MST-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Non-Governmental Organizations Management of Intercommunal Conflicts through Dialogue in Marsabit County: Case of Concern Worldwide (1991-2013)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-01) Bed, Molu Amina
Dialogue is important as humans are in constant communication with one another. As the world currently witnesses violent conflicts, how we respond to them is an infinitely important matter for human coexistence. We have the responsibility to respond with fear, hatred, and violence or with open-mindedness, acceptance, and understanding. If trauma and conflict increase, then peace goes under the fraction line and becomes negative peace (Galtung, 2012). This thesis discusses dialogue as a tool in peacebuilding. The statement of the problem raises the need for knowledge of what dialogue means, the goal is to examine the efforts made by Concern Worldwide to promote peace in Marsabit county, including identifying specific initiatives taken and analyzing the organization's role in managing inter-community conflicts in the area and finally to find out the challenges faced by Concern Worldwide in its efforts to manage inter-communal conflict in Marsabit county. This thesis argues that change and cooperation are possible effects of dialogue rather than integral parts of dialogue as a form of communication. The study was grounded in John Paul Lederach's theory (2005), and additional empirical literature was examined in this section. The survey used a descriptive research construct utilizing questionnaires and an interview guide. The data obtained was analyzed utilizing a qualitative process that deals with empirical statistics or potentially verifiable data obtained. Qualitative data was gathered using open-ended questionnaires, and in cases where respondents were illiterate, interviews were conducted. The information gathered was interpreted objectively. Primary and secondary sources were utilized to collect the data. The key findings were summarized from the statistics collected in the survey. This enabled the researcher to make conclusions and even make recommendations in keeping with the results. The survey disclosed that even though competition for resources is frequently quoted as the reason for violent fight in Marsabit County, evidence in regard to this survey show that conflict in Marsabit is now more complicated than anyone can imagine. The system of wars in this locality is dynamic. Concern Worldwide intervention techniques have had Joint Community Peace Resolution interest. Community leaders and security officials facilitated and coordinated peace committees from time to time. Findings revealed that the original pastoralist traditions and cultures that call for the resolution of conflict amicably by use of elders, dialogue, and some old-fashioned rituals have gradually been shelved. Peace resolutions between the concerned communities have mostly depended on the availability of pasture and water and are completely tied to a win-win situation. The survey also came up with other suggestions such as investment in creating awareness and elevation of peace as well as training the indigenous communities and sensitization on conflict and illegal arms. Dialogue can be a sustainable tool in peacebuilding as it can contribute to adaptability, as defined by Lederach.
Countering Terrorism through Private Security Guards: Case of Public Universities of Kenya (2006 -2016)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-02) Moler, Pius Pkegho
Private security guards (PSGs) contribute to counter-terrorism in the Kenya's public universities in the last decade. The study attempted to understand the rationale for the use of Private Security Providers (PSP) services to safeguard public institutions in place of the National Police Service (NPS). The study addressed the evolving role of private security measures in countering terrorism within Kenyan public universities between 2006 and 2016. It examined strategies, policies, and challenges encountered by PSGs. The study assessed policy interventions, focusing on recruitment, training, and collaborations with national security agencies. Despite these efforts, there was a lack of comprehensive analysis on the long-term effectiveness and adaptation to evolving terrorist threats. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of PSGs in safeguarding universities against terrorism, considering challenges and perceptions of private security personnel. Additionally, it explored socio-political and economic influences on security measures during the specified timeframe. The study was guided by objectives that assessed the rationale of using private security guards in protecting Kenya Public Universities, interrogated the counter-terrorism strategies adopted by private security guards in Kenya Public Universities and analyzed the challenges facing private security guards in counter-terrorism. The study employed exploratory research design with a mixed approach on qualitative and quantitative methods, where data was quantitatively and qualitatively collected and analyzed.39 respondents were randomly selected while purposive sampling was used to select 6 supervisors and 6 heads of the respective institutions safety and security department in the study. The study investigated the rationale for using private security guards in protecting Kenyan public universities, the counter-terrorism strategies adopted by these guards, and the challenges they face in counter-terrorism efforts. The deployment of private security guards was deemed necessary due to the inadequacy of the available police force, and their presence was considered friendlier for the unique environment of learning institutions. The study found that various strategies, such as technology use, monthly rotations, and counter-terrorism rehearsals, positively contributed to the safety and security of public universities. However, challenges like human rights law restrictions, lack of equipment, inadequate training, and poor coordination were identified. The study concluded that continued deployment of private security guards in universities is justified for prompt response and maintaining the institutions' primary role. Recommendations include expediting the arming of private security guards, regulating their training, conducting anti-terrorism drills, providing necessary equipment, and reviewing their remuneration periodically to enhance effectiveness in countering terrorism
Application of Geospatial Techniques by Police in Crime Prevention in Nairobi City County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-03) Wachiuri, Gichohi John
Geospatial techniques play an important role in analysis of crime and designing of crime prevention strategies. The use of the new technological tools such as remote sensing and GIS has enhanced and improved capabilities and effectiveness of police agencies. The main objective of the research was to assess the application of geospatial techniques in crime prevention through police crime response strategies examining the technological innovations as a driving force that can lead to reform of crime prevention and control strategies. There were three specific objectives in this the study. First, is to assess the components of geospatial techniques in crime prevention through police response strategies, secondly it was to examine how the application of geospatial techniques influenced crime prevention through police response strategies and thirdly it was to determine the extent of application of geospatial techniques for crime prevention through police response strategies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was underpinned on two theories, the situational crime prevention and crime pattern theory. In this study descriptive survey research design was adopted and the methodology aimed at gathering information utilizing the questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The choice of Nairobi City County as the area of study was informed by accessibility of the essential infrastructure that Geospatial techniques innovation can ride on. One hundred and sixty-five police officers formed the sample size of the study from a target population of 206. Stratified purposive sampling was adopted for the study where each stratum consisted of relatively homogeneous sub group that was randomly selected to reduce biases. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected. Quantitative data was analyzed utilizing SPSS for computation of statistical summaries. The qualitative data was in the first place arranged systematically into text format and then exported into a spreadsheet. As revealed by the results of the study, the three components of geospatial techniques i.e Geographical Information Systems, Global Positioning System and Remote Sensing were being used for capturing, analyzing and storing crime data. Service delivery in terms of efficiency in police crime response strategies have improved with application of geospatial techniques in crime prevention in Nairobi City County. In order to create harmony in in dissemination of crime data obtained through geospatial techniques the study recommended for a policy to guide the sharing and protecting the information from non-intended dissemination. The researcher has recommended two studies that can be conducted in the future. One, future scholar should conduct a study on dependability of the Integrated Command and Control centre in crime prevention. Secondly, a study should be conducted on the use of Geospatial technology to identify the road traffic accident hotspots in Nairobi.
Al Shabaab Terrorist Attacks and Transnational Security: Case of Non-Local Employees Attacks In Mandera County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-08) Kivindyo, Justus Muithya
The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges faced by non-local employees in Mandera County as a result of Al-Shabaab terrorist attacks. The study found that non-local employees face significant challenges in terms of their safety and security, ability to work effectively, and overall well-being. The attacks have resulted in the loss of lives, injuries, and psychological trauma. Mandera County lost many non-resident employees who were targeted by Al-Shabaab attacks while working in quarries in Mandera County in the period between 2010 and 2015. The scenario became very complicated as it was accompanied by other attacks including the stopping of buses and targeting non-Muslims, murdering them. This caused fear and panic among non-Muslim Kenyans and foreigners working in Mandera County. It led to majority of them quitting their jobs and exiting from Mandera County under police escort. This study evaluated the difficulties faced by non-resident and regional workers in Mandera County as a result of terror attacks against them. The study's specific goals included examining how terrorist attacks prevent non-indigenous workers from staying in Mandera County, evaluating cultural barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there, analysing motivational barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there, and evaluating environmental barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there. The Helzberg two-factor theory and the social control theory were both used in the study. The investigation spans the years 2010 through 2017. The study used a descriptive research design, and participants included 70 respondents forming 10% of the 709 target population as representatives from government agencies, security agencies, community and religious leaders, and NGOs. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, a purposive sampling strategy was used in the study. The study used questionnaires to gather data. A pilot study was carried out in Garissa County informing the validity of the tools that drew the findings as well as the reliability of the tools. Frequency tables and charts were used in the descriptive data analysis of the data. Reports, graphs, charts, and diagrams were used to present the findings. According to the findings, terror rather than environmental or motivational factors was the main barrier preventing non-resident workers from working in Mandera County because of attacks and the brutal murders of some of their co-workers.
Kenya Defence Forces Infrastructure Improvement and its Implications on Livelihoods: A Case of the Nakuru-Kisumu Railway Line Revamp
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Okwaro, Fredrick Ouma
The military has been noted to be at the forefront of infrastructure improvement and its implication on livelihoods. This has been beyond the contemporary function of state sovereignty protection. The study had objectives that identified the contribution of the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) on infrastructure improvement, examined the rationale of KDF engagement in infrastructure improvement, and analyze the implications of the KDF infrastructure improvement. The Neoclassical Approach, complemented by the Marxist Approach, served the study's theoretical foundation. The study employed a descriptive research design with quantitative and qualitative research techniques utilized in-depth and unstructured interviews. The Kenya Military Headquarters, Waterworks Camp, Hurlingham, Nairobi was the study area. The study used a questionnaire to collect responses from Second Lieutenants, Lieutenants, Captains, Majors, Lieutenant-Colonels, Colonels, Brigadiers, Major Generals, Lieutenant-Generals, and Generals. Through the adoption of Yamane's (1967) formula, a total of 265 respondents were reached, using questionnaires. The pretesting of the research instruments was done among 27 respondents who did not form part of the main study target population. The pre-testing process observed procedures designed for the collection of data with the pre-test size of 10% representing 27 sampled respondents for the pilot study, a recommended and suitable percentage. Validity was ensured by seeking assistance from the supervisor. For reliability, the research instrument was pre-tested to ascertain a Cronbach’s value of more than 0.7. Data collected was compared with government, non-state actors, and other studies' findings for authenticity. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively using SPSS version 28 for quantitative data, while summaries and triangulation for qualitative data within topical and thematic areas. Graphs, tables, and quotations were used in data presentation. The study had ethical issues consideration on confidentiality, voluntary participation, informed consent of respondents, and relevant introductory letters and research permits obtained. Findings revealed that KDF has made significant contributions to infrastructure improvement that implicates on livelihoods. They have utilized heavy machinery for disaster response and established the KDF Research and Development Center as an innovation hub. By expanding and employing non-military personnel, KDF is aligning with Kenya's Vision 2030 and facilitating the realization of the Big Four Agenda. The impacts of KDF on infrastructure improvement and livelihoods have been felt through expenditures as a percentage of GDP have decreased over time, indicating commitment to development projects. KDF's involvement in revamping the Nakuru-Kisumu Railway line has improved transportation. They have also been engaged in borehole drilling, road and bridge construction, dam construction and de-silting, and provision of medical and veterinary services. In conclusion, these initiatives have had a positive impact at various levels, from individuals and households to communities and the nation as a whole. KDF's rapid response capability has been instrumental in supporting state departments for community socio-economic development. The study recommends on expanding KDF's mandate to include infrastructure development, and the government should plan for infrastructure expansion and consider how social amenities follow when new bases are established. The military can also be assigned low-level development tasks, such as road construction, in the regions where they operate.
Al Shabaab Terrorist Attacks and Transnational Security: Case of Non-Local Employees Attacks in Mandera County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-08) Kivindyo, Justus Muithya
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges faced by non-local employees in Mandera County as a result of Al-Shabaab terrorist attacks. The study found that non-local employees face significant challenges in terms of their safety and security, ability to work effectively, and overall well-being. The attacks have resulted in the loss of lives, injuries, and psychological trauma. Mandera County lost many non-resident employees who were targeted by Al-Shabaab attacks while working in quarries in Mandera County in the period between 2010 and 2015. The scenario became very complicated as it was accompanied by other attacks including the stopping of buses and targeting non-Muslims, murdering them. This caused fear and panic among non-Muslim Kenyans and foreigners working in Mandera County. It led to majority of them quitting their jobs and exiting from Mandera County under police escort. This study evaluated the difficulties faced by non-resident and regional workers in Mandera County as a result of terror attacks against them. The study's specific goals included examining how terrorist attacks prevent non-indigenous workers from staying in Mandera County, evaluating cultural barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there, analysing motivational barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there, and evaluating environmental barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there. The Helzberg two-factor theory and the social control theory were both used in the study. The investigation spans the years 2010 through 2017. The study used a descriptive research design, and participants included 70 respondents forming 10% of the 709 target population as representatives from government agencies, security agencies, community and religious leaders, and NGOs. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, a purposive sampling strategy was used in the study. The study used questionnaires to gather data. A pilot study was carried out in Garissa County informing the validity of the tools that drew the findings as well as the reliability of the tools. Frequency tables and charts were used in the descriptive data analysis of the data. Reports, graphs, charts, and diagrams were used to present the findings. According to the findings, terror rather than environmental or motivational factors was the main barrier preventing non-resident workers from working in Mandera County because of attacks and the brutal murders of some of their co-workers.
African Union in Management of Transboundary Conflicts: Case of Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam
(Kenyatta University, 2023-05) Okech, Cornel Otieno
Egypt and the riparian countries in its neighborhoods have been at odds for nearly a century over the utilization of the Nile's water. Several treaties made by Egypt with Britain in 1902, 1929, and 1959 guarantee Egypt's exclusive access to Nile River waters. In 1960, the struggle over the Nile River initially came to light when the Egyptian government objected to Ethiopia's plans to construct the Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam (GERD) dam at the meeting of the White and Blue Niles. This situation persisted until 2020, when Ethiopia expected to finish building the GERD dam and begin using it. In 2020, Egypt caused a stir when it declared it would employ "all means," including military force, to prevent Ethiopia from flooding the dam. The study analyzed the role of the African Union (AU) in mediating the GERD conflict between Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan, assessed the impact of the GERD conflict on regional cooperation, sustainable development, and conflict resolution in Africa and identified potential strategies for addressing similar natural resource conflicts in the future. The origins of the conflicts, the AU's involvement, and the difficulties that have arisen as a result of that engagement were central themes in this literature study. Analysis of the dispute's participants' actions was grounded in political reality theory. The study employed qualitative and exploratory research strategies. The study used a sample size of eighty two (82) respondents but only 81 were responsive. Academics, diplomats, and researchers, among others, who are experts in the field, made up the bulk of the intended audience. Ethic concerns were explored as part of the study. Based on the objectives, the data was examined and presented thematically, and findings and recommendations were made. In conclusion, the study established that the AU's role in mediating the GERD conflict underscores the AU's importance as a mediator in complex geopolitical disputes, emphasizing the need for neutral platforms and regional organizations in conflict resolution. Despite challenges, the AU demonstrated the potential for diplomatic solutions and the capacity of African nations to address their conflicts. The GERD conflict highlighted the multifaceted consequences of resource disputes, straining regional cooperation but also showing the potential for diplomatic resolutions through the AU's efforts. It stresses early engagement, transparent data sharing, inclusive dialogue, and sustainable development in conflict resolution. The conflict offers valuable lessons and strategies for managing resource conflicts in the future, focusing on early engagement, legal frameworks, inclusivity, data sharing, third-party mediation, conflict prevention, regional cooperation, sustainability, conflict transformation, international law, scenario planning, capacity building, and public engagement. Recommendations include strengthening regional mediation mechanisms, investing in regional organizations' capacity, promoting inclusive engagement in future conflicts, and prioritizing sustainable resource management. This approach can help mitigate conflicts, promote regional stability, and ensure responsible resource utilization.
Women in Peacebuilding Initiatives After 2007/8 Post-Election Violence in Kibra Subcounty, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(2024-05) Gichinga, Teresa Wangechi
The study examined the role of women in peace processes in Nairobi City County, Kenya, following post-election violence in 2007/2008. The three main objectives of the study were to examine the role of women in peace processes in Nairobi City County, to assess the impact of women's participation in community peace processes and to examine the experiences and perspectives of women involved in peace processes in Nairobi City County. The study was guided by gender, development and conflict theories and fundamentally enabled the study of women in peacebuilding in Nairobi City County. The study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches in data collection and data analysis using methods and a mixed methods research design. The tools used for data collection were pre-tested in Mathare Sub-County, which is as cosmopolitan as Kibra Sub-County. The study population included women as community members who participated in peace initiatives in Nairobi City County through their households, administrators and CSOs following the 2007/08 post-election violence. The study, which involved 390 respondents, examined the role of women in peace processes in Nairobi City County, Kenya, and the impact of women-led initiatives on promoting peace and reducing violence. It found that conflict and discrimination hinder women's participation, but recognition, support and empowerment are crucial to promoting gender equality. The recommendations noted that the government should sign peace agreements, provide resources and work with civil society to include women in leadership and peace processes. Regular evaluation and comprehensive commitments are crucial. Human security and peace networks supported by civil society should include urban and rural women's organizations. NGOs and women's groups must empower women in peace and security and advocate for their inclusion in gender equality policies. Collaboration between international and local organizations with regular consultations and funding arrangements is crucial. Expanding networks through alliances helps to overcome challenges and marginalization after conflict. The interaction of different women's groups strengthens women's movements in post-conflict scenarios.
Inter-State Trade Agreements and Its Impact on Trade Relations: Case of Kenya and Tanzania Interstate Agreements, 2010-2020
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Mujema, Esther Ruth
The East African Community has in the past had good relations although with occasional challenges among member states. Drawing the case of Kenya and Tanzania, trade relationship has suffered frequent challenges from economic, ideological, political, social, legal and environmental factors. Trade relations mostly depend on multiple factors such as the nature of the two countries’ macroeconomic landscape in conjunction with other factors like interstate agreements between the two countries. Nevertheless, limited information exists to substantiate the role of these factors in influencing trade relations between the two countries, therefore, making it hard for various stakeholders including the government, business society, and the scholars to project the future of the two states’ economic affairs and make viable recommendations on how the relations could be optimized. This study sought to analyse the interconnection between interstate agreements and economic relations between Kenya and Tanzania, examined the role of interstate agreements influencing trade relationships between Kenya and Tanzania and evaluated the extent to which the East African Community and other inter-state treaties have influenced Kenya-Tanzania trade relations between the period 2010 to 2020. The study employed a descriptive design, analyzing both primary and secondary data to yield qualitative and quantitative findings. Intergovernmental agreements signed between Kenya and Tanzania from 2010 to 2020 positively impacted trade relations by eliminating trade barriers, facilitating goods and services movement, and reducing border clearance time and costs. These agreements played a pivotal role in shaping trade relations. The EAC Customs Union significantly promoted trade among member states by harmonizing policies, reducing non-tariff barriers, and enhancing infrastructure for cross-border trade facilitation. Strengthening the EAC Customs Union is imperative through policy harmonization, non-tariff barrier reduction, and infrastructure enhancement for seamless cross-border trade. Encouraging private sector participation and investment in the EAC region, improving transport infrastructure, and standardizing regulations can further boost regional value chains and trade. Additionally, cross-border promotion of investment and joint ventures can foster economic growth, while nurturing innovation and entrepreneurship can spur the development of new products and services, thus advancing trade relations.
China’s Public Diplomacy: Citizen Engagement in Nairobi City County, Kenya (2000-2023)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Alfred, Phillip Kwoba
Public Diplomacy is a pathway of foreign policy that has gained momentum in international Relations studies since the post-cold war period. This study examined China’s Public Diplomacy: Citizen Engagement in Nairobi City County, Kenya (2000-2023). The objectives of the study were; to assess the influence of Chinese micro and small business enterprises in Nairobi City county in promoting China’s public diplomacy towards Kenya, to discuss the roles of Chinese professionals working in Nairobi City County in advancing China’s public diplomacy towards Kenya, to examine the participation of beneficiaries of scholarships and exchange programs in China’s public policy towards Kenya. The study was premised on the increasing engagement of Chinese citizens in promoting China’s public diplomacy towards Kenya. The study was limited to Nairobi City County, in Kenya. The study was significant for it examined new forms of public diplomacy in China –Kenya relations. This study was anchored on the soft power theory. The study used a case study methodological design. The study adopted purposive sampling technique and the targeted population were Chinese business entrepreneurs, Africans employed in Chinese micro and small businesses and Chinese professionals working in service, education, construction and industrial sectors. The research used an oral interview guide to collect data. The data was qualitatively analyzed using inferences, description and logical explanation. The study found out that in Nairobi City County ordinary Chinese citizens and their African agency were proactively engaged in promoting China’s public diplomacy towards Kenya. Whereas, Africans who worked in Chinese commercial and construction enterprises had a positive image of China and thus were agents of Chinese public diplomacy towards Kenya, the majority of African micro and small scale businesses were totally opposed to penetration of Chinese citizens in micro and small scale businesses. The study established that China’s citizen public diplomacy towards Kenya has become an effective tool of Chinese soft power in Kenya.
Implementation of Kenya’s Environmental Diplomacy Pillar in Mitigating Air Pollution
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Kimiti, Paul G.
Environmental challenges notably air pollution have attracted wide international attention for decades. Individual states have thus sought to address these challenges through different policy frameworks. Kenya promulgated its first ever foreign policy document in 2014 where among others, environmental diplomacy was given prominence by setting up a diplomatic pillar to address matters relating to the environment. Despite such high-level engagement, air pollution continues in the country threatening the achievement of global environmental objectives set forth in multilateral agreements. This study thus sought to evaluate the implementation of Kenya’s environmental diplomacy pillar in its earnest to address air pollution challenge as a contribution to tackling global environmental problems. The specific objectives were to examine the envisioned implementation of Kenya’s environmental diplomacy pillar under the existing environmental laws in Kenya, to assess the degree of environmental awareness and its impact in countering challenges of air pollution in Kenya and to examine the extent of research under Kenya’s environmental diplomacy pillar and its contribution to addressing air pollution in Kenya. This study was anchored on sustainable development theory supported by institutionalism theory. Sustainable development theory calls for implementation and enforcement of relevant policies to address and reverse negative environmental impacts. Institutionalism theory encourages cooperative environmental behavior among states through domestic environmental actions that align with international regimes. This study employed exploratory research design which is ideal in less studied fields. It focused on Kenya which had a relatively new foreign policy pillar on environmental diplomacy. Respondents were drawn from the headquarters of key ministries and other institutions dealing with environmental matters and environmental diplomacy in the Kenyan capital city, Nairobi. The target population comprised of 130 key informants drawn from institutions concerned with environmental matters from which a sample of 30% was selected. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using self-administered semi-structured questionnaires while secondary data was obtained through review of relevant documents. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and conceptual content analysis aligned to the study objectives. The findings were presented in a narrative supported by tables. The study found that Kenya’s environmental diplomacy pillar had not been fully implemented to synergize environmental actions and a clear implementation framework for the pillar was lacking. Institutions dealing with environmental policies implementation also suffered from inadequate capacity and resources. It was further established that the level of awareness about the environment and air pollution was moderate and there were no coherent environmental awareness creation structures. The study also found that research on air pollution and related issues was low. These findings expanded the existing body of knowledge on Kenya’s environmental diplomacy pillar, established the progress made in its implementation and provided a basis for remedial measures to fully exploit the potential of the pillar. Further, this study generated new empirical evidence that could be useful in theory building and refinement. The study recommended formulation of a detailed implementation framework for the environmental diplomacy pillar, adequately resourcing implementing institutions, establishment of formal structures for environmental and air pollution awareness creation and enhancement of environmental research.
Implications of Protracted Kenya - Somalia Boundary Disputes on Ordinary Citizens along the Border County of Lamu, Kenya (2011-2021)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Keriako, Paul Lemerian
This study sought to investigate the implication of the protracted interstate boundary disputes on the ordinary citizens along the Kenya Somalia border of Lamu County in Kenya. The specific objectives of this study were; to analyze political history of factors driving the protracted boundary disputes between Kenya and Somalia and its influence on ordinary citizens of the two states, to assess the social economic effects of boundary disputes between Kenya and Somalia on ordinary citizens living along the common border and to explore how diplomatic strategies for boundary dispute resolution influence bilateral relations of ordinary citizens along the Kenya-Somalia border. A number of empirical studies were reviewed to inform the study. Two theories, the theory of realism and border theory were used to underpin the theoretical reflections and the conceptualization of this study. A mixed research approach was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The historical and exploratory research designs were used in carrying out the study whose areas of focus was in Lamu County. The population of interest in the study encompassed residents of Lamu s County who were; farmers, fishermen, teachers, businessmen, youths, women and religious leaders. This study employed mixed sampling strategies including simple stratified and purposive to select the participants of the study. Three methods of data collection were used; questionnaires, Focused Group Discussions and interviews. Primary data was blended with secondary where primary data was collected from a sample size of 500 respondents and informants and from archrival and digitalized sources. Content, thematic and theoretical analysis was used to analyze data. Qualitative data was presented in narratives and verbatim. This study concluded that Kenya and Somalia have checkered political history characterized by boundary disputes dating to colonial period. The protracted dispute has largely affected residents of Lamu County living along the border. Interplay of both historical and new emerging dynamics such as arbitrary boundaries created by colonial masters during the scramble and partition of Africa, colonialism and colonial legacies, existing cultural ties between the people of Kenya and Somalia, the Shifta War, military interventions, regional competition over resources, entry of external actors and lately the maritime dispute are the drivers of the current maritime dispute between Kenay and Somalia. The protracted dispute has both social, economic and political effects on the ordinary citizens including: continued conflict and insecurity, regional instability, Internally Displaced Persons and refugees, diplomatic spat/breaking relations, close of common border and slowed bilateral trade and investment. The following strategies for managing escalation boundary disputes have been put in place: interstate negotiations, third party mediation, multi-track diplomacy, trade and investment, cooperation on matters of security and regional integration. This study recommends that Kenya and Somalia put aside their differences; avoid adversarial position regarding existing interstate disputes and focus on pacific disputes resolution mechanism for mutual bilateral relations and her peoples.
Internal Dissidence and Violent Extremism in Kwale County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Kasimwa,Faith Analo
This study sought to investigate the link between internal dissidence and the increased violent extremism in Kwale County, Kenya, by first, exploring the factors driving internal dissent in Kwale County, Kenya. Secondly, analyze radicalization strategies used by violent extremists to establish ties with internal dissidents in Kwale County and thirdly, evaluating the efficiency of approaches of dealing with internal dissent and violet extremism in Kwale County, Kenya. Related literature in internal dissidents, violent extremism, radicalization and counter-violent extremism was reviewed to shed light on this study. The drive theory and social movement theory was used to ground the various elements in this study. This study used a factor analysis design which combines aspects of exploratory and descriptive analysis in exploring the causal factors of internal dissent and its relationship with violent extremism. Kwale County was used as the study area due to its history of violent extremism. This study targeted residents of Kwale County as well as Non-Governmental Organizations, Community Based Organizations, Government Security Organs and Agencies and County Government Officials. The study used a total of 117 respondents as a sample. The data was collected using structured questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using factor analysis. This was followed by presentation of findings in tables, frequencies, percentages, pie charts and graphs. Qualitative data was analyzed through thematic analysis, content analysis and through theoretical reflections. This study found that a number of factors lead to internal dissidence with lack of public participation having the highest correlation to internal dissent and that propaganda and misguided religious teachings were the ways most commonly used by established radical groups to ink with internal dissents. Further, the study found that the most utilized strategy to address violent extremism in Kwale County is improved access to education rather than addressing lack of public participation in governance and development as well as monitoring the use of propaganda and extremist religious teachings. This has made counter violent extremist strategies ineffective. The study therefore recommends the shift of strategy of dealing with violent extremism to improved public involvement and countering the spread of propaganda and misguided religious teachings.
Adopting Explosive Detection Dogs to Counter Improvised Explosive Devices: Case of Kenya Defence Forces
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Koech,Gideon Kipkemoi
Due to the increasing threat of improvised explosive devices in Kenya, there is need to explore new counter IED strategies that can be used to tackle this menace. For many years, dogs have always been used in security operations due to their strong scent capabilities. In Kenya, the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) canine regiment was established to help in countering the increased use of IEDs by Al-Shabaab. This research investigated how explosive detection dogs can be utilized to detect explosive threats to troops in combat and hence enhancing troop’s survivability during movement or in defensive/static posture, and also improve on human security and all factors therein. The specific objectives were to: analyze the effectiveness of the current Counter Improvised Explosive Devices (C-IED) strategies, evaluate ways in which explosive detection dogs can be employed in detecting IEDs at the Kenya-Somalia Border and examine in what ways the KDF Canine Regiment can be effectively employed in Countering IEDs in Kenya. The key informants for the primary collection of data included the KDF Canine Regiment, the Kenya Police, the G4S security guards, Wells Fargo, and other security agencies operating in and around the Kenya-Somalia Border. The study used a descriptive research design that included both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. The study also applied deterrence theory and classical conditioning theory. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling were used to select sample population. From the first objective, the study found that Kenya has a counter IED unit; the counter IED unit responds promptly when called upon; the counter IED unit can detect IEDs before they explode. A majority of the respondents also agreed that there is need to reinforce the IED unit. From the second objective, a majority of the respondents agreed that: the counter IED units in the Northeastern border towns have dog units; the KDF Canine Regiment troops normally utilize explosive detection dogs to detect IEDs at the Kenya-Somalia border; the Kenya Police normally utilize dogs to detect IEDs within the Kenya-Somalia border towns; and that the G4S and Wells Fargo guards rarely utilize dogs to detect IEDs at their respective security checkpoints. From the third objective, the study found that: it was appropriate to utilize KDF Canine Regiment in homeland security; utilizing KDF canine regiment will help prevent IED attacks. The study recommends that: The KDF canine unit should expand the canine units in Kenya, especially in the Northeastern border towns to help increase the number of experts and enhance the practice of using dogs in security checkups; There should be an increased sharing of information, both at the local and international level; There is need for the KDF canine unit to integrate modern technologies in their operations, such as the use if cameras and drones; There is need for field officers to always update the canine unit in the headquarters regularly on any new developments in the field so as to stay afloat on any new materials and methods used by IED perpetrators; and there is need for the canine handlers to always undergo regular training to enhance their expertise and stay updated of any new modalities employed by the IED perpetrators.
The Role of Blue Economy Infrastructure on Security in Kenya: A Case Study of Lake Victoria
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Lagat,Epapra Kipkemboi
The study examined the Blue economy infrastructure development and its effects on security in Kenya with specific emphasis on Lake Victoria. The general objective of this study was to examine the role of blue economy infrastructure development on Kenya’s Lake Victoria region The individual objectives of the research is to explore how the development of blue economy infrastructure contributes to security along Lake Victoria region, to explore the role of inclusive governance frameworks with stakeholder participation in the planning, implementation, and management of blue economy infrastructure in Lake Victoria and evaluate their impact on the security of the region and to analyse risks to blue economy infrastructure development in boosting security along Lake Victoria region. This research was hinged on the structural change theory as per the Lewis Model. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with key stakeholders and quantitative analysis of data related to security incidents and economic indicators. From the first objective, which was how the development of blue economy infrastructure contributes to security along Lake Victoria region, the study found a significant positive correlation between the development of blue economy infrastructure and enhanced security in the Lake Victoria region. From the second objective, which was the role of inclusive governance frameworks and stakeholder participation in the planning, implementation of blue economy infrastructure in Lake Victoria and evaluate their impact on the security of the region, the study found that Inclusive governance frameworks and stakeholder participation play a crucial role in the planning, implementation and management of blue economy infrastructure projects in the Lake Victoria region The third objective which sought to analyze the risks and challenges to Blue economy infrastructure development in boosting security in Lake Victoria, the study found that Lake Victoria, as one of Africa's largest freshwater bodies, faces several environmental risks and challenges that directly impact the security and well-being of the communities dependent on its resources. In conclusion, this study shed light on the crucial role of blue economy infrastructure in enhancing security in Kenya, particularly in the context of Lake Victoria. The findings of this research highlight the multifaceted nature of the relationship between blue economy infrastructure and security, demonstrating that investment in sustainable infrastructure can significantly contribute to the overall security framework of a region. To capitalize on the gains of blue economy infrastructure development on security, the study, therefore makes the following recommendations; Increasing funding for blue economy infrastructure projects, continuous monitoring and evaluation and capacity building initiatives to enhance skills and knowledge.
Intergration of Surveillance Technologies and Security Management by Private Securit Providers in Nakuru City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Ngure, Anthony Rebo
The study sought to explore the integration of surveillance technologies and security management by private security providers in Nakuru city county, Kenya. The study was guided by three specific objectives; to explore the reasons for private security providers integrating surveillance technologies; to assess customer satisfaction on integration of surveillance technology by private security providers; and to determine the challenges of integrating surveillance technologies by private security providers in Nakuru County, Kenya. It utilized the Integrated System Theory of managing security information and Roger’s innovation diffusion theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design which employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches in collecting and analyzing data which was then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study targeted private security providers in Nakuru County as unit of analysis. It also employed purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques to select 30 respondents from ten (10) private security providers from the three sub counties distributed among the five sectors of the economy. Interviews and FGDs as well questionnaire were used in the collecting data. The study found that that 85.1% of the respondents strongly agreed that security concerns in Nakuru City County that necessitate integration of surveillance security by private providers; 70.4% strongly agreed that surveillance technology are effective and have enhanced their security and safety; 85.1% strongly agreed that there are technical challenges when integrating surveillance technology. Additionally, the majority of clients concurred that they are satisfied with the degree of communication and updates given by private security providers; the information is straightforward and unambiguous with regard to the data gathered by monitoring technologies. Further, some of the challenges established include high costs of installation, inadequate resources for repair and maintenance, vandalism and disabling of the equipment by experienced criminals, which prevents the availability of evidence necessary for an inquiry. In addition, the findings indicated that inadequate networks and infrastructure presented additional difficulties for private security companies. Additionally, private security companies faced challenges such improper outcome analysis, corruption, and police intervention during investigations, which made it difficult to find the offenders and resulted in criminals operating freely on the streets. Similarly, security providers encounter technical difficulties such as complex security system installations carried out by unqualified individuals who lack the necessary knowledge and skills; frequent equipment breakdowns, blackouts, malfunctioning equipment, and shortage of qualified technicians. The study concluded that private security companies use surveillance technologies to suit changing customer demands and keep up with changing crime trends; customers are satisfied with the functionalities of the surveillance technologies and that integrating surveillance technologies is not free of challenges. The study recommended that the police and private security personnel work together to respond to criminal activities and improve the use of surveillance technologies in incident response coordination.
Assessement of the Trajectory of the Implementation of Comesa Free Movement of Persons Protocol in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-04) Mutai,Daisy Chepngetich
The aspect of freedom of movement is considered a dimension in migration and regional integration since it deepens cooperation among Member states. Freedom of movement is one of the essential tenents of continental, political and international human rights system. Most Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in Africa have come up with innovative policies such as the Free Movement of Persons (FMPs) protocols implemented at regional levels whose purpose is to open up borders through the removal of restrictions at entry points in order to facilitate intra-regional travel and mobility across all the RECs. The ratification and implementation of treaties and protocols demonstrates African states commitment to resolve common goods problems in states. Nevertheless, despite the importance of freedom of movement accords to COMESA`s integration agenda, Member states have been slow in the implementation of the COMESA freedom of movement protocol. The COMESA freedom of movement protocol was enacted in 2001, but not all COMESA member states have ratified it or put it into practice therefore, compliance levels is still low in nearly every Member state. This study set out to quantify the results of Kenya's implementation of the free movement of people protocol inside the COMESA. The Study objectives included assessing the degree to which COMESA had achieved its aims, ascertaining the degree to which the COMESA free movement of person’s protocol has been implemented, and identifying barriers to full implementation of the COMESA freedom of movement protocol. The research was guided and supported by regional integration and liberal institutionalism theories. In order to determine the associations between factors, exploratory research design was used in the research study. The research was conducted in Nairobi City County, and the sample was drawn at random from the relevant departments in that locale. Purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were used in selection of key respondents in the research study. Primary data was obtained from self-administered questionnaires and the use of interviews administered to the relevant respondents. Secondary data on the other hand was obtained from books, journal, articles, COMESA annual reports and COMESA meeting decisions. Content analysis - was used in analysing qualitative data and SPSS version 25 was used in quantitative data analysis. Data was corroborated in order to attain validity. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the process of implementing the protocol on COMESA FMP lags behind in Kenya due to hurdles such as; lack of political commitment, lack of collaboration from stakeholders, slow pace of ratification, fear of loss of sovereignty and also overlapping membership. However, despite the COMESA free movement of person`s protocol not being ratified and implemented in Kenya, the study revealed that notable efforts have been made by Kenya through the issuance of visa on arrival to other COMESA member states. The study recommended that Kenya should prioritize and ensure the full implementation and ratification of the COMESA freedom of movement protocol in order to enhance mobility and achieve the goal of agenda 2063 that seeks to foster integration and effective mobility in African RECs
Non- State Actors’ and Conflict Transformation in Kenya: A Case of Election Related Violence (1992-2018)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Wachira, Marion Wangari
Following the conclusion of the Cold War, non-state actors (NSAs) gained global prominence and fundamentally altered electoral disputes. With the advent of African democratization in the 1990s, elections became a crucial aspect of governance. However, the emergence of conflicts and fragmented coalitions has potentially led to instability on the African continent. This study aims to achieve the following objectives: analyze the dynamics of election-related conflicts in Kenya (1992 and 2018); assess the conflict transformation initiatives of non-state actors in Kenya's electoral violence (1992–2018); and analyze the challenges faced by non-state actors in transforming post-election violence in Kenya (1992–2018). The study is grounded in conflict transformation theory and employs a descriptive research design. Thematic literature review was conducted. Purposive sampling and snowball techniques were utilized to select civil society organizations, academic and research institutions, religious groups, community-based organizations, media and communications channels, and international organizations, resulting in a sample size of 190 respondents. Questionnaires were used, and key informants (KIs) were interviewed using structured schedules to collect data. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze quantitative data, while content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The study findings reveal that Kenya has experienced intermittent electoral conflict since the reintroduction of multi-party politics in 1992. Non-state actors have actively engaged in the transformation of Kenya's electoral violence (1992–2018), despite the challenges they encountered. The study recommends, among other things, that the Kenyan government and other stakeholders adopt a comprehensive approach to address the root causes of violent election conflicts in order to prevent their recurrence in the future. Policy and legislative measures should be implemented by the Kenyan government to sustain the peacebuilding efforts of non-state actors, integrating such measures into the state's conflict transformation processes.
Mobile Phone Technology Adoption, Counter Terrorism Measure, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Kandie, Daniel S.
The study investigated the utilization of mobile phone technology by the National Police Service (NPS) in Nairobi City County in combating the threat of terrorism. The objectives were to assess the extent of mobile technology adoption, explore influencing factors, and analyse the challenges encountered by the NPS in utilizing this technology. The justification for this research lays in the pressing need to address the escalating threat of terrorism in NCC and the potential of mobile technology to enhance counter-terrorism measures. The study reviewed literature objectively with the aid of theories that included: Actor-Network Theory (ANT), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). This study used a descriptive survey research design with qualitative and quantitative approaches to investigate the adoption of mobile phone technology by police officers in counterterrorism. The target population of the study was police officers of all cadres from police constable to Gazetted officers based at ATPU. A stratified random sampling method was used to select a sample of 207 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was analysed thematically. The findings of the study revealed that police officers in NCC are aware of the benefits of using mobile phone technology in counterterrorism. However, there are a number of challenges that hinder the adoption of this technology, such as lack of training, lack of funding, and security concerns. The study recommends that the government should provide more training and funding to police officers so that they can effectively use mobile phone technology in counterterrorism. Further, the study recommends focusing on investment in infrastructure, securing adequate funding, and providing comprehensive training, fostering interagency collaboration, and addressing privacy concerns.
Initial Police Recruit Training and Work Performance of Police Officers, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Mutula, Josiah Muendo
With the continuing cases of police officers’ unprofessionalism and violations of the work ethos outlined in the various instruments of police work manuals such as the 2018 Kenya Police Service Internal Affairs Unit Operations Manual and the National Police Service Police Officer Manual. It has been observed that a significant number of this indiscipline and improper conduct is being committed by police officers who had recently graduated from police training colleges. While it is evident that this behavior is not entirely attributable to the training dispensed, and that other factors might be at play to contribute to such misconduct. Therefore, this study focused on the relationship between the initial police recruit training and work performance of police officers, Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives were; to examine the various initial police recruit courses offered to enhance the work performance of police officers, Nairobi City County, assess the effects of the initial police recruit training on the work performance of police officers, Nairobi City County, and analyze the challenges of the initial police recruit training on work performance of police officers, Nairobi City County. The Training Review model and Bradley and Connors Training model were the theories used. This study was guided by a descriptive survey design that presented an opportunity for the researcher to obtain and present unique qualitative views derived from interviews and questionnaires that go a long way in inductive learning and knowledge building. The target population was police Officers serving within Nairobi County. The study used the multistage sampling. Primary data was gathered through questionnaires and focus group discussions. The pilot study was within Mlolongo police station of Machakos County. The major findings of the study were as follows: the initial police recruit training though relevant requires regular reviews to incorporate the demands of 21st Century policing. It was also established that an appropriate initial police recruit training has a direct effect on positive work performance thought challenges in such a programme combined with work place shortcomings have conspired to water down the success of police officers in their work place performance. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the NPS prioritize periodical evaluations of the initial police recruit training to improve its content and boost its efficacy among learners, that the NPS enhance its current initial police recruit training to constantly refresh its work force to ensure uniformity in knowledge and skills acquisition for a solid and undifferentiated work place performance, and that more training of trainers and modernization of the initial police recruit training aids are required to align the teaching process with skill sets that prepare the police recruits to handle contemporary crime situations.

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