MST-Department of Conflict Resolution and International Relations

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Integration of Maritime Security in Addressing the Threats to Sustainable Development of Blue Economy in the Kenyan Coast (2010 - 2022)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Munyao, Andrew Isoongo
The aim of the research was to examine the integration of maritime security into the blue economy, determine the impact of maritime governance structures on the development of the blue economy and explore strategies to improve maritime security integration along the Kenyan coast. The study was guided by three main objectives: to examine the nature of the integration of maritime security into the development of the blue economy, to assess the impact of maritime governance structures on this development and to analyze strategies to improve the integration of maritime security into the blue economy of the Kenya Coast. Based on neorealism (structural realism) and institutional theories, the study used a descriptive survey research design for a population of 228 individuals working in marine facilities on the Kenyan coast. A purposive sampling method was used, resulting in a sample size of 114 respondents, from whom closed-ended questionnaires with Likert scales were completed. Data analysis was conducted using percentages derived from Likert scale responses. Key findings showed that Kenyan maritime security agencies rarely cooperate with neighboring states. Despite Kenya's commendable efforts to improve maritime security and promote the development of the blue economy - as evidenced by the establishment of the Kenya Coast Guard Service (KCGS) and Navy patrol bases - critical challenges and gaps remain. Notably, there is a significant lack of effective cooperation between maritime security authorities on the Kenyan coast and with neighboring states, which hinders the formation of a coherent regional maritime security framework for the development of the blue economy. Furthermore, local community engagement, which is crucial for marine security in the blue economy, is insufficient and there is a significant need for marine research and education initiatives. The study also highlighted weaknesses in laws and policies and highlighted the need to improve interoperability and address collaboration limitations. The study recommends promoting collaboration with regional authorities and local communities, promoting marine research and education, establishing technical assistance programs, formulating comprehensive laws and policies, adopting an interagency approach, improving interoperability of laws and policies, and making investments in proactive maritime security research. Education and training to ensure robust development of the blue economy.
The Nile Basin Initiative and the Transformation of Mara River Basin Water Conflict between Kenya and Tanzania
(Kenyatta U niversity, 2024-06) Abdi Adan Tawane
Regional institutions play a key role in the management of transboundary natural resources; they have been imperative in addressing unequal distribution, poor use and management, depletion and degradation of water resources; which if left unresolved could breed a potential for occurrence of conflicts, tensions and social unrest. Institutions help to build a common end goal that is geared towards management of these shared resources. This research focuses on the role of the Nile Basin Initiative in the management of xi transboundary water-related conflicts. The goal of the research was to assess how the Nile Basin Initiative through water security, dialogue in peace keeping, cooperative planning process has influenced transboundary conflicts between Kenya and Tanzania over the Mara River. Specifically, it analysed different aspects of the water security as a result of Nile Basin Initiative and its intervention in the Mara transboundary conflict; examine the peace building capability of Nile Basin Initiative in the Mara River Conflict and how it has fostered cooperation in shared transboundary water resources; and explored the challenges experienced by the NBI in the Mara River Conflict. To achieve this, the study utilized both the theories of Liberal institutionalism and Neo-functionalism to put the issue of institutions and transboundary conflict management into perspective. Primary data was acquired through household interviews and an interview schedule for key informants. The study found out that majority of the people living along the riparian states have been adversely affected by the water conflicts over the years. Increased population depletes the regions already low water supplies as demand from agriculture, industry, and domestic use rises. Kenya has gained a bigger share of Mara resources and authority. The successful handling of water resource conflict and resolving existing issues have not been completely successful between Kenya and Tanzania. After numerous conversations, hopes of achieving an agreement on the "water security" provision are fruitless. There are still a number of obstacles to overcome, including: a lack of financial support, local residents' ignorance of the issue and a lack of knowledge of the relevant skills, peace and security, and access to the remote areas. The study recommended that the communities should give environmental management first attention in order to safeguard the available water supplies and devise practical ways to adapt to and lessen the consequences of climate change. Subregional organizations should contact groups such as UNEP to work closely with them to include and integrate water issues into established protocols and programs of action. Inclusion of water issues in the protocols and frameworks of the various sub-regional organizations.
The Role of the African Union in Coflict Resolution: Case of Darfur in Sudan (2001-2017)
(Kenyatta University, 2022-11) Sakari, Leiticia Maureen; Joseph Wasonga
Abstract
Police-Community Partnership and Crime Reduction in Mombasa County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-01) Loboso, Philiph; Cyprian Kavivya
Abstract
Kenya’s National Interests and Peace Enforcement Missions: Case of AMISOM
(Kenyatta University, 2022-11) Gicovi, Winfred Mukami; Francis Mulu
According to recent trends, rallying together nations with specific national security interests is favoured as an intervention in combating insurgency. The ongoing turmoil in Somalia, and the continuous Al-Shabaab's threat to bordering nations, is concerning. Despite many regional and international organisations' actions, the situation continues to be fragile. The main objective of this study was to critically analyse the role of national interests in peace enforcement missions with the Republic of Kenya and AMISOM as the case study. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the national interests leading to Kenya's participation in AMISOM, to examine how the participation in AMISOM has affected the national interests of the republic of Kenya and to evaluate ways in which Kenya could have secured its national interest in its participation in AMISOM. A qualitative descriptive research design was utilized. The study used a sample of 116 participants. The study established that Kenya joined AMISOM so as to strongly and fervently protect its national interests which at that time, were under threats from Al Shabaab. These interests were strategic interests, national security interests, social interests, economic interests and political interests. The study established that Kenya’s national security interests were affected positively, economic interests were affected positively, social interests were affected positively, political interests were affected positively, and strategic interests were affected positively. The study established that strategies that Kenya can use in securing her national interests include formation of and seeking the interventions of a regional security organization with its neighbours, having a strong military force and pre-emptively actin on any threats towards its national interests, using diplomatic interventions such as soft power and developing a foreign policy and defence policy anchored on strong partnership with allied nations. The study recommends that Kenya should seek for and work towards greater engagement in regional formations that are focused on not only economic and social cooperation but also security cooperation so as to benefit from security operations, missions and cooperation that are pegged on regional organisations and institutions.
Social media and diplomatic communication between south Sudan and kenya (2011-2016)
(Kenyatta university, 2023-01) Onchomba, Macharius z.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Civil – Military Coordination during Disaster Response Operations in Kenya: A Case Study of Solai Dam Tragedy in Nakuru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Kiumbani, Charles Muriithi; Leah Barasa
The world has seen a significant rise in both human-made and natural disasters which demands a response from both civil and military organizations. Thus, coordination between~ civilian and military organizations is vital during disaster response to achieve an efficient and effective response, but unfortunately, coordination between miilitary and civil organizations remains elusive. In Kenya, military and civil organizations have had coordination problems and challenges during disaster response operations which have led to slow responses, high fatality, and mortality rates. The study sought to assess efficacy of Civil-Military coordination during disaster response operations, Solai Da.m Tragedy in Nakuru County Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives; to establish the effectiveness of Civil-Military coordination in resources mobilization during the disaster response operation of the Solai Dam tragedy in Nakuru County; to study Civil-Military coordination effectiveness in communication during disaster response operation of the Solai Dam tragedy in Nakuru County; Analyze the lessons learned on the effectiveness of the Civil-Military coordination for future disaster preparedness in Nakuru County, Kenya; evaluate the moderating effect of disaster management policies on civil-military coordination during disaster response operations in Kenya. This study was informed by general systems theory. The study's target group included 395 respondents from the multi-agency response team and other stakeholders who were involved in the Solai dam accident. A descriptive research design was used. The study's 199 respondents were chosen by stratified random selection, and its major data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. The researcher sought permission from the relevant authority before proceeding with data collection. A pilot study was undertaken by the researcher to evaluate the questionnaire's validity and reliability. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23) was used in the cleaning and recording of data. The qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis while quantitative dgta was analyzed using descriptive, regression, and correlation analysis. Data presentation was done by the use of percentages, frequency tables, means, and narratives. The res'egrclx demonstrated a positive and statistically significant impact of Civil-Military coordination in resource mobilization and communication on the effectiveness of disaster response operations in Kenya. Based on the results of the study, it _concludes that civil-military coordination in resource mobilization and communication hgs a statistically and positive significant impact on disaster response qperatmns effectiveness in Kenya. The study recommends for Civil-Military organizations must i i i d relations to improve their command and control, understanding, knowledge, an : i ication. The study further legal and improve coordination in resource mobilization and communicat e recommends strict adherence and implementation of the existing policies, institutional frameworks on disaster managemen t.
River Nile Basin Initiative and Regional Cooperation in Management of River Nile Water Resources
(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) Cindy, Matilda Ngari; Joseph Wesonga
Assessment of Exit Exit Strategies of Peace Support Operation of African Union and Sustainable peace in Somalia: Case of Jubaland State
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Musau, Daniel Muange; Linnet Hamasi; Francis Mulu
Economic Inte Gration and Cross Border Security Management: Case Study of Moyale Kenya- Ethiopia boder point Ethiopia Border
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Mohamud, Mursal Adan; Leah Barasa
Abstract
Immigration Along Kenya's Western Frontire and National Security Implications a case of Busia and Malaba Border Points 2000- 2020
(Kenyatta University, 2023-07) Ekisa, Joseph O; Pius Kakai
ABSTRACT Immigration is attracting international concerns as major cause of transnational insecurity. Studies on immigration have therefore gained traction globally. Of concern is that recipient states of illegal immigration tend to suffer myriad of national security threats including: proliferation of small arms and light weapons, smuggling of contraband items, drugs and human trafficking and the ever risk of terrorist activities linked to illegal immigrants. This study was solemn attempt to contribute to this discourse. The research, therefore, examined the extent to which immigration affects both internal and external security of Kenya as a country. The research was carried out in Busia and Malaba border points and focused a period between 2000 and 2020. These border points serve as major entry points to Kenya in the country's Western frontiers where thousands of people including immigrants cross the porous borders every day. This research was informed by the fact that there is need for more empirical studies on factors and threats associated with illegal immigration. The study analyzed the problems posed by this compositional change in global migration along Kenya's borders. This study utilized the neoclassical theory of migration which states that migration is driven by geographic differences in labour supply and demand and the resulting differentials in wages between labour rich countries versus capital rich countries. It was also guided by the network theory which states that immigrants follow a specific network of family, relatives and friends. This study also used the securitization theory to weave issues relating to stringent measures put in place to guard against national security implications that arise from illegal immigration. The study utilized exploratory research design using primary research methods like interviews, focus group discussions and observation. The target population included employees of Immigration Department, Directorate of Criminal Investigation, National Government Officials and National Intelligence Officers based Busia and Malaba. A sample population was obtained using stratified random sampling. Data was collected using semi- structured questionnaire and interviews. The data collected was then analyzed using qualitative techniques including content and thematic analysis. Simple descriptive statistics was used to present quantitative data. The study found that Kenya stands out to be capital rich nation within the East Africa Region resulting in intensive cross border migrations to the country. This in turn has also attracted terrorists who in the period between 2000 and 2020 have managed to carry out attacks in Kenya. This research clearly spelt out the extent of migration along Busia and Malaba borders and the security implications to Kenya. The' study concluded that most immigrants use unclassified routes to access entry into Kenya and settle in informal settlements in order to avoid detection. Most of them were involved themselves in illegal acts for example smuggling in arms, carjacking drug trafficking and smuggling of goods which undermined national security. Findings and recommendations of this study will help relevant government agencies on better approaches to check illegal migration across the border and to develop better and resilient counter terrorism strategies. The study also nuances better understanding on illegal migration.
Economic Marginalisation and radicalisation of youth in Mombasa county,Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Kamais, Cosmas Ekwom; Francis Mulu; Hannah Muthoni Macharia
Logistics Implications on Military Interventions: A Case of the Kenya Defence Forces Contigents in Somalia 2012 – 2022
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Gachanja, Hosea Karanja; Xavier Francis Ichani
Military logistics continues to attract the attention of researchers and policymakers alike. This research project aimed to examine the logistics implications on operational outcomes of the Kenya Defense Forces' involvement in Somalia between 2012 and 2022. The study focused on analyzing the forms of logistics support services provided by the military, analyzing the operational logistics challenges encountered, evaluating the effectiveness of adopted strategies, and to assess the contributions of the operations to logistic support readiness in peace support operations. To anchor the analysis of logistical support, the study drew guidance from liberalism theory and logistic theory by applying them to various aspects of the research. The target population included mission commodity suppliers, supply and logistics officers, military personnel, civilian police, and civilian staff who served in Somalia operations. Randomized, purposive, and snowball sampling techniques were used to obtain the sample size of respondents. The study utilized three data collection tools: questionnaires, interview guides, and focused discussion guides. Qualitative data was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and presented in tables, pie charts, and bar graphs. Quantitative data was analyzed thematically through content analysis and thematic reflection. The study involved 103 participants from the Kenya Defense Forces (KDF) and other stakeholders and revealed valuable insights into the operational logistics support during the military intervention in Somalia. Key findings include: the types of logistic support provided were transport services, equipment acquisition and supply, medical services, casualty evacuation, maintenance and repair of armor and equipment Approximately 58.3% of the respondents were in agreement on the effective execution of personnel transportation, 46.6% agreement on efficient facility management and acquisition of services, and 48.5% agreement on the positive impact of medical and health support. However, challenges were identified, with 48.5% agreeing on difficulties in transporting equipment, arsenal and rations, 72.8% acknowledging supply chain management hurdles, and 79.6% recognizing poor technological infrastructure among others. The study also highlighted the need for better logistical department responsiveness (62.1% agreement) and the constant threat from the enemy affecting logistics (73.8% agreement). Assessing operational logistics strategies, 43.7% strongly agreed on technology infrastructure improvements, and 53.4% agreed on the effectiveness of substantial transportation investment. However, mixed perceptions were found for storage facilities (51.5% agreement) and inventory control (48.5% agreement). This study will also be useful in providing logistical information on matters pertaining to international relations in the study of peacekeeping operations. Policymakers and military planners can utilize these findings to enhance the effectiveness of future military interventions by addressing challenges and building on effective strategies to improve logistical readiness and performance of the military.
East African Legislative Assembly Diplomacy and Regional Integration (2001-2022)
(kenyatta university, 2023) Ogolo, Erick Owino; Caroline W. Mwea
The East African Legislative Assembly (EALA) was a particular focus of this study's analysis of the function of parliamentary diplomacy in regional integration. A relatively recent development in international relations, parliamentary diplomacy was conducted in the East African Community's (EAC) assembly, the EALA. However, when they carried out their duties, the EALA Members of Parliament (MPs) were left unsure of whether to put the interests of the area or their own countries' foreign policies first. Through their roles in supervision, legislation, and representation, MPs were intended to find answers for the general interests of the regional body, yet they were more likely to be national loyalists than regional body representatives. In light of this, the study worked to achieve the following objectives: reviewed the conduct of parliamentary diplomacy in East Africa (EA), examined the role of EALA in increasing regional integration within EA, and examined the function of parliamentary diplomacy in enhancing regional integration in general. The realism theory put forward by Hans Morgenthau and Thomas Hobbes, which holds that pursuing a state's interests is its top priority even inside regional organizations, worked best to describe this situation. Data were gathered from a sample size that was purposefully chosen using a mix of a closed-ended and an open questionnaire. 417 people were included in the study's sample. The research increased our understanding of diplomacy and regional integration while providing advice to diplomats and decision-makers. The researcher abided by the ethical guidelines, study clearances, and permits recommended by Kenyatta University and the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation. The study revealed its pivotal role in legislative harmonization, fostering regional cooperation. Through collaboration among East African lawmakers, it facilitates the exchange of ideas, reducing trade barriers, and strengthening political and economic ties. The evaluation highlights its significant impact on policy implementation and enforcement, aligning national policies with regional goals. The EALA emerges as a platform for public awareness and participation in regional integration, promoting transparency and inclusivity. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of parliamentary independence and objectivity. Recommendations urge member states to institutionalize parliamentary diplomacy, engage in policy oversight, and enhance collaboration with civil society for a more inclusive regional integration.
Terrorism Activities on Community Livelihoods in Lamu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-10) Mobisa, Brigitte Moraa; Linnet Hamasi
Terrorism poses a global threat to security and public safety, impacting local, national, regional, and global levels, often endangering state stability. Counterterrorism strategies are crucial for mitigating these risks. The Kenyan Police are actively involved in countering terrorism due to the growing presence of terrorist organizations and persistent attacks in Kenya. This study aims to assess the nature of terrorism in Lamu County, evaluate its impact on local livelihoods, and analyze the strategies implemented to reduce terrorism in the region. The rational choice theory and the relative deprivation theory informed the conceptual structure that was used in this study. The study used a mixed technique approach as part of its descriptive survey research design. The general public, NPS, religious leaders, the council of elders, and administrators (County Commissioners and Chiefs) in Lamu County were the target demographic. Both probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling techniques were used in drawing 400 respondents for the interviews and questionnaires. Mombasa County served as the location of the pilot study. By calculating the coefficient of correlation between the two administrations, the validity of the instruments was assessed. Using triangulation, consultation, and discussion with supervisors, the validity of the tools was examined. This study used content analysis and descriptive statistics to analyze the data, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. In summary, the Lamu County, Kenya, terrorism study demonstrated the disruptive consequences of terrorism on community livelihoods. It investigated the effects on diverse sectors such as tourism, agriculture, education, and public services. The findings underscored the importance of holistic measures that address security concerns, give socioeconomic assistance, and boost infrastructure and service delivery. The study revealed that terrorism has a considerable negative impact on Lamu County's socioeconomic fabric. It emphasizes the significance of identifying the demographic characteristics of the afflicted community, as well as the need for coordinated efforts to reduce the impact of terrorism and create resilience. According to the study's results, stakeholders such as government agencies, security forces, and development groups should collaborate to implement comprehensive solutions. Security measures, socioeconomic support, infrastructural development, and community engagement should all be part of these programs. Lamu County may aim for a more safe and prosperous future by tackling the fundamental causes of terrorism and assisting affected populations.
Operations Deployments and Mental Health Disorders among National Police Service Officers: A Case of Garissa County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Anampiu, Samuel Kaimenyi; Xavier Francis Ichani
The rise of mental health disorders among the National Police Service members in Kenya has gained traction of scholars, policy makers and the general public. This study sought to interrogate the nexus between routine deployments in security operations areas and mental distress leading to commission of erratic shootings, homicides, suicides and or injuries to family members, colleagues and the public at large. This study seeks to contribute to the existing discourse on mental health disorders. The specific objectives of this research were; to interrogate the traumatic stressors of the security deployments in operations deployments leading to mental disorders among police officers in Garissa County, Kenya, to analyze effects of operational deployment and resultant mental disorders among the serving police officers in Garissa County, Kenya, and to examine primary, secondary and tertiary treatments measures for effects of operational deployment and mental health disorders among the serving police officers in Garissa County, Kenya. This study employed a cross sectional survey research design. The target population was the National Police Service Officers of all ranks, medics at National Police Service, and relatives of officers deployed in Garissa, County. The study employed mixed sampling techniques including: simple stratified sampling, purposive, snowballing and random sampling methods. This study used a sample size of 76 respondents. The study utilized questionnaires to collect data. Quantitative data collected was processed and analyzed using Statistical Package Social Sciences v.22 while qualitative opinion was expressed in narratives and verbatim. From the results, more than half 52.0% of the police officers deployed in Garissa had experienced PTSD, while 48.0% of the officers had not. Most of the officers 93.1% had witnessed symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among their workmates, while only a small percentage of 6.9% had not. ANOVA analysis on the regression model showed an f-significance value of .000b. The regression equation further revealed that there was a significant relationship between stressors in operations security deployments and mental health issues among police officers (p=0.000). There was a significant relationship between physical and mental effects of PTSD and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (p=0.000). Further, there was a significant relationship between primary and secondary treatment measures on management of PTSD (p=0.001). These data, asserts that police officers deployed in operation areas faced a higher chance of being exposed to upsetting mental state due to security risks in operation areas. Subsequently, there is a higher chance of police officers being exposed to (PTSD). Absence of well-established early and post interventions measures caused detrimental repercussions on management of both trauma and PTSD on NPS personnel. Therefore, the NPS should strive at all cost to upgrade medical facilities to deal with cataclysmic and dire consequences of mental disorders. The government should strive to reach out to the family members living in police lines and their homes for mitigations of mental disorders among the police officers.
Implication of South Sudan Conflict on Development of Selected Socio-Economic Aspects in Turkana County, Kenya, 1983-2022
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Mulei, Charles Ndata; Leah Barasa
This study examines the implication of South Sudan Conflict on the socio-economic development of Turkana County in the period between 1983 and 2022. This study’s general objective was to explore the implication of South Sudan conflict on socio-economic development in Turkana County. More specifically the study focus was to trace the origin and development of the South Sudan conflict 1983-2022; to assess the implication of South Sudan conflict on socio-economic development in Turkana County, 1983-2022 and to explore opportunities for development to enhance socio-economic development in Turkana County, Kenya, 1983-2022. This study therefore sought to establish how selected aspects of socio-economic development such as job opportunities, educational facilities and health facilities were impacted by the conflict in South Sudan. The study used mixed research design that integrates both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect relevant data and information. The target population of the study included the residents of Turkana County, Kenya. The study had a total of 368 respondents from a sample size of 452. The main data collection methods included the utilization of questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The study concludes that foreign interference, unemployment, political supremacy among Sudan political leaders as well as poor foreign policy was among the key factors that occasion conflict in South Sudan. Prolonged conflict in South Sudan has impacted Turkana County both positively and negatively. On the positive front, Turkana County experiences a boom in the hotel industry, increased presence of IOs and NGOs, increased flights in Lodwar and Lokichoggio airports. On the flip side, the conflict has led to influx of refugees to Turkana County thus impeding social cohesion. To find a lasting solution, the Kenyan Government must be proactive in its overall strategies meant to curb social economic degradation in Turkana County. There is need to embrace a regional approach in finding a lasting solution, and IOs together with NGOs should offer training courses to the conflict affected groups. Additionally, IOs and NGOs should help the communication between the public and the government. The findings of this study will be helpful to the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Internal Security, Trade and Infrastructure.
Transfers and Job Satisfaction: Case of Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Ndung’u, Samwel Karanja; Boniface Muoka
Available literature on police transfers and job satisfaction indicates that little is known about whether police transfers affect job satisfaction. The general objective of the study was to examine the effect of police transfers on job satisfaction in the NPS in Kenya. Specific objectives were to analyze the influence of criteria used in police transfers on job satisfaction in the NPS, assess if the rate of police transfers affects self-satisfaction of the police officers, examine if the rate of transfers affects social satisfaction of the police officers, and assess if the rate of transfers affects environmental satisfaction of the police officers. The study was informed by the work adjustment theory. An ex post facto research design was used in this study, and the study area was Nairobi City County. The target population was 8,508 police officers who were working in Nairobi City County by December 2020 in the ranks of senior superintendent, superintendent, assistant superintendent, chief inspector, inspector, senior sergeant, sergeant, corporal, and constable. A sample of 382 officers from six subcounties was picked using simple stratified sampling. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect the data. Research instruments were pretested in Kiambu County. A questionnaire was administered to respondents in the five subcounties of Kasarani, Starehe, Kamukunji, Westlands, and Embakasi who responded to the questions in the provided spaces. Interviews were conducted with three senior officers working in the directorates of personnel. Quantitative data was analyzed by first finding the percentages for the officers who are very satisfied, satisfied, neutral, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied with their work. The correlation between rates of transfers and job satisfaction was computed to find out if there is a relationship between the two. Qualitative data was analyzed by grouping it into themes, finding patterns and common characteristics, and drawing insights from the observations. Results have been presented in the form of tables, graphs, and text. The study found that transfer criteria influence job satisfaction in the police service. The study also found no correlations between rate transfers and self-satisfaction, rate transfers and social satisfaction, or rate transfers and environmental satisfaction. The study therefore found that there could be other aspects that contribute to job dissatisfaction but not the rate of transfer or the number of times a person has been transferred. The study sets a good basis for further improvement of transfer policies in NPS. It is recommended that the NPSC revise the transfer regulation to reflect and accommodate both the plights of the management and those of the junior police officers. NPSC and NPS managers should conduct a satisfaction survey on transfers and come up with a way forward to address perennial complaints about transfers.
Women Participation in Peace Support Operations: A Case of Kenya’s Contigents in African Union Mission in Somalia, 2011-2020
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Kang’ung’u, Kitondo Francisca; Xavier Francis Ichani
The UN Security Council resolution 1325 expanded peace support operations by incorporating inclusion of women in its operations. However, the proportion of women in peace support operation is still low. The main aim of this study was to examine women participation in peace support missions in Kenya using the case of Kenya’s peace keeping mission contingents in Somalia for period of 2011 and 2020. Specific objectives were as follows; to evaluate the UN rationale for women participation in peace keeping operation, to assess the extent of gender mainstreaming of women participation in peace keeping operations, to establish the proportion of women in peace keeping operations and to examine challenges to sustainable increase of women in peacekeeping operations in Kenya’s contingents in Somalia between the period of 2011 and 2020. This study adopted liberal feminism theory in its analysis. The study adopted an exploratory research design. Target population consisted the Ministry of Defense, National Police Service and the National Counter Terrorism Centre. A sample size of 105 was used for the study. Stratified proportionate random and purposive sampling helped in identifying study participants. Purposive sampling technique was used in selecting key study informants for they were conversant with the official position of national peace keeping data and were authorized to offer relevant data for this study by their relevant organizations. This study used both qualitative and quantitative data. Questionnaires and interviews guides were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from respondents and key informants respectively. Analysis of quantitative data was done through descriptive and inferential statistics. The interview guide generated qualitative data that was presented thematically in narratives and verbatim. Thematic and content analysis was also used. In data collection, the study achieved 82% response rate. In regards to findings, this study, in the first objective, found that through the UN rationale for women inclusion in peace support operation, there has been increased involvement of the women in peace support operations in Somalia. On the second objective, the study found that there were gender units and coordinators that were put in place to handle issues pertaining women seconded to peace support operations in Kenya. On the third objective, it was noted that there were women from Kenya who were working as UN mission experts. However, there were very few women who were working as military commanders and strategists. The study established that women experienced challenges in ensuring increased number of those participating in missions. Corruption among other factors was identified as a challenge marring the nomination and selection process of women to peace support operations. The study also found that women participation added value to the African Mission in Somalia contingents by reinforcing skill sets, increasing acceptance by the host country and reducing gender-based violence. This study recommends for more integration of women peace support operations. The study also recommends creation of awareness of established gender units and gender coordinators to enable more women become informed on issues and opportunities within peace support operations. It also recommends that qualified personnel be given opportunity in placement and need to enhance mechanisms geared to reduce corruption and nepotism while seconding personnel to peace support operations. Finally, this study recommends future research be done on factors influencing women participation in peace support operations not covered in this study.
Effectiveness of Government Rehabilitation Programmes on Children Involved in Street Crimes in Nakuru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Ndirangu, Ndiang’ui David; Cyprian Kavivya
The menace of street children involved in crime is still prevalent in major urban centres in Kenya despite government intervention measures put in place to address the problem. This research endeavored to ascertain the effectiveness of government rehabilitation programmes for children involved in street crime in Nakuru County. The following key objectives served as the study's guiding principles; to examine the government policies for rehabilitation programmes for children involved in street crime; investigate the effectiveness of government rehabilitation programmes for children involved in street crime; to examine the competencies of government officers involved in rolling out government rehabilitation programmes for children involved in street crime and finally to ascertain the difficulties encountered during the implementation of government intervention measures in addressing street crime among children in Nakuru County. The differential association theory and the social learning theory served as the study's foundations. Target population was 595 respondents from children department, prison staff, court staff, street children, the National Youth Service staff and National Government Administrative officers. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were utilized to identify 128 respondents from the study population. Data collection instruments included questionnaire for government employees and interview guide for street children. The study questionnaire was checked for validity using expert review and for reliability using the test-retest technique where Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.802 was realized. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics. This was facilitated by the statistical package for social science (SPSS). Study findings revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship between government policy interventions and rehabilitation of street children involved in crime (r= 0.549; P<0.05). Based on study findings, it was also determined that there was a statistically significant link between the success of government intervention programs and the rehabilitation of street children involved in crime (r= 0.625; P> 0.05) and a statistically significant and positive relationship between competencies of rehabilitation officers in government rehabilitation institutions and government education programmes and rehabilitation of street children involved in crime within Nakuru County (r=0.585; P<0.05). Further, it was established that inadequate funding, inadequate personnel, poor entry behaviour and inadequate tools and equipment in institutions that provide rehabilitation for street children involved in crime were the challenges faced in the implementation of government measures aimed at addressing criminality among street children in Nakuru County. Based on the study findings and conclusions, the study recommends that the government could establish more effective policies and guidelines to offer practical solutions to the crime committed by street children. This would mainly be in terms of preventive and supportive programmes for the rehabilitation and reformation of street children, not only those involved in crime but also those who are yet to engage in crime.

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