MST-Department of Security and Correction Science

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United Nations Environment Programme Interventions in Safeguarding Urban Environment in Nairobi City County, Kenya (1992-2022)
(Kenyatta University, 2025-03) Cherotuk, Jonah Kiprugut
Urban areas have become a global concern as a significant source of environmental issues. As a leading authority in environmental matters, UNEP has stepped in to help states to protect urban environment as a wider strategy of safeguarding planetary health. However, despite Kenya hosting UNEP headquarters in Nairobi City County, the City has continued to witness unprecedented environmental challenges. This raises questions about the effectiveness of UNEP’s interventions at the local level. This study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of UNEP interventions in enhancing urban environmental quality of Nairobi City County, Kenya between 1992 and 2022. The specific objectives of the study encompassed examining the role of UNEP in the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in Nairobi City County, assessing the impact of UNEP’s selected projects on urban environment of the County, and analysing the implications of UNEP on Kenya’s environmental diplomacy policy. The study focused on Nairobi City County between 1992 and 2022 and a key limitation to the study was restricted access to internal reports and data at UNEP. The study employed exploratory research design. Interviews and questionnaires were utilized to collect qualitative and quantitative data respectively while document review was utilized to collect secondary data. The target population comprised officials from NEMA, KWS, MFA, UNEP, Nairobi County Government, members of the Parliamentary Committee on Environment and Lands, KFS staff, Nairobi residents, and environmental CBO employees. The study had a total of 104 respondents out of a sample size of 130. Grounded on Liberal Institutionalism theory, the study concludes that UNEP has played a key role in the implementation of MEA in Kenya through technical assistance and capacity building to stakeholders, advocacy and awareness raising, facilitation of stakeholders’ engagements, funding and resource mobilization as well as data and information sharing. The study also established that the major environmental challenges in Nairobi City County are; air pollution, water pollution and deforestation. Secondly, the results shows that, UNEP’s support for key projects such as Green Infrastructure Project, Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Plan for Nairobi City County, Air Quality Improvement Programmes, Sustainable Urban Transport System and Clean Energy Projects have reduced air pollution and mitigate climate change in the County. Thirdly, the study establishes that UNEP has positively impacted Kenya's environmental diplomacy by championing support for UNEP and UN-HABITAT, promoting MEA compliance, integrating environmental issues into economic activities, fostering research and innovation in environmental management, and enhancing public participation on environmental matters, thereby contributing to improved environmental quality of Nairobi City. Further, the study concludes that UNEP has enhanced Kenya’s participation in international environmental debates, position Kenya as the regional leader on environmental matters and facilitated the country’s access to international environmental funding which has improved the overall environmental quality of Nairobi City County alongside other urban centres in Kenya. The findings of this study is useful to UNEP and other international organisations involved in urban environment protection, the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry, MFA, academicians and environmental experts.
An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Mugambi, Kaari Dyna
Women under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to establish how male psyche influences deployment of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya; to identify the effects of warrior culture on the selection of female police officers for promotional courses in Nyeri County, Kenya; to find out how masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers in operational roles in Nyeri County, Kenya; and to identify what best practices can be done to address gender discrimination to enhance progression of female police officers in Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings showed that male psyche affects deployment of female police officers at 55.9%, warrior culture influences the selection of female police officers for promotional courses at 62%, while masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers to operational roles at 59.3%. From qualitative data, the participants observed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas denying the exposure that would give them job experiences that is important and considered in selection for promotion. This is despite the fact that both male and female officers undertake the same training to be enlisted in the police service. The study concludes that police culture in form of male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the police organization reviews the gender blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity. This will provide gender equity in recruitment, training, deployment and promotion of police officers, to give them a conducive work environment, improve their productivity and enable them to progress in their careers.
Outsourced Security Services on Security Culture in Commercial State Corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-03) Wanjeri, Joseph Karanja
Many Commercial state corporations in Nairobi County in Kenya struggle to integrate security programs and strategies into their organizational culture, leading to vulnerabilities such as cybercrime attacks, property damage, and theft, which have prompted the adoption of security outsourcing strategies. However, the impact of these outsourcing strategies on fostering a robust security culture remains unclear. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of security outsourcing on security culture among Commercial state corporations in Nairobi Kenya. This study specifically determined the effect of outsourcing information security services on security culture, the effect of outsourcing property guarding security services on security culture, the effect of outsourcing bodyguard services on security culture, and also established the effect of outsourcing cash protection services on security culture among Commercial state corporations in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study found its theoretical foundation in three key theories: core competency theory, institutional theory, and protection motivation theory. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, where 108 heads of security, finance, procurement, and information and communication technology (ICT) departments from 27 commercial state corporations were targeted. The study adopted a stratified sampling technique where data will be collected using open and closed-ended questionnaires. The dependability of the research tool was evaluated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the data (Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis). The findings revealed that among outsourcing strategies, outsourcing cash security had the highest positive influence on security culture, followed by information security and property security. In contrast, outsourcing bodyguard services negatively impacted the security culture among Commercial state corporations based in Nairobi County, Kenya. Thus, the study concludes that outsourcing security services, such as cash security, information security, and property security, plays a crucial role in fostering a strong security culture among commercial state corporations. However, outsourcing bodyguard services negatively impacts security culture, highlighting the need for a strategic evaluation of outsourcing approaches. Therefore, the study recommends prioritizing the outsourcing of cash, information, and property security services while reassessing the use of bodyguard services to ensure alignment with organizational security objective
External Militias in Inter-Ethnic Conflicts In Kenya: A Case of Oromo Liberation Front in Marsabit County; 1990 - 2022
(Kenyatta University, 2025-03) Umuro Gonche Umuro
This study examines the role of outside militias in Kenya's inter-ethnic violence, the Marsabit County Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) situation between 1990 and 2022. The study examines determinants of inter-ethnic violence and assesses the effects of OLF. Drawing on the Copenhagen School of Security securitization framework, and taking a multi-level, multi-sectoral approach, the study applies a cross-sectional qualitative study design. Local leaders, for example, the members of the Council of Elders, religious leaders, NGO members, female group chairs, and regional leaders, were selected through purposive sampling. Externally, inter-ethnic conflicts in Marsabit County are caused by external militias, politics, land competition, national political intrusion, and illegal weapons, which have been confirmed by findings. OLF has exacerbated interethnic conflict through selective violence, ethnic supremacy, and the illicit arms trade. The research claims that a better knowledge of security, community support, and heightened border surveillance are all contributing to the resolution of interethnic conflicts. The research recommends increased border patrols, better security operations, and political and civic reforms to keep Marsabit County stable. Political allegiance, customary cattle rustling, administrative borders, and land competition are further factors that cause conflicts. OLF fighters use porous borders to acquire weapons and commit violent crimes, which leads to terror, ethnic tensions, and socioeconomic instability. By extension, arguably for the study, the government of Marsabit County has to work with local leadership to make bottom-up initiatives stronger, enhance border security, and create security initiatives through intelligence sharing between Kenya and Ethiopia. Reintegration of ex-militia and demilitarization must also be ensured to stop violence and maintain peace in the future.
Influence of Select Foreign Media Reporting on Africa Conflicts Perceptions: A Case of Sudanese Armed Forces and Rapid Support Forces in 2023-2024
(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Komora, Easter Timna
The role of media reporting is emphasized as a powerful agent in shaping African conflict perception through selective covering, agenda-setting and the dissemination of information. The main objective of the study was to examine the influence of foreign media reporting on Africa conflict perception, specifically focusing on the conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Khartoum, Sudan. The specific objectives were to assess the foreign media conflict coverage between SAF and RSF, to analyze the Implication of language use in reporting the conflict between the SAF and RSF and to examine foreign media perception in reporting the SAF and RSF conflict. The thematic scope was on foreign media reporting on Africa conflicts perceptions in the year 2023, considering Khartoum, Sudan. Further, the study considered Agenda-Setting Theory by McCombs and Shaw (1972) and Framing Theory by Goffman (1974). A mixed methods research design was adopted. The study population consisted of individuals who were exposed to foreign media reporting and had the potential to form perceptions about African conflicts. The research targeted the general population or residents residing Khartoum. The study utilized stratified sampling for 384 Khartoum residents to ensure demographic diversity and purposive sampling for 19 Kenya-based international media houses to capture expert insights, achieving a total sample of 403 participants to analyze covering, language and biases in 2023 conflict coverage. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Secondary data was gathered from a range of sources including scholarly articles, books, reports and online resources. To ensure the effectiveness of the research tools, a pretesting phase was conducted. The data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics to outline and interpret the main features. Throughout the data collection process, ethical standards were meticulously adhered to. The findings revealed that foreign media coverage of the SAF-RSF conflict in Khartoum heavily emphasizes violent events and emotive visuals, sidelining local voices and perpetuating stereotypes of African instability. Linguistic choices like “rebels” or “tribal feud” oversimplify the conflict’s ethnic and political complexities, while covering by outlets like Al Jazeera and BBC aligns with geopolitical agendas, distorting global perceptions. These practices marginalize Sudanese perspectives, prioritize sensationalism and skew diplomatic and humanitarian responses. The study highlights the need for balanced reporting to reflect Sudan’s multifaceted dynamics accurately.
Dynamics of Organized Crimes and Personal Security Initiatives in Mombasa County, Kenya (2015-2024)
(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Rubea, Katani Mohammed
Organized criminal gangs engage in activities driven by a desire to maximize profits and gain power to safeguard their illicit operations. Their undertakings have significantly undermined personal security within their areas of operation. This study's overarching objective was to examine the dynamics of organized criminal gangs and their impact on personal security in Mombasa County. The study specifically aimed to analyze the factors contributing to the resilience of organized criminal gangs, assess the strengths and weaknesses of the institutional frameworks addressing organized criminal gangs and evaluate the effectiveness of personal security initiatives to counter their activities in Mombasa County. It was guided by the gap theory of crime and employed a descriptive research design. The target population was 156 and included state officials from relevant government departments, elected leaders, public opinion leaders, business leaders and former members of proscribed organized criminal gangs. From this group, a sample size of 112 participants was selected using stratified, simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires containing closed and open-ended questions, as well as interviews schedules. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, while content analysis was used for qualitative data. The study revealed that the primary enablers of organized criminal gangs' resilience include political patronage and sponsorship, ungoverned spaces in rapidly growing informal settlements that hinder law enforcement, corruption within the criminal justice system and drug abuse. On the legal and policy framework, the findings indicated that while Kenya has robust laws and policies to combat organized criminal gangs, more than half of the respondents perceived the framework as ineffective. Regarding personal security counter initiatives, investments in security technologies and hiring private security guards were identified as the most effective measures against crimes perpetrated by organized criminal gangs. The study recommends imposing stricter penalties on sponsors of organized criminal gangs, revising the legal framework to enhance synergy and complementarity for effective prosecutions and convictions and adopting a whole-of-government and society approach to improve physical security for residents of Mombasa County. Additionally, the findings provide valuable insights for scholars studying organized crime, serving as a reference or foundation for further research.
An Assessment of Community Based Organizations’ Interventions in Countering Violent Extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Muriithi, Eva Makandi
Violent extremism is a threat to community’s peaceful coexistence and poses a threat to the future of youth who engage in this activity. While violent extremism acts are low, the prevalence of violent extremism organization and participation remains reported in some of the marginalized counties in Kenya. Isiolo, is one of the counties where violent extremism activities have been reported. Therefore, this research did an assessment of community-based organizations’ interventions in countering violent extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya. It was guided by four specific objectives: to establish the forms of violent extremism prevalent among youth in Isiolo County; to examine community-based organizations strategies for countering violent extremism among youth in Isiolo County; to identify community-based organisations challenges in countering violent extremism among youth in Isiolo County; and to establish assistance that community-based organisations need to counter violent extremism in Isiolo County. The study was anchored on theory of change. In terms of methodology, the study used mixed method approach. Descriptive survey research design was adopted that targeted 53,217 populations from which a sample size of 100 was determined. Multistage sampling and systematic random sampling approaches were used to sample respondents for the quantitative survey. Purposive, convenience, and snowball sampling were used to select participants for qualitative data. Data analysis involved qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical package for the Social Sciences Version 26 was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Quantitative data was presented in tables while qualitative data was presented using narratives and quotes. There were more formal than informal community-based organisations operating in Isiolo County countering violent extremism efforts. These community-based organisations were focused on recruitment and radicalization of youth into violent extremism since there were no reported or known cases of violent attacks in the county. Building awareness and trust in their communities was the frequent strategy used by community-based organisations in Isiolo County to countering VE efforts. The research recommends that informal community-based organisations should be supported so as to achieve formal status so as to enjoy more participation the policy formulation processes with county and national governments. Secondly, it is recommended for a multi-faceted method to counter and prevent violent extremism in Isiolo County due to the changing nature of youth radicalization and recruitment that has moved to online platforms.
An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Mugambi, Kaari Dyna
Women under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to establish how male psyche influences deployment of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya; to identify the effects of warrior culture on the selection of female police officers for promotional courses in Nyeri County, Kenya; to find out how masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers in operational roles in Nyeri County, Kenya; and to identify what best practices can be done to address gender discrimination to enhance progression of female police officers in Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings showed that male psyche affects deployment of female police officers at 55.9%, warrior culture influences the selection of female police officers for promotional courses at 62%, while masculinity culture influences exposure of female police officers to operational roles at 59.3%. From qualitative data, the participants observed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas denying the exposure that would give them job experiences that is important and considered in selection for promotion. This is despite the fact that both male and female officers undertake the same training to be enlisted in the police service. The study concludes that police culture in form of male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the police organization reviews the gender blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage male psyche, warrior culture and masculinity. This will provide gender equity in recruitment, training, deployment and promotion of police officers, to give them a conducive work environment, improve their productivity and enable them to progress in their careers.
Sea Blindness and Maritime Security Management in Mombasa County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-05) Mbogo, Gilbert Waithaka
Sea blindness remains a significant threat to maritime security in Mombosa County, Kenya where many stakeholders obliviously overlook the importance of securing their maritime spaces. With growing global concerns over piracy, robbery at sea, environmental degradation, climate change, and the blue economy, it is crucial to understand the implications of sea blindness on maritime security in the Port County of Mombasa, Kenya. This study investigated the implications of sea blindness on maritime security in Mombasa County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to assess the extent of sea blindness among residents and stakeholders involved in maritime security in Mombasa County, analyze socio-economic factors influencing sea blindness, investigate sea blindness associated vulnerabilities, and to evaluate the effectiveness of civic education initiatives in maritime security management. Anchored in social learning and conflict theories, the study adopted an exploratory design and collected data through interviews with key stakeholders, including fishermen, Kenya Navy personnel, Kenya Coast Guard, Kenya Maritime Authority, Kenya Ports Authority, Bandari College, NGOs, and members of the public. The findings indicated limited awareness of sea blindness, though respondents became more engaged when the concept was explained. Socio-economic and cultural factors influenced levels of awareness, while civic education efforts were found to have only moderate effectiveness. The study concluded that sea blindness negatively affects maritime security by contributing to delayed responses, underreporting of incidents, poor policy coordination, and misallocation of resources. It highlighted environmental, economic, social, and security vulnerabilities associated with low maritime awareness. The study recommends integrating maritime education into the national curriculum, strengthening civic education, promoting economic diversification, and enhancing policy coordination to address sea blindness and improve maritime security in Kenya.
The Efficacy of Forensic Techniques in Providing Admissible Evidence in Homicide Investigations in Kisumu County; Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2025-02) Asanta, Brigid B.
Forensic science is increasingly being used by law enforcement organizations to help solve crimes and get convictions, as well as in the Criminal Justice System to adjudicate specific criminal cases such as homicides. However, there has been little scholarly discussion of the effectiveness of forensic procedures in delivering admissible evidence for homicide prosecutions in Kenya. This study has therefore assessed the efficacy of forensic procedures in delivering acceptable evidence in homicide investigations in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Locard's Principle theory and The Actor Network Theory. The objectives of this study were as follows: to assess the effectiveness of DNA sampling procedures in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations within Kisumu County; to examine the use of toxicology in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations within Kisumu County; to establish the efficacy of Fingerprinting in providing admissible evidence in homicide investigations within Kisumu County; and to investigate the challenges facing homicide investigators. The study was carried out using an ex-post facto research design. The targeted population was the DCI officers and court prosecutors working in Kisumu County. The study used a census method to choose all 110 DCI officers in Kisumu County to participate. Prosecutors in Kisumu County, Kenya, were chosen via purposive selection. Questionnaires were the main method of data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics specifically linear regression aided by Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. To describe the research findings, descriptive statistics in the form of measures of central tendency (frequency, mean, median, mode, and percentages) and measures of dispersion (range and standard deviations) was employed. The efficacy of forensic techniques on evidence admissibility was examined using inferential statistics, specifically Linear regression at 5% significance levels. Regression analyses uncovered positive relationships between dependent and independent variables. Multiple linear regression analysis predicted that these factors collectively accounted for 61.3 % a significant portion of the variability in Evidence Quality; affirming their strength in providing admissible evidence for homicide cases. Specifically, DNA Sampling Procedures (B = 0.304), the Use of Toxicology (B = 0.299), and Fingerprinting Efficacy (B = 0.354) all demonstrated positive coefficients, indicating that improvements on them leads to admissible evidence. On the other hand, Challenges (B = 0.374) carry a positive coefficient, suggesting that an increase in challenges faced during forensic investigations corresponds to a decrease in the quality of admissible evidence. Equally, the Challenges were found to be limiting in obtaining admissible evidence significantly. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the DCI Kisumu County work with the DCI headquarters, NPS and the national government to address the challenges to ensure the DCI investigators using forensic techniques obtain admissible evidence, to help in timely clearance of homicide cases.
Policing Duties and Maternal Responsibilities of the Kenya Police Women Officers in Nairobi City County
(Kenyatta University, 2025-02) Ali, Rukia
Despite a rise in the total of women working in the police service, they remain underrepresented and underutilized within these institutions. It is important to remember that, even with the advancements in women's participation, policing duties remains one of the most gendered professions in contemporary society. This study aimed to determine how policing in Nairobi City County, Kenya affects the maternal responsibilities of women police officers. The following specific objectives were used: analysing women police officers' perceptions of organizational support for maternal responsibilities; assessing challenges women police officers face in balancing policing duties with maternal responsibilities and evaluating strategies for improving policing as a career to support women officers' management of maternal responsibilities. Feminist and organizational socialization theories were utilized. The cross-sectional survey design was applied, with women police officers as the target population. A multistage sampling technique was applied, with clustering of the constituencies and wards, and purposively sampling them. Stations in the wards were simple random sampled. Stratified sampling was utilized to get the officers in groups of junior, commissioned officers and the gazetted officers. Participating police officers purposively sampled. Questionnaires and an interview guide were the instruments of information collection. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically, while quantitative data was examined by use of descriptive statistics of percentages, averages, means, and pie charts. The study found that, there are four women police officers' perceptions of organizational support for maternal responsibilities: organizational support as being minimal and unsatisfactory, the appreciation of the structured maternity leave policies that are aligning with labor laws, organizational support was being hindered and disrupted by the men who are dominated sector, and that the inception of the service was with less consideration to women Police Officers' Maternal Responsibilities. The study found that, there are four challenges Women Police Officers Face in Balancing Policing Duties with Maternal Responsibilities: Cultural Gender Expectations of a Weak Sex, High Workload and Stress Levels, unpredictable Work Schedules and Inadequate Maternity and Childcare Support. The study found that, there are four strategies for improving policing as a career to support women officers' management of maternal responsibilities: Adoption of Flexible and Practicable Working Arrangements in Various Stations, the Implementation of NPS tailored Maternal Friendly Policies, Sensitization Programs on Maternal Responsibilities for NPS Senior officers and Anti-Discrimination Measures Against Pregnant Senior Officer Trainees in The Various Police Training Colleges. The study concluded that, minimal Organizational Support that despite structured maternity leave policies aligning with labor laws. The study recommended that, the NPS should implement tailored policies, such as predictable shift schedules and non-operational duties for women officers during critical maternal phases.
Analysis of Reformation Programmes and Rehabilitation of Prisoners at Kitengela Prison, Kajiado County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Osina, Dickson Odhiambo
Prisons world over are mandated to reform and rehabilitate prisoners into law abiding citizens. Therefore, the general objective of this research was to analyse the prisoners' reformation programmes employed in rehabilitation at Kitengela prison in Kajiado County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to assess the reformation programmes employed in rehabilitation of the convicts, analyse the implementation of the reformation programmes, establish the challenges facing implementation of the programmes, and to establish control strategies for the challenges facing the implementation of the reformation programmes. The study was guided by Reformation Theory of punishment which posits that punishment should be transformative rather than retributive. The study adopted a descriptive survey design, and the target population comprised of convicts and the prison staff. From this population, a sample size of 113 respondents were selected by simple random sampling method. The study employed questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGD) and Key Informants interview to collect data. Quantitative data was analysed and presented in percentages, tables, and diagrams while qualitative was thematically narrated. The study established that for prisoners, carpentry was the most available at 100%, masonry 95% and welding programs 97.5%. While on operationability, welding, carpentry, and horticulture had 77.50%, 74.68%, and 58.75% respectively. The most available psychological program was counselling services at 87.50%, while on education KCPE and KCSE levels were the most available, operational and successfully implemented. On challenges, prisoners rated inadequate facilities at 68.75% and insufficient human resources at 81.25%. To prison officers, overpopulation in prisons as a challenge stood at 80.0% while lack of prisoners' interest in participating in programs stood at 60.0%. Poor prison leadership and management was pointed out by 80.0% prison officers and 58.75% prisoners. To make the programs more effective the study recommends provision of adequate resources, introduction of marketable courses, partnership with other institutions, and eradication of corruption and mismanagement. Further, a study is recommended to establish why prisoners have lower opinion of programmes compared to prison officers. It is expected that the findings of this study will benefit offender rehabilitation approaches, the knowledge bank, policy formulation and the general society if reformation and rehabilitation of convicts is enhanced.
Bodaboda Regulations and Urban Crime Control in Nairobi Central Business District in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Nandi, Eliud Orindo
The bodaboda industry in Kenya is thriving with daily transactions of millions of shillings and employing millions of people. However, the sector is a source of insecurity as the riders directly engage in criminal activities or abetting and enabling crime as an entry or getaway transport means. Therefore, to control crime, this study sought to establish how bodaboda regulation affect urban crime control in the central business district in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives included bodaboda identification, bodaboda Sacco registration, reporting procedures, case processing and leadership engagement structures and their effect on urban crime control. The study was grounded on the broken window theory and supported by routine activity theory and social disorganization theory. The study used descriptive research design. The 6 bodaboda stage managers, 24 bodaboda Sacco officials, 7 officers in-charge of police station and 60 county law enforcement officers formed the target population. Stratified sampling technique was used in grouping respondents as per their function and simple random sampling was employed in selecting respondents. Since the population was small, a census of all the 97 respondents made the study’s sample size. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires from stage managers, Sacco officials and county officers and interviews were done to officers in-charge of police stations. The researcher abided by research ethics including getting permissions, confidentiality, keeping identities secret and using data for academic purposes. A pilot study was done using 10 respondents from Starehe division and all the alpha values were above the 0.7 threshold. This confirmed the instruments were reliable and fit for use even with input from research experts and university supervisor. The distributed questionnaires were filled by 92.2% of the targeted group and 71.4% of the targeted interviews were conducted. The data was analyzed descriptively, through linear and multiple regression and qualitatively. From the regression analysis, the study found all the bodaboda regulations inclusive of bodaboda identification, bodaboda Sacco registration, reporting procedures, case processing and leadership engagement structures had positive and significant effect on urban crime control in the Nairobi central business district. The study further established that leadership engagement structures that brought to fore all the stakeholders in the community, largely contributed to control of urban crimes. therefore, concluding that bodaboda regulations were effective in controlling urban crime within the Nairobi central business district in Nairobi City County. The research recommended for government entities to embrace new technology in the number plates of the bodabodas for ease of identification, tracking and apprehending. The technology will also help in reporting crimes as there is still fear of visiting police stations. Furthermore, the study made these recommendations that all bodaboda operators must be registered in Sacco that would monitor, control and manage the activities of all the members. There was need for timely and accurately handling each case and involvement of all stakeholders to deter and control criminal activities. The study is of significance to the business community since it shared on how stakeholders can handle different functions that would control urban crime. This is because a safe and secure business environment is necessary for thriving households that rely on successes from the business entities located in the central business district.
Refugees and National Security in Kenya: Case of Dadaab Refugee Camp, Garissa County (1992-2022)
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Odari, Diana Mudave
The influx of refugees into Kenya's Dadaab camp poses significant concerns to Kenya’s national security. The study objectives included examining the demographic characteristics of the refugees in the Dadaab camp in relation to national security challenges in Kenya, investigating the intricate factors within Dadaab camp that influence on national security in Kenya and recommending on evidence-based strategies to manage the Dadaab refugee situation for enhanced national security. Literature presented a robust theoretical underpinning and methodological framework for examining the impact of the Dadaab refugee camp on Kenya's national security. The strengths lay in the theoretical framework incorporating security threat and social identity theories, thorough empirical review covering various relevant topics, well-defined conceptual framework illustrating variable relationships, and clear identification of research gaps. Areas for further refinement included delving deeper into the explanation of the theoretical framework to elaborate on specific propositions and their application to the Dadaab case study, explicitly connecting findings from the empirical review to research questions and hypotheses, and briefly mentioning the operationalization of key variables to enhance readers' understanding of research methods. These refinements strengthen the theoretical foundation and methodological clarity of the study, contributing to a more robust analysis of the Dadaab refugee camp's impact on national security in Kenya. The research design for the study was descriptive survey research design. This design aids in the understanding of the dynamics surrounding the influx of refugees and its implications for national security within the context of the Dadaab Refugee Camp. The study had a target population of 841,353 with a sample size of n=399. By employing structured questionnaires, semi-structured Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), the research captured diverse perspectives from refugees, host community members, and key stakeholders. The study's multi-method approach ensured the robustness of findings and contributes to a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted dynamics surrounding the Dadaab refugee camp for enhancing national security. The study examined the impact of Dadaab refugee camp, Kenya's largest, on national security and highlighted security challenges including Al-Shabaab activity, clan violence, and potential for radicalization due to harsh living conditions. The study went beyond security perception to explore social, economic, and political factors that influence security within the camp. Widespread economic hardship and competition for resources were identified as key areas of concern. The study established that the precarious situation in Dadaab, including overcrowding and lack of basic services, creates a breeding ground for insecurity and threats to national security. Proposed solutions focus on improving refugee well-being and self-reliance through livelihood programs, infrastructure upgrades, and education. Collaboration between refugees, aid groups, and the Kenyan government is emphasized. The study concludes that managing the Dadaab situation requires a multifaceted approach that balances security with promoting human dignity. Sustainable solutions involve improving living conditions, fostering self-reliance, and working towards long-term options like repatriation or resettlement.
Police intervention strategies and management of land-related conflicts in Kilifi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Kithuka, Ruth Ndinda
This study aimed to assess police intervention strategies and their influence in addressing landrelated conflicts in Kilifi County, Kenya. Kilifi has long experienced persistent land disputes, largely driven by historical land injustices, weak governance, and socio-economic vulnerabilities, making it a compelling context for examining the intersection of crime prevention, conflict resolution, and community engagement. The study was guided by five objectives: to examine the causes of land-related conflicts; the role of police-led mediation; the effectiveness of enforcement strategies; the impact of public awareness; and the role of intelligence collection in the management of land disputes. A cross-sectional survey design and a mixed-methods approach were employed. Quantitative data were collected from 118 purposively selected respondents including police officers, local officials, and community representatives—through structured questionnaires. Qualitative data were obtained through interviews with chiefs, religious leaders, victims, and suspected perpetrators of land-related conflicts. Data were analyzed thematically and descriptively. Findings show that historical land injustices, poverty, political incitement, and weak land governance are key drivers of conflict in Kilifi. On police-led mediation, the study found it to be a practical and widely relied-on strategy, especially in cases falling outside police jurisdiction. Mediation was seen as useful due to its accessibility, lower cost compared to legal proceedings, ability to de-escalate tensions quickly, and acceptance by community members when facilitated through local leadership. Enforcement strategies—including arrests, eviction warrants, and criminal investigations—played a critical role in containing conflicts, although hindered by legal and political challenges. Public awareness campaignns helped reduce conflicts by educating communities on legal rights and procedures. Intelligence gathering was found to be crucial for identifying organized land crime and preventing escalations. The study concludes that police interventions are essential in managing land-related conflicts in Kilifi County, but their effectiveness is limited by systemic and resource-related constraints. A holistic strategy that strengthens informal mediation, boosts legal awareness, enhances intelligence capacities, and aligns enforcement with local realities is necessary for sustainable conflict resolution.
The Effects of Prisons on Recidivism: The Case of Naivasha Maximum Security Prison, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Muchirah, M. Rosewinfred
Prisons should control recidivism through incapacitation, deterrence and reformation and rehabilitation of offenders but empirical studies have shown that prisons do not have strong deterrent effect on recidivism. The problem of recidivism is persistence across the globe. This study aimed at examining the effects of prisons on recidivism in Naivasha Maximum Security Prison, Kenya and determine the necessary policy changes to enhance reformation and rehabilitation of prisoners. To achieve this aim, four specific objectives and four assumptions of the study were formulated. The specific objectives were to identify and evaluate the programs used in rehabilitating prisoners at Naivasha Maximum Security prison, to examine the effectiveness of prison rehabilitation programs in Naivasha Maximum Security Prison, to explore the relationship between prisons and recidivism and to determine necessary policy changes towards reduction of recidivism in Kenyan prisons. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The research was both quantitative and qualitative in nature. The study’s sample size was 183 documented recidivists for questionnaires who were chosen through stratified random sampling method which is a probability sampling method, 16 key informants who were chosen through purposive sampling method which is a non-probability sampling method and 10 members of focus group discussion who were chosen through purposive sampling method which is a non-probability sampling method. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS and interpreted using descriptive statistics and was presented in form of tables, diagrams, frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis and was presented inform of statements, arguments, direct verbatim and discussions. The study findings were established and compared with other studies which were cited in the literature review. It was established that the rehabilitation programs which were being used in Naivasha Maximum Security Prison were academic programs, vocational programs and life skills training. On recidivism, the results revealed that majority of the recidivists, seventy three percent (73%) were ordinary recidivists and minority of the recidivists, twenty seven percent (27%) were serial recidivists. The study established that prison conditions in Naivasha Maximum Security Prison increases recidivism. For instance, the institution is characterized by ineffective rehabilitation programs, exposure to prison criminal peers, prisonization of convicts and harsh prison conditions characterized by prison gangs, overcrowding and congestion, infectious diseases, degrading clothing and beddings, physical violence, poor sanitation, poor diet sexual abuse and degrading treatment of convicts. The study concluded that prison conditions have an impact on recidivism. The study recommends that the government should ameliorate prison conditions and ensure that they are favorable to reformation and rehabilitation of convicts. Further studies should be carried out on the linkage between cost-effective prison funding model and prison conditions.
East-West Strategic Military Competition on Kenya’s Defense Policy, 2003-2022
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Wafula, Collins Mutyaba
This study investigated the implications of East-West military strategic competition on Kenya’s defense policy between 2003 and 2022. The first specific objective traced the genesis of East - West military strategic competition, the second objective analyzed post-Cold War interest driving the East West strategic competition and the third objective evaluated the influence the East-West strategic competition on Kenya’s defense policy between 2003-2022. Realism and the rational actor model of international relations served as the theoretical underpinning for this study. Review of related literature was done using search engines including Google Scholar, JSTOR, Semantic Scholar among others utilizing keywords such as East-West strategic competition and defense policy. The reviewed literature aided this study to gain deeper insights on the topic. This study utilized mixed methods research design that combined both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Both probability sampling and non-probability sampling techniques were used to determine a sample size of eighty (80) derived from a target population that included policy makers in the military and Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs, Non-governmental organizations, National Government Officials, and international relations experts. The main methods for gathering primary data were questionnaires and interviews. Besides, content analysis method was used to secondary data. Collected data was examined, condensed, and categorized in order to find recurring themes and draw accurate conclusions. Frequencies and percentage were used to report the quantitative results while narrative and verbatims were used to present qualitative findings. This study established that the origin of East-West Strategic competition has nothing to do with Africa, where the current geostrategic competition is taking place, but stems from historical ideological divergence between the Great Powers in the West and East during the Cold War, the security situation in Asia Pacific and in the Artic regions and the great power’s policy of arming of allies. This study also found that the post-Cold War drivers of the current East-West Strategic competition include interest of East-West powers in Africa which are either economic, military and strategic. These interests manifest in different ways. Further, this study revealed that the implication of East-West Strategic competition on Kenya’s Défense policy include rationality in decision making in regards of military assistance the country receives, influence possible trading partners during procurement and acquisition of military equipment’s and weapons, selective formation and signing of military pacts and alliances, and finally restricted military training and technology transfers between old and new found allies. Due to East-West influence, the Kenya defense policy is non -aligned, though assertive in fostering international peace and security as well in countering terrorism. The defense policy further seeks to maintain traditional allies in the West while also courting of new allies in the East. This study recommends Kenya defense policy strategist to maintain the status quo of striking a balance between the East and the West so as to play middle ground in the wake revamped East West rivalry in the Horn and Eastern African region. This will help the Kenya military to gain more strategic advantage from the traditional as well from the new allies which jointly aid the state military against her security threats. This study will benefit both policy makers and academician on how to navigate beyond great strategic competition and its influence the Kenya’s defence policy.
Organized Criminal Gangs and Insecurity in Nairobi City County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2025-05) Musoi, Mark
The problem of organized criminal gangs and related consequences is a serious problem in many cities around the world. This study conducted in Nairobi City County investigated factors contributing to the proliferation of criminal gangs, nature of organized criminal gang crimes, public perceptions on the policies and strategies to combat organised criminal gangs’ crimes, and challenges facing elimination of the organized criminal gangs and their activities in the county. Specifically, the study was conducted in Kawangware, Kibera, Eastleigh, Kamukunji, Makadara, Kayole, and Dandora. The study was guided by social disorganization theory and rational choice Theory, and adopted descriptive survey design. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were used through the application of questionnaires and interviews with the key informants. The target population comprised of adults who have been victims of criminal gang activities, and police officers, national government administration officers (NGAO), youth leaders, religious leaders and civil societies representatives as key informants. A sample size of 220 individuals was determined based on a table developed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Both purposive and simple random sampling procedures were used in selection of the participants, and a pilot study conducted in Mukuru Kwa Njenga. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS software version 25, while the relationship between the variables was analysed using regression. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. On factors responsible for the proliferation of organized criminal gangs a majority of the respondents at 42.9% pinpointed poverty, while 32.1% blamed it on lack of education and employment opportunities but, some 26.8% indicated inadequate social support systems. On the nature of organized criminal gang crimes, the most commonly reported types of crime are pick-pocketing at 52.7%, armed robbery at 19.6%, mugging 16.1% and burglary incidents at 11.6%. The majority of the respondents at 73.2% indicated that the level of these crimes committed by organized criminal gangs in last five years has gone up. On frequency of the organized criminal gang crimes, the respondents at 65.2% indicted that gang mugging is the most frequent, followed by pick-pocketing at 40.2% and burglary at 38.4%. On public perception of the current policies and strategies used to combat organized criminal gangs’ crime 42.9% rated the police responses as “poor” while 26.8% rated police responses as “inappropriate. Only 18.8% rated the police response towards crime as “Good” against 11.6% who believed that police responses were appropriate. The study established that the challenges facing elimination of organized criminal gangs and their activities are corruption in the police, political interference, poor communication, lack of information sharing, inadequate community engagement by law enforcement agencies, and insufficient funding. To control the problem of organized criminal gangs, the study recommends that the government should alleviate poverty, create employment opportunities, increase funding to the police and enhance its independence to curb political meddling. The public should also be sensitized on the increased criminal gang activities and the nature of crimes perpetrated so as to take necessary precaution, and corporate with law enforcement agencies. The Kenya police service should also improve on its public image and eradicate corruption and misconduct from its ranks. There is also urgent need to invest in fostering positive police-community relations.
Multi-Agency Approach and Security Management in West Pokot County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-05) Maratani, Nambande Rachel
The North rift region of Kenya which includes West Pokot, has been experiencing incidences of insecurity brought about by the pastoralist militia. This prompted the government to adopt a multi-agency approach to security management. This study therefore examined the relationship between multi-agency approach and security management in West Pokot County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were; to establish multi-agency institutions’ involvement in security management in West Pokot County, to establish multi-agency security command structure and coordination of security formations in West Pokot County, to establish the challenges faced by multi-agency security personnel in security management in West Pokot County, and to establish mechanisms of improving multi-agency security management approaches in West Pokot County, Kenya. This study was anchored on systems theory and securitization theory of public security. Descriptive survey design was used. The target population was 1201 personnel in the multi-agency security framework and these included: the Military, National Police Service, National Intelligence Service, Civil Society Organizations, NGOs, Chiefs and assistant chiefs and civilians (village leaders). The sample size of the study comprised of 302 respondents drawn from KDF, NIS, and NPS. The participants from civil society organizations, Chiefs and assistant chiefs, NGOs and civilians constituted the key informants and were 59 in total constituting 30 per cent of the population. Data was collected using questionnaires and key informants interview schedules. The study established the Multiagency institutions’ involvement in security management, multiagency security command structure and coordination of security formations and mechanisms of improving multi-agency security management have a significant and positive effect on security management in West Pokot County, Kenya. However, the study found an inverse relationship between the challenges faced by security personnel under the multiagency team and security management. Overall, from the findings, it was apparent that there are deliberate attempts to make the multiagency teams more effective through coordination and through established one chain of command to avoid disunity. Notwithstanding these efforts, it became apparent that there were a number of challenges that multiagency teams face in their operations. The study recommends that community policing should be brought to the centre of multiagency approaches to security management as this will help in creating synergy between the multiagency security teams and civilians. Secondly, the study recommends that prior to the commencement of the multiagency security operations a thorough assessment of the needs of the security teams in terms of equipment and resources should be done in order to ensure that they are motivated enough to carry out the security operation successfully. Finally, the study recommends that there has to be a regular monitoring and evaluation mechanism of the success and challenges of the multiagency security operation. In addition, future studies should focus on analysing the effectiveness of multiagency approaches to security management in other counties in the North Rift region like Baringo and Samburu Counties to further add on the empirical literature.
Barriers to Collaborative Counter-Violent Extremism Efforts between the Border Police Unit and Communities in Garissa County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-03) Nyonje, Bruce O
The effectiveness of border police units in countering violent extremism hinges on both enforcement and community engagement. However, numerous inhibitors obstruct this crucial approach in the potential collaboration between law enforcement and community in the fight against violent extremism. The study was set to investigate the challenges hindering effective collaboration between the Border Police Unit and communities in countering violent extremism in Garissa County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to: identify the community engagement approaches used in countering violent extremism in Garissa County, assess the effectiveness and challenges of community engagement approaches in countering violent extremism in Garissa County and analyze the barriers to effective collaboration between the Border Police Unit and communities in countering violent extremism in Garissa County. The study was guided by empowerment theory and Social Identity Theory. A survey involving community members, religious leaders and officers from the National Police Service in Garissa County was used to collect data from a sample of one hundred and fifty-four participants. Sampling was through stratified and purposive sampling. The toll of data collection was a self-administered questionnaire and key-informant guide. The study established that there was high familiarity with joint community-police meetings, community awareness outreach, and sports activities among community members. Community engagement approaches for countering violent extremism in Garissa County appeared not to have been fully accepted by the community members. The barriers to effective community engagement initiatives in countering violent extremism were lack of trust in law enforcement, fear of repercussions or surveillance, and historical negative interactions with law enforcement. The study recommends that the National Police Service should conduct targeted awareness campaigns on victim support centers and the Nyumba Kumi initiative. The Ministry of Interior should implement engagement schedules for regular interactions between border patrol police and community members. In addition, the Border Patrol Police should organize community forums for open discussions between law enforcement and community members. Finally, the National Police Service should rebuild trust and improve relations between law enforcement and the community

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