MST-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Challenges Influencing Narcotic Drugs Control By Police Officers at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi
(Kenyatta University, 2017) Ndegwa, Martin; Justus O.S. Osero
Narcotic drugs control is a continuum of events focused on interrupting illegal drugs smuggled by air, sea, or land. Normally consists of several phases – cueing, detection, sorting, monitoring, interception, handover, disruption, endgame, and apprehension – some which may occur simultaneously. The study assessed the challenges influencing narcotic drugs control by police officers at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi. The study adopted a descriptive survey design that targeted 138 police officers working at the airport who were proportionately stratified according to their operative unit. Data pertinent to the study was gathered using structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions from 3rd February 2017 to 3rd March 2017 with strict ethical confidentiality maintained. Data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and a linear regression model was used to assess the challenges that influence narcotic drugs control indicating a good level of prediction (R2= .898). The study found that the narcotic drugs seized at JKIA were heroin, cocaine, cannabis, methamphetamine, and ephedrine with no apparent seizure trends identified. The study found no relationship between a police officer’s gender (X2(3) =2.958, p=.398), age (X2(9) =12.286, p=.198), job experience years(X2(12) =11.738, p=.467), education level (X2(6) =2.984, p=.811) and narcotic drugs control. The study found a significant positive influence of organisation resource capacity on narcotic drugs control (t(68) = 16.925, p=.000 at 95% level of confidence). There was no statistically significant influence of the legal and regulatory framework (t(68) = -.411, p=.683), information technology (t(68) = .585, p=.561) and drug courier profiling (t(68) = -.381, p=.705). The study recommends utilisation of data by the National Police Service (NPS) to justify the need for more resources to enhance narcotic drugs control, continuous on the job trainings for NPS police officers on the legal and regulatory framework(s) utilised when performing their duties, using predictive policing technology at JKIA by the NPS to cover ground for the few resources, and creating a review process to measure the effectiveness of the NPS institutionalised training regimes.
Construction of Ethnic Violence through Land and Politics in Molo Constituency, Nakuru County, Kenya; 1990-2015
(Kenyatta University, 2018) Malakwen, Isaac T.
This study investigated construction of ethnic violence through land and politics in Molo Constituency, Nakuru county, Kenya from the year 1990 to 2015. The Division is inhabited by several ethnic groups although the Agikuyu, the Kipsigis (a sub-group of the larger Kalenjin) and the Abagusii are the most populous. Since the introduction of multiparty in 1991, politics has been the major cause of ethnic violence in the area. The study was guided by four objectives; establish land use construct ethnic violence, establish use of politics to construct ethnic violence, examine the challenges of integrating various communities in Molo Constituency and explore specific peace building and reconciliation strategies that can be adopted to ensure inter-ethnic harmony in the study locale. The study is predicated on fundamental premises that ethnic violence in the area has always been socially and politically motivated. The study utilized Instrumentalism and social construction theories to explain how violence is socially and politically constructed. The instrumentalist theory sees ethnicity as neither inherent in human nature nor intrinsically valuable. Ethnicity is perceived as a strategic basis for coalitions that are looking for a larger share of scarce economic or political power and so it is a device for restricting resources to a few individuals (Collier, 2002). The social construction theory perceives ethnic identity as a socially constructed and fluid entity that can be formed through various means including conquest, colonization or immigration (Wimmer, 2008). Ethnic groups are recognized to be social constructions with ‘identifiable origins and histories of expansion and contraction, amalgamation and division (Posner, 2004). The two theories have been used to interrogate the construction of ethnic violence in Molo Constituency between the period 1990-2015.The study employed use descriptive research design and purposive sampling aimed at getting a sample in all the 4 Wards of Molo Constituency. These groups formed part of Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The researcher further used snowball sampling to the identified group to name others whom they knew for key interviews (KI).A sample size of 400 people was issued with questionnaires, upon which inferences were made concerning the entire population. The Study argues that politics of exclusion was the main determinant of the ethnic violence in Molo Constituency. It is therefore imperative for all politicians and other leaders to embrace politics of inclusion and cohesion across all communities both at local and national levels. Also most communities in Molo believe that their ancestral land has been misappropriated right from the colonial period and that the same trend has continued throughout the successive post-independence regimes to date. This historical land injustices ranges from the physical action to legal actions or restrictions on land. There was a general consensus among observers that in Molo Constituency and the larger Nakuru County, the violence was politically instigated. Three waves of violence affected the County; the first wave (1992-1993) the second wave covered the period 1997-1998 and third wave began in 2007 - 2008 following the controversial Presidential poll results. Data collected was analyzed and presented both quantitatively and qualitatively and the findings and recommendation of the study will be useful for the policy makers and future researchers.
Citizen’s Participation Effectiveness and Community Policing Scenario at Ongata Rongai in Kajiado County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2018-04) Ogoti, Naomi Geke
Crime affects the lives of all Kenyans and makes it difficult to achieve the security and safety aspirations of the Political Pillar in the Vision 2030. As Kenya moves into a middle-level income country status, more needs to be done to improve on the security of life and property through community policing. The general objective of the study was to establish the citizens’ participation effectiveness and community policing scenario at Ongata Rongai in Kajiado County, Kenya. The three specific objectives of the study were to: establish police-community partnership effectiveness; identify crime prevention strategies effectiveness; and, analyse problem-solving approaches effectiveness in community policing at Ongata Rongai. The study analysed existing literature in accordance with the objectives of the study. The conceptual model consisted of independent variable, moderating variable and dependent variables. The study adopted exploratory research design. Systematic sampling was done to select the sample for the study. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection from 353 community members living in an area of 16.50 square kilometers at Ongata Rongai. Snowballing method was used to sample ten police officers who participated in an interview process. The quantitative data derived from questionnaires were analysed with the assistance of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences. The qualitative data originating from interview guides were analysed by contentanalysis. The key results were on the three components of community policing namely: policecommunity partnership effectiveness in community policing; crime prevention strategies effectiveness in community policing; and, problem-solving approaches effectiveness in community policing. The study expects that citizens’ participation effectiveness in community policing contributes to the protection of life and property at Ongata Rongai. The study makes a contribution in knowledge of security management and police studies in Kenya generally and in Kajiado specifically. The study recommends that the two stakeholders, police and community, should vigorously work together to protect life and property
Strategies Used By Mpesa Agents and Their Effectiveness in Deterrence of Counterfeit Bank Notes Fraud: Case of Nairobi County
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Kimani, John Muinde
M-pesa is a mobile money transfer and agent banking system that has become popular over the years due to its easy and cheap access to financial services, especially to the middle and lower classes of the society. However, this type of service has lately been threatened by many cases of counterfeits in bank notes and fraudulent transactions which ultimately challenges the effectiveness of the strategies used to deter counterfeits. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study, sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies that were used by M-pesa agents in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the strategies used by Mpesa agents and their effectiveness in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes fraud. Specific objectives of the study were; to establish the fraud related challenges faced by M-Pesa agents to counter fake bank notes in Nairobi City County; to determine the strategic responses on fraud adopted by the M-Pesa agents as the deterrent to counterfeit bank notes fraud in Nairobi City County; to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies employed by M-Pesa agents in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes fraud in Nairobi City County and to determine strategic interventions M-Pesa agents can adopt in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes. The study employed descriptive survey design to study the various aspects of fraudulent activities on counterfeit banknotes during mobile money transactions and how M-pesa agents responded to the threat. The targeted population was M-pesa agents, police officers, Safaricom, and the Banking Anti-fraud unit in Nairobi City County. Using both Purposive and Simple Random sampling techniques the sample size of 109 was drawn. To collect data for the study, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The study used two tools for data collection; i.e. interviews (KIIs) and Questionnaires. Descriptive Analysis was used to analyze the data. The results were triangulated to ascertain if the results from the two methods used lead to the same outcome. The study revealed that there were fraud-related challenges deterring M-pesa agents in countering fake bank notes in their operation, the prevalence of this challenges in the deterrence of counterfeit notes was found to be very high in Mpesa agent operation. Lack of skills and detection Kits were the main challenges facing Mpesa agents in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes fraud. Other challenges facing Mpesa agents in the deterrence of counterfeit banknotes fraud includes Poor enforcement and coordination mechanism, easy counterfeited Security features on bank and Lack of advanced technology. The study further revealed that only a few M-pesa agents use detectors due to their high prices of acquiring the device. Mpesa Agents were prioritizing training so as to be in a position to recognize the fake money and are continually reviewing and improving on their internal controls such as surveillance and internal audit, primarily in the defense against fraud. The technology was also another major factor that was limiting the implementation of the strategies. The study recommended the central bank of Kenya to research and develop new notes with innovative security features that are both easy to check and hard to counterfeit. To fight counterfeit, the Bank needs to offer free training materials to help the public business and police agencies use the security features in genuine bank notes. The study recommends further research to be done to establish other challenges other than deterrence of counterfeiting that is facing Mpesa business in Nairobi City County
Influence of Nyumba Kumi Initiative on Neighborhood Security in Kaptembwo Ward, Nakuru Town, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Acholla, Dickson
Nyumba kumi Initiative NKI has attracted attention as a good strategy to enhance the security of the citizens and their respective neighborhoods in the country. The government of Kenya has constantly emphasized on the need to adopt Nyumba kumi as an initiative of CP so as to aid enhance the security status of the neighborhoods in the country to help ameliorate the numerous criminal activities being committed incessantly in the country. Despite the emphasis on the need to embrace NKI, crimes such as robbery, murder, terrorism and inter ethnic clashes among others were still heating at an all-time high thereby denying citizens in Kenya and Kaptembwo in particular, safer and secure environment to dwell in. However, the influence of Nyumba kumi Initiative on neighborhood security in Kaptembwo Ward had never been known since its introduction 5 years ago. This study therefore, intended to document this knowledge gap. This study was guided by Social Disorganization Theory. This study also adopted convergent parallel mixed method research design where the researcher collected both quantitative and qualitative data at the same time. Survey questionnaires were used to collect information from 156 residents of Kaptembwo Ward already embracing Nyumba kumi Initiative. Three Focus Group Discussions FGDs were used to collect information from participants between 6 and 8 community members (men, women and youth) of Kaptembwo ward in Nakuru Town while interview schedules were used to collect information from the head of police station, the chief and the head of National Taskforce on Community Policing in Kaptembwo Ward. A sample of 156 residents was drawn through purposive sampling from a study population of 112,937 residents. Purposive sampling was used to identify the head of police station OCS, the chief and the head of National Taskforce on Community Policing in Kaptembwo Ward. To ensure validity of the instruments, the research instruments were given to the research supervisor to evaluate their content validity. Piloting of questionnaires was done in Rhonda Ward, Nakuru. Cronbach‟s alpha was used to test reliability of the questionnaires that were used in the study and a correlation coefficient of at least 0.812 was considered acceptable. Data entry was conducted using SPSS software. The quantitative data obtained from the survey questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, pie charts, frequency tables, percentages, Paired Sample T-Test as well as Pearson‟s Correlation Coefficient while the qualitative data obtained from focus group discussions was analyzed through constant comparison and content analysis. The results obtained from Kaptembwo ward showed that NKI actually had an influence on neighborhood security as well as in reducing prevalent crimes. It had numerous challenges not limited to poor remuneration, lack of awareness of NKI, inadequate financial resources, corruption, legal ambiguity, legal complication and finally legal complication among others. The possible solutions to the challenges included good remuneration of officials, awareness campaigns of NKI, more financial resources, discharge from duty those engaging in corruption, more severe punishment and finally addressing legal ambiguity among others.
Implications of Regional Politics on Youth Employment in the Police Service: A Case of Laikipia County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-03) Nyamu, Gedion Miriti
The problem of employment among the youth is a challenge that affects their livelihoods. After one has attained the age of majority (over 18 years) and has basic education, what one carries is a hope of getting gainful employment. Employment gives young people hope, stability, identity, a sense of belonging and an opportunity to settle down in life. The reason for this study was to investigate the ramifications of regional politics on youth employment in the police service: An instance of Laikipia County. The research was guided by the following particular objectives: identify the criteria of youth choice and recruitment in the police service; establish how the numbers are distributed throughout the county; identify challenges faced in getting qualified recruits and to find out a better strategy for recruiting and hiring of the youth into the police service. The study was guided by descriptive design which was complimented by exploratory research design. The target populations were 384 people, sample sizes were 183 people and the sampling technique were both purposive and simple random sampling. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used as research instruments in this study. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics e.g. averages, mean, standard deviation etc. while qualitative data was analyzed according to themes and patterns formed. The expected results will help in the non-biased recruitment, avoid nepotism and help get a better strategy of youth recruitment in police service in Laikipia County. This study was based on new public management theory conceptualized by Hood (1991). It was conducted through a descriptive research design to answer questions that have been raised, to solve problem that have been posed or observed. The target population consisted of senior police commanders, support staff, High School Heads, Youths, parents and Area Chiefs and sub-chiefs (informants) in Laikipia County. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used as the main tools of data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentage, median, standard deviation and range and qualitative data was analyzed using the formed themes and pattern. The expected results were to enhance strategies that would ensure effectiveness during selection and recruitment of youth into the police service. The study found out that regional politics has a significant influence on the recruitment of youth into the police service. Corruption has also been highlighted as another factor that influences the recruitment and selection of youth into the police service. The study recommends that corruption and political interference should be reduced to allow the recruitment process to maintain free and fair grounds so as to select and hire the most qualified youth into the police service who can be more competent in service delivery.
Implications of Technological Advancement on Performance of Police Officers; Case of Kenya Railways Police Unit.
(Kenyatta University, 2019-03) Ndonye, Rachael Ndinda
Although technology holds great promise for improving policing, research on police technology is not well developed and raises questions about technology‘s impacts on policing. The purpose of this study was to assess the implications of technological advancements on performance of police officers and suggest the best ways to enhance technology use in the Kenya Police Service. Objectives of the study were to establish the prevalence and use of new technology in the Kenya Police Service, to examine the types of technology used in the Kenya Police Service, to identify challenges that Kenya Police Officers face in the use of new technologies, to examine effects of technology on the performance of Kenya Police Officers and to find out the best strategies to help Kenyan Police Officers adopt new technologies to enhance their performance. The study adopted the postmodern theory of technology by John Watkins Chapman. The study adopted a descriptive research design survey where it targeted 1700 police officers, who formed the target population of this study. A total of 170 police officers formed the sample size. The sampling techniques used were simple random sampling for junior police officers followed by purposive sampling technique for senior police officers. Raw data from respondents was obtained using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussions. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically and by looking for patterns. They were presented in the form of narrative and verbatim quotations. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics includes percentages and means. They were presented in tables, graphs and pie charts. The findings will help enhance the usage of new technological advancements in improvement of the performance of our officers. The study discovered the performance of police officers has greatly improved due to advancement of technology. The study established that there was use of technology in Kenya police service though not very much advanced. It also established that Globalization and new technologies have facilitated certain cyber-criminal operations, thereby placing an additional burden on law enforcement agencies. Fifty two percent of the respondents noted that lack of funds to acquire updated equipment was a major challenge facing police officers in their effort to adopt new technology. The study found out that, due to fast technological advancements, the digital forensic tools become obsolete too often. Forty percent of the respondents had the view that this has become a major challenge because they are expensive and the budget allocation to acquire them is limited. Unemployment of techno-savvy personnel was seen as a major challenge in adopting technology in Kenya police service. Fifty four percent of the respondents cited that in the recruitment of police officers not much consideration is given to the courses one undertook in the case of graduates. The study recommends that the government of Kenya should increase the allocation of funds to the National Police Service for the acquisition of updated equipment, to provide training at appropriate levels in forensic techniques and in technological skills for policy makers and law enforcement and investigative personnel, introduce appropriate procedural and substantive laws to deal with crimes committed in an electronic environment and raise public awareness, on the appropriate use of the internet.
Commercial Motorcycles and Insecurity in Nakuru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-04) Chepkilim, John I. M.
Crime is a challenge and potential impairment to national development. It also affects spiritual and material welfare, compromising human self-worth while creating an atmosphere of anxiety and violence. Studies have shown that insecurity have both direct and indirect cost implication on economic growth especially when it is linked with transport system. This study sought to examine the link between commercial motorcycles and insecurity in Nakuru County. The study was guided by routine activities theory and Merton Anomie theory which explain crime and its link to environment. Descriptive research design was used to evaluate the objective of this study. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to determine the respondents to be included in the study for business and motorcycles operators. The study recruited a sample of 241 commercial motorcyclist and 390 pillions. Structured self-administered questionnaires were used for primary data collection targeting pillions and interview schedule targeting Bodaboda SACCO officials and Nakuru county officials. Data was entered in Ms excel for analysis. The study found that commercial motorcycles engaged in criminal activities against their customers. Crimes committed by commercial motorcycles against their customers were armed robbery and snatching of valuables. The study concludes that the rise in number of commercial motorcycles in Nakuru contributed to the rise of crime. These crimes mainly targeted male adults and was more caused by financial problems and greed among the commercial motorcyclists. The study therefore recommends control of operating hours for commercial motorcyclists; this can be enforced by police, police patrol and use community policing. The study also recommends government to strive to improve relationship between police and the public (pillion and motorcyclists)
Assessing the Role of Demand and Supply Aspects in Book Piracy: Case of Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Igesha, Peter M.
Piracy is a willful theft of intellectual and creative efforts of others due to increased demand for academic books in our learning institutions. It is a social and economic menace that involves the outright reproduction and distribution of the creative works of others, for commercial purposes, without the consent of the copyright owner. The general objective of the study was to establish the determinants of book piracy in Nairobi City County. The specific objectives were to determine the practices and patterns and to investigate the demand side, supply side and legislative/ legal side determinants of book piracy in Nairobi City County. This study employed descriptive design. The target population for this study street vendors, secondary school teachers and parents, book shop owners and consultant firms‟ employees. A sample consisted of 170 respondents. The quantitative data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires while qualitative data were collected using Key Informant Interview (KII) guide. The tools were pre-tested for reliability and validity. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results. Chi-square (χ2) was used to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Significance level 0.05 was used. Approval to undertake research was granted by the graduate school of Kenyatta University and permission obtained from National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). Informed consent was sought from all participants. The results indicated that 41 (27.3%) of the respondents agreed to have photocopied and sold hardcopies of original books, followed by printing at 40 (26.7%), then scanning at 37 (24.7%) and the least was downloading and distributing online at 28 (18.7%) without authorisation. Chi-square was used to ascertain the association between education level and engagement in book piracy. The analysis revealed a significant relationship χ2=10.205, DF=3, P=0. 017 with an effect size of 0.31 based on Cramer‟s V. Further, descriptive analysis used revealed that 43.5% of the supply side respondents had access to internet, 34.8% had access to scanners and printers and the least (21.7%) had access to photocopy machines. The relationship between access to technology and book piracy was sought. According to Chi Square analysis, access to technology had a significant association with book piracy ((χ2=6.955; DF=2, P=0.031) with an effect size of 0.43 based on Cramer‟s V test. Finally, the findings on the law of enforcement revealed that 129 (88.4%) of the respondents indicated that the enforcement was not efficient or adequate. Only 17 (11.6%) respondents indicated that enforcement of the law on book piracy was sufficient. The results of chi-square also indicated that there was a significant relationship between lack of law enforcement and the level of engagement in book piracy (χ2=5.293; DF=1, P= 0.021) with effect size of 0.19. In conclusion the research findings showed that demand side, supply side and legal/legislation side have positive and significant effects on book piracy in Nairobi City County. The research recommends among others that there is need to supply cheaper books to local readers to discourage buying of pirated books. The right holders should protect their works by putting special copyright features. Kenya Copyright Board should create awareness to all stakeholders on the legal issues associated with on book piracy.
The Role of Mobile Phone Tracking Technology in Crime Prevention in Kenya: A Case of Nairobi City County
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Apima, Margaret B.
Traditionally, the prevention of crime has been the main aim of the police organizations since the start of the first modernized police agency. Technology today has greatly advanced and police officers can now, through mobile tracking technology, locate all calls received at the ICT command center and in turn know the exact location where there is distress and respond as required. The study sought to the role of Mobile Phone Tracking Technology in crime prevention and how if embraced it can help the national police service in the prevention of all crimes. Specifically, the study sought to examine the perceived usefulness of mobile phones by the police officers in crime prevention in Nairobi City County; to analyze how mobile phone tracking techniques help in mapping crime to prevent crimes in Nairobi City County; to investigate how the ease of use of mobile phone by police officers helping crime prevention in Nairobi City County; to establish how mobile phone tracking can be used to gather evidence for prosecution in Nairobi City County and to come up with best ways in which mobile phone tracking technology can be used in crime prevention in Nairobi city county. The study design was descriptive incorporating both qualitative and quantitative techniques. From the target population of 694 police officers serving in Langata and Embakasi divisions; the researcher targeted 208 respondents from all the cadres of regular police. Questionnaires were utilized in collecting the Primary data. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the data and presented in form of tables and charts. The study found that respondents used mobile phone tracking technology to a great extent in crime prevention. The study also found out that the drops in crime rates was due to the willingness of people to contact law enforcement agencies using their cell phones, hence, improving response time of police units. The study also found that many police departments did not have mobile phone crime mapping and that the crime data used in their departments contained geographic reference. Majority of the police had received training on mobile phone technology crime mapping techniques. However, crime mapping analysis was conducted as needed though some factors impacted on respondent‟s ability to use mobile phone technology in crime mapping effectively. The study further found out that police officers had functional free emergency phone numbers known to the public and which the police often received calls from the public. The study also found out that mobile phone tracking was used to gather evidence for prosecution. The study concludes that cell phones applications contributed extensively in compacting crime activities as it contributed to drop in major crimes. The study further concludes that majority of classification techniques established to predict crime prone areas are indeed more accurate. The study further concludes that mobile phones allowed the sharing of information with the police on crime issues instantly (real time) and they were also used to prove a case in the court of law. The study recommends that in order to help law enforcement officers to have a deep understanding and proper attitude in regards to usage of IT as policing tools, there needs to be an awareness program put in place. This will give details on the optimistic features of utilizing computers for policing purposes.
Determinants of the Rising Numbers of Traffic Road Accidents Along Thika Super Highway in Nairobi -Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-06) Munge, Rachael M.
The construction of Thika Superhighway was aimed at addressing road safety by improving transportation and reducing traffic accidents. Despite this effort the numbers of accidents along Thika Superhighway still continue to occur claiming more lives. This study examined the determinants of the rising number of traffic road accidents along Thika Superhighway in Kenya. The study objectives were; to establish whether the kind of training that the drivers undertake to qualify as drivers contributes to rising numbers of accidents, to examine the contribution of road design on road accidents, to establish the types of vehicles that mostly causes traffic road accidents and to find out the best strategies that can enhance road safety on Thika Superhighway. Accident Cessation Theory and the Reciprocal Determinism Theory were used to guide the study. The study adopted descriptive and exploratory research designs to collect quantitative and qualitative primary data. The study targeted a population of 249 respondents drawn from traffic police officers, road safety personnel and users of Thika Superhighway. Slovin’s formula was used to determine the sample size of junior traffic police officers who were selected using simple random sampling techniques. Purposive sampling technique was used to select senior officers from traffic police, National Transport Safety Authority and Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure while convenience sampling technique was applied to select drivers and pedestrians. Questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussions were used to collect primary data collection. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic method, while quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means and standard deviations. The analysed data was presented in tables and charts to represent quantitative findings while qualitative findings were presented in narratives, verbatim reporting, discussions and inferences. Results showed that driving schools produced incompetent road users. Road design, public service vehicles and private motor vehicles were found to be the major contributor of traffic road accidents. To address incompetent drivers the government and road safety stakeholders need to develop a policy to address poor training in driving schools. The study recommends use of speed guns and stationery cameras as deterrent to over speeding and reckless driving. Finally redesigning of defective road sections and construction of addition footbridges will ensure safety on the highway. These study findings are hoped to benefit all stakeholders and users of roads in an effort to ensure safety on Kenyan roads.
Nexus Between Indigenous Cultures and Sexual Violence Reporting in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-06) Korir, Bernard Kiplangat
This study examines the nexus between indigenous cultures and sexual violence reporting in Trans Nzoia County. The study analysed how indigenous cultural beliefs and traditional practices contribute to the commission of sexual violence and how the same hinders victims from reporting to police for appropriate measures. The general objective of the study was to examining the nexus between culture and sexual violence against women and girls, and how it affects the efforts of the police in in arresting and prosecuting culprits. The study is also informed by specific objectives which are: to establish the cultural beliefs that motivates offenders to indulge in sexual violence against women and girls in Trans Nzoia County, to establish how indigenous cultures obstruct the arrest of offenders in sexual violence against women and girls in Trans Nzoia County, to assess whether indigenous cultures could prevent women and girls from reporting sexual violence against them in Trans Nzoia County, to examine how indigenous cultures hinder police investigations on sexual violence against women and girls in Trans Nzoia County, and lastly to identify strategies that could be employed to mitigate sexual violence under-reporting by women and girls in Trans Nzoia County. This study is beneficial to the government, law enforcement, the community, and partner agencies who seek to make structural and institutional decisions based on the complexity of sexual violence and its effects on the society. The study used socio-cognitive theory and socio-cultural theories as analytical tools as they were appropriate in analyzing the problem under study. This study adopted a cross-sectional survey approach in design. The nature of the study called for both qualitative and quantitative data analysis approach. Primary and secondary data was collected and analysed. In-depth interviews were used to collect data from specific respondents and focus group discussions. The SPSS was used for data analysis to establish a statistical inference for the coded data that was also edited for completeness and accuracy. The study established that the problem of sexual violence against women and girls in Trans Nzoia County is reinforced by indigenous cultural practices. The study found out that some of the cultural practices predominantly in the region include female genital mutilation and eloping of girls for marriage.
Persistent Soccer Pitch Unrest and Its Implications on Security in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-07) Wanjala, Maelo Frederick
This study sought to investigate and to document the causes of football violence in the Kenya soccer fields. The specific objectives were: to examine the circumstances under which football violence typically occurs in Kenya’s stadia, to identify some of the factors that correlate to violence during match and post-match violence, to review the existing policy framework that governs football in Kenya. The study utilized Frustration -Aggression theory. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised of 320 respondents drawn from officials in football management, club officials, football fans and police officers. The study sampled 246 respondents from the target population using purposive and simple random sampling. Quantitative Primary data was gathered using questionnaires. Interview schedule was used to collect qualitative primary data from senior managers of sports management, police officers and club’s management. Qualitative data was analysed using the thematic method, data reduction and classification of information. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics using Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Cross-tabulation was used to test the relationship between the study variables. The analysed data is presented in tables and charts to represent quantitative findings. Qualitative findings were presented in narratives, verbatim reporting, discussions and inferences. The study findings are summarised and conclusion made in an attempt to describe the research objectives. Regarding circumstances under which football violence typically occurs, the study found outthat football fans aggression, police action, rude or abusive fans and uncoordinated football match management are circumstances that breeds football violence. On the factors that correlate to violence during match and post-match violence, the study revealed that alcoholism before and after the match, the number of policemen/security officers are not normally enough during matches and also that stadium design and lack of constant monitoring of crowd density by the police and stewards are factors that correlate to violence during match and post-match violence.On the existing policy framework on football violence in Kenya, the study revealed that, to a moderateextent, the following policy frameworks are satisfied: security provision by host clubs, structured complaints and disciplinary mechanism and also safety precautions by regulating government agencies. Thus, the study therefore recommends that the government through its Ministry of Sports should consider setting up policies prohibiting drunkenness in the stadiums while the matches are ongoing and also should hire qualified contractors to derive a quality stadium design. Also, the study recommends that the Ministry of Interior Coordination should deploy adequate police officers to stadia while there are matches going on. Also, the study recommends that the clubs management should deploy adequate stewards to the stadia to control the fans.The management of the football clubs should create schedules that support coordinated football matches to discourage uncoordinated football match management. The policy makers in sports sector should pass regulations,these regulations should include the procedure of crowd handling where fans are segregated, the sale of ticketing to be done away from the venue before the match day, referees and match officials to be train in proper match handling and officiating.
Security Strategies Applicable in Resolving Traffic Congestion in Cities, Case of Jogoo Road, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-11) Ogao, Emmanuel Makokha
Road traffic congestion is a major issue of concern owing to its impact to the lives of people, the economy and the environment at large. Traffic congestion is a problem of the modern society that has come with urbanization. It has been predicted that the problem will get worse if mechanisms and best strategies are not put in place in time to manage it. In the City of Nairobi, Kenya, studies and mechanisms that have been undertaken have not solved the problem of road congestion whereby it has remained persistent. This research study therefore examined security strategies that could be applied to manage road traffic congestion in the city of Nairobi, Kenya. The site of Study was Jogoo Road which is one of the major roads in Nairobi city leading to the city centre and other crucial areas such as the industrial park. The study was guided by Transportation Engineers and Planners model of Cambridge systematics which focuses on three main perspectives of managing road supply, managing demand for vehicle use and improving the efficiency in the use of available network resource. The study employed mixed method design in which phenomenological and exploratory survey designs were undertaken. The study targeted stakeholders in the transport industry which included the study site road users and administrators. Sampling techniques used included cluster sampling, porposive stratified sampling as well as convenience sampling for the various groups who participated in the study. Questionnaires and interviews were the main tools that were used in data collection. The findings from both qualitative (interviews and quantitative (questionnaires) were triangulated to enhance the findings. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically guided by the objectives of the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using a descriptive statistics software, SPSS. Qualitative data was presented in quotes while quantitative data was presented in tables and graphs. The findings of the study showed that traffic congestion on Jogoo Road is a result of several contributory factors. These factors all lie within the boundaries of supply (network overload), demand and efficiency related factors. Accordingly, supply related contributors to congestion on Jogoo Road include road narrowness (19%), inadequate public service vehicles(17%), bumps (16%) and inadequate feeder roads (16%). Demand related contributors include large number of different road users(28%), pedestrians crossing the road (23%) and large number of vehicles during peak (25%). Efficiency related contributors included poor urban planning ((21%), inadequate enforcement (29%), poor incident management (20%), poor attitude (indiscipline) (21%) and defective traffic lights (19.4%). These deficiencies posed security issues as road users flouted traffic rules making it difficult for traffic police to enforce the laws. The strategies applicable in resolving congestion on Jogoo road according to the study findings included Road network supply strategies ; construction of lanes for use by other road users such as hand cart pullers and bicyclists (16%), Construction of more footbridges (15%), redesigning road junctions to allow for smooth entry and exit (15%), construction of lanes for heavy commercial vehicles (15%), enhancing the use of HOVs and railway system (13%), introduction of advanced road designs that need less space such as overhead roads (13%) and increase parking spaces and bus stop points on the road (13%). Road Travel demand management strategies entailed reducing cost of alternative transport means (24%), introduction of toll charges (22%), and introduction of charges targeting private car owners during peak hours (20%), increase charges on fuel levy ((18%)and increasing the cost and charges of private cars importation (16%). Operating existing road capacity more efficiently according to the study findings will be achieved by enhancing the use of mass media in providing real time information about roads status (21.6%), enhancement of the use of ICT in traffic matters (21.1%), enhanced use of smart phone apps (20.7%), improvement of traffic flow control by both Traffic officers and traffic lights (20%), strengthen enforcement and introduce laws that alter traveler’s behavior(16.8%). The study recommends the use of the three prong approach of supply, demand and efficiency management in resolving congestion, advanced techniques in road construction such as overhead roads, stakeholder involevement in finding best strategies, sound legislation to control number of vehicles and behavior, and lastly enhancing the use of ICT to manage road traffic matters.
Participatory Supervision and its Influence on Work Performance in the Kenya Police Service, the Case of Machakos County 2010 – 2017
(Kenyatta University, 2020-05) Tonui, Johana Kiplangat
Organizations and institutions the world over have resorted to supervision in ensuring employee effectiveness and better returns in performance and productivity. Police work is regarded as the interface between any government and the local populace, which follows structurally entrenched chain of command as stipulated in the Service Standing Orders (SSOs). Supervision of officers in the performance of duty ensures that they undertake their responsibilities with decorum while displaying expected standard of discipline. However, within the service instances have been witnessed where officers have been arrested for engaging in unethical conduct and also resorting to use of excessive force against members of public even in the presence of police commanders supervising them. This study was conducted within the Kenya police service, Machakos County covering the period 2010 to 2017. The objectives of the study included; examining how supervision emerged in the police service, analyzing the influence of participatory supervision in work performance and identifying intervention measures which make participatory supervision improve work performance in the police service. The study was informed by two theories; Douglas McGregor’s XY theory and the Relationship theory. This study targeted selected members of public in Machakos county, civil society organizations (CSOs), IPOA and all 690 police officers of all ranks from Police Constables (PC) to Commissioner of Police (CP) stationed within the county. Sample population of 246 respondents exclusively drawn from within Machakos County were targeted for the study. The study adopted structured questionnaires and key informant interview guides as primary tools of data collection. Empirical data was analyzed taking into account the specific objectives of the study while descriptive research design with a mixed methodology was adopted. It emerged that participatory supervision help to enhance work performance through; constant communication between supervisors and supervisees and power of command or authority held by senior officers. However, it also revealed that junior officers considered supervision to be an administrative responsibility as well as saw a control oriented rather than participatory with little impact on work performance. The study thus recommends that participatory supervision be made to be more of sharing ideas as opposed to controlled oriented or conventional. Supervisees should be provided with conducive environment to be innovative and develop their skills to be able to perform their duties successfully. Further, all levels of employees from supervisors to subordinates must be encouraged to work with diligence and contribute to improved service delivery within the police service. Consequently, rather than seeing supervision as a way to oversight the police service, it should be made compulsory for supervisors and supervisees through regularization in the training curriculum as well as in the Service Standing Orders.
The Nexus between Electoral Preparedness and Results Acceptability in General Elections in Machakos County, Kenya from 2007 To 2017
(Kenyatta University, 2020-05) Njenga, Leonard
Many elections in emerging democracies are characterized by unpreparedness which leads to irregularities as well abuse of the process of electioneering. The purpose of this study was to analyse the nexus between electoral preparedness and results acceptability in general elections in Machakos County 2007, 2013 and 2017. The following objectives were used to guide this research; to analyse the influence of electoral training on results acceptability in general elections in Machakos County; to assess the influence of logistical management on results acceptability in general elections in Machakos County; to interrogate the influence of elections stakeholder‟s involvement on results acceptability in general elections in Machakos County and to analyse the influence of results management on results acceptability in general elections in Machakos County. This study was guided by three theories. These are the Contemporary Governance Theory, Theory of Planning and Neo-Institutional Theory. This research used a descriptive research design. The Target Population which was the study unit of observation was made up 350 IEBC official and 50 political contestants for the MP and Governors in the 2007, 2013 and 2017 elections. Stratified random sampling technique was applied in sample determination. This study took 30% of the two strata‟s. In total the sample size comprised 120 respondents who were selected through stratified random sampling method. With respect to electoral preparedness and results acceptability, this study utilized a questionnaire and an interview guide to collect primary data. Ahead of responses processing, the questionnaires which were completed were edited in order to ensure consistency and completeness. Coding of the data was done by the use of SPSS version 23 for enabling grouping of responses given in a number of classes. The nature of the collected data was both qualitative and quantitative. The descriptive statistical tools were used in data analysis. This comprised of the mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. Pie charts, figures and tables were applied in presentation of outcomes. Analysis of qualitative data used narratives statements aligned to appropriate1thematic fields1and outcomes1presented in1the prose form. The study concluded that electoral training, logistical management, stakeholder‟s involvement and results management had a positive significant influence on results acceptability in general elections in Machakos County. The study recommended that IEBC should improve on electoral trainings, add the number of training days and adequately remunerate IEBC officers well. To improve on logistical management, the electoral body should carryout logistics arrangement early enough for the purposes of meeting the set timelines. IEBC head value chain department should ensure the least time possible is taken to ensure electoral materials reaches the expected regions. This should be coupled by carrying out logistics arrangements earlier enough to avoid delays on the elections day. A proper planning by IEBC should be advocated for. Further, IEBC should be transparent in all the processes that are ongoing during the election and should give access to information to all parties involved. To promote quality in results management IEBC should ensure that each cast ballot paper is marked and stumped at the back to prevent electoral frauds. To enhance transparency all results should be announced1at the polling1station and a copy1of the results, signed1by party1agents. A combination of both the biometric and manual systems would help in effective electoral results in management.
Amisom Troops` Influence on Peace Keeping Operations In Dhobley District, Cental Region, Somalia
(Kenyatta University, 2020-07) M’arimi, Joel Muriungi
Capacity gaps’ influencing the outcome of peacekeeping operations has been an issue in all the conflicts. Although gaps influencing the outcome of peacekeeping operations involving inter-state conflicts and intra-state conflicts where resources are the common denominator have been examined, capacity gaps influencing peacekeeping in intra-state conflicts where jihadist terror ideology is a major factor in the conflict remains shadowed in an enigmatic environment. More importantly, complexities compounding the capabilities of prosecuting military peacekeeping missions and the capacity gaps ensuing thereon remain unexamined. This study was to examine the peace keeping operations influencing peace and stability in Dhobley District, Central Region, Somalia. The study sought to achieve three objectives; first, to examine the effectiveness of command and control AMISOM troops, second, to assess the relevance of missions mandate and thirdly to evaluate the adequacy of mission resources support. Cosmopolitan theory was used to explain the sources of capacity gaps and to develop the conceptual framework. The study used the case of peacekeeping in Somalia as the focal point of analysis. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 24.0 and presented in tables with a brief description thereafter. This aided in establishing the recurrent themes within the under study. The derivative of this analytical process, i.e., the patterns, themes and categories of analysis that came from the data were then interpreted by the researcher based on objectives of the study. The findings revealed that commanders faced challenges of command and control of AMISOM troops and thus did not offer appropriate direction to the accomplishment of the mission. On missions’ mandate, the findings revealed that the missions’ mandate was not aligned to the realities of the conflict on the ground, and that it was not clear to AMISOM troops. Concerning mission resource support it was evident that the number of AMISOM troops was inadequate to accomplish the mission, the finances allocated for the Mission in Somalia was not enough and the equipment’s used for fighting were not sufficient. The study concluded that an effective central command and control structure is vital for mission success, achievement of the mission objectives is the most common way for people to measure if the mission was successful or not and also adequate mission resources, including staff, equipment and finances must be present and readily available for a mission to be a success. The study recommended that leadership of Peace Keeping missions should always offer appropriate direction to the accomplishment of a mission; Peacekeeping missions should have clear and achievable goals; and Peacekeeping missions, resources in terms of personnel, finances or equipment’s should always be made available in adequate amounts.
Influence of Youth Unemployment on Crime Rates in Mathare Constituency, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Omboi, Gad
Many developing countries now grapple with the problem of unemployment. The unemployment rate among the youth is particularly higher than other demographic segments – especially in developing economies. Interestingly, the cities in many developing economies with high rates of youth unemployment also battle high rates of urban crime. The purpose of this study was to establish how youth unemployment influences crime rates in Mathare Constituency, with the aim of identifying strategies to mitigate crime among the youth. The study objectives were to explore the extent that youth unemployment influences the crime rates in Mathare, establish the prevalence of youth unemployment, examine the factors that cause youth unemployment, determine the connection between youth unemployment and high crime rates, and to identify the best strategy to mitigate the high number of crime rates in Mathare. The foundational framework for this study is Merton’s (1938) Strain theory which argues that a discord between people’s goals and means results in criminality. Merton (1938) believes that people hold a universal social goal of attaining material wealth and success; and that there is inequality in achieving these goals – leading to strain. Individual propensity to commit crime can also be explained through Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. According to this theory, people learn to commit crime from one another by modelling their behavior, imitating them, or making observations. They look at the rewards and punishments brought by crime, and make a decision to either accept crime and pursue it for the rewards, or shun it to avoid the punishments. The research design involved a descriptive survey on a sample of 125 urban youth (both male and females) between the ages of 18- 35 years. Self-administered questionnaires were also used to collect data. The target population for this study was the urban youth (both male and females) between the ages of 18- 35 years who are living in Mathare. Purposive sampling technique was used in this study with a non- probability design. This sampling method was applied to select youths aged 18-35 years in Mathare Constituency. The sample size used for this study was 125 people who were selected from urban youth in Mathare. The two research tools used to obtain primary data were an interview guide and a questionnaire. During data analysis, quantitative data obtained from the questionnaires was analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics which included cross-tabulations, percentages frequencies and aided by the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings indicate that youth unemployment could influence the rates of crime in Mathare. These findings are premised on the notion that youth unemployment forces people to use illegal means to achieve societal expectations. The study concludes that youths are attracted to criminal activities because of poverty. Job creation can therefore help decrease criminal activities among the youth. Education is one of the strategies that can help push youth away from criminal activities and create jobs for themselves. The study further recommends that the government could develop an integrated information system which captures the bio-data of all youth who are unemployed in Kenya and make deliberate move to help them create employment.
The Influence of Police Institutional Capacity on Community Policing Implementation in Kasarani Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Korir, David Kipronoh
The police service in Kenya is legally entrusted with the mandate of crime prevention. Towards this endeavour, the service is expected to adapt various crime prevention strategies such as community policing. The community policing concept was adopted in Kasarani in 2003. However, this has not wholly met public expectation since crime is still a major challenge to the citizens. This study sought to establish the influence of police institutional capacity on community policing implementation in Kasarani constituency, Nairobi County. A high crime rate can be an impediment to the achievement of Kenya’s aspiration in the social and economic development envisaged in the Vision 2030. This study, therefore, looked at the training of police officers in community policing as critical in imparting skills, values and appropriate attitude in community policing. Resource allocation to community policing were found to be insufficient this made it difficult for the operationalization of community policing. Police organization and administration of the police service was found not to be in line with community policing. The study also looked at community policing policies and found that community policing operations in Kasarani lacks legal rules and procedures. The System Theory was applied in examining the importance of collaboration between the community members and the police in crime prevention. The study took its independent variables as police training, resources allocation, police organization and administration, and community policing strategies. The intervening variables were support from the Government and community behaviour, while the dependent variable was effectiveness of police institutional capacity on community policing implementation. The study adopted a survey research design and targeted both regular and administration police officers in Ruai sub-county, a population of 240. A sample of 120 respondents were served with questionnaires for data collection and interview guide. Quantitative data were analysed with the assistance of SPSS while content analysis was done with qualitative data. The study found out that police officers involved in the maintenance of law and order needed community policing training to give them more awareness on crime prevention through community–police partnership to build their capacity and effectiveness in crime prevention. Provision of additional resources to community policing, police organizational and administration should be aligned to the community policing strategies. New police strategies should be adopted that can address issues of crime prevention effectively through community policing.
High Crime Rate on Socio-Economic Development of Selected House Hold Groups in Nairobi City County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Miruka, Daniel Mauti
Social development and social justice cannot be achieved in the absence of peace and security, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Insecurity has emerged as a major dilemma across the world particularly in the urban setups which hinder economic growth, development and social progress. This study therefore sort to analyze the implication of high crime rates on social economic development in Nairobi City County specifically in Kawangware. The specific focus of the study was to determine the most prevalent forms of crime in Nairobi County, to analyze the social costs of high crime rates in Nairobi County, and to examine the economic cost of high crime rates in Nairobi County. The study was informed by Rational and learning theory. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The target population for the study was composed of selected selected-households in Kawangware in Nairobi City County, Community Policing Committees, District Peace Committees, civil society organizations, Kenya Police, and private security companies. It utilized a sample size of 384 respondents who were sampled using simple random sampling method. The key informants included representatives of Community Policing Committees, District Peace Committees, civil society organizations, National Police Service, private security companies, hospitals, and insurance companies. The study used primary data which was managed by use of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences while qualitative data was analyzed according to themes and patterns formed. From the findings, it was revealed that lack of morals and values, rape, pickpocketing, drug trafficking, conning, assault, cases of house-breaking and robbery with violence were the most prevalent crimes. Other forms of crimes were terrorism, carjacking and suicides. It was revealed that due to high crime rate communities leave their important activities such as jobs and even some leave their residential, rental houses, worshipping areas, doing exercises, visiting friends or relatives and entertainment places. It was also revealed that the cost of living goes high due to insecurity. For the security heads, it was revealed that the communities work with security officers towards a common interest even though they do not often have a forum to discuss crime issues with them. From the findings, it was revealed that members of the public do not report some crimes in community. In conclusion, murder, rapes, pickpocketing, drug trafficking, conning, assault, cases of house-breaking and robbery with violence were the most prevalent. Terrorism, carjacking and suicides were also mentioned. The socio implications included communities being forced to stop most of their activities in fear of crime. Economic implications was that businesses are lost due to crimes as well as stealing. Strategies like community policing, crime victims assistance, provision of security to people, giving crime awareness, calling for interaction and dialogue, giving immediate response to crime and ensuring information dissemination which helps in crime prevention in Nairobi County. High levels of crime can be attributed to poverty, congestion, drug abuse, increased population, unemployment, increased rural to urban migration and less supervision of children. It recommends that the police population ratio should be increased, the department of internal security needs to come with proper policing policies, and the members of the public should inform the police when they are holding public events for security and the business owners should come up with strategies with their local police on how to improve security and protect their businesses. Recommendation for further studies is that the same research can be conducted in other big urban centers in Kenya such as Mombasa.

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