MST-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Collaborative Strategies in Conflict Management between Pastoralists and Ranchers in Laikipia County (2000-2022)
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Longesh, Esma Michael
Conflicts between pastoralists and ranchers in Laikipia County arise primarily from competition over scarce natural resources, exacerbated by climate variability, historical land grievances and the proliferation of small arms. The study examined the collaborative strategies in conflict management among pastoralists and ranchers. Specific objectives were: to assess the collaborative strategies employed in dealing with the conflict, to evaluate possible areas of collaboration as a conflict management strategy and to analyze the challenges in the use of collaborative approaches in conflict management between pastoralists and ranchers in Laikipia County (2000-2022). The study was guided by the Conflict Transformation Theory by John Lederach. To conceptualise collaboration, the study utilised Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Descriptive survey design was used where both qualitative and quantitative data were collected to address the research questions. The target population was community leaders, pastoralists neighbouring the ranches, personnel/staff working within the ranches, ranchers, Kenya Police Reserve (KPR), Officers from the Ministry of Interior and National Administration, Officers from the county Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) handling security matters. The study used a purposive and stratified sampling approach to select a sample size of 106 respondents and key informants, arrived at using the Onwuegbuzie and Collins typology. Interview guides and semi-structured questionnaires were utilized to gather field data. Research studies, journals, e-books, government reports and papers were used as the primary sources of secondary data. Data was categorized, verified and presented in themes that match to the study's objectives. Key findings per objective include: (1) collaborative strategies such as community dialogues, mediation and joint resource management were employed but faced implementation gaps in creating win-win outcomes; (2) areas of collaboration like shared grazing lands and livestock health programs showed potential for neutralizing hostilities; (3) challenges including mistrust, political interference and unequal enforcement hindered uptake. The study findings provide knowledge on understanding the collaborative strategies of conflict management adding to existential knowledge. The study is of much interest to all stakeholders of conflict intervention, peacekeeping, humanitarian operations and students of peace and security studies. The study recommends enhanced resource management, stricter controls on small arms, political accountability and strengthened governance structures to promote sustained cooperation and resolve conflicts.
Implications of Regime Change and Shift in Kenya Foreign Policy between the Years (2002–2022)
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Kiugu, Martin Mugambi
Kenya, a pivotal nation in East Africa, has experienced significant political and diplomatic transformations between 2002 and 2022. This period encompasses the leadership of three distinct regimes: President Uhuru Kenyatta (2013–2022), President Mwai Kibaki (2002–2013), and the early tenure of President William Ruto. Each regime brought unique approaches to governance and foreign policy, influenced by internal dynamics and global geopolitical shifts. This study will aim to identify the implications of regime change and shift in foreign policy (2002-2022) .The specific research objectives were to identify the similarities in the implementations of the foreign policy strategies by Mwai Kibaki and Uhuru Kenyatta regimes. Assessment the impacts of geopolitics on the foreign policy adjustments by Uhuru Kenyatta and Mwai Kibaki regimes and to explore emerging challenges in the implementations of Kenya foreign policies by Kibaki and Uhuru regimes. The study is justified as it provides an opportunity to evaluate the impacts of the individual leadership styles and priorities on foreign policy formulation and implementation. The study is significant because it will help the current and future government officials responsible for foreign affairs, diplomacy, trade, defense, and development to benefit from insights on past policies, strategies, successes, and challenges. Limitations of the study were the uavailability and unreliability of historical classified records, to mitigate this, the study employs methodological triangulation, drawing upon a wide array of declassified primary sources, secondary historical analyses, memoirs, and media archives from the period. Rational choice theory and decision making theory guided the study. The study adopted mixed method design. Questionnaires, interview guide and document analysis were used to collect data. The findings demonstrate that economic diplomacy has been a consistent pillar of Kenya’s foreign policy, transcending political transitions and reflecting a long-term commitment to trade, investment, and development goals. The findings suggest that respondents viewed Kibaki’s foreign policy as primarily economically driven rather than ideologically Pan-Africanist. The findings suggest that stakeholders generally dismissed the idea that Kenya-China relations peaked during Kenyatta’s presidency, instead viewing the engagement as part of a broader, strategic trajectory. The findings reveal that concerns over Chinese debt did not significantly erode perceptions of Kenya’s foreign policy autonomy, highlighting a sense of strategic flexibility. In conclusion, Kenya’s foreign policy has demonstrated a blend of strategic continuity and adaptive flexibility across changing administrations Kenya’s foreign policy trajectory reflects a pragmatic and interest-driven orientation that transcends ideological labels. Kenya’s foreign policy under recent administrations has reflected measured adaptability rooted in long-standing strategic goals. Kenya’s foreign policy remains strategically resilient yet exposed to evolving internal and external pressures. The study recommends that Kenya should build on the strategic continuity observed in its foreign policy. To maintain its evolving diplomatic posture, Kenya should continue to build strategic relationships with both traditional and emerging powers. Kenya should maintain a balanced and proactive foreign policy that builds on its diplomatic diversification and economic partnerships with both traditional Western allies and emerging global powers like China and India.
Artificial Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism Efforts in Somalia (2014–2024)
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Maroa, Joseph Wambura
Terrorism is one of the greatest contemporary threats to international peace and security. It affects most parts of the world causing instability, human suffering and underdevelopment. The technological advancement of the 21st century has been characterized by increased use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based technologies and strategies to combat terrorism. Despite the tremendous success of AI in counter-terrorism, the technology poses numerous risks to the world. The purpose of this study was to explore the significance of AI in counter-terrorism particularly during the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). The study objectives were; to analyze the various benefits of AI in counter-terrorism; to evaluate the risks AI posed to the operational environment; to investigate the ethical challenges posed by the employment of AI-driven counter-terrorism strategies. The literature review was done basing on the content scope of the three objectives. The study reviewed the sociotechnical systems theory that posits that there is need to strike a balance between technological advancement and social impact of such advancement. The study was based in Somalia, predominantly Southern Somalia, where Al Shabaab was highly active and AMISOM had increasingly employed AI-driven approaches to counter terror operations. An exploratory research design was adopted as it aided in investigating and understanding the relatively new concept of employing AI-driven approaches in counter terrorism in Somalia. Purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 60 study participants that had insight or direct experience in the employment of AI in AMISOM counter-terrorism operations. Online research questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and document analysis of AMISOM reports were used in data collection. Quantitative data collected was analysed through statistical software tools while qualitative data was analysed thematically. The study followed ethical guidelines ensuring confidentiality and informed consent of the study participants. The study found that AI-powered approaches significantly affected counterterrorism efforts in Somalia both positively and negatively. AI-driven tools and strategies led to enhanced surveillance, increased operational efficiency, improved threat detection and reduced response time. However, the technology did not only pose numerous risks to the operational environment but also faced ethical criticism. Some of the key risks entailed overdependence on technology, misidentification risk and data privacy concerns. Furthermore, the employment of AI was faced with ethical challenges like bias and discrimination, accountability issues, human rights violations and privacy concerns. The risk mitigation measures entailed, regular training and updates, contingency plans, cybersecurity measures, regular audits and assessments, and ethical review boards. The findings of this study will be beneficial to stakeholders in the security sector especially during the employment of AI techniques.
Peace Committees and Inter-Ethnic Conflict Management in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya 2001-2019
(Kenyatta University, 2025-01) Chepngetich, Rosemary Bor
The study sought to examine the peace committees in inter-ethnic conflict management in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The study was guided by the following objectives: To analyse demographic characteristics of the peace committees in inter-ethnic conflict management, to examine the approaches of establishing peace committees in inter-ethnic conflict management, to assess the effectiveness of peace committees in managing inter-ethnic and to analyse the conflict resolution strategies used by peace committees in managing inter-ethnic conflicts in Elgeyo Marakwet County. Negotiation theory guided the study. The study was grounded on cross-sectional survey research design, with a target population of 193 respondents. This sample was determined through the Slovin’s formula. Cluster random sampling was used to select the sample size. The study utilized both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data were sourced from respondents in the field. From the sample, data was collected using questionnaires and structured interviews. Questionnaires were administered to sampled members of the general public in Marakwet East and Marakwet West sub-counties. Key informants included the Elgeyo-Marakwet County Commissioner (1), Assistant County Commissioners (2), Chiefs (2), Elders (6), Religious Leaders (2) and NGOs representatives (2) working for peace programs. Secondary data for the study was gathered from libraries around Nairobi and the internet. Quantitative data was analysed through descriptive statistics and presented in tabular form while qualitative data was analysed through theme identification. The study findings reveal the vital role of peace committees in mitigating inter-ethnic conflicts between the Marakwet and Pokot communities, with a significant level of community awareness regarding their activities. Despite the positive perception of these committees' effectiveness and their alignment with community needs, challenges such as political interference and funding limitations hinder their visibility and operational success. The findings indicate that the committees effectively cultivate trust and open communication among stakeholders by employing a combination of traditional and contemporary conflict resolution approaches. This positive impact is evident in improved relationships and a more constructive dialogue between conflicting parties. However, the study reveals that underlying grievances, often deeply ingrained within the community, remain unresolved and continue to pose significant challenges to long-term peace and stability. Based on these insights, it is recommended that both county and national governments enhance communication about peace committees, increase funding for their operations and foster collaborations with traditional leaders and NGOs. Additionally, continuous community feedback should be integrated to adapt strategies to evolving local dynamics, while training initiatives focusing on conflict resolution techniques are essential for building their capacity. These steps are crucial for ensuring the sustainability and effectiveness of peace initiatives in the region
Community-Led Strategies and Management of Violent Group Conflicts in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Maina, Joseph
This study examines community-led strategies for managing violent group conflicts in Nairobi’s informal settlements, focusing on Mathare. It addresses three objectives namely assessing the influence of community-led watch programs in mitigating conflict consequences, evaluating the effectiveness of communication networks in coordinating responses, and analyzing the role of physical security measures in protecting property and businesses. A descriptive survey design was employed, targeting 128 participants, including residents, Nyumba Kumi leaders, administrative officers, and NGO members, with a 92% response rate (118 respondents). Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, with quantitative data analyzed descriptively and qualitative data thematically. Findings indicate that community watch programs significantly reduce violence when participation levels and meeting frequency are high. These programs enhance early warning systems, role clarity, and conflict resolution training. Mobile technology emerged as the preferred communication tool due to its real-time updates, enabling swift community mobilization. However, network disruptions and misinformation limit its reliability. Physical security measures, such as makeshift barricades, were widely adopted for their accessibility but faced challenges due to inconsistent law enforcement collaboration and resource constraints. The study underscores the importance of structured community engagement, diversified communication channels, and stronger police-community partnerships. Recommendations include institutionalizing watch programs through training and incentives, expanding communication infrastructure (e.g., hybrid digital/traditional systems), and fostering joint security initiatives with local authorities. Financial support and policy frameworks are critical to sustaining these efforts. The research contributes to urban conflict management strategies, advocating for grassroots resilience in contexts where state intervention is limited. Future studies could explore gender-specific roles in community-led security and comparative analyses across rural-urban divides.
Devolved governance influence on internal security management in Nakuru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Koech,Moses Kiprop
The 2010 Constitution of Kenya, operationalized in 2013, established a devolved system of governance, delegating specific functions to county governments while retaining security under national government control. Despite this, county governments influence security through priority-setting and development mandates. The study evaluated the influence of devolved governance on effective internal security management in Nakuru County, Kenya, from 2013 to 2023. Specifically, the study analyzed the evolving security drivers in Nakuru County following the implementation of devolution in 2013, assessed the effects of devolved governance structures on security management in Nakuru County, examined the challenges hindering effective collaboration between national and county security frameworks in Nakuru County and proposes strategies for enhancing security management within the devolved system in Nakuru County. Using an exploratorydescriptive research design with mixed methods, the study purposively selected Nakuru County, targeting 120 respondents (household representatives, community leaders, businesspersons and Nyumba Kumi leaders) from Biashara, Flamingo, Kivumbini, Nakuru East and Menengai wards in Nakuru Town East Sub-County. Data was collected using interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires. Key insecurity drivers identified include historical land disputes, unemployment, criminal activities, marginalization and migration. Devolution has enhanced security through local participation, County Policing Authorities (CPAs) and community policing initiatives like Nyumba Kumi, but challenges such as corruption, mismanagement of funds, resource constraints, lack of political goodwill and limited expertise persist. The study confirms adequate legal frameworks but highlights gaps in implementation. Recommendations include strengthening anti-corruption measures, reforming police services, enhancing local participation, improving intergovernmental coordination and deploying skilled security personnel.
Amref’s Healthcare Diplomacy and Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal Three in Nairobi City County, Kenya, 2015-2023
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Mwendwa, Jacinta M.
Healthcare diplomacy has increasingly become a critical mechanism for sustainable development goal three in the global health landscape, particularly in Kenya, where health challenges are compounded by socio-economic factors. This study examined the role of AMREF Health Africa in advancing healthcare diplomacy and its contributions to sustainable development goal three (SDG 3), on Good health and well-being. The broad objective of this study was to assess AMREF’s health diplomacy and implementation of SDG 3 in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: first, to examine the contribution of AMREF’s healthcare diplomacy on sustainable health outcomes. Secondly, to analyse the effectiveness of AMREF's healthcare diplomatic strategies and enhancement of sustainable health development. Lastly, to assess the obstacles that impeded the implementation of AMREF’s healthcare diplomacy efforts. The study area was Nairobi City County, Kenya. The target population involved healthcare practitioners and professionals, Government officials, policy makers, beneficiaries of health programs, private sector partners, community based health organization and AMREF officials. The scope of the study was between the years 2015 to 2023. The theories of Constructivism and Global Governance were used to guide the study. Besides, the study adopted descriptive survey and explanatory research designs and used questionnaires and interview guides to collect data. Purposive and snow balling sampling were used to select respondents. Data analysis was achieved through qualitative and quantitative techniques. The findings of objective one revealed the following that AMREF’s important approach anchored in policy advocacy, collaborative partnerships, improved community access, capacity building, and data-informed planning has produced measurable impacts across various levels of the health ecosystem. AMREF Health Africa, as a prominent African-led health organization, has positioned itself at the intersection of health diplomacy and community empowerment. Further, the findings of objective two exposed that through advocacy, partnership-building, digital innovation, and localized interventions, AMREF has contributed significantly to shaping policy and practice in some of Nairobi’s most underserved areas. Finally, the findings of objective three disclosed that inadequacy of government collaboration and bureaucratic inefficiencies entrenched within public health systems impede implementation of AMREF’s health diplomacy efforts. These issues manifest through frequent delays in approvals, lack of timely coordination between different levels of government, and the slow, sometimes reluctant, integration of AMREF’s innovative community health models into national and county health planning frameworks. The study recommends on the need for strengthened public-private collaboration. The study also recommends increased domestic investment in health, and institutional support to ensure the long-term impact and scalability of AMREF’s health diplomacy efforts across Kenya
Challenges Encountered in Using Information Security Metrics to Improve Patient Safety in Public Hospitals, Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Mwaura, Maryanne Waithera
Ideally, majority of people who visit a healthcare facility do so with the purpose of getting medical treatment. The person goes in with the confidence that medical treatment is accurate and safe, so they have the best chance possible of achieving the desired outcome. The sad reality is that correct and safe medical treatment is not always achieved. Patient information is one of the resources that hospitals heavily rely on to achieve its goals. This study investigated the challenges of using Information Security Metrics in public referral hospitals in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya. The specific objectives were to; examine the technical components of Information Security Metrics and their effects on promoting patient safety, determine security controls that protect the Privacy, Integrity and Accessibility of data in Information Security Metrics in promoting patient safety, ascertain key patient safety reporting systems in Information Security Metrics that help in reducing medical errors and analyse the legal challenges of using Information Security Metrics to promote patient safety with reference to the Kenyan Data Protection Act, No. 24 of 2019. Socio-Technical Systems Theory guided the study. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview guide. Two hundred and eighty-eight respondents from healthcare workers, ICT staff and health records personnel were sampled through cluster, simple random and purposive sampling methods. Quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS through illustrative, correlation and Principal Component Analysis, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The findings revealed that technical components such as data collection software and backup generators promoted patient safety, but challenges included inadequate staff training. Security controls like firewalls and antivirus software were critical, though procedural weaknesses, such as inconsistent password management, limited their impact. Patient safety reporting systems lacked well-developed infrastructure, with 50.9% disagreeing that adequate systems were in place, while mandatory reporting of ISM issues was key to improving reporting culture. Moreover, legal frameworks prioritized patient privacy and confidentiality, though patient engagement remained moderate. The study demonstrated that while technical, procedural, and legal elements of ISM contribute significantly to patient safety, gaps in implementation and engagement persist. The study thus concludes that effective implementation of Information Security Metrics (ISM) is necessary for improving patient safety in healthcare facilities. In view of the findings, the study recommends improvement of infrastructure, enforcement of procedural consistency, and strengthening patient engagement to maximize the effectiveness of ISM in healthcare facilities. Also, the hospitals should consider prioritizing the development and implementation of comprehensive training programs for staff on the use of ISM tools and protocols.
Assessing Citizen Engagement in Enhancing Counter-Terrorism Operations in Lamu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Murerwa, Humphrey
Kenyans have been living in perpetual fear of where and when the next terror attack might strike. But citizen engagement has been lauded as an approach that ensures success of programmes and counter-terrorism operations can be one of them. Therefore, the study undertook to assess citizen engagement in enhancing the counter-terrorism operations in Lamu county, Kenya. The objectives utilised were: to examine the role of local leaders and community groups in fostering citizen collaboration in counter-terrorism efforts, to assess community awareness levels regarding counter-terrorism policies and initiatives, to evaluate the communication channels used between citizens and security agencies for counter-terrorism information sharing. The Social Contract and Community Policing Theories, were used. The study utilized a mixed-methods research design, conducted in Lamu County with a target population of adult residents. A multistage sampling approach was employed, starting by clustering the study area into regions. Purposive sampling was then used to select the specific constituencies and wards, after which the population was divided into three homogeneous clusters: village elders and nyumba kumi elders were purposively sampled, the general public of the local community members were systematically random sampled. Using questionnaires and interview guides, the researcher collected data for this study. Thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data and the descriptive statistics, including means and averages, were used for the quantitative data, which was also visualized in pie charts, tables and graphs. The findings of the study were: local leaders are crucial for counter-terrorism, providing intelligence and building partnerships, the nyumba kumi initiative, a grassroots neighbourhood watch, is the top counter-terrorism program, bridging the intelligence gap, security barazas are key forums that build trust and cooperation between citizens and police, a lack of training for local leaders compromises security and highlights the need for capacity-building and that multiple communication channels like the chiefs, elders, informal networks and religious leaders form a trust-based security network. The study concluded that, the community-based strategies, led by local leaders, are indispensable for counter-terrorism, building security through trust and collaboration, despite the success of Nyumba Kumi and Security Barazas, a lack of training for community leaders limits their full potential and that Lamu's counter-terrorism success depends on a diverse, trust-based network of communication channels where the community co-produces safety. The study recommended that, to sustain security, formally recognize and strengthen the roles of local leaders and community groups, a structured training program for Village Elders and Nyumba Kumi Leaders is recommended to improve intelligence handling skills and that security agencies should integrate diverse communication channels into a "network of networks" to ensure intelligence flow and reinforce the community's partnership.
Climate Change, Resource-Based Ethnic Conflicts and Socio-Economic Development in Baringo South Sub-County, Baringo County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Cheruiyot, Julius Kipngeno
Climate change poses major challenges by creating uncertainties that threaten rural populations reliant on natural resources. In Baringo South, extended droughts trigger conflicts over water and pasture among the Tugen, Pokot, and Njemps. These conflicts escalate into ethnic clashes, undermining peace, displacing communities, and reversing social and economic progress, leaving populations vulnerable to poverty and insecurity. This study interrogated the nexus between climate changes; resource based ethnic conflicts and socio-economic development in Baringo South sub-County. Three objectives were formulated for this study. To begin with this study interrogated the role of climate change in resource based ethnic conflicts in Baringo South sub-County. Secondly the study analyzed effects of resource based conflicts on social-economic development in Baringo South sub-County. Third, the effectiveness of initiatives and strategies put in place by various stakeholders in mitigating resource based ethnic conflicts in Baringo South sub-County were analyzed. Anchored on two complementary theories namely; legitimate domination theory and environmental insecurity theory, this study argued that environmental degradation and shrinking access to pasture and water resources as a result of changes in climatic conditions ignite resource-based disputes which take the form of ethnic conflicts among pastoralists communities. Such resource based ethnic conflicts have negative impactions on socio-economic development of communities affected. The study was in the form of a descriptive research design. This study made use of primary and secondary data in achieving intended objectives. The target population in this study included residents of Baringo South, NGOs leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and local administrators. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were employed to identify a total of 300 respondents for field interviews. Random sampling was employed to select 280 residents while purposive sampling selected informants who NGOs leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and local administrators. Questionnaires were administered to 280 men and women from the dominant pastoralist ethnic groups while interview guides were administered to 20 purposively selected informants. Data collected was analyzed and interpreted both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study found that climate change intensifies resource scarcity and conflict political and economic agendas often fueled by elites exacerbate ethnic rivalries and prolong violence. It was observed that resource-based ethnic conflicts disrupt trade, education, health services, and infrastructure, causing shortages, school closures, damaged facilities, and destroyed roads, ultimately undermining socio-economic development in the region. The study noted that elders are most effective in resolving conflicts though enforcement is weak. Government efforts remain inadequate, NGOs show potential but lack support, while religious leaders, women, and youth have limited influence.
China’s Humanitarian Diplomacy and State Reconstruction in Somalia, 2008 To 2023
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Chen Rui
This study examined China’s humanitarian diplomacy and state reconstruction in Somali between 2008 and 2023. The study was guided by three specific objectives. This study assessed the impact of Chinese humanitarian aid on the socio-economic development of Somalia, examined the effectiveness of Chinese capacity-building programs in enhancing Somalia's state reconstruction and explored the perceptions of the Somali population towards Chinese involvement in state reconstruction efforts. The study adopted realism and constructivism as theoretical paradigms. Realism posited that states operate in an anarchic international system where national interests and power dynamics are paramount. Constructivism on the other hand emphasized the importance of social constructs, norms and identities that shape international interactions. The study took the form of an exploratory research design. The tools of data collection were questionnaires and structured interview guides. This study employed purposive and snowball sampling techniques to identify Chinese diplomats and officials involved in Somalia-related affairs, Somali government officials and policymakers, representatives from Chinese humanitarian organizations and Somali nationals. Data was collected from a sample 384 respondents. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. The study established that Chinese humanitarian aid had positive impacts on the socio-economic development of Somalia. It was also observed that Chinese capacity-building programs were effective in enhancing Somalia's state reconstruction. This study further noted that the Somali population has a negative perception towards Chinese involvement in state reconstruction efforts. This study recommended that the Federal Republic of Somalia should come up with mitigating strategies to make Chinese humanitarian aid effective. It also recommended that the Peoples’ Republic of China should strengthen capacity building in state reconstruction in post-conflict Somalia. It was further recommended that Chinese humanitarian assistance to Somalia should adequately address locals’ specific needs to reduce the gap between aid provision and locals’ expectations
Community-Led Strategies for Cattle Rustling Prevention in West Pokot County, Kenya (2010-2022)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Chombus, Benson Kibet
Rustling of cattle has been a thorny and disruptive issue within the West Pokot County, Kenya, that has spilled over to safety and socio-economic progress of the community, as well as realignment of stable situations in the region too. Regardless of the presence of various interventions by state actors, the occurrence of cattle rustling cases only prove that further studies on locally based interventions and those grounded in communities should also be analyzed as appropriate measures to reduce the problem on a sustainable basis. The study aimed at determining community-led strategies for cattle rustling prevention in West Pokot County, Kenya (2010-2022). The Social Capital Theory and the Collective Efficacy Theory were used as the conceptual lenses that steered the study in comprehending the role of social relationships, collective action structures, and power dynamics in the perpetuation and reaction to cattle rustling. Convergent parallel mixed methods design was chosen which involved a combination of quantitative and qualitative data gathered simultaneously. The quantitative data were collected to 300 respondents who were chosen using stratified random sampling with qualitative data being collected using purposive interviews and focus group discussions with the community leaders, the elders, chiefs, and security actors. The quantitative data were observed based on descriptive and inferential statistics, and qualitative data were based on a thematic analysis to obtain the depth of the community in their perceptions, experiences, and stories. The research found out that community based early warning and elder’s councils are the two primary actors in cattle rustling in West Pokot County. The awareness of early warning measures was strong at 80.67%, with elders (36%) and community scouts (30%) as the primary providers of the warning, and mobile phones and SMS as the primary means of communication (45%). Early warnings were well accepted by the respondents to reduce cattle rusting (Mean 3.71) and that information sources are credible (Mean 3.73), but this is counteracted by shortages of resources (Mean 3.92). The councils of elders reported active with 53% intervention rates (often/very often 60%), high community acceptability (78%) and high enforcement (71% fully/partially). Community-led strategies were also impeded by major challenges, of which 82% mentioned lack of resources (34%), lack of coordination (24%), and gaps in infrastructure (18%). The result of inferential analysis showed that early warning system and elders councils were significantly predicting cattle rustling prevention (R2 = 0.465, Adjusted R2 = 0.461, F = 120.071, p <.001). Early warnings systems were the most impacted (β= 0.524, p < .001) then the councils of elders (β = 0.344, p < .001). Generally, the research finds out that the community-based systems are working, but the inconsistency is caused by structural constraints, which comprise the logistical gaps, poor coordination, and cultural restraints. The research recommends to improve intrusion detection systems, enhancing equipment and network connectivity, institutionalization of the councils of elders training and logistical support, and enhancing coordination between neighborhood and security services to enhance earlier response and reliance
East African Community Initiative in the Peace Process in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, 2022- 2025
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Mohamed Bulle Muhumed
In Eastern DRC a civil war has been raging since 1996 which has cost approximately six million lives. This study examined prospects and challenges of the EAC initiated peace process in Eastern DRC. To begin with this study explored the internal and external factors that have influenced and shaped the civil conflict in Eastern DRC. Second, the effectiveness of strategies employed by the EAC in the peace process in Eastern DRC was assessed. Finally, this study analyzed the obstacles and challenges to the EAC initiated peace process in Eastern DRC. This study was anchored on two complementary theories namely Neo-liberal Institutionalism and Realism. Neoliberal Institutionalism theory argued that regional organizations supplement the role of states to enhance, reinforce and acting as arbitrators in state disputes. Regional organizations also reinforce and enhance the efforts of states in arbitration in international disputes. Realism theory on the other hand explained emerging geo-political interests in the EAC initiated peace process in Eastern DRC. This study took the form of exploratory research design. The study employed the use of both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The target population of this study comprised; Congolese refugees in Kenya, selected diplomats from Tanzania, Uganda, DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, officials from the Ministry of EAC in Kenya, EALA members and experts in international peace and conflict studies. This study employed random and purposive to identify 384 respondents for field interviews. Structured questionnaires were administered to 360 randomly selected Congolese refugees in Kenya from three selected locations. Interview schedules were administered to 24 purposively selected diplomats from Tanzania, Uganda, DRC, Rwanda, Burundi, officials from the Ministry of EAC in Kenya, EALA members and experts in international peace and conflict studies. This study employed quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis and interpretation. This study noted that conflict in Eastern DRC is driven by mineral exploitation, foreign interests, MNC involvement, and ethnic manipulation rooted in colonial legacies complicated by weak governance structures. It was observed that the EAC pursued both diplomatic and military strategies in Eastern DRC, including mediation, negotiations, and deployment of a regional force. While diplomacy remained central, force was used mainly to disarm militias and protect civilians. These efforts achieved mixed results in stabilizing the region. The study identified key obstacles to the EAC peace process in Eastern DRC, including lack of inclusivity, unclear strategies, limited legitimacy, AU sovereignty constraints, weak political will, and inadequate financial resources. It concluded that addressing these challenges requires political goodwill, a multi-faceted approach, and the establishment of durable governance systems to enforce agreements and maintain order after militia withdrawal.
Cross-County Invasions on Socio-Economic Development in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya (2000 -2020)
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Kilimo, David Yego
First and foremost is to thank the Almighty God for the good health, wisdom, strength, support and knowledge that enabled the researcher surpass all trials and challenges along the way. Special gratitude to my employer, the KDF, for not only granting me the financial back-up but also affording me a conducive environment and time to complete my studies within the stipulated timeframe. Similarly, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my Supervisor Dr. Linnet Hamasi Henry (PhD) for her invaluable guidance and enduring mentorship across the research journey. I will forever be indebted for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge despite the frequent interruptions occasioned by work-related exigencies. Appreciations also go to the University’s academic research work defence panellists for their input and guidance, which led to a fine-tuned final product. Additionally, I wish to thank my colleagues for the physical, moral, emotional and spiritual support especially when the call of duty came in the midst of the research process. Special thanks to the Multi-Agency Joint Operation Centre Staff members at National Police Service Headquarters for the coordination with ground security forces in the target area and for facilitating the sorting, consolidation and printing of data collection instruments before my departure to the field. My immediate family comprising my lovely wife Janet and two sons, Abel and Darion were the bedrock of my studies. Furthermore, let me not forget to most sincerely credit my elder brother Edward Kilimo, who hails from the target area and who sacrificed his time and resources to help the researcher administer the data collection instruments. Last but not least is to appreciate all and sundry for every little role they played to ensure the successful completion of this noble cause.
European union collective security and maritime piracy in somalia coastline: 2008-2023
(Kenyatta University, 2026-10) Oyugi, Samuel Otieno
This study assesses the European Union's (EU) collective security responses to maritime piracy off the Somali coastline (3,333 km long, along the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean) from 2008-2023. Despite reduced incidents, root causes like poverty, governance failures, and illegal fishing persist. Guided by Critical Security Studies (CSS) and Security Dilemma Theory, the objectives are: (1) explore EU strategies for countering piracy root causes; (2) analyze EU contributions to counter-piracy initiatives; (3) examine EU influence on international actors' counter-piracy efforts. A mixed-methods design collected data from Somali fishermen, EU-led naval forces, policymakers, and regional organizations via questionnaires, KIIs, stratified random, and purposive sampling. Triangulation addressed data limitations. Findings show EU's Operation Atalanta and EU Capacity Building Mission in Somalia (EUCAP Somalia) reduced piracy through naval patrols, training, and economic aid, but challenges like corruption remain. Recommendations include enhanced community engagement, anticorruption oversight, and governance reforms for sustainable stability.
Peace Education Centered on Philosophia In Pueritia as A Strategy for Management of Criminality And Suicide among Youth in Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi City County, Kenya, 2016 – 2019.
(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Mudacumura, Fulgence
This study focused on importance of peace education provided from early age to adulthood as a strategy to promote the value of peace for reduction of criminality and suicide within Kasarani Sub-County, Nairobi City County, Kenya 2016-2019. There are three objectives of the study: (a) to examine how peace education as an independent programme can contribute to reduce criminality and suicide in Kasarani Sub-County; to examine the nature of conflicts in Kasarani Sub-County; (b) to assess how inadequacy and lack of peace education programme in schools contribute to high rate of criminality and suicide which cause conflicts in Kasarani Sub-County; (c) to establish some strategies to address challenges of peace education programme in order to reduce criminality and suicide in Kasarani Sub-County. The theory which guided my study is the one of René Descartes concerning innate ideas. This theory suggests that some fundamental ideas and principles are populated in human mind from birth and not through experience. In this context, the children have the seeds of non-violence in their minds which should be nurtured through education. The second theory that I have used through my research is the theory of justice of John Rawls (1971) which suggests that justice is the pillar of peace building. Thus, a from childhood to adulthood there should be peace education centered on training a student to be fair in his daily conducts. The literature was reviewed to support the theoretical framework in relation to the objectives. The data have been gathered from both primary and secondary sources comprising of a sample population of 140 respondents who have been drawn from research population of 200,000 (Government of Kenya, 2015) from Kasarani Sub-County. Primary data have been gathered by administering 140 questionnaires, and by conducting 60 interviews. The respondents have been selected using purposive sampling method focusing on affected families. Secondary data have been sourced from articles written by Scholars, journals, books from University libraries, theses/projects and reports from the Kenya National Archives. Online sources have been used. The study has employed qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. Data presentation has been done using descriptive statistics. The findings of the research demonstrated that the majority of (65) (63%) of the respondents affirmed that peace education is an elementary need in the process of learning to help the youth to understand the mechanisms of conflict management to avoid criminal activities in which they are engaged because of unemployment. For 57% of the respondents, peace education should begin at home where the parents play a role of inculcating moral values in the children. The program of peace education should focus on ethnic appreciation; the findings show that (60) (58%) of the respondents suggested that there should be ethnic harmony in the society grounded on promotion of cultural activities which bring together young people from diverse tribes such as sports, games, cultural parties, cultural dances, music festivals and cultural exchange programs. Thus, the researcher concluded that the Government should make peace education a core course from primary school up to the university level. The society should contribute to the promotion of conflict management by inculcating moral values in the youth for the value of peace.
Blue Economy Resources and Maritime Border Dispute between Kenya and Somalia 1963-2022
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Ogembo, Lynder Atieno
Blue economy has emerged as one area that has gained increasing global interest among states and non-state actors. Due to its potential lucrative value in economic growth, the exploitation of blue economy resources has led to conflicts between and among countries. In the Indian Ocean, conflict over blue-economy resources has severed the relations between Kenya and Somalia since 2014. This study sought to contribute to the existing debate on the Kenya Somalia maritime dispute and was guided by the following objectives: to examine the historical roots of the 1maritime dispute between Kenya and Somalia, evaluate the centrality of the blue economy resources in the Kenya Somalia maritime dispute, and assess the interventionist strategies for resolving the Kenya-Somalia maritime dispute. This study was anchored on a convergence of realism and liberalism in analysing and interpreting the results of the study. This study was qualitative, making use of descriptive research design. The target population for this study consisted of government officials, especially those in the ministries and government representatives, as well as personnel serving in international and regional development organizations. Both purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were employed to identify respondents who were presumed to have vital knowledge of the subject matter. The sample size was made up of 10%-20% of the target population. The study used both primary and 1secondary data. The primary data was gathered through the study use of an interview schedule and guide and from the Kenya National Archives, while secondary data was gathered from journals, papers, published and unpublished theses, and books. Data1 analysis was guided by the objective under study. The gathered data was thematically analysed and presented narratives and verbatim. The findings revealed that the Kenya and Somalia border dispute traces back to the post-independence period, with the British colonial legacy playing a significant role in fuelling the conflict. The discovery of oil, gas, fisheries, and other valuable minerals in the contested maritime area has intensified the dispute. The study also found that international and regional frameworks, including legal mechanisms, have failed to resolve the conflict. As a result, this study recommends bilateral negotiations between Kenya and Somalia as the most viable option for resolving the dispute and establishing mechanisms for sharing the disputed blue economy resources in disputed territory.
United Nations Environment Programme Interventions in Safeguarding Urban Environment in Nairobi City County, Kenya (1992-2022)
(Kenyatta University, 2025-03) Cherotuk, Jonah Kiprugut
Urban areas have become a global concern as a significant source of environmental issues. As a leading authority in environmental matters, UNEP has stepped in to help states to protect urban environment as a wider strategy of safeguarding planetary health. However, despite Kenya hosting UNEP headquarters in Nairobi City County, the City has continued to witness unprecedented environmental challenges. This raises questions about the effectiveness of UNEP’s interventions at the local level. This study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of UNEP interventions in enhancing urban environmental quality of Nairobi City County, Kenya between 1992 and 2022. The specific objectives of the study encompassed examining the role of UNEP in the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in Nairobi City County, assessing the impact of UNEP’s selected projects on urban environment of the County, and analysing the implications of UNEP on Kenya’s environmental diplomacy policy. The study focused on Nairobi City County between 1992 and 2022 and a key limitation to the study was restricted access to internal reports and data at UNEP. The study employed exploratory research design. Interviews and questionnaires were utilized to collect qualitative and quantitative data respectively while document review was utilized to collect secondary data. The target population comprised officials from NEMA, KWS, MFA, UNEP, Nairobi County Government, members of the Parliamentary Committee on Environment and Lands, KFS staff, Nairobi residents, and environmental CBO employees. The study had a total of 104 respondents out of a sample size of 130. Grounded on Liberal Institutionalism theory, the study concludes that UNEP has played a key role in the implementation of MEA in Kenya through technical assistance and capacity building to stakeholders, advocacy and awareness raising, facilitation of stakeholders’ engagements, funding and resource mobilization as well as data and information sharing. The study also established that the major environmental challenges in Nairobi City County are; air pollution, water pollution and deforestation. Secondly, the results shows that, UNEP’s support for key projects such as Green Infrastructure Project, Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Plan for Nairobi City County, Air Quality Improvement Programmes, Sustainable Urban Transport System and Clean Energy Projects have reduced air pollution and mitigate climate change in the County. Thirdly, the study establishes that UNEP has positively impacted Kenya's environmental diplomacy by championing support for UNEP and UN-HABITAT, promoting MEA compliance, integrating environmental issues into economic activities, fostering research and innovation in environmental management, and enhancing public participation on environmental matters, thereby contributing to improved environmental quality of Nairobi City. Further, the study concludes that UNEP has enhanced Kenya’s participation in international environmental debates, position Kenya as the regional leader on environmental matters and facilitated the country’s access to international environmental funding which has improved the overall environmental quality of Nairobi City County alongside other urban centres in Kenya. The findings of this study is useful to UNEP and other international organisations involved in urban environment protection, the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry, MFA, academicians and environmental experts.
An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Mugambi, Kaari Dyna
Women under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to establish how male psyche influences deployment of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya; to identify the effects of warrior culture on the selection of female police officers for promotional courses in Nyeri County, Kenya; to find out how masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers in operational roles in Nyeri County, Kenya; and to identify what best practices can be done to address gender discrimination to enhance progression of female police officers in Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings showed that male psyche affects deployment of female police officers at 55.9%, warrior culture influences the selection of female police officers for promotional courses at 62%, while masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers to operational roles at 59.3%. From qualitative data, the participants observed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas denying the exposure that would give them job experiences that is important and considered in selection for promotion. This is despite the fact that both male and female officers undertake the same training to be enlisted in the police service. The study concludes that police culture in form of male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the police organization reviews the gender blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity. This will provide gender equity in recruitment, training, deployment and promotion of police officers, to give them a conducive work environment, improve their productivity and enable them to progress in their careers.
Outsourced Security Services on Security Culture in Commercial State Corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-03) Wanjeri, Joseph Karanja
Many Commercial state corporations in Nairobi County in Kenya struggle to integrate security programs and strategies into their organizational culture, leading to vulnerabilities such as cybercrime attacks, property damage, and theft, which have prompted the adoption of security outsourcing strategies. However, the impact of these outsourcing strategies on fostering a robust security culture remains unclear. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of security outsourcing on security culture among Commercial state corporations in Nairobi Kenya. This study specifically determined the effect of outsourcing information security services on security culture, the effect of outsourcing property guarding security services on security culture, the effect of outsourcing bodyguard services on security culture, and also established the effect of outsourcing cash protection services on security culture among Commercial state corporations in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study found its theoretical foundation in three key theories: core competency theory, institutional theory, and protection motivation theory. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, where 108 heads of security, finance, procurement, and information and communication technology (ICT) departments from 27 commercial state corporations were targeted. The study adopted a stratified sampling technique where data will be collected using open and closed-ended questionnaires. The dependability of the research tool was evaluated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the data (Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis). The findings revealed that among outsourcing strategies, outsourcing cash security had the highest positive influence on security culture, followed by information security and property security. In contrast, outsourcing bodyguard services negatively impacted the security culture among Commercial state corporations based in Nairobi County, Kenya. Thus, the study concludes that outsourcing security services, such as cash security, information security, and property security, plays a crucial role in fostering a strong security culture among commercial state corporations. However, outsourcing bodyguard services negatively impacts security culture, highlighting the need for a strategic evaluation of outsourcing approaches. Therefore, the study recommends prioritizing the outsourcing of cash, information, and property security services while reassessing the use of bodyguard services to ensure alignment with organizational security objective

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