MST-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Adopting Explosive Detection Dogs to Counter Improvised Explosive Devices: Case of Kenya Defence Forces
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Koech,Gideon Kipkemoi
Due to the increasing threat of improvised explosive devices in Kenya, there is need to explore new counter IED strategies that can be used to tackle this menace. For many years, dogs have always been used in security operations due to their strong scent capabilities. In Kenya, the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) canine regiment was established to help in countering the increased use of IEDs by Al-Shabaab. This research investigated how explosive detection dogs can be utilized to detect explosive threats to troops in combat and hence enhancing troop’s survivability during movement or in defensive/static posture, and also improve on human security and all factors therein. The specific objectives were to: analyze the effectiveness of the current Counter Improvised Explosive Devices (C-IED) strategies, evaluate ways in which explosive detection dogs can be employed in detecting IEDs at the Kenya-Somalia Border and examine in what ways the KDF Canine Regiment can be effectively employed in Countering IEDs in Kenya. The key informants for the primary collection of data included the KDF Canine Regiment, the Kenya Police, the G4S security guards, Wells Fargo, and other security agencies operating in and around the Kenya-Somalia Border. The study used a descriptive research design that included both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. The study also applied deterrence theory and classical conditioning theory. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling were used to select sample population. From the first objective, the study found that Kenya has a counter IED unit; the counter IED unit responds promptly when called upon; the counter IED unit can detect IEDs before they explode. A majority of the respondents also agreed that there is need to reinforce the IED unit. From the second objective, a majority of the respondents agreed that: the counter IED units in the Northeastern border towns have dog units; the KDF Canine Regiment troops normally utilize explosive detection dogs to detect IEDs at the Kenya-Somalia border; the Kenya Police normally utilize dogs to detect IEDs within the Kenya-Somalia border towns; and that the G4S and Wells Fargo guards rarely utilize dogs to detect IEDs at their respective security checkpoints. From the third objective, the study found that: it was appropriate to utilize KDF Canine Regiment in homeland security; utilizing KDF canine regiment will help prevent IED attacks. The study recommends that: The KDF canine unit should expand the canine units in Kenya, especially in the Northeastern border towns to help increase the number of experts and enhance the practice of using dogs in security checkups; There should be an increased sharing of information, both at the local and international level; There is need for the KDF canine unit to integrate modern technologies in their operations, such as the use if cameras and drones; There is need for field officers to always update the canine unit in the headquarters regularly on any new developments in the field so as to stay afloat on any new materials and methods used by IED perpetrators; and there is need for the canine handlers to always undergo regular training to enhance their expertise and stay updated of any new modalities employed by the IED perpetrators.
African Union in Management of Transboundary Conflicts: Case of Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam
(Kenyatta University, 2023-05) Okech, Cornel Otieno
Egypt and the riparian countries in its neighborhoods have been at odds for nearly a century over the utilization of the Nile's water. Several treaties made by Egypt with Britain in 1902, 1929, and 1959 guarantee Egypt's exclusive access to Nile River waters. In 1960, the struggle over the Nile River initially came to light when the Egyptian government objected to Ethiopia's plans to construct the Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam (GERD) dam at the meeting of the White and Blue Niles. This situation persisted until 2020, when Ethiopia expected to finish building the GERD dam and begin using it. In 2020, Egypt caused a stir when it declared it would employ "all means," including military force, to prevent Ethiopia from flooding the dam. The study analyzed the role of the African Union (AU) in mediating the GERD conflict between Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan, assessed the impact of the GERD conflict on regional cooperation, sustainable development, and conflict resolution in Africa and identified potential strategies for addressing similar natural resource conflicts in the future. The origins of the conflicts, the AU's involvement, and the difficulties that have arisen as a result of that engagement were central themes in this literature study. Analysis of the dispute's participants' actions was grounded in political reality theory. The study employed qualitative and exploratory research strategies. The study used a sample size of eighty two (82) respondents but only 81 were responsive. Academics, diplomats, and researchers, among others, who are experts in the field, made up the bulk of the intended audience. Ethic concerns were explored as part of the study. Based on the objectives, the data was examined and presented thematically, and findings and recommendations were made. In conclusion, the study established that the AU's role in mediating the GERD conflict underscores the AU's importance as a mediator in complex geopolitical disputes, emphasizing the need for neutral platforms and regional organizations in conflict resolution. Despite challenges, the AU demonstrated the potential for diplomatic solutions and the capacity of African nations to address their conflicts. The GERD conflict highlighted the multifaceted consequences of resource disputes, straining regional cooperation but also showing the potential for diplomatic resolutions through the AU's efforts. It stresses early engagement, transparent data sharing, inclusive dialogue, and sustainable development in conflict resolution. The conflict offers valuable lessons and strategies for managing resource conflicts in the future, focusing on early engagement, legal frameworks, inclusivity, data sharing, third-party mediation, conflict prevention, regional cooperation, sustainability, conflict transformation, international law, scenario planning, capacity building, and public engagement. Recommendations include strengthening regional mediation mechanisms, investing in regional organizations' capacity, promoting inclusive engagement in future conflicts, and prioritizing sustainable resource management. This approach can help mitigate conflicts, promote regional stability, and ensure responsible resource utilization.
Al Shabaab Terrorist Attacks and Transnational Security: Case of Non-Local Employees Attacks in Mandera County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-08) Kivindyo, Justus Muithya
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges faced by non-local employees in Mandera County as a result of Al-Shabaab terrorist attacks. The study found that non-local employees face significant challenges in terms of their safety and security, ability to work effectively, and overall well-being. The attacks have resulted in the loss of lives, injuries, and psychological trauma. Mandera County lost many non-resident employees who were targeted by Al-Shabaab attacks while working in quarries in Mandera County in the period between 2010 and 2015. The scenario became very complicated as it was accompanied by other attacks including the stopping of buses and targeting non-Muslims, murdering them. This caused fear and panic among non-Muslim Kenyans and foreigners working in Mandera County. It led to majority of them quitting their jobs and exiting from Mandera County under police escort. This study evaluated the difficulties faced by non-resident and regional workers in Mandera County as a result of terror attacks against them. The study's specific goals included examining how terrorist attacks prevent non-indigenous workers from staying in Mandera County, evaluating cultural barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there, analysing motivational barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there, and evaluating environmental barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there. The Helzberg two-factor theory and the social control theory were both used in the study. The investigation spans the years 2010 through 2017. The study used a descriptive research design, and participants included 70 respondents forming 10% of the 709 target population as representatives from government agencies, security agencies, community and religious leaders, and NGOs. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, a purposive sampling strategy was used in the study. The study used questionnaires to gather data. A pilot study was carried out in Garissa County informing the validity of the tools that drew the findings as well as the reliability of the tools. Frequency tables and charts were used in the descriptive data analysis of the data. Reports, graphs, charts, and diagrams were used to present the findings. According to the findings, terror rather than environmental or motivational factors was the main barrier preventing non-resident workers from working in Mandera County because of attacks and the brutal murders of some of their co-workers.
Al Shabaab Terrorist Attacks and Transnational Security: Case of Non-Local Employees Attacks In Mandera County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-08) Kivindyo, Justus Muithya
The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges faced by non-local employees in Mandera County as a result of Al-Shabaab terrorist attacks. The study found that non-local employees face significant challenges in terms of their safety and security, ability to work effectively, and overall well-being. The attacks have resulted in the loss of lives, injuries, and psychological trauma. Mandera County lost many non-resident employees who were targeted by Al-Shabaab attacks while working in quarries in Mandera County in the period between 2010 and 2015. The scenario became very complicated as it was accompanied by other attacks including the stopping of buses and targeting non-Muslims, murdering them. This caused fear and panic among non-Muslim Kenyans and foreigners working in Mandera County. It led to majority of them quitting their jobs and exiting from Mandera County under police escort. This study evaluated the difficulties faced by non-resident and regional workers in Mandera County as a result of terror attacks against them. The study's specific goals included examining how terrorist attacks prevent non-indigenous workers from staying in Mandera County, evaluating cultural barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there, analysing motivational barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there, and evaluating environmental barriers that prevent non-indigenous Kenyans from working there. The Helzberg two-factor theory and the social control theory were both used in the study. The investigation spans the years 2010 through 2017. The study used a descriptive research design, and participants included 70 respondents forming 10% of the 709 target population as representatives from government agencies, security agencies, community and religious leaders, and NGOs. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, a purposive sampling strategy was used in the study. The study used questionnaires to gather data. A pilot study was carried out in Garissa County informing the validity of the tools that drew the findings as well as the reliability of the tools. Frequency tables and charts were used in the descriptive data analysis of the data. Reports, graphs, charts, and diagrams were used to present the findings. According to the findings, terror rather than environmental or motivational factors was the main barrier preventing non-resident workers from working in Mandera County because of attacks and the brutal murders of some of their co-workers.
Amisom Troops` Influence on Peace Keeping Operations In Dhobley District, Cental Region, Somalia
(Kenyatta University, 2020-07) M’arimi, Joel Muriungi
Capacity gaps’ influencing the outcome of peacekeeping operations has been an issue in all the conflicts. Although gaps influencing the outcome of peacekeeping operations involving inter-state conflicts and intra-state conflicts where resources are the common denominator have been examined, capacity gaps influencing peacekeeping in intra-state conflicts where jihadist terror ideology is a major factor in the conflict remains shadowed in an enigmatic environment. More importantly, complexities compounding the capabilities of prosecuting military peacekeeping missions and the capacity gaps ensuing thereon remain unexamined. This study was to examine the peace keeping operations influencing peace and stability in Dhobley District, Central Region, Somalia. The study sought to achieve three objectives; first, to examine the effectiveness of command and control AMISOM troops, second, to assess the relevance of missions mandate and thirdly to evaluate the adequacy of mission resources support. Cosmopolitan theory was used to explain the sources of capacity gaps and to develop the conceptual framework. The study used the case of peacekeeping in Somalia as the focal point of analysis. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 24.0 and presented in tables with a brief description thereafter. This aided in establishing the recurrent themes within the under study. The derivative of this analytical process, i.e., the patterns, themes and categories of analysis that came from the data were then interpreted by the researcher based on objectives of the study. The findings revealed that commanders faced challenges of command and control of AMISOM troops and thus did not offer appropriate direction to the accomplishment of the mission. On missions’ mandate, the findings revealed that the missions’ mandate was not aligned to the realities of the conflict on the ground, and that it was not clear to AMISOM troops. Concerning mission resource support it was evident that the number of AMISOM troops was inadequate to accomplish the mission, the finances allocated for the Mission in Somalia was not enough and the equipment’s used for fighting were not sufficient. The study concluded that an effective central command and control structure is vital for mission success, achievement of the mission objectives is the most common way for people to measure if the mission was successful or not and also adequate mission resources, including staff, equipment and finances must be present and readily available for a mission to be a success. The study recommended that leadership of Peace Keeping missions should always offer appropriate direction to the accomplishment of a mission; Peacekeeping missions should have clear and achievable goals; and Peacekeeping missions, resources in terms of personnel, finances or equipment’s should always be made available in adequate amounts.
Analysis of Hate Speech in Promoting Inter-Ethnic Conflict in Nairobi County and Uasin Gishu County After General Elections In 2007/8 In Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2020-11) Obulutsa, Charles Lwanga Okata
Hate speech became the common method adopted by politicians from different ethnic groups in Kenya for gaining support and sympathy for their candidature during the previous elections in 1992, 1997 and 2007. In Uasin Gishu County and Nairobi County, this method worked very effectively in 2007, as it created ethnic tensions eventually and resulted in causing violent conflicts in Nairobi City and Uasin Gishu County. This study analysed the influence of hate speech in inciting ethnic hostility and violence during and after the elections of the 2007/2008 in Nairobi County and in Uasin Gishu County. The Specific objectives of the study were: to examine the causes of ethnic incitement using hate speech during and after the 2007/2008 elections, to assess the effect of ethnic incitement using hate speech after the 2007/8 elections in Nairobi County and Uasin Gishu County, to assess the effect of ethnic incitement using hate speech on the post-election violence in 2007/8, to establish the government response to ethnic incitement using hate speech during 2007/8 elections in order to stop future occurrence. The study was conducted in Kibera Sub county and Mathare Valley of Nairobi City and also Eldoret city area of Uasin Gishu County. The residents of the two counties participated in the violence and incitement. They provided vital information on the incitement and hate speech which led to the ethnic violence in those areas. The study adopted a quantitative research method. The study used descriptive survey research design. The target population was based on 300 entities including, civil servants, community leaders, religious leaders, civil society and village elders. A sample of 50 residents of Nairobi City and 50 residents in Uasin Gishu County who witnessed the violence in 2008 participated in the study. Data was gathered using primary and secondary methods. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents for the purpose of collecting data. Purposive sampling method was used to get specific information from government officials, community leaders, civil society and other people who witnessed the violence. The collected data was coded, processed, and analysed through the use of SPSS tool. The findings, conclusions and recommendations were presented through reports, diagrams, graphs, tables and diagrams. The study covered the period between 2007 and 2009. The study concluded that hate speech was responsible for the deadly violence which engulfed Kenya during the 2007/8 elections. The study recommended that, the election machinery should be made tamper proof and be managed electronically to remove possible interference from hired hackers and unfaithful personnel and that the election laws should be re-written to include heavy sentences for election related fraud which may stir up post-election violence and that the security personnel should be re-trained on matters affecting the handling of election related disputes to enable them handle the disputes professionall
Application of Geospatial Techniques by Police in Crime Prevention in Nairobi City County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-03) Wachiuri, Gichohi John
Geospatial techniques play an important role in analysis of crime and designing of crime prevention strategies. The use of the new technological tools such as remote sensing and GIS has enhanced and improved capabilities and effectiveness of police agencies. The main objective of the research was to assess the application of geospatial techniques in crime prevention through police crime response strategies examining the technological innovations as a driving force that can lead to reform of crime prevention and control strategies. There were three specific objectives in this the study. First, is to assess the components of geospatial techniques in crime prevention through police response strategies, secondly it was to examine how the application of geospatial techniques influenced crime prevention through police response strategies and thirdly it was to determine the extent of application of geospatial techniques for crime prevention through police response strategies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was underpinned on two theories, the situational crime prevention and crime pattern theory. In this study descriptive survey research design was adopted and the methodology aimed at gathering information utilizing the questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The choice of Nairobi City County as the area of study was informed by accessibility of the essential infrastructure that Geospatial techniques innovation can ride on. One hundred and sixty-five police officers formed the sample size of the study from a target population of 206. Stratified purposive sampling was adopted for the study where each stratum consisted of relatively homogeneous sub group that was randomly selected to reduce biases. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected. Quantitative data was analyzed utilizing SPSS for computation of statistical summaries. The qualitative data was in the first place arranged systematically into text format and then exported into a spreadsheet. As revealed by the results of the study, the three components of geospatial techniques i.e Geographical Information Systems, Global Positioning System and Remote Sensing were being used for capturing, analyzing and storing crime data. Service delivery in terms of efficiency in police crime response strategies have improved with application of geospatial techniques in crime prevention in Nairobi City County. In order to create harmony in in dissemination of crime data obtained through geospatial techniques the study recommended for a policy to guide the sharing and protecting the information from non-intended dissemination. The researcher has recommended two studies that can be conducted in the future. One, future scholar should conduct a study on dependability of the Integrated Command and Control centre in crime prevention. Secondly, a study should be conducted on the use of Geospatial technology to identify the road traffic accident hotspots in Nairobi.
An assesment of factors affecting community participation in disaster risk management: A case of Gikomba , Nairobi city county, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Ongoro, Daniel J; Munyao Muiya and
Assessement of the Trajectory of the Implementation of Comesa Free Movement of Persons Protocol in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-04) Mutai,Daisy Chepngetich
The aspect of freedom of movement is considered a dimension in migration and regional integration since it deepens cooperation among Member states. Freedom of movement is one of the essential tenents of continental, political and international human rights system. Most Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in Africa have come up with innovative policies such as the Free Movement of Persons (FMPs) protocols implemented at regional levels whose purpose is to open up borders through the removal of restrictions at entry points in order to facilitate intra-regional travel and mobility across all the RECs. The ratification and implementation of treaties and protocols demonstrates African states commitment to resolve common goods problems in states. Nevertheless, despite the importance of freedom of movement accords to COMESA`s integration agenda, Member states have been slow in the implementation of the COMESA freedom of movement protocol. The COMESA freedom of movement protocol was enacted in 2001, but not all COMESA member states have ratified it or put it into practice therefore, compliance levels is still low in nearly every Member state. This study set out to quantify the results of Kenya's implementation of the free movement of people protocol inside the COMESA. The Study objectives included assessing the degree to which COMESA had achieved its aims, ascertaining the degree to which the COMESA free movement of person’s protocol has been implemented, and identifying barriers to full implementation of the COMESA freedom of movement protocol. The research was guided and supported by regional integration and liberal institutionalism theories. In order to determine the associations between factors, exploratory research design was used in the research study. The research was conducted in Nairobi City County, and the sample was drawn at random from the relevant departments in that locale. Purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were used in selection of key respondents in the research study. Primary data was obtained from self-administered questionnaires and the use of interviews administered to the relevant respondents. Secondary data on the other hand was obtained from books, journal, articles, COMESA annual reports and COMESA meeting decisions. Content analysis - was used in analysing qualitative data and SPSS version 25 was used in quantitative data analysis. Data was corroborated in order to attain validity. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the process of implementing the protocol on COMESA FMP lags behind in Kenya due to hurdles such as; lack of political commitment, lack of collaboration from stakeholders, slow pace of ratification, fear of loss of sovereignty and also overlapping membership. However, despite the COMESA free movement of person`s protocol not being ratified and implemented in Kenya, the study revealed that notable efforts have been made by Kenya through the issuance of visa on arrival to other COMESA member states. The study recommended that Kenya should prioritize and ensure the full implementation and ratification of the COMESA freedom of movement protocol in order to enhance mobility and achieve the goal of agenda 2063 that seeks to foster integration and effective mobility in African RECs
Assessing Counter-Terrorism Measures and Personal Security in Lamu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Langat, Peter Kipkemoi; Stephen Handa
Terrorism remains a major threat facing several nations of the world. This has compelled nations to implement counterterrorism measures to cope with terrorism activities. This study aimed to examine counter-terrorism measures and its effect on personal security in Lamu, Kenya. The study specifically focused on counter-terrorism measures being applied by security agencies to enhance personal security in Lamu County; effects of various counter terrorism measures by security agencies on personal security in Lamu County and to determine the best practices that can enhance the influence of counter terrorism measures on personal security in Lamu County, Kenya. The study was anchored on securitization theory. The study adopted cross sectional survey design. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select security agents while Krejcie and Morgan method was used to select general public. The sample size of 391 was selected where 380 were general public and 11were security agents. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect primary data. Quantitative data was coded into SPSS. Data was presented using tables while content analysis was used in qualitative data. The study found that there are various counter terrorism measures that have been adopted by security agencies on personal security such as surveillance, Nyumba Kumi initiative, increased budget allocation and investigations. Collaboration between the police and the local community in security matter have resulted in fewer cases of terrorism and reduced cases of youth radicalization. There is increased trust level and effective information flow between law enforcement and the community. The study recommends that human rights practices among security agencies and the community should be emphasized in fight against terrorism. The study recommended that it is necessary for the government to increase public understanding of, and engagement in, counter-terrorism tactics and procedures. Government should encourage inter-agency cooperation in the process of putting anti-terrorism strategies and actions into effect. Plans and actions to combat terrorism must maintain and respect human rights in every operation.
Assessing the contribution of police reforms to security in Marsabit County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Mudale, Roba Dabassa
Marsabit County in northern Kenya faces high levels of insecurity, despite the implementation of comprehensive police reforms in Kenya's 2010 Constitution. The study examines the impact of these reforms on national security, assesses their success, and evaluates strategies to improve police reforms to enhance national security in the county. The researcher described police reforms and their impact on safety using Kotter's theory of change. The researcher organized and conducted this study using an overarching descriptive research strategy. The study took place in Marsabit County, where there has been an increase in crime, violence and insecurity since the beginning of decentralization and the county is now being prevented from developing economically, socially and politically. Marsabit County has approximately 1,500 police officers at various ranks and levels; the researcher interviewed 150 people using a questionnaire and an interview guide to obtain a representative sample. Topics and content helped analyse qualitative data, while the SPSS program analysed quantitative data. The data was presented using numbers and narratives. The study highlighted the need for police reform to address regional security issues. In response to this urgency, police officers and stakeholders formed a coalition to emphasize the importance of collaboration on reforms. The report also highlighted the need for a clear vision and effective communication to guide the reform process to promote transparency, trust and understanding among stakeholders. It also emphasized the need to equip police officers, recognize short-term successes and embed these improvements into the culture of the police force. The results showed that institutionalizing these reforms will strengthen the national security of Marsabit County. A study in Marsabit County, Kenya, found that addressing regional security challenges requires significant adjustments to police forces. It emphasized the importance of understanding and acknowledging security concerns. A steering coalition demonstrated the collaborative nature of reform activities, with coalition leadership and support crucial for coordinating and strengthening national security. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive police reforms for solving security issues in Marsabit County. It suggests collaboration with police and community stakeholders, focusing on training and capacity building for officers, especially in community-based policing, to improve regional security. The study also emphasizes tailoring strategies to address unique security concerns, emphasizing local dynamics and stakeholder engagement in security solutions
Assessing the Role of Demand and Supply Aspects in Book Piracy: Case of Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Igesha, Peter M.
Piracy is a willful theft of intellectual and creative efforts of others due to increased demand for academic books in our learning institutions. It is a social and economic menace that involves the outright reproduction and distribution of the creative works of others, for commercial purposes, without the consent of the copyright owner. The general objective of the study was to establish the determinants of book piracy in Nairobi City County. The specific objectives were to determine the practices and patterns and to investigate the demand side, supply side and legislative/ legal side determinants of book piracy in Nairobi City County. This study employed descriptive design. The target population for this study street vendors, secondary school teachers and parents, book shop owners and consultant firms‟ employees. A sample consisted of 170 respondents. The quantitative data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires while qualitative data were collected using Key Informant Interview (KII) guide. The tools were pre-tested for reliability and validity. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results. Chi-square (χ2) was used to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Significance level 0.05 was used. Approval to undertake research was granted by the graduate school of Kenyatta University and permission obtained from National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). Informed consent was sought from all participants. The results indicated that 41 (27.3%) of the respondents agreed to have photocopied and sold hardcopies of original books, followed by printing at 40 (26.7%), then scanning at 37 (24.7%) and the least was downloading and distributing online at 28 (18.7%) without authorisation. Chi-square was used to ascertain the association between education level and engagement in book piracy. The analysis revealed a significant relationship χ2=10.205, DF=3, P=0. 017 with an effect size of 0.31 based on Cramer‟s V. Further, descriptive analysis used revealed that 43.5% of the supply side respondents had access to internet, 34.8% had access to scanners and printers and the least (21.7%) had access to photocopy machines. The relationship between access to technology and book piracy was sought. According to Chi Square analysis, access to technology had a significant association with book piracy ((χ2=6.955; DF=2, P=0.031) with an effect size of 0.43 based on Cramer‟s V test. Finally, the findings on the law of enforcement revealed that 129 (88.4%) of the respondents indicated that the enforcement was not efficient or adequate. Only 17 (11.6%) respondents indicated that enforcement of the law on book piracy was sufficient. The results of chi-square also indicated that there was a significant relationship between lack of law enforcement and the level of engagement in book piracy (χ2=5.293; DF=1, P= 0.021) with effect size of 0.19. In conclusion the research findings showed that demand side, supply side and legal/legislation side have positive and significant effects on book piracy in Nairobi City County. The research recommends among others that there is need to supply cheaper books to local readers to discourage buying of pirated books. The right holders should protect their works by putting special copyright features. Kenya Copyright Board should create awareness to all stakeholders on the legal issues associated with on book piracy.
Assessing the Sociopolitical Security Determinants of Crime Incidents in Kenya: A Case of Kibera Informal Settlement, Nairobi City County
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Mbogo, Andrew Muturi; Peter Philip Wambua
Safe and comfortable dwelling is a desire of every individual whether in the formal or informal settlements. However, most studies indicate that people in informal settlements like Kibera tend to experience insecurity and crime incidents more often than those in the formal settlements. Kibera slum is not only the largest informal settlement in Africa and the second largest in the world but it is also associated with a high number of crime incidents, especially at the peak of political activities in Kenya. This trend has drawn considerable concern from the government of Kenya over the years and several strategies have been established to restore security and social wellbeing of the citizens residing in this area. For instance, the government through security agencies has supported community policing initiatives and “Nyumba kumi” initiative. However, it is not clear whether such initiatives have yielded notable results. Lack of notable results may be attributed to different factors including misdiagnosis of the security problem. It is for this reason that this study was undertaken to establish possible sociopolitical and security determinants of crime incidents in Kibera informal settlement. Particularly, the study endeavored to identify the extent to which social factors, political factors, public perceptions of police, and crime prevention strategies contribute to crime incidents in the informal. The study was guided by two theories namely; social disorganization theory and conflict theory of crime. Cronbach’s Alpha and expert opinion were used to assess reliability and validity of the research instruments respectively. Descriptive survey design to aid collection of primary and secondary data was applied. The study used a combination of stratified and random sampling techniques to get 450 respondents consisting of 384 residents of Kibera and 66 police officers from the local police stations. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires after which Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed to facilitate analysis of the collected data. Means, standard deviations, percentages, and correlations among other statistical approaches were used to present the analyzed the data. Significant correlation was established between the four sociopolitical and security factors (social factors, political factors, public perception of police officers, crime prevention strategies) and crime incidents in Kibera informal settlement. Crime prevention strategies and social factors were established to have the greatest impacts (β4= 0.3779, p < 0.0019) on crime incidents in the sampled settlement. This was followed by social factors (β1= 0.3726, p < 0.0028), public perception (β3= 0.1007, p = 0.0300), and political factors (β2= 0.0408, p = 0.0028) in that order. Therefore, crime incidents in Kibera are determined to a great extent by the crime prevention strategies employed by the police officers in the area. There are minimal links between political factors and crime incidents. These findings informed multiple recommendations to policy makers and researchers. For instance, government agencies are advised to increase holistic crime prevention efforts as a matter of priority. The strategies should include sociopolitical concerns of the residents for them to be effective in curbing insecurity and crime incidents. Researchers should also undertake additional studies on other determinants of insecurity and crime incidents which are beyond the scope of the current study.
Assessment of Exit Strategies of Peace Support Operations of African Union and Sustainable Peace in Somalia: Case of Jubaland State
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) MUSAU, DANIEL MUANGE; Linnet Hamasi,; Francis Mulu,
Abstract
Assessment of Police and Multisector Response Strategies on Violence Against Civilians by Civilians During 2007/2008 Electioneering Period in Nairobi County , Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Muchomba, Esther Njeri; Kibaba Makokha
This study assessed the police and multisector response strategies on violence against civilians by civilians during 2007/2008 electioneering period in Nairobi County, Kenya. Nairobi City County experienced numerous incidences of violence initiated by civilians against fellow civilians during electioneering period resulting into severe damage to life, property and the national economy. To achieve the stated purpose, the following objectives were addressed: to identify the patterns of violence meted on civilians by fellow civilians in the context of 2007-2008 violence s; to assess the effectiveness of police response strategies to violence of civilians against civilians in the context of 2007-2008 violence, and assess police and multi-sector response strategies to civilian on civilian violence in the context of 2007-2008 violence in Nairobi City County. The study was guided by reciprocity and face negotiation theories. A mixed method study approach was used to carry out this study. The target population included police officers in Nairobi City County as well as the residents. The sample size comprised of 4 Sub-County commander, 11 police officers and 100 residents of Nairobi City County. Stratified, convenience and purposive sampling techniques were used in respondent selection. Structured questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data while interview schedule was used to gather qualitative data. A pre-test was done in 10% of the study sample in Githurai 45 Ruiru constituency. Quantitative data was analyzed to generate descriptive statistics in the form of percentages and frequencies in table format and inferential statistics in the form of linear regression analysis to test for significance at 95% confidence level. Qualitative data was analyzed narratively using themes generated from objectives. All logical and ethical procedures pertaining to research were observed during the process of conducting this study. The study established that civilian induced violence on fellow civilians that was severe and unpredictable, was evident within Nairobi during the 2007-2008 violence. Kibera emerged as the hotbed of the violence followed by Mathare estate. The results showed that the use of force by the police was the main response strategy by police to violence meted on civilians by fellow civilians and this strategy was not effective at all. Additional findings revealed that the AU delegation led by Koffi Annan successfully quelled rival civilian and political hostilities that characterized the 2007/2008 violence within Nairobi City County. The study recommends measures be taken to develop police response strategies to violence on civilians by fellow civilians and such strategies should not cause harm and public enmity towards the police service during and after such violence has been resolved.
Assessment of Rehabilitation Programs’ Effectiveness among Male Inmates at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Alila, Thomas Wasonga; Kavivya
Rehabilitation is the process of retraining inmates to get into gainful activities that will deter them from crime. Despite ongoing rehabilitation at Kenyan Prisons and the government’s effort toward rehabilitating offenders, the reoffending rate keeps increasing. According to Byrne (2015), the number of individuals detained globally and the global incarceration rate continues to rise across all geographical areas; this raises questions about the effectiveness of rehabilitation in Prisons. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out whether rehabilitation programs in prison facilities can rehabilitate offenders and, if not, why and what needs to be done to rehabilitate offenders in Kenya. The following research objectives guided the study; to analyze the types of rehabilitation programs, to establish the challenges facing rehabilitation programs, and to establish possible solutions to rehabilitation programs' challenges at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison. The research was guided by rehabilitation theory. The study employed a descriptive survey design, which helped to describe and portray the characteristics of inmates; it employed both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Cluster sampling was used to determine the sample size. Data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through frequencies and percentages by using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences tool, where findings were presented through tables and graphs. The study identified rehabilitation programs for prisoners' reformatory discipline. The study found that most inmates pursued education, followed by Religious Studies and Carpentry, and established that inmates acknowledged that programs offered in Prison were adequate for reformation and mitigation of reentry to prison. The study also established that drug abuse significantly influenced prisoners negatively, followed by loneliness, prizonalization, mental torture, homosexuality, society rejection, poor health, and overcrowding. The study makes several recommendations, including the aftercare committee to considers programs that grant inmates conjugal rights, and review of long-term sentences to release rehabilitated inmates from prison. The study also recommends the Commissioner General of Prison to constitute a team of career development officers who will develop better training policies for inmates, introduce an effective payment system for technical jobs in prison, develop a strategy to stop the infiltration of drugs into prison, equip the prison programs with updated technologies in the actual job market and invest in facilities that ease congestion and improve the health care offered in prison
An Assessment of Retention Strategies on Performance among National Police Service Officers: A Case of Kisumu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Makokha, Nixon; Bernard Munyao M
Police agencies have not laid emphasis on the significance of human resource; however, the trend is changing with management of human resource practices being considered important. The Police, like any other organization, is competing to retain and acquire the best talented employees. The government of Kenya has carried out several reforms like putting up new housing units, leasing of motor vehicles and merging police units with a view of keeping and retaining the most talented officers. However, officers leave the service for other organizations. The study objectives were to: (i) establish retention strategies used in the National Police Service, (ii) find out how training and development strategies affect performance in the NPS, (iii) examine how compensation impact on performance in the NPS, and (iv) analyze the effect of career advancement strategies on performance in the National Police Service. Fredrick Herzberg’s two factor theory and job embeddedness theory were used to structure the study. The study adapted a mixed methods approach by combining cross-sectional survey design and phenomenology design. Data from a sample of 138 officers was collected through a self-administered questionnaire and a key informant guide. Sampling was through probability and non-probability techniques. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. This study established that career advancement and compensation strategies were the best retention strategies for improving performance of the National Police Service Officers. Another finding was that leadership was key in ensuring service delivery and performance of the NPS. The study recommends implementation of organizational learning in the police service. There is a need on setting up an independent committee in assessing the effectiveness of the current career advancement, leadership plans, compensation strategies and other retention strategies.
Challenges Influencing Narcotic Drugs Control By Police Officers at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi
(Kenyatta University, 2017) Ndegwa, Martin; Justus O.S. Osero
Narcotic drugs control is a continuum of events focused on interrupting illegal drugs smuggled by air, sea, or land. Normally consists of several phases – cueing, detection, sorting, monitoring, interception, handover, disruption, endgame, and apprehension – some which may occur simultaneously. The study assessed the challenges influencing narcotic drugs control by police officers at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi. The study adopted a descriptive survey design that targeted 138 police officers working at the airport who were proportionately stratified according to their operative unit. Data pertinent to the study was gathered using structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions from 3rd February 2017 to 3rd March 2017 with strict ethical confidentiality maintained. Data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and a linear regression model was used to assess the challenges that influence narcotic drugs control indicating a good level of prediction (R2= .898). The study found that the narcotic drugs seized at JKIA were heroin, cocaine, cannabis, methamphetamine, and ephedrine with no apparent seizure trends identified. The study found no relationship between a police officer’s gender (X2(3) =2.958, p=.398), age (X2(9) =12.286, p=.198), job experience years(X2(12) =11.738, p=.467), education level (X2(6) =2.984, p=.811) and narcotic drugs control. The study found a significant positive influence of organisation resource capacity on narcotic drugs control (t(68) = 16.925, p=.000 at 95% level of confidence). There was no statistically significant influence of the legal and regulatory framework (t(68) = -.411, p=.683), information technology (t(68) = .585, p=.561) and drug courier profiling (t(68) = -.381, p=.705). The study recommends utilisation of data by the National Police Service (NPS) to justify the need for more resources to enhance narcotic drugs control, continuous on the job trainings for NPS police officers on the legal and regulatory framework(s) utilised when performing their duties, using predictive policing technology at JKIA by the NPS to cover ground for the few resources, and creating a review process to measure the effectiveness of the NPS institutionalised training regimes.
China’s Public Diplomacy: Citizen Engagement in Nairobi City County, Kenya (2000-2023)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Alfred, Phillip Kwoba
Public Diplomacy is a pathway of foreign policy that has gained momentum in international Relations studies since the post-cold war period. This study examined China’s Public Diplomacy: Citizen Engagement in Nairobi City County, Kenya (2000-2023). The objectives of the study were; to assess the influence of Chinese micro and small business enterprises in Nairobi City county in promoting China’s public diplomacy towards Kenya, to discuss the roles of Chinese professionals working in Nairobi City County in advancing China’s public diplomacy towards Kenya, to examine the participation of beneficiaries of scholarships and exchange programs in China’s public policy towards Kenya. The study was premised on the increasing engagement of Chinese citizens in promoting China’s public diplomacy towards Kenya. The study was limited to Nairobi City County, in Kenya. The study was significant for it examined new forms of public diplomacy in China –Kenya relations. This study was anchored on the soft power theory. The study used a case study methodological design. The study adopted purposive sampling technique and the targeted population were Chinese business entrepreneurs, Africans employed in Chinese micro and small businesses and Chinese professionals working in service, education, construction and industrial sectors. The research used an oral interview guide to collect data. The data was qualitatively analyzed using inferences, description and logical explanation. The study found out that in Nairobi City County ordinary Chinese citizens and their African agency were proactively engaged in promoting China’s public diplomacy towards Kenya. Whereas, Africans who worked in Chinese commercial and construction enterprises had a positive image of China and thus were agents of Chinese public diplomacy towards Kenya, the majority of African micro and small scale businesses were totally opposed to penetration of Chinese citizens in micro and small scale businesses. The study established that China’s citizen public diplomacy towards Kenya has become an effective tool of Chinese soft power in Kenya.
Citizen’s Participation Effectiveness and Community Policing Scenario at Ongata Rongai in Kajiado County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2018-04) Ogoti, Naomi Geke
Crime affects the lives of all Kenyans and makes it difficult to achieve the security and safety aspirations of the Political Pillar in the Vision 2030. As Kenya moves into a middle-level income country status, more needs to be done to improve on the security of life and property through community policing. The general objective of the study was to establish the citizens’ participation effectiveness and community policing scenario at Ongata Rongai in Kajiado County, Kenya. The three specific objectives of the study were to: establish police-community partnership effectiveness; identify crime prevention strategies effectiveness; and, analyse problem-solving approaches effectiveness in community policing at Ongata Rongai. The study analysed existing literature in accordance with the objectives of the study. The conceptual model consisted of independent variable, moderating variable and dependent variables. The study adopted exploratory research design. Systematic sampling was done to select the sample for the study. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection from 353 community members living in an area of 16.50 square kilometers at Ongata Rongai. Snowballing method was used to sample ten police officers who participated in an interview process. The quantitative data derived from questionnaires were analysed with the assistance of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences. The qualitative data originating from interview guides were analysed by contentanalysis. The key results were on the three components of community policing namely: policecommunity partnership effectiveness in community policing; crime prevention strategies effectiveness in community policing; and, problem-solving approaches effectiveness in community policing. The study expects that citizens’ participation effectiveness in community policing contributes to the protection of life and property at Ongata Rongai. The study makes a contribution in knowledge of security management and police studies in Kenya generally and in Kajiado specifically. The study recommends that the two stakeholders, police and community, should vigorously work together to protect life and property

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