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Item Kenya’s Health Service Delivery Obligation and the Right to Health: A Case of Machakos County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-07) Mulei, Yvonne NdukuThe right to access universal healthcare is still pipe dream in Kenya despite government efforts geared towards universal health coverage. This study sought to investigate state obligation on right to universal access to healthcare in Kenya, a case of Machakos County. Specific objectives were; to investigate the effect of state health service delivery policies on the right to health, to assess the effect of state health financing policies on the right to health, to evaluate the effect of state health governance policies on the right to health and to examine the effect of national and county government collaboration on the right to health, in Machakos County, Kenya. This study was guided by egalitarianism and human rights theories. Descriptive cross-sectional research design was used. The target population was Ministry health officials, medical officers, health workers, and patients in the 198 public healthcare facilities published by Machakos County Integrated Development Plan 2023-2027. Yamane sampling formula was used to generate a sample of 100 healthcare facilities in eight sub-counties. Stratified sampling formula was used in grouping the health facilities according to their population in the sub- counties. Purposive and convenience sampling helped in the identification of healthcare officers and patients per each facility sampled and visited. Purposive sampling was also used to enable the selection of eight government officials per each sub-county. Questionnaire and interview were used to collect primary data. Prior to actual study, a pilot study was done in Nairobi County as it is nearer to Machakos County. Validity of the instruments was achieved through expert opinion. Cronbach alpha was used to ensure internal consistency of instruments of data collection. Analysis of data included descriptive and inferential statistics which were presented using tables, figures and charts. This study observed that in the spirit of right to health, all states desire their population to access healthcare services. As such, state finance and supports the nations’ health system to ensure each citizen enjoys the right to health. However, population growth and increasing dynamics within the healthcare such as emerging disease patterns, resource constraints and socio-economic factors have presented challenges to the attainment of universal healthcare and full realization of the right to health in Machakos County, Kenya. Machakos County has a small number of health facilities located in places out of reach for many, majority of patients walk long distances to access health services. The County also has inadequate healthcare workers, and experiences resource challenges and resource misallocation leading to reduced access to healthcare. In conclusion, this study recommends for increased funding for the health sector and adoption of integrative collaborative approach to ensure the right to health is fully realized by all the citizens in Machakos County, KenyaItem Initiatives of United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre and Prevention of Violent Extremism in Kenya, 2015–2024(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Mutheu, LilianThe purpose of this study was to examine the initiatives of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre and the prevention of violent extremism in Kenya from 2015 to 2024. It was guided by the following objective: assess the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre contribution to regional cooperation on preventing violent extremism involving Kenya; examine the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre strategies in preventing violent extremism in Kenya; assess the challenges faced by United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre in implementing its initiatives on violent extremism prevention in Kenya. The study scope was from 2015 to 2024. It adopted the liberalism theory and frustration-aggression theory to interpret its findings relying on descriptive survey research design. The study was conducted in Kenya, where data was collected through interview guides and questionnaires. While data was analyzed thematically and through content analysis, the study relied on research ethics during the collecting, analyzing, and presenting of its findings. The findings revealed; United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre Role in Facilitating Regional Coordination Mechanisms; Technical and Capacity-Building Support to Kenya and Neighbors and Kenya’s Role as a Regional Anchor State, also the targeted capacity building of local security actors, with a particular focus on enhancing professionalism, human rights adherence, and community relations. The findings of this study also reveals that Economic Empowerment and Youth Employment Initiatives, one of the most impactful and transformative strategies employed by the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) in Kenya and under the Strategic Communication and Counter-Narratives, the focus was on the Combatting Extremist Ideologies Online and Offline, global and national landscape of countering violent extremism (CVE) witnessed a significant paradigm shift moving away from censorship-heavy strategies toward proactive strategic communication and the development of counter-narratives. And lastly the effective implementation of violent extremism prevention initiatives by the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) in Kenya has been significantly hindered by institutional coordination challenges and bureaucratic inefficiencies, the issue of funding and resource limitations and the inadequacy of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems. Finally, the study recommends a further comparative study should be carried out on United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre and prevention of violence extremism in countries where terror activities are rampant.Item Interagency Security Approaches in Counter-Terrorism: A Study of Lamu County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Kirwa, Augustine KiplimoThis study explored interagency security approaches in counter-terrorism in Lamu County, Kenya, focusing on vulnerabilities to terrorist activities by groups like Al-Shabaab. The purpose was to examine the interagency security approaches in counter-terrorism in Lamu County. A mixed-methods research design combined qualitative (interviews, observations) and quantitative (questionnaires) techniques. The study targeted categories within the interagency framework, including National Police Service (NPS), Kenya Defence Forces (KDF), Anti-Terrorism Police Unit (ATPU), National Intelligence Service (NIS), National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC), Kenya Coast Guard, National Government Administration Officers (NGAOs), religious leaders, community leaders, and NGOs. Using purposive and simple random sampling, 115 respondents were selected. Data collection involved questionnaires, interviews, document reviews, and observations, with secondary data from government reports, scholarly publications, and media sources. Ethical compliance was ensured via informed consent and anonymity. Findings highlighted determinants of interagency collaboration: trust, clear communication, joint training, coordination, leadership, and resource allocation. Essential technologies included real-time information-sharing platforms, drones, and data analytics. Challenges impeding implementation were limited resources, logistical constraints, mistrust, poor communication, bureaucracy, and legal barriers. Factors fostering cooperation included trust-building, communication frameworks, technology, and joint training. Recommendations include institutionalizing joint training to enhance trust, increasing resource allocation for surveillance, establishing secure information-sharing platforms, and creating community-based counterterrorism units to improve intelligence and counter radicalizationItem Management of Cattle Rustling Through Community-Based Strategies in Turkana and West Pokot Counties, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Kipkorir KoechCattle rustlings remain a major cause of insecurity and conflict among the pastoralists in Turkana and West Pokot counties. As a result of the fatalities and loss of properties, the Kenyan government has made concerted efforts to control the vice by forced disarmament of communities living in Turkana and West Pokot counties, increased deployment of police reservists, increased patrols by the government, awareness creation and sensitization of the residents. However, these efforts have not succeeded to control the problem within Turkana and West Pokot counties as they have been more reactive than proactive. Therefore, the study sought to analyse the influence of community-based initiatives on the management of cattle rustling in Turkana and West Pokot counties, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to analysed how joint peace committees, joint natural resource management plans, joint disarmament efforts and how grass-root community-driven initiatives have helped in the management of cattle rustling. The study was a descriptive survey in design. The target population were individuals from Turkana and Pokot ethnic group living within Turkana and West Pokot border area who have been affected by cattle rustling. Systematic random sampling, snowballing and purposive sampling were used in selecting respondents. The findings indicated that the joint peace committee agreement variable had a statistically significant positive influence on the management of cattle rustling, evidenced by a regression coefficient of t-value of 8.863, and a p-value of 0.000. Similarly, the joint natural resource management plan agreement demonstrated a significant effect, with a t-value of 4.495, and a p-value of 0.000. The joint disarmament efforts variable showed a robust and statistically significant relationship with cattle rustling management supported by a t-value of 9.089, and a p-value of 0.000. The grass-root community driven initiatives demonstrated a non-significant effect on management of cattle rustling supported by a t-value of 1.306, and a p-value of 0.193. This study concludes that community-Based strategies contribute to management of cattle rustling. The study recommends on the need to strengthen existing community driven initiatives to effectively manage cattle rustlingItem Technology and Intelligence Led Policing in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Mangi,Grace ZawadiConventionally, intelligence policing has been based on old technologies like patrols and response calls. However, with the advent of new technologies there is a shift in the way intelligence policing is done. In spite of these criminal cases continue to be reported. This study thus aims at evaluating the use of technology in intelligence policing in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study’s specific objectives were: to evaluate the effect of performance expectancy of using technology in intelligence policing on investigation of crimes in Nairobi City County, To examine the effect of perceived credibility of using technology in intelligence policing on investigation of crime in Nairobi City County, To analyze the effect of effort expectancy on investigation of crime in Nairobi City County and to assess the effect of the facilitating conditions of using technology in intelligence policing on crime investigations. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and Ratcliffe Model were relied on in this study. The research design used was descriptive, with the populace being the DCI department in Nairobi City County comprising of 175 staff from 13 sub departments. The sample was 91 respondents drawn from the target population using stratified sampling. Data was sourced using questionnaires. Additionally, questionnaire was tested to ascertain the validity and reliability. Reliability was done based on the Cronbach’s alpha whose threshold is 0.70 and from the results all variables were reliable. Analysis was done using SPSS version 24. Based on the regression output in performance expectancy has a positive and significant effect on intelligence policing and crime investigations in Nairobi City County. The regression coefficient is 0.807 while the p value is .003 which indicate significance. Based on the regression output perceived credibility has a positive and significant effect on intelligence policing and crime investigations in Nairobi City County. The regression coefficient is 1.025 while the p value is .000 which indicate significance. Based on the regression output, effort expectancy has a positive and significant effect on intelligence policing and crime investigations in Nairobi City County. The regression coefficient is 0.318 while the p value is .043 which indicates significance. Based on the regression output facilitating conditions has a positive and significant effect on intelligence policing and crime investigations in Nairobi City County. The regression coefficient is 0.616 while the p value is .020 which indicates significance. The study concluded that technology has a significant effect on intelligence led policing in Kenya specifically in crime investigations. Specifically, the study concludes that performance expectancy, perceived credibility, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions of technology have significant and positive effect on the intelligence led policing and crime investigation process. Based on the findings, the study recommends that institutions should prioritize Perceived Usefulness: Officers are more likely to adopt a new technology if they can clearly see how, it helps them perform their jobs better, whether by improving efficiency, reducing crime, or enhancing officer safety. Focus on Ease of Use should also be prioritized: Technology must be user-friendly. Complex systems with steep learning curves can lead to resistance and underutilization, negating any potential benefits.Item Influence of Migration Policies on Human Trafficking Patterns in Garissa County, Kenya (2019 – 2024)(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Rotich, JuliusHuman trafficking remains a critical challenge in Kenya’s border management, particularly along the Kenya–Somalia frontier, where irregular migration and porous terrain exacerbate security risks. This study examined the effectiveness of policy interventions in the management of human trafficking at the Kenya–Somalia border in Garissa County. The specific objectives were to: assess the role of policy interventions in managing human trafficking; analyse the determinants affecting their effectiveness; and evaluate their influence in addressing trafficking risks and vulnerabilities. The study was anchored on the Transnational Organized Crime Theory and the Migration Systems Theory. A cross-sectional survey design integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches was adopted. The target population comprised 466 participants, from which a sample of 215 respondents was selected. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings revealed that although migration policies and interventions have improved surveillance and reduced trafficking incidents at formal border points, their overall impact remains limited by resource constraints, corruption, weak inter-agency coordination, and political interference. The study also established that restrictive policy measures often push migrants toward irregular routes, thereby increasing their exposure to traffickers. These results highlight a paradox whereby measures designed to enhance border control can inadvertently heighten trafficking risks. The study concludes that Kenya’s policy interventions are vital but insufficiently effective due to structural, institutional, and operational weaknesses. It recommends strengthening enforcement capacity, enhancing cross-border collaboration, and updating migration frameworks to balance national security priorities with the protection of vulnerable populationsItem Implications of Counter-Terrorism Strategies on Radicalisation in Mombasa County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Ong’esa, Isaiah GechukiMain objective was to analyse implications of counter-terrorism strategies on radicalisation in Mombasa County. Specific objectives were to examine counter-terrorism strategies implemented in the county to mitigate radicalisation, to assess the influence of counter-terrorism strategies on radicalisation trends and to evaluate the effectiveness of counter-terrorism strategies on radicalisation. The study examined terror threats in the county and evaluated the relationship between locals and security agencies. It analysed terror attacks, trends of radicalisation and security challenges facing the County. The researcher evaluated the consequences of counter-terrorism strategies in addressing radicalisation in the County. Mombasa County is among counties where terrorism and radicalisation are rampant. Mombasa County is among counties where terrorism and radicalisation are rampant. Radicalisation-driven terror acts have inflicted human suffering, including deaths and alleged extra-judicial killings, while posing security challenges and hindering economic growth. The motivation of this study was to investigate why terror threats/attacks increased in Mombasa County despite implementation of national counter-terrorism strategies since 14 December 2016. The study was guided by deterrence theory and supported by rational choice theory. The researcher adopted descriptive survey research design with administration of questionnaires and interviews to determine if CTS encourages or discourages radicalisation. Primary data collected covered the four sub-counties, namely, Mombasa Island, Changamwe, Likoni and Kisauni sub-counties. The categories of population representatives were drawn from security agencies, local authorities, religious leaders, business-people and locals especially the youth who were rescued from radicalisation. A sample of 117 people was picked from Mombasa County using the Fisher (1998) formula. Purposive sampling technique was applied and case subjects for study were picked selectively. Primary-data was collected through questionnaire while secondary data was reviewed from published studies from previous researchers, books and journals. Primary data was analyzed through sorting, categorisation, coding, summarized and interpreted. SPSS was used to analyze primary data presented in graphs, tables and pie-charts. Secondary-data was reviewed and presented in relevant literature. The study recognized that a higher percentage of the respondents were aware of counterterrorism strategies on radicalisation. Current counter-terrorism strategies to mitigate radicalisation in Mombasa County have led to improved security situation. The youth are most vulnerable to radicalisation. Current strategies, to prevent, protect, disrupt and defeat; positively influence mitigation of radicalisation in Mombasa County. Recommendations include enhancing community awareness on CTS, leveraging positive influences for broader security improvements, infusing sustainability in strategies through soft approaches, and allocating 70% of resources to preventive measuresItem Inter-Agencies Coordination and Countering Armed Banditry along the Isiolo County and Meru County Border, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Kireru, SimonInter-agency coordination in countering armed banditry involves collaborative efforts among multiple security agencies to combat threats. It is for this reason that various agencies are on the border of Isiolo and Meru counties, Kenya to countering armed banditry. Despite this occurrence, limited studies have researched inter-agencies coordination in countering armed banditry on that border. Hence, this study investigated inter-agencies coordination, and the way they sway armed banditry on the Isiolo and Meru counties’ border. The objectives utilized for the study were: assessing the various forms of existing coordination mechanisms employed by security agencies in addressing armed banditry, identifying the key challenges hindering effective collaboration, and the recommending strategies for improvement. The study was led by the institutional and contingency theories. It used a cross-sectional survey design, focusing on the security officers from various agencies, local county government officials and NGAO officers, elders and the leaders of CBOs and residents as the target population. A multistage sampling technique was applied, starting by clustering of sections within the study range. Clustering of the county into constituencies and wards was by purposive sampling. Stratified sampling was applied to get the respondents in various clusters. A questionnaire and an interview guide were the research instruments. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically, quantitative data was examined using descriptive statistics: percentages, averages and pie charts. The study found five forms of inter-agencies coordination mechanisms: multi-agencies joint security operations, specialized rapid police and military units, encouraging locals to participate in nyumba kumi, youth rehabilitation programs for ex-bandits and at-risk youth, working with humanitarian organizations to support affected communities. The study found five challenges: institutional overlaps and structural red tape, inadequate resources and insufficient logistics, delayed intelligence and slow response to attacks, community mistrust of security, difficult terrain and remote settlements enabling banditry. The study found five strategies for improving inter-agencies coordination: enhancing security agencies' institutional arrangements and capacity-building programs, strengthening the unified command centers, strengthening intelligence gathering and response mechanisms, fostering citizens' trust by strengthening community policing, utilizing innovative technologies for surveillance. It concluded that, the various forms of existing inter-agencies coordination, heavily impact addressing armed banditry. But the same face various the key challenges in coordinating their efforts to counter armed banditry. But they can be improved through various strategies of inter-agencies coordination to effectively counter armed banditryItem Role of Kenyan Media in Public Diplomacy Activities in Somalia, 2011–2022(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Madowo, JacquelineThe general objective of this study was to examine the role of Kenyan media in promoting public diplomacy activities in Somalia from 2011 to 2022. The specific objectives were to assess how media coverage was utilized to carry out Kenya's public diplomacy activities in Somalia, to analyze the influence of media coverage on perceptions of these activities and to evaluate the effectiveness of media strategies employed by Kenya in advancing its public diplomacy objectives during this period. Guided by Agenda-Setting and Soft Power Theories, the study adopted a descriptive survey research design, focusing on public diplomacy activities in Somalia. The population included journalists, policymakers, diplomats and media professionals involved in reporting on or shaping public perceptions of Kenya's engagement in Somalia. A sample of 22 participants was selected through purposive sampling based on their expertise. Data was collected via in-depth interviews and document analysis of reports and media coverage. Thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data, while statistical analysis was used for quantitative content analysis. Findings were presented narratively, providing a nuanced understanding of the interplay between media coverage and public diplomacy. The study revealed that Kenya maintained a strong diplomatic presence, contributing to regional stability through security and development support. Media coverage was extensive, often positive, but included criticisms. Kenyan media significantly shaped public opinion on Kenya’s military intervention in Somalia, with framing impacting Kenya’s image positively or negatively. However, media strategies’ effectiveness was mixed due to infrastructure challenges and low literacy levels in Somalia, limiting reach. Recommendations include fostering inclusive development assistance, enhancing media engagement strategies and investing in digital infrastructure to expand access and influence in SomaliaItem Collaborative Strategies in Conflict Management between Pastoralists and Ranchers in Laikipia County (2000-2022)(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Longesh, Esma MichaelConflicts between pastoralists and ranchers in Laikipia County arise primarily from competition over scarce natural resources, exacerbated by climate variability, historical land grievances and the proliferation of small arms. The study examined the collaborative strategies in conflict management among pastoralists and ranchers. Specific objectives were: to assess the collaborative strategies employed in dealing with the conflict, to evaluate possible areas of collaboration as a conflict management strategy and to analyze the challenges in the use of collaborative approaches in conflict management between pastoralists and ranchers in Laikipia County (2000-2022). The study was guided by the Conflict Transformation Theory by John Lederach. To conceptualise collaboration, the study utilised Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Descriptive survey design was used where both qualitative and quantitative data were collected to address the research questions. The target population was community leaders, pastoralists neighbouring the ranches, personnel/staff working within the ranches, ranchers, Kenya Police Reserve (KPR), Officers from the Ministry of Interior and National Administration, Officers from the county Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) handling security matters. The study used a purposive and stratified sampling approach to select a sample size of 106 respondents and key informants, arrived at using the Onwuegbuzie and Collins typology. Interview guides and semi-structured questionnaires were utilized to gather field data. Research studies, journals, e-books, government reports and papers were used as the primary sources of secondary data. Data was categorized, verified and presented in themes that match to the study's objectives. Key findings per objective include: (1) collaborative strategies such as community dialogues, mediation and joint resource management were employed but faced implementation gaps in creating win-win outcomes; (2) areas of collaboration like shared grazing lands and livestock health programs showed potential for neutralizing hostilities; (3) challenges including mistrust, political interference and unequal enforcement hindered uptake. The study findings provide knowledge on understanding the collaborative strategies of conflict management adding to existential knowledge. The study is of much interest to all stakeholders of conflict intervention, peacekeeping, humanitarian operations and students of peace and security studies. The study recommends enhanced resource management, stricter controls on small arms, political accountability and strengthened governance structures to promote sustained cooperation and resolve conflicts.Item Implications of Regime Change and Shift in Kenya Foreign Policy between the Years (2002–2022)(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Kiugu, Martin MugambiKenya, a pivotal nation in East Africa, has experienced significant political and diplomatic transformations between 2002 and 2022. This period encompasses the leadership of three distinct regimes: President Uhuru Kenyatta (2013–2022), President Mwai Kibaki (2002–2013), and the early tenure of President William Ruto. Each regime brought unique approaches to governance and foreign policy, influenced by internal dynamics and global geopolitical shifts. This study will aim to identify the implications of regime change and shift in foreign policy (2002-2022) .The specific research objectives were to identify the similarities in the implementations of the foreign policy strategies by Mwai Kibaki and Uhuru Kenyatta regimes. Assessment the impacts of geopolitics on the foreign policy adjustments by Uhuru Kenyatta and Mwai Kibaki regimes and to explore emerging challenges in the implementations of Kenya foreign policies by Kibaki and Uhuru regimes. The study is justified as it provides an opportunity to evaluate the impacts of the individual leadership styles and priorities on foreign policy formulation and implementation. The study is significant because it will help the current and future government officials responsible for foreign affairs, diplomacy, trade, defense, and development to benefit from insights on past policies, strategies, successes, and challenges. Limitations of the study were the uavailability and unreliability of historical classified records, to mitigate this, the study employs methodological triangulation, drawing upon a wide array of declassified primary sources, secondary historical analyses, memoirs, and media archives from the period. Rational choice theory and decision making theory guided the study. The study adopted mixed method design. Questionnaires, interview guide and document analysis were used to collect data. The findings demonstrate that economic diplomacy has been a consistent pillar of Kenya’s foreign policy, transcending political transitions and reflecting a long-term commitment to trade, investment, and development goals. The findings suggest that respondents viewed Kibaki’s foreign policy as primarily economically driven rather than ideologically Pan-Africanist. The findings suggest that stakeholders generally dismissed the idea that Kenya-China relations peaked during Kenyatta’s presidency, instead viewing the engagement as part of a broader, strategic trajectory. The findings reveal that concerns over Chinese debt did not significantly erode perceptions of Kenya’s foreign policy autonomy, highlighting a sense of strategic flexibility. In conclusion, Kenya’s foreign policy has demonstrated a blend of strategic continuity and adaptive flexibility across changing administrations Kenya’s foreign policy trajectory reflects a pragmatic and interest-driven orientation that transcends ideological labels. Kenya’s foreign policy under recent administrations has reflected measured adaptability rooted in long-standing strategic goals. Kenya’s foreign policy remains strategically resilient yet exposed to evolving internal and external pressures. The study recommends that Kenya should build on the strategic continuity observed in its foreign policy. To maintain its evolving diplomatic posture, Kenya should continue to build strategic relationships with both traditional and emerging powers. Kenya should maintain a balanced and proactive foreign policy that builds on its diplomatic diversification and economic partnerships with both traditional Western allies and emerging global powers like China and India.Item Artificial Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism Efforts in Somalia (2014–2024)(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Maroa, Joseph WamburaTerrorism is one of the greatest contemporary threats to international peace and security. It affects most parts of the world causing instability, human suffering and underdevelopment. The technological advancement of the 21st century has been characterized by increased use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based technologies and strategies to combat terrorism. Despite the tremendous success of AI in counter-terrorism, the technology poses numerous risks to the world. The purpose of this study was to explore the significance of AI in counter-terrorism particularly during the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). The study objectives were; to analyze the various benefits of AI in counter-terrorism; to evaluate the risks AI posed to the operational environment; to investigate the ethical challenges posed by the employment of AI-driven counter-terrorism strategies. The literature review was done basing on the content scope of the three objectives. The study reviewed the sociotechnical systems theory that posits that there is need to strike a balance between technological advancement and social impact of such advancement. The study was based in Somalia, predominantly Southern Somalia, where Al Shabaab was highly active and AMISOM had increasingly employed AI-driven approaches to counter terror operations. An exploratory research design was adopted as it aided in investigating and understanding the relatively new concept of employing AI-driven approaches in counter terrorism in Somalia. Purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 60 study participants that had insight or direct experience in the employment of AI in AMISOM counter-terrorism operations. Online research questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and document analysis of AMISOM reports were used in data collection. Quantitative data collected was analysed through statistical software tools while qualitative data was analysed thematically. The study followed ethical guidelines ensuring confidentiality and informed consent of the study participants. The study found that AI-powered approaches significantly affected counterterrorism efforts in Somalia both positively and negatively. AI-driven tools and strategies led to enhanced surveillance, increased operational efficiency, improved threat detection and reduced response time. However, the technology did not only pose numerous risks to the operational environment but also faced ethical criticism. Some of the key risks entailed overdependence on technology, misidentification risk and data privacy concerns. Furthermore, the employment of AI was faced with ethical challenges like bias and discrimination, accountability issues, human rights violations and privacy concerns. The risk mitigation measures entailed, regular training and updates, contingency plans, cybersecurity measures, regular audits and assessments, and ethical review boards. The findings of this study will be beneficial to stakeholders in the security sector especially during the employment of AI techniques.Item Peace Committees and Inter-Ethnic Conflict Management in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya 2001-2019(Kenyatta University, 2025-01) Chepngetich, Rosemary BorThe study sought to examine the peace committees in inter-ethnic conflict management in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. The study was guided by the following objectives: To analyse demographic characteristics of the peace committees in inter-ethnic conflict management, to examine the approaches of establishing peace committees in inter-ethnic conflict management, to assess the effectiveness of peace committees in managing inter-ethnic and to analyse the conflict resolution strategies used by peace committees in managing inter-ethnic conflicts in Elgeyo Marakwet County. Negotiation theory guided the study. The study was grounded on cross-sectional survey research design, with a target population of 193 respondents. This sample was determined through the Slovin’s formula. Cluster random sampling was used to select the sample size. The study utilized both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data were sourced from respondents in the field. From the sample, data was collected using questionnaires and structured interviews. Questionnaires were administered to sampled members of the general public in Marakwet East and Marakwet West sub-counties. Key informants included the Elgeyo-Marakwet County Commissioner (1), Assistant County Commissioners (2), Chiefs (2), Elders (6), Religious Leaders (2) and NGOs representatives (2) working for peace programs. Secondary data for the study was gathered from libraries around Nairobi and the internet. Quantitative data was analysed through descriptive statistics and presented in tabular form while qualitative data was analysed through theme identification. The study findings reveal the vital role of peace committees in mitigating inter-ethnic conflicts between the Marakwet and Pokot communities, with a significant level of community awareness regarding their activities. Despite the positive perception of these committees' effectiveness and their alignment with community needs, challenges such as political interference and funding limitations hinder their visibility and operational success. The findings indicate that the committees effectively cultivate trust and open communication among stakeholders by employing a combination of traditional and contemporary conflict resolution approaches. This positive impact is evident in improved relationships and a more constructive dialogue between conflicting parties. However, the study reveals that underlying grievances, often deeply ingrained within the community, remain unresolved and continue to pose significant challenges to long-term peace and stability. Based on these insights, it is recommended that both county and national governments enhance communication about peace committees, increase funding for their operations and foster collaborations with traditional leaders and NGOs. Additionally, continuous community feedback should be integrated to adapt strategies to evolving local dynamics, while training initiatives focusing on conflict resolution techniques are essential for building their capacity. These steps are crucial for ensuring the sustainability and effectiveness of peace initiatives in the regionItem Community-Led Strategies and Management of Violent Group Conflicts in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Maina, JosephThis study examines community-led strategies for managing violent group conflicts in Nairobi’s informal settlements, focusing on Mathare. It addresses three objectives namely assessing the influence of community-led watch programs in mitigating conflict consequences, evaluating the effectiveness of communication networks in coordinating responses, and analyzing the role of physical security measures in protecting property and businesses. A descriptive survey design was employed, targeting 128 participants, including residents, Nyumba Kumi leaders, administrative officers, and NGO members, with a 92% response rate (118 respondents). Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, with quantitative data analyzed descriptively and qualitative data thematically. Findings indicate that community watch programs significantly reduce violence when participation levels and meeting frequency are high. These programs enhance early warning systems, role clarity, and conflict resolution training. Mobile technology emerged as the preferred communication tool due to its real-time updates, enabling swift community mobilization. However, network disruptions and misinformation limit its reliability. Physical security measures, such as makeshift barricades, were widely adopted for their accessibility but faced challenges due to inconsistent law enforcement collaboration and resource constraints. The study underscores the importance of structured community engagement, diversified communication channels, and stronger police-community partnerships. Recommendations include institutionalizing watch programs through training and incentives, expanding communication infrastructure (e.g., hybrid digital/traditional systems), and fostering joint security initiatives with local authorities. Financial support and policy frameworks are critical to sustaining these efforts. The research contributes to urban conflict management strategies, advocating for grassroots resilience in contexts where state intervention is limited. Future studies could explore gender-specific roles in community-led security and comparative analyses across rural-urban divides.Item Devolved governance influence on internal security management in Nakuru County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Koech,Moses KipropThe 2010 Constitution of Kenya, operationalized in 2013, established a devolved system of governance, delegating specific functions to county governments while retaining security under national government control. Despite this, county governments influence security through priority-setting and development mandates. The study evaluated the influence of devolved governance on effective internal security management in Nakuru County, Kenya, from 2013 to 2023. Specifically, the study analyzed the evolving security drivers in Nakuru County following the implementation of devolution in 2013, assessed the effects of devolved governance structures on security management in Nakuru County, examined the challenges hindering effective collaboration between national and county security frameworks in Nakuru County and proposes strategies for enhancing security management within the devolved system in Nakuru County. Using an exploratorydescriptive research design with mixed methods, the study purposively selected Nakuru County, targeting 120 respondents (household representatives, community leaders, businesspersons and Nyumba Kumi leaders) from Biashara, Flamingo, Kivumbini, Nakuru East and Menengai wards in Nakuru Town East Sub-County. Data was collected using interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires. Key insecurity drivers identified include historical land disputes, unemployment, criminal activities, marginalization and migration. Devolution has enhanced security through local participation, County Policing Authorities (CPAs) and community policing initiatives like Nyumba Kumi, but challenges such as corruption, mismanagement of funds, resource constraints, lack of political goodwill and limited expertise persist. The study confirms adequate legal frameworks but highlights gaps in implementation. Recommendations include strengthening anti-corruption measures, reforming police services, enhancing local participation, improving intergovernmental coordination and deploying skilled security personnel.Item Amref’s Healthcare Diplomacy and Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal Three in Nairobi City County, Kenya, 2015-2023(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Mwendwa, Jacinta M.Healthcare diplomacy has increasingly become a critical mechanism for sustainable development goal three in the global health landscape, particularly in Kenya, where health challenges are compounded by socio-economic factors. This study examined the role of AMREF Health Africa in advancing healthcare diplomacy and its contributions to sustainable development goal three (SDG 3), on Good health and well-being. The broad objective of this study was to assess AMREF’s health diplomacy and implementation of SDG 3 in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: first, to examine the contribution of AMREF’s healthcare diplomacy on sustainable health outcomes. Secondly, to analyse the effectiveness of AMREF's healthcare diplomatic strategies and enhancement of sustainable health development. Lastly, to assess the obstacles that impeded the implementation of AMREF’s healthcare diplomacy efforts. The study area was Nairobi City County, Kenya. The target population involved healthcare practitioners and professionals, Government officials, policy makers, beneficiaries of health programs, private sector partners, community based health organization and AMREF officials. The scope of the study was between the years 2015 to 2023. The theories of Constructivism and Global Governance were used to guide the study. Besides, the study adopted descriptive survey and explanatory research designs and used questionnaires and interview guides to collect data. Purposive and snow balling sampling were used to select respondents. Data analysis was achieved through qualitative and quantitative techniques. The findings of objective one revealed the following that AMREF’s important approach anchored in policy advocacy, collaborative partnerships, improved community access, capacity building, and data-informed planning has produced measurable impacts across various levels of the health ecosystem. AMREF Health Africa, as a prominent African-led health organization, has positioned itself at the intersection of health diplomacy and community empowerment. Further, the findings of objective two exposed that through advocacy, partnership-building, digital innovation, and localized interventions, AMREF has contributed significantly to shaping policy and practice in some of Nairobi’s most underserved areas. Finally, the findings of objective three disclosed that inadequacy of government collaboration and bureaucratic inefficiencies entrenched within public health systems impede implementation of AMREF’s health diplomacy efforts. These issues manifest through frequent delays in approvals, lack of timely coordination between different levels of government, and the slow, sometimes reluctant, integration of AMREF’s innovative community health models into national and county health planning frameworks. The study recommends on the need for strengthened public-private collaboration. The study also recommends increased domestic investment in health, and institutional support to ensure the long-term impact and scalability of AMREF’s health diplomacy efforts across KenyaItem Challenges Encountered in Using Information Security Metrics to Improve Patient Safety in Public Hospitals, Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Mwaura, Maryanne WaitheraIdeally, majority of people who visit a healthcare facility do so with the purpose of getting medical treatment. The person goes in with the confidence that medical treatment is accurate and safe, so they have the best chance possible of achieving the desired outcome. The sad reality is that correct and safe medical treatment is not always achieved. Patient information is one of the resources that hospitals heavily rely on to achieve its goals. This study investigated the challenges of using Information Security Metrics in public referral hospitals in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya. The specific objectives were to; examine the technical components of Information Security Metrics and their effects on promoting patient safety, determine security controls that protect the Privacy, Integrity and Accessibility of data in Information Security Metrics in promoting patient safety, ascertain key patient safety reporting systems in Information Security Metrics that help in reducing medical errors and analyse the legal challenges of using Information Security Metrics to promote patient safety with reference to the Kenyan Data Protection Act, No. 24 of 2019. Socio-Technical Systems Theory guided the study. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview guide. Two hundred and eighty-eight respondents from healthcare workers, ICT staff and health records personnel were sampled through cluster, simple random and purposive sampling methods. Quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS through illustrative, correlation and Principal Component Analysis, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The findings revealed that technical components such as data collection software and backup generators promoted patient safety, but challenges included inadequate staff training. Security controls like firewalls and antivirus software were critical, though procedural weaknesses, such as inconsistent password management, limited their impact. Patient safety reporting systems lacked well-developed infrastructure, with 50.9% disagreeing that adequate systems were in place, while mandatory reporting of ISM issues was key to improving reporting culture. Moreover, legal frameworks prioritized patient privacy and confidentiality, though patient engagement remained moderate. The study demonstrated that while technical, procedural, and legal elements of ISM contribute significantly to patient safety, gaps in implementation and engagement persist. The study thus concludes that effective implementation of Information Security Metrics (ISM) is necessary for improving patient safety in healthcare facilities. In view of the findings, the study recommends improvement of infrastructure, enforcement of procedural consistency, and strengthening patient engagement to maximize the effectiveness of ISM in healthcare facilities. Also, the hospitals should consider prioritizing the development and implementation of comprehensive training programs for staff on the use of ISM tools and protocols.Item Assessing Citizen Engagement in Enhancing Counter-Terrorism Operations in Lamu County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Murerwa, HumphreyKenyans have been living in perpetual fear of where and when the next terror attack might strike. But citizen engagement has been lauded as an approach that ensures success of programmes and counter-terrorism operations can be one of them. Therefore, the study undertook to assess citizen engagement in enhancing the counter-terrorism operations in Lamu county, Kenya. The objectives utilised were: to examine the role of local leaders and community groups in fostering citizen collaboration in counter-terrorism efforts, to assess community awareness levels regarding counter-terrorism policies and initiatives, to evaluate the communication channels used between citizens and security agencies for counter-terrorism information sharing. The Social Contract and Community Policing Theories, were used. The study utilized a mixed-methods research design, conducted in Lamu County with a target population of adult residents. A multistage sampling approach was employed, starting by clustering the study area into regions. Purposive sampling was then used to select the specific constituencies and wards, after which the population was divided into three homogeneous clusters: village elders and nyumba kumi elders were purposively sampled, the general public of the local community members were systematically random sampled. Using questionnaires and interview guides, the researcher collected data for this study. Thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data and the descriptive statistics, including means and averages, were used for the quantitative data, which was also visualized in pie charts, tables and graphs. The findings of the study were: local leaders are crucial for counter-terrorism, providing intelligence and building partnerships, the nyumba kumi initiative, a grassroots neighbourhood watch, is the top counter-terrorism program, bridging the intelligence gap, security barazas are key forums that build trust and cooperation between citizens and police, a lack of training for local leaders compromises security and highlights the need for capacity-building and that multiple communication channels like the chiefs, elders, informal networks and religious leaders form a trust-based security network. The study concluded that, the community-based strategies, led by local leaders, are indispensable for counter-terrorism, building security through trust and collaboration, despite the success of Nyumba Kumi and Security Barazas, a lack of training for community leaders limits their full potential and that Lamu's counter-terrorism success depends on a diverse, trust-based network of communication channels where the community co-produces safety. The study recommended that, to sustain security, formally recognize and strengthen the roles of local leaders and community groups, a structured training program for Village Elders and Nyumba Kumi Leaders is recommended to improve intelligence handling skills and that security agencies should integrate diverse communication channels into a "network of networks" to ensure intelligence flow and reinforce the community's partnership.Item Climate Change, Resource-Based Ethnic Conflicts and Socio-Economic Development in Baringo South Sub-County, Baringo County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Cheruiyot, Julius KipngenoClimate change poses major challenges by creating uncertainties that threaten rural populations reliant on natural resources. In Baringo South, extended droughts trigger conflicts over water and pasture among the Tugen, Pokot, and Njemps. These conflicts escalate into ethnic clashes, undermining peace, displacing communities, and reversing social and economic progress, leaving populations vulnerable to poverty and insecurity. This study interrogated the nexus between climate changes; resource based ethnic conflicts and socio-economic development in Baringo South sub-County. Three objectives were formulated for this study. To begin with this study interrogated the role of climate change in resource based ethnic conflicts in Baringo South sub-County. Secondly the study analyzed effects of resource based conflicts on social-economic development in Baringo South sub-County. Third, the effectiveness of initiatives and strategies put in place by various stakeholders in mitigating resource based ethnic conflicts in Baringo South sub-County were analyzed. Anchored on two complementary theories namely; legitimate domination theory and environmental insecurity theory, this study argued that environmental degradation and shrinking access to pasture and water resources as a result of changes in climatic conditions ignite resource-based disputes which take the form of ethnic conflicts among pastoralists communities. Such resource based ethnic conflicts have negative impactions on socio-economic development of communities affected. The study was in the form of a descriptive research design. This study made use of primary and secondary data in achieving intended objectives. The target population in this study included residents of Baringo South, NGOs leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and local administrators. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were employed to identify a total of 300 respondents for field interviews. Random sampling was employed to select 280 residents while purposive sampling selected informants who NGOs leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and local administrators. Questionnaires were administered to 280 men and women from the dominant pastoralist ethnic groups while interview guides were administered to 20 purposively selected informants. Data collected was analyzed and interpreted both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study found that climate change intensifies resource scarcity and conflict political and economic agendas often fueled by elites exacerbate ethnic rivalries and prolong violence. It was observed that resource-based ethnic conflicts disrupt trade, education, health services, and infrastructure, causing shortages, school closures, damaged facilities, and destroyed roads, ultimately undermining socio-economic development in the region. The study noted that elders are most effective in resolving conflicts though enforcement is weak. Government efforts remain inadequate, NGOs show potential but lack support, while religious leaders, women, and youth have limited influence.Item China’s Humanitarian Diplomacy and State Reconstruction in Somalia, 2008 To 2023(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Chen RuiThis study examined China’s humanitarian diplomacy and state reconstruction in Somali between 2008 and 2023. The study was guided by three specific objectives. This study assessed the impact of Chinese humanitarian aid on the socio-economic development of Somalia, examined the effectiveness of Chinese capacity-building programs in enhancing Somalia's state reconstruction and explored the perceptions of the Somali population towards Chinese involvement in state reconstruction efforts. The study adopted realism and constructivism as theoretical paradigms. Realism posited that states operate in an anarchic international system where national interests and power dynamics are paramount. Constructivism on the other hand emphasized the importance of social constructs, norms and identities that shape international interactions. The study took the form of an exploratory research design. The tools of data collection were questionnaires and structured interview guides. This study employed purposive and snowball sampling techniques to identify Chinese diplomats and officials involved in Somalia-related affairs, Somali government officials and policymakers, representatives from Chinese humanitarian organizations and Somali nationals. Data was collected from a sample 384 respondents. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. The study established that Chinese humanitarian aid had positive impacts on the socio-economic development of Somalia. It was also observed that Chinese capacity-building programs were effective in enhancing Somalia's state reconstruction. This study further noted that the Somali population has a negative perception towards Chinese involvement in state reconstruction efforts. This study recommended that the Federal Republic of Somalia should come up with mitigating strategies to make Chinese humanitarian aid effective. It also recommended that the Peoples’ Republic of China should strengthen capacity building in state reconstruction in post-conflict Somalia. It was further recommended that Chinese humanitarian assistance to Somalia should adequately address locals’ specific needs to reduce the gap between aid provision and locals’ expectations