = 0.344, p < .001). Generally, the research finds out that the community-based systems are working, but the inconsistency is caused by structural constraints, which comprise the logistical gaps, poor coordination, and cultural restraints. The research recommends to improve intrusion detection systems, enhancing equipment and network connectivity, institutionalization of the councils of elders training and logistical support, and enhancing coordination between neighborhood and security services to enhance earlier response and relianceItem East African Community Initiative in the Peace Process in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, 2022- 2025(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Mohamed Bulle MuhumedIn Eastern DRC a civil war has been raging since 1996 which has cost approximately six million lives. This study examined prospects and challenges of the EAC initiated peace process in Eastern DRC. To begin with this study explored the internal and external factors that have influenced and shaped the civil conflict in Eastern DRC. Second, the effectiveness of strategies employed by the EAC in the peace process in Eastern DRC was assessed. Finally, this study analyzed the obstacles and challenges to the EAC initiated peace process in Eastern DRC. This study was anchored on two complementary theories namely Neo-liberal Institutionalism and Realism. Neoliberal Institutionalism theory argued that regional organizations supplement the role of states to enhance, reinforce and acting as arbitrators in state disputes. Regional organizations also reinforce and enhance the efforts of states in arbitration in international disputes. Realism theory on the other hand explained emerging geo-political interests in the EAC initiated peace process in Eastern DRC. This study took the form of exploratory research design. The study employed the use of both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The target population of this study comprised; Congolese refugees in Kenya, selected diplomats from Tanzania, Uganda, DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, officials from the Ministry of EAC in Kenya, EALA members and experts in international peace and conflict studies. This study employed random and purposive to identify 384 respondents for field interviews. Structured questionnaires were administered to 360 randomly selected Congolese refugees in Kenya from three selected locations. Interview schedules were administered to 24 purposively selected diplomats from Tanzania, Uganda, DRC, Rwanda, Burundi, officials from the Ministry of EAC in Kenya, EALA members and experts in international peace and conflict studies. This study employed quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis and interpretation. This study noted that conflict in Eastern DRC is driven by mineral exploitation, foreign interests, MNC involvement, and ethnic manipulation rooted in colonial legacies complicated by weak governance structures. It was observed that the EAC pursued both diplomatic and military strategies in Eastern DRC, including mediation, negotiations, and deployment of a regional force. While diplomacy remained central, force was used mainly to disarm militias and protect civilians. These efforts achieved mixed results in stabilizing the region. The study identified key obstacles to the EAC peace process in Eastern DRC, including lack of inclusivity, unclear strategies, limited legitimacy, AU sovereignty constraints, weak political will, and inadequate financial resources. It concluded that addressing these challenges requires political goodwill, a multi-faceted approach, and the establishment of durable governance systems to enforce agreements and maintain order after militia withdrawal.Item Cross-County Invasions on Socio-Economic Development in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya (2000 -2020)(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Kilimo, David YegoFirst and foremost is to thank the Almighty God for the good health, wisdom, strength, support and knowledge that enabled the researcher surpass all trials and challenges along the way. Special gratitude to my employer, the KDF, for not only granting me the financial back-up but also affording me a conducive environment and time to complete my studies within the stipulated timeframe. Similarly, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my Supervisor Dr. Linnet Hamasi Henry (PhD) for her invaluable guidance and enduring mentorship across the research journey. I will forever be indebted for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge despite the frequent interruptions occasioned by work-related exigencies. Appreciations also go to the University’s academic research work defence panellists for their input and guidance, which led to a fine-tuned final product. Additionally, I wish to thank my colleagues for the physical, moral, emotional and spiritual support especially when the call of duty came in the midst of the research process. Special thanks to the Multi-Agency Joint Operation Centre Staff members at National Police Service Headquarters for the coordination with ground security forces in the target area and for facilitating the sorting, consolidation and printing of data collection instruments before my departure to the field. My immediate family comprising my lovely wife Janet and two sons, Abel and Darion were the bedrock of my studies. Furthermore, let me not forget to most sincerely credit my elder brother Edward Kilimo, who hails from the target area and who sacrificed his time and resources to help the researcher administer the data collection instruments. Last but not least is to appreciate all and sundry for every little role they played to ensure the successful completion of this noble cause.Item European union collective security and maritime piracy in somalia coastline: 2008-2023(Kenyatta University, 2026-10) Oyugi, Samuel OtienoThis study assesses the European Union's (EU) collective security responses to maritime piracy off the Somali coastline (3,333 km long, along the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean) from 2008-2023. Despite reduced incidents, root causes like poverty, governance failures, and illegal fishing persist. Guided by Critical Security Studies (CSS) and Security Dilemma Theory, the objectives are: (1) explore EU strategies for countering piracy root causes; (2) analyze EU contributions to counter-piracy initiatives; (3) examine EU influence on international actors' counter-piracy efforts. A mixed-methods design collected data from Somali fishermen, EU-led naval forces, policymakers, and regional organizations via questionnaires, KIIs, stratified random, and purposive sampling. Triangulation addressed data limitations. Findings show EU's Operation Atalanta and EU Capacity Building Mission in Somalia (EUCAP Somalia) reduced piracy through naval patrols, training, and economic aid, but challenges like corruption remain. Recommendations include enhanced community engagement, anticorruption oversight, and governance reforms for sustainable stability.Item Peace Education Centered on Philosophia In Pueritia as A Strategy for Management of Criminality And Suicide among Youth in Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi City County, Kenya, 2016 – 2019.(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Mudacumura, FulgenceThis study focused on importance of peace education provided from early age to adulthood as a strategy to promote the value of peace for reduction of criminality and suicide within Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi City County, Kenya 2016-2019. There are three objectives of the study: (a) to examine how peace education as an independent programme can contribute to reduce criminality and suicide in Kasarani Sub-County; to examine the nature of conflicts in Kasarani Sub-County; (b) to assess how inadequacy and lack of peace education programme in schools contribute to high rate of criminality and suicide which cause conflicts in Kasarani Sub-County; (c) to establish some strategies to address challenges of peace education programme in order to reduce criminality and suicide in Kasarani Sub-County. The theory which guided my study is the one of René Descartes concerning innate ideas. This theory suggests that some fundamental ideas and principles are populated in human mind from birth and not through experience. In this context, the children have the seeds of non-violence in their minds which should be nurtured through education. The second theory that I have used through my research is the theory of justice of John Rawls (1971) which suggests that justice is the pillar of peace building. Thus, a from childhood to adulthood there should be peace education centered on training a student to be fair in his daily conducts. The literature was reviewed to support the theoretical framework in relation to the objectives. The data have been gathered from both primary and secondary sources comprising of a sample population of 140 respondents who have been drawn from research population of 200,000 (Government of Kenya, 2015) from Kasarani Sub-County. Primary data have been gathered by administering 140 questionnaires, and by conducting 60 interviews. The respondents have been selected using purposive sampling method focusing on affected families. Secondary data have been sourced from articles written by Scholars, journals, books from University libraries, theses/projects and reports from the Kenya National Archives. Online sources have been used. The study has employed qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. Data presentation has been done using descriptive statistics. The findings of the research demonstrated that the majority of (65) (63%) of the respondents affirmed that peace education is an elementary need in the process of learning to help the youth to understand the mechanisms of conflict management to avoid criminal activities in which they are engaged because of unemployment. For 57% of the respondents, peace education should begin at home where the parents play a role of inculcating moral values in the children. The program of peace education should focus on ethnic appreciation; the findings show that (60) (58%) of the respondents suggested that there should be ethnic harmony in the society grounded on promotion of cultural activities which bring together young people from diverse tribes such as sports, games, cultural parties, cultural dances, music festivals and cultural exchange programs. Thus, the researcher concluded that the Government should make peace education a core course from primary school up to the university level. The society should contribute to the promotion of conflict management by inculcating moral values in the youth for the value of peace.Item Blue Economy Resources and Maritime Border Dispute between Kenya and Somalia 1963-2022(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Ogembo, Lynder AtienoBlue economy has emerged as one area that has gained increasing global interest among states and non-state actors. Due to its potential lucrative value in economic growth, the exploitation of blue economy resources has led to conflicts between and among countries. In the Indian Ocean, conflict over blue-economy resources has severed the relations between Kenya and Somalia since 2014. This study sought to contribute to the existing debate on the Kenya Somalia maritime dispute and was guided by the following objectives: to examine the historical roots of the 1maritime dispute between Kenya and Somalia, evaluate the centrality of the blue economy resources in the Kenya Somalia maritime dispute, and assess the interventionist strategies for resolving the Kenya-Somalia maritime dispute. This study was anchored on a convergence of realism and liberalism in analysing and interpreting the results of the study. This study was qualitative, making use of descriptive research design. The target population for this study consisted of government officials, especially those in the ministries and government representatives, as well as personnel serving in international and regional development organizations. Both purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were employed to identify respondents who were presumed to have vital knowledge of the subject matter. The sample size was made up of 10%-20% of the target population. The study used both primary and 1secondary data. The primary data was gathered through the study use of an interview schedule and guide and from the Kenya National Archives, while secondary data was gathered from journals, papers, published and unpublished theses, and books. Data1 analysis was guided by the objective under study. The gathered data was thematically analysed and presented narratives and verbatim. The findings revealed that the Kenya and Somalia border dispute traces back to the post-independence period, with the British colonial legacy playing a significant role in fuelling the conflict. The discovery of oil, gas, fisheries, and other valuable minerals in the contested maritime area has intensified the dispute. The study also found that international and regional frameworks, including legal mechanisms, have failed to resolve the conflict. As a result, this study recommends bilateral negotiations between Kenya and Somalia as the most viable option for resolving the dispute and establishing mechanisms for sharing the disputed blue economy resources in disputed territory.Item United Nations Environment Programme Interventions in Safeguarding Urban Environment in Nairobi City County, Kenya (1992-2022)(Kenyatta University, 2025-03) Cherotuk, Jonah KiprugutUrban areas have become a global concern as a significant source of environmental issues. As a leading authority in environmental matters, UNEP has stepped in to help states to protect urban environment as a wider strategy of safeguarding planetary health. However, despite Kenya hosting UNEP headquarters in Nairobi City County, the City has continued to witness unprecedented environmental challenges. This raises questions about the effectiveness of UNEP’s interventions at the local level. This study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of UNEP interventions in enhancing urban environmental quality of Nairobi City County, Kenya between 1992 and 2022. The specific objectives of the study encompassed examining the role of UNEP in the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in Nairobi City County, assessing the impact of UNEP’s selected projects on urban environment of the County, and analysing the implications of UNEP on Kenya’s environmental diplomacy policy. The study focused on Nairobi City County between 1992 and 2022 and a key limitation to the study was restricted access to internal reports and data at UNEP. The study employed exploratory research design. Interviews and questionnaires were utilized to collect qualitative and quantitative data respectively while document review was utilized to collect secondary data. The target population comprised officials from NEMA, KWS, MFA, UNEP, Nairobi County Government, members of the Parliamentary Committee on Environment and Lands, KFS staff, Nairobi residents, and environmental CBO employees. The study had a total of 104 respondents out of a sample size of 130. Grounded on Liberal Institutionalism theory, the study concludes that UNEP has played a key role in the implementation of MEA in Kenya through technical assistance and capacity building to stakeholders, advocacy and awareness raising, facilitation of stakeholders’ engagements, funding and resource mobilization as well as data and information sharing. The study also established that the major environmental challenges in Nairobi City County are; air pollution, water pollution and deforestation. Secondly, the results shows that, UNEP’s support for key projects such as Green Infrastructure Project, Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Plan for Nairobi City County, Air Quality Improvement Programmes, Sustainable Urban Transport System and Clean Energy Projects have reduced air pollution and mitigate climate change in the County. Thirdly, the study establishes that UNEP has positively impacted Kenya's environmental diplomacy by championing support for UNEP and UN-HABITAT, promoting MEA compliance, integrating environmental issues into economic activities, fostering research and innovation in environmental management, and enhancing public participation on environmental matters, thereby contributing to improved environmental quality of Nairobi City. Further, the study concludes that UNEP has enhanced Kenya’s participation in international environmental debates, position Kenya as the regional leader on environmental matters and facilitated the country’s access to international environmental funding which has improved the overall environmental quality of Nairobi City County alongside other urban centres in Kenya. The findings of this study is useful to UNEP and other international organisations involved in urban environment protection, the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry, MFA, academicians and environmental experts.Item An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Mugambi, Kaari DynaWomen under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to establish how male psyche influences deployment of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya; to identify the effects of warrior culture on the selection of female police officers for promotional courses in Nyeri County, Kenya; to find out how masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers in operational roles in Nyeri County, Kenya; and to identify what best practices can be done to address gender discrimination to enhance progression of female police officers in Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings showed that male psyche affects deployment of female police officers at 55.9%, warrior culture influences the selection of female police officers for promotional courses at 62%, while masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers to operational roles at 59.3%. From qualitative data, the participants observed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas denying the exposure that would give them job experiences that is important and considered in selection for promotion. This is despite the fact that both male and female officers undertake the same training to be enlisted in the police service. The study concludes that police culture in form of male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the police organization reviews the gender blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity. This will provide gender equity in recruitment, training, deployment and promotion of police officers, to give them a conducive work environment, improve their productivity and enable them to progress in their careers.Item Outsourced Security Services on Security Culture in Commercial State Corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-03) Wanjeri, Joseph KaranjaMany Commercial state corporations in Nairobi County in Kenya struggle to integrate security programs and strategies into their organizational culture, leading to vulnerabilities such as cybercrime attacks, property damage, and theft, which have prompted the adoption of security outsourcing strategies. However, the impact of these outsourcing strategies on fostering a robust security culture remains unclear. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of security outsourcing on security culture among Commercial state corporations in Nairobi Kenya. This study specifically determined the effect of outsourcing information security services on security culture, the effect of outsourcing property guarding security services on security culture, the effect of outsourcing bodyguard services on security culture, and also established the effect of outsourcing cash protection services on security culture among Commercial state corporations in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study found its theoretical foundation in three key theories: core competency theory, institutional theory, and protection motivation theory. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, where 108 heads of security, finance, procurement, and information and communication technology (ICT) departments from 27 commercial state corporations were targeted. The study adopted a stratified sampling technique where data will be collected using open and closed-ended questionnaires. The dependability of the research tool was evaluated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the data (Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis). The findings revealed that among outsourcing strategies, outsourcing cash security had the highest positive influence on security culture, followed by information security and property security. In contrast, outsourcing bodyguard services negatively impacted the security culture among Commercial state corporations based in Nairobi County, Kenya. Thus, the study concludes that outsourcing security services, such as cash security, information security, and property security, plays a crucial role in fostering a strong security culture among commercial state corporations. However, outsourcing bodyguard services negatively impacts security culture, highlighting the need for a strategic evaluation of outsourcing approaches. Therefore, the study recommends prioritizing the outsourcing of cash, information, and property security services while reassessing the use of bodyguard services to ensure alignment with organizational security objectiveItem External Militias in Inter-Ethnic Conflicts In Kenya: A Case of Oromo Liberation Front in Marsabit County; 1990 - 2022(Kenyatta University, 2025-03) Umuro Gonche UmuroThis study examines the role of outside militias in Kenya's inter-ethnic violence, the Marsabit County Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) situation between 1990 and 2022. The study examines determinants of inter-ethnic violence and assesses the effects of OLF. Drawing on the Copenhagen School of Security securitization framework, and taking a multi-level, multi-sectoral approach, the study applies a cross-sectional qualitative study design. Local leaders, for example, the members of the Council of Elders, religious leaders, NGO members, female group chairs, and regional leaders, were selected through purposive sampling. Externally, inter-ethnic conflicts in Marsabit County are caused by external militias, politics, land competition, national political intrusion, and illegal weapons, which have been confirmed by findings. OLF has exacerbated interethnic conflict through selective violence, ethnic supremacy, and the illicit arms trade. The research claims that a better knowledge of security, community support, and heightened border surveillance are all contributing to the resolution of interethnic conflicts. The research recommends increased border patrols, better security operations, and political and civic reforms to keep Marsabit County stable. Political allegiance, customary cattle rustling, administrative borders, and land competition are further factors that cause conflicts. OLF fighters use porous borders to acquire weapons and commit violent crimes, which leads to terror, ethnic tensions, and socioeconomic instability. By extension, arguably for the study, the government of Marsabit County has to work with local leadership to make bottom-up initiatives stronger, enhance border security, and create security initiatives through intelligence sharing between Kenya and Ethiopia. Reintegration of ex-militia and demilitarization must also be ensured to stop violence and maintain peace in the future.Item Influence of Select Foreign Media Reporting on Africa Conflicts Perceptions: A Case of Sudanese Armed Forces and Rapid Support Forces in 2023-2024(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Komora, Easter TimnaThe role of media reporting is emphasized as a powerful agent in shaping African conflict perception through selective covering, agenda-setting and the dissemination of information. The main objective of the study was to examine the influence of foreign media reporting on Africa conflict perception, specifically focusing on the conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Khartoum, Sudan. The specific objectives were to assess the foreign media conflict coverage between SAF and RSF, to analyze the Implication of language use in reporting the conflict between the SAF and RSF and to examine foreign media perception in reporting the SAF and RSF conflict. The thematic scope was on foreign media reporting on Africa conflicts perceptions in the year 2023, considering Khartoum, Sudan. Further, the study considered Agenda-Setting Theory by McCombs and Shaw (1972) and Framing Theory by Goffman (1974). A mixed methods research design was adopted. The study population consisted of individuals who were exposed to foreign media reporting and had the potential to form perceptions about African conflicts. The research targeted the general population or residents residing Khartoum. The study utilized stratified sampling for 384 Khartoum residents to ensure demographic diversity and purposive sampling for 19 Kenya-based international media houses to capture expert insights, achieving a total sample of 403 participants to analyze covering, language and biases in 2023 conflict coverage. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Secondary data was gathered from a range of sources including scholarly articles, books, reports and online resources. To ensure the effectiveness of the research tools, a pretesting phase was conducted. The data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics to outline and interpret the main features. Throughout the data collection process, ethical standards were meticulously adhered to. The findings revealed that foreign media coverage of the SAF-RSF conflict in Khartoum heavily emphasizes violent events and emotive visuals, sidelining local voices and perpetuating stereotypes of African instability. Linguistic choices like “rebels” or “tribal feud” oversimplify the conflict’s ethnic and political complexities, while covering by outlets like Al Jazeera and BBC aligns with geopolitical agendas, distorting global perceptions. These practices marginalize Sudanese perspectives, prioritize sensationalism and skew diplomatic and humanitarian responses. The study highlights the need for balanced reporting to reflect Sudan’s multifaceted dynamics accurately.Item Dynamics of Organized Crimes and Personal Security Initiatives in Mombasa County, Kenya (2015-2024)(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Rubea, Katani MohammedOrganized criminal gangs engage in activities driven by a desire to maximize profits and gain power to safeguard their illicit operations. Their undertakings have significantly undermined personal security within their areas of operation. This study's overarching objective was to examine the dynamics of organized criminal gangs and their impact on personal security in Mombasa County. The study specifically aimed to analyze the factors contributing to the resilience of organized criminal gangs, assess the strengths and weaknesses of the institutional frameworks addressing organized criminal gangs and evaluate the effectiveness of personal security initiatives to counter their activities in Mombasa County. It was guided by the gap theory of crime and employed a descriptive research design. The target population was 156 and included state officials from relevant government departments, elected leaders, public opinion leaders, business leaders and former members of proscribed organized criminal gangs. From this group, a sample size of 112 participants was selected using stratified, simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires containing closed and open-ended questions, as well as interviews schedules. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, while content analysis was used for qualitative data. The study revealed that the primary enablers of organized criminal gangs' resilience include political patronage and sponsorship, ungoverned spaces in rapidly growing informal settlements that hinder law enforcement, corruption within the criminal justice system and drug abuse. On the legal and policy framework, the findings indicated that while Kenya has robust laws and policies to combat organized criminal gangs, more than half of the respondents perceived the framework as ineffective. Regarding personal security counter initiatives, investments in security technologies and hiring private security guards were identified as the most effective measures against crimes perpetrated by organized criminal gangs. The study recommends imposing stricter penalties on sponsors of organized criminal gangs, revising the legal framework to enhance synergy and complementarity for effective prosecutions and convictions and adopting a whole-of-government and society approach to improve physical security for residents of Mombasa County. Additionally, the findings provide valuable insights for scholars studying organized crime, serving as a reference or foundation for further research.Item An Assessment of Community Based Organizations’ Interventions in Countering Violent Extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Muriithi, Eva MakandiViolent extremism is a threat to community’s peaceful coexistence and poses a threat to the future of youth who engage in this activity. While violent extremism acts are low, the prevalence of violent extremism organization and participation remains reported in some of the marginalized counties in Kenya. Isiolo, is one of the counties where violent extremism activities have been reported. Therefore, this research did an assessment of community-based organizations’ interventions in countering violent extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya. It was guided by four specific objectives: to establish the forms of violent extremism prevalent among youth in Isiolo County; to examine community-based organizations strategies for countering violent extremism among youth in Isiolo County; to identify community-based organisations challenges in countering violent extremism among youth in Isiolo County; and to establish assistance that community-based organisations need to counter violent extremism in Isiolo County. The study was anchored on theory of change. In terms of methodology, the study used mixed method approach. Descriptive survey research design was adopted that targeted 53,217 populations from which a sample size of 100 was determined. Multistage sampling and systematic random sampling approaches were used to sample respondents for the quantitative survey. Purposive, convenience, and snowball sampling were used to select participants for qualitative data. Data analysis involved qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical package for the Social Sciences Version 26 was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Quantitative data was presented in tables while qualitative data was presented using narratives and quotes. There were more formal than informal community-based organisations operating in Isiolo County countering violent extremism efforts. These community-based organisations were focused on recruitment and radicalization of youth into violent extremism since there were no reported or known cases of violent attacks in the county. Building awareness and trust in their communities was the frequent strategy used by community-based organisations in Isiolo County to countering VE efforts. The research recommends that informal community-based organisations should be supported so as to achieve formal status so as to enjoy more participation the policy formulation processes with county and national governments. Secondly, it is recommended for a multi-faceted method to counter and prevent violent extremism in Isiolo County due to the changing nature of youth radicalization and recruitment that has moved to online platforms.Item An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Mugambi, Kaari DynaWomen under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to establish how male psyche influences deployment of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya; to identify the effects of warrior culture on the selection of female police officers for promotional courses in Nyeri County, Kenya; to find out how masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers in operational roles in Nyeri County, Kenya; and to identify what best practices can be done to address gender discrimination to enhance progression of female police officers in Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings showed that male psyche affects deployment of female police officers at 55.9%, warrior culture influences the selection of female police officers for promotional courses at 62%, while masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers to operational roles at 59.3%. From qualitative data, the participants observed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas denying the exposure that would give them job experiences that is important and considered in selection for promotion. This is despite the fact that both male and female officers undertake the same training to be enlisted in the police service. The study concludes that police culture in form of male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the police organization reviews the gender blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity. This will provide gender equity in recruitment, training, deployment and promotion of police officers, to give them a conducive work environment, improve their productivity and enable them to progress in their careers.