MST-Department of Conflict Resolution and International Relations

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The African Union Peace and Security Council Intervention in Darfur Conflict (2004-2021)
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Cheruiyot, Evans Kibet; Linnet Hamasi
The purpose of the research study was to establish the efficacy of the African Union's Peace and Security Council intervention (PSC) efforts in the Darfur conflict. The mandate of the African Union PSC is to promote peace and security, anticipation and prevention of conflicts thus ensuring political, economic, and social stability in Africa. The study's core objectives were to examine 1564 of the 2004 Peace and Security Council mandate in the Darfur conflict meant to end the violence in Darfur and the protection of civilians. Secondly, the research was to assess the mobilization of the resources by the Peace and Security for resolving the Darfur conflict. Lastly, the study analyzed the Peace and Security Council's intervention efforts in ending the Darfur conflict. The research utilized the institutional liberal theory as it was the most suitable theory for explaining the efficacy of the PSC of the African Union (AU). The liberalist thoughts allowed for an elaborate critique of the mobilization strategy of the PSC, the utilization of the resources, and the mandate of the African Mission in Sudan (AMIS) peacekeepers in Darfur. The study utilized the descriptive research design. The descriptive research design was suitable for the study as it allowed the collection of data that was qualitative. The study's data collection methods used both primary sources of data and secondary sources of data. The primary data gathering instruments for the study adopted the use of interviews while the secondary data was derived through desktop review. The purposive sampling proved suitable for acquiring the key informants for the study. The data obtained from the interview was transcribed and coded for data to be in meaningful and organized forms. Inductive analyses were used to discover themes and patterns of the research problem. Further, the research utilized deductive analysis which proved essential in ensuring that the data generated was in line with the conceptual framework of the study. Corroboration of data was essential in enhancing the validity of the data acquired. The study demonstrated that the PSC arrived at the resolution to intervene in Darfur through consensus. The formulation of a restrictive mandate meant to address the Darfur conflict constrained the AMIS peacekeeper's efficiency. The African Union Commission exhibited more powers and influence beyond its legal framework in influencing the decisions on the Darfur intervention. The slow operationalization of the key organs meant to assist the PSC in delivering its mandate led to the administrative running of the Darfur intervention in a disjointed manner. The PSC relied on external donors for funds and military equipment, moreover, there was slow compliance from the AU member states in availing AMIS troops and they failed to raise the minimum required number. The monitoring of PSC resource utilization in the Darfur intervention was poor thus resulting in high administrative costs than operational costs. The Darfur intervention failed to bring peace in Darfur due to the lack of a robust mandate and timely adequate resources availing from the AU member states. All these essential elements require good political will and commitment from the AU member states which were solely missed in the Darfur intervention thus the mission failed to restore peace in Darfur.
Alternative Economic Livelihoods and Inter - Ethnic Conflict Management among Pastoral Communities: Case of West Pokot County, Kenya (2013-2020)
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Mosol, Geoffrey Pkite; Boniface Muoka; Linnet Hamasi
West Pokot County is considered as a hostile County owing to the Inter-Ethnic Conflicts, which have been recurring in the county over the years. It is bordered by Elgeyo - Marakwet County to the South East, Baringo County to the East, Turkana County to the North, Republic of Uganda to the West and Trans - Nzoia County to the South. The problem of Inter-Ethnic Conflict in West Pokot County has been severe over the years posing poor relationship with the residents of the neighboring counties due to reasons associated with pastoral nomadism, which attracted commercialization of cattle rustling and increased use of firearms. The study seeks to establish whether the alternative livelihoods introduced in West Pokot County could or could not be the inter-ethnic conflicts management tool in the county. The objectives of the study were: To establish causes and effects of inter-ethnic conflicts in West Pokot County; to examine the impact of alternative economic livelihoods in managing Inter - Ethnic Conflicts and to analyze sustainable strategies of alternative economic livelihoods that could manage Inter-Ethnic Conflicts. The study was informed by the Protracted Social Conflict Theory by Edward Azar, which attempted to analyze what aspects contributes to a persistent conflict in a community with intention to solving them. The study adopted a Descriptive Survey Research Design because it gives accurate observation on how things are rather than why they are the way, they are. The target populations for this study were Pastoralist youth, Administrators, women and professionals of West Pokot County. This study employed convenience and purposive sampling techniques. The data collection instruments were self-administered questionnaires and interview schedules for key informants. Qualitative and quantitative data were both obtained from the data collection. The quantitative data obtained was organized, coded and organized using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 and was analyzed using descriptive statistics mainly percentages and frequencies, focusing on the objectives of the study. The qualitative data obtained using the interview schedule, was analyzed using thematic analysis by putting into various categories in accordance with the objectives of the study. Presentation of the results was then done in the form of tables, frequency distribution, bar graphs and pie charts. The study found that the most significant impact was the loss of lives, closure of schools and low socioeconomic growth; that nomadic pastoralism is the most practiced source of livelihoods in the county and a major contributor of inter-ethnic conflict in the County pitting the residence against ethnic communities from the neighbouring Counties; that majority of the residents believed that Wei-Wei Irrigation Project, Table Banking Micro-finance and Bodaboda” support to youth, are alternative economic livelihoods that can help manage inter-ethnic conflicts in West Pokot County. The study recommends that the County Government of West Pokot County to enhance provision of alternative economic initiatives to the residents of West Pokot County; the National Governments to collaborate with the County Government of West Pokot County to enhance implementation of alternative economic livelihoods programmes to the residents such as the youth bodaboda empowerment, Table Banking micro-finance, Wei-Wei irrigation scheme among others in order to help manage occurrence of inter-ethnic conflicts in the County; Ministry of Public Service, Youth and Gender Affairs to collaborate with County Government of West Pokot in focusing attention on providing initiatives that will provide employment opportunities for youth; the Youth Enterprise Fund to collaborate with the County Government of West Pokot County to develop policy on sensitizing youth on self-employment and providing seed capital so that youth can start businesses. The research suggests further study on how to lay clear strategies that could promote school going in the community to offset the huge deficit in comparison with other region of the country and whether the huge number of youth dropping their studies are ingredients to this inter-ethnic conflict in West Pokot County.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Civil – Military Coordination during Disaster Response Operations in Kenya: A Case Study of Solai Dam Tragedy in Nakuru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Kiumbani, Charles Muriithi; Leah Barasa
The world has seen a significant rise in both human-made and natural disasters which demands a response from both civil and military organizations. Thus, coordination between~ civilian and military organizations is vital during disaster response to achieve an efficient and effective response, but unfortunately, coordination between miilitary and civil organizations remains elusive. In Kenya, military and civil organizations have had coordination problems and challenges during disaster response operations which have led to slow responses, high fatality, and mortality rates. The study sought to assess efficacy of Civil-Military coordination during disaster response operations, Solai Da.m Tragedy in Nakuru County Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives; to establish the effectiveness of Civil-Military coordination in resources mobilization during the disaster response operation of the Solai Dam tragedy in Nakuru County; to study Civil-Military coordination effectiveness in communication during disaster response operation of the Solai Dam tragedy in Nakuru County; Analyze the lessons learned on the effectiveness of the Civil-Military coordination for future disaster preparedness in Nakuru County, Kenya; evaluate the moderating effect of disaster management policies on civil-military coordination during disaster response operations in Kenya. This study was informed by general systems theory. The study's target group included 395 respondents from the multi-agency response team and other stakeholders who were involved in the Solai dam accident. A descriptive research design was used. The study's 199 respondents were chosen by stratified random selection, and its major data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. The researcher sought permission from the relevant authority before proceeding with data collection. A pilot study was undertaken by the researcher to evaluate the questionnaire's validity and reliability. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23) was used in the cleaning and recording of data. The qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis while quantitative dgta was analyzed using descriptive, regression, and correlation analysis. Data presentation was done by the use of percentages, frequency tables, means, and narratives. The res'egrclx demonstrated a positive and statistically significant impact of Civil-Military coordination in resource mobilization and communication on the effectiveness of disaster response operations in Kenya. Based on the results of the study, it _concludes that civil-military coordination in resource mobilization and communication hgs a statistically and positive significant impact on disaster response qperatmns effectiveness in Kenya. The study recommends for Civil-Military organizations must i i i d relations to improve their command and control, understanding, knowledge, an : i ication. The study further legal and improve coordination in resource mobilization and communicat e recommends strict adherence and implementation of the existing policies, institutional frameworks on disaster managemen t.
Assessment of Exit Exit Strategies of Peace Support Operation of African Union and Sustainable peace in Somalia: Case of Jubaland State
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Musau, Daniel Muange; Linnet Hamasi; Francis Mulu
Border Management Strategies Used to Curb Insecurity in Liboi Border Post of Kenya from 2007-2015.
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Kamba, Jackson N
The study sought to examine the strategies of patrolling and surveillance as used by the border management to curb insecurity, at Liboi border post of Kenya. The period under study is from 2007 - 2015. The purpose of the study was to establish how the strategies of surveillance and patrols have been applied by the border management to curb insecurity along the border. The main objective was to study how these strategies have been used for security purposes at the border. The study had the following research questions: a) To establish how surveillance has been used to curb insecurity along the border b) How patrols are conducted in order to curb insecurity along border. To find out if there is any cooperation among the security agents, when conducting these patrols and surveillance along the border. The study used cross-sectional research design because the respondents had differences in many aspects but lived in the same environment. Deterrent theory was used in this study because it helps in formulating ways of stopping people from crime and offending. Though Bureaucratic theory of Max Weber was used in the study, it was only a guide on how to establish a successful border authority. The target population includes all security personnel working at the Liboi border post and the police working under the officer commanding police division at Dadaab refugee camp. Basically this was an historical research and depends on past events and experiences of the respondents in order to draw finding and conclusions. The procedure adopted was as follows. First was the identification of the site of the study as Liboi border post of Kenya. The target population was selected from members of the security organs in Liboi and the community living there in. The instruments data collection for the study included questionnaires and focused group interviews. Quantitative data analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Qualitative data was analyzed by organizing the data into categories of similar responses for ease of making inferences. The results of the primary data collected were compared with secondary data. The results were arranged according to the objectives of the study and analysed. The study found that surveillance was practiced at the Liboi border post but it is hampared by the terrain and serviceability of the equipments. Patrols were found to be used at the border the frequency was not adequate. The study found that there were obsolete stores held by the scurity agencies at Liboi. The study concluded that there was need to make the roads at the border passable and where impossible aerial vehicles to be used. That the patrols should overlap those going out and those coming back. The study concludes that those obsolete stores held to be returned and new ones bought. The study recommends the use of unimanned aerial vehicles to augument surveillance and patrols to be conducted jointly by the security agents at Liboi. Areas covered by the surveillance equipments to be depicted in topologhical maps held in the offices of different agencies. This study provides information to policy makers on the current state of the surveillance equipment held by the security agencies at the Liboi border post. It is important to understand the capability of the available equipment on information gathering. The study benefits will be realized once the frequency of patrols is increased and new surveillance equipment bought.
Change and Continuity in Sino-Liberia Economic Relations; 1977-2016
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Pennie, Christopher Koko; Susan Mwangi; George Mathenge Wairungu
Inter-state relations are paramount in the international system and have remained the nucleus around which all international and local diplomatic issues evolve. Since states are interdependent, they establish diplomatic relations through the formulation of foreign policies to achieve their national interests. Liberia is one beneficiary of such relations. Since its inception in 1847, Liberia has had strong economic relations majorly with the West. With a little or no relation with South-East Asia. In other words, Liberia's relations in the international system remained with the West for a very long period. However, with the sporadic growth in the economy of few Asian countries in the 1970s, Liberia decided to shift its foreign policy from the western tradition to by establishing full diplomatic relations with other non-western countries such as China, Japan, and North Korea. After 20 years of diplomatic relations with Taiwan, Liberia snowballed into the Sino-Liberia economic relations in 1977. Like many other mutual relations, the Sino-Liberia economic relations were marred by long years of disconnect, rivalry and reconnection due to the countries' inconsistent diplomacy with Taiwan. In 1989, China severed bilateral relations with Liberia after Liberia restored its relations with Taiwan. The situation lasted up to 1993 before China and Liberia restored bilateral relations. Ignoring the 'One China Policy,’ Liberia in 1997 established relations with Taiwan, which led to another severing of diplomatic relations between China and Liberia until 2003. Nevertheless, despite these diplomatic challenges in the Sino-Liberia economic relations, they have been appraised as a win-win situation. This study investigated the issues of change and continuity in Sino-Liberia economic relations from 1977-2016. In light of this, the study sought to analyze the nature of economic engagement between China and Liberia from 1977-1990, examine the impact of regime change in China-Liberia relations during the period 1991-2016, and assess possible ways to strengthen Sino-Liberia economic relations. The complex interdependence theory was used as the theoretical framework guiding the study. The population sample comprised of two hundred (200) participants. The study adopted descriptive research design and used the mixed research method of qualitative and quantitative to analyze the research data. The study used convenience and snowball sampling techniques to identify respondents. The study's findings revealed that the changes in Sino-Liberia economic relations were influenced by changes in regimes on the part of Liberia. The study also revealed that during 1977 to 1990, economic activities between China and Liberia accounted for increased foreign aid, economic and technical cooperation. Trade relations between China and Liberia started from 1997. Despite the severing of bilateral relations between both countries, the study revealed that significant efforts had been made to strengthen the Sino-Liberia economic relations, beginning with the leadership of the post-war Liberia.
Changing Political Relations between Kenya and Somalia; 1963-2014.
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Momanyi, Caspal Maina; Susan Mwangi Owino; Lazarus Ngari
We live in an increasingly interconnected world with a lot of potential and significant benefits to our everyday life. The rich complexity of international relationships (political, economic and cultural) provides a puzzle that we must endeavor to understand. Political relations among nations cover a range of activities which include; diplomacy, war, trade relations, alliances, cultural exchanges, participation in international organizations and so forth. Kenyan foreign policy has historically alternated between internationalist (regionalist) and isolationist moods. Instability in Somalia and the terrorist attacks of 2014 renewed public support for Kenyan intervention in the Somali conflict. Kenya’s engagement in Somalia is founded on multilateralism instead of unilateralism. Therefore, this study explored the relations between Kenya and Somalia from 1963-2014. The study sought to understand the changing dynamics of these relations especially after the 1998 twin bombing of Kenya and Tanzanian US embassies and interrogate whether the emergence of Al-shabaab impacted on the relations between the two countries. The study achieved this by focusing on the following objectives: To explore the relations between Somalia and Kenya in the period 1963-1990: To examine the impact of the 1998 twin bombing on the relations between the two nations and finally interrogate the emergence and growth of terrorism especially Al-shabaab and its activities and how these have informed relations between Kenya and Somalia. The study was guided by: Securitization theory and Just War theory. The study employed Descriptive and Explorative research designs where interviews were used as the main source of primary data and as well as secondary sources of data. Target population was selected through the use purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. The findings indicated that the relations between Kenya and Somalia in the period 1963 to 1978 were very poor and between 1978 to 1990 the relations between the two countries were cordial. It was also established that between 1990 to 1995, the policy of free movement of people and goods between Kenya and Somalia existed but this changed between 1998 to 2006 when there were terror activities in Kenya and Tanzania. These created mistrust and tension between Kenya and Somalia thus complicating the relationship. The study also indicated that the emergence of Al-shabaab and the war of terror have reconfigured the relations between Kenya and Somalia since cases of insecurity in Kenya have increased leading to vetting of the Somali people seeking asylum or working in Kenya twice and also the country want the Somali refugees to go back to their country. This has really strained the relations between the two countries. The study is significant for policy makers and in particular those in the foreign relations docket as it will help inform policy formulation relating to how relations between the two states may be crafted.
Civil-Military Cooperation of African Mission in Somalia as Tool of Peace-Building: A Case of Kismayo District, Lower Jubaland, Somalia (2011-2020)
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Muchemi, Moses Kamau; Xavier Francis Ichani
The conflict in Somalia presents a typical example of crisis where sometimes the international response is at odd with the wishes of local administration and community hence hampering the outcomes of peacebuilding. However, Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) has emerged as a key determinant of successful peacekeeping operation and a tool of enhancing peacebuilding. This study examined the wide array of approaches to CIMIC activities undertaken by African Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) troops in Kismayo district of Somalia from year 2011 to 2020. The specific objectives of this study were to explore the extent to which CIMIC has been used as a tool for peacebuilding, to examine the types of partnerships used by peace actors in executing CIMIC programs and to assess the outcomes of the AMISOM CIMIC programs in fostering peacebuilding in Kismayo. The study was anchored on liberal peacebuilding, state building and democratization theories. The target population of the study included residents of Kismayo district entailing community leaders, humanitarian workers, civil society, Jubaland Security Forces (JSF) and AMISOM troops operating in the district. Onwuegbuzie and Collins typology of determining sample size in social science research was used to arrive at a sample size of 200 respondents. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires, interviews guide and Focused Group Discussions guide. Secondary data was sourced from published books, e-books, journals, reports, newsletters and conference papers. Collected data was grouped, corroborated, and presented using both quantitative and the qualitative research techniques in themes corresponding the objectives of the study. The study found out that 97% of Kismayo residents felt that AMISOM CIMIC program had reduced conflicts in the district, 83% felt that the security sector was effective in ensuring security and safety of the population. The study also found that demobilization, disarmament and reintegration CIMIC program had reduced chances of violent clashes in Kismayo by 89% chance. Al-Shabaab terror gang continued to threaten the peace efforts in Kismayo. The study recommends that more donor funding be channeled to Federal Governments of Somalia so that they develop strong security sector capable of defeating peace spoilers such as Al-Shabaab
Community Approaches on Countering Terrorism Activities in Mombasa County - Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-11) Mambili, Dianah Tsingoyani
Terrorism has become a threat to the life of humanity in the entire world. Traditional Counter terrorism efforts have revealed the limits of military power since the efforts dispersed the threat and ideology into the community. Hence the importance of the communities in this war cannot be under estimated. This study, examined the Community approaches effectiveness in countering terrorism Mombasa County. The general objective for the study was to identify the community approaches used to counter terrorist activities in Kisauni Sub-county of Mombasa County. Specific objectives were to assess the evidence of community approaches to counter terrorist activities in Kisauni Sub-county of Mombasa County; examine the implementation of community approaches in countering terrorist activities in Kisauni Sub-county of Mombasa County. The third objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of using community approaches to countering terrorist activities in Kisauni Sub-county of Mombasa County. The study was guided by the Rational Choice theory and the Structural functionalism theory. Using the cross-sectional survey design, data was collected using questionnaires and interview guides. The study found out that terrorist activities were common in Kisauni especially public attacks and radicalization. Some of the factors contributing to the terrorist activities included Unemployment, poor planning and school dropout. Community policing, religious dialogues, public meetings and art and culture are not very effective in reducing terrorist activities. Some of the challenges facing the community approaches included: Fear of victimization, divergent religious beliefs, low participation of religious leaders in counter terrorism initiatives. The study recommends that local authorities to training and motivate the community policing agents as well as have well defined roles. Religious leaders to adopt an accommodative structure that will ensure unity and enhance religious dialogue. The government and local authorities to adapt a flexible way of engaging the community in public meetings especially on matters counter terrorism.
Community Elders Involvement in Resolving Land Conflicts in Kenya: Case of Nakuru County, Kenya, 1998 –2008
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Thuranira, Robert Marete; Felistus Kinyanjui; Boniface Muoka
Since independence, land disputes have been a major source of conflict in Kenya. Land disputes have an ethnic component. Land conflicts can even arise amongst members of the same family or clan. Between 1998 and 2008, this study looked at the role of community elders in resolving land issues in Kenya, specifically in Rongai Sub-County, Nakuru County. The study's particular goals were as follows: to investigate the role played by the community elders in resolving land conflicts in Rongai Sub-County, to assess the effectiveness of community elders in resolving land conflicts in Rongai SubCounty, and to examine ways of strengthening the role of community elders in resolving land-related conflicts. The study was guided by the theory of protracted social conflict and social capital theory. Descriptive survey research design guided the study. Nakuru County was picked purposively due to the violent clashes that have occurred in the area in the past. Rongai Sub-County was randomly selected from all the sub-counties in Nakuru County. A total of 151 participants were selected out of 500 entities for the study using a simple random method. Quantitative data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires while Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) were used to collect qualitative data. Quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. This software allowed the researcher to generate the statistics which were represented in form of tables, graphs, pie charts and lastly regression. Qualitative data from IDIs and FGDs was cleaned and coded into the Nvivo Software Version 10.0 using emerging themes which identified repetition of the expressed opinions on the questions. The analysis was then done based on key patterns, insight, and associations which triangulated and validated the information. The study indicated that majority of the respondents (96%) felt that the elders played the role of offering a quick conflict resolution. Another (44%) felt that elders play a significant role in the mediation of landrelated matters. A total of 151 respondents felt that elders were effective in conflict resolution by offering a quick conflict management mechanism. On the other hand, strengthening the role played by elders included training, getting support from government administrators, joint meetings arranged by government administrators and support by the civil society in providing adequate training on conflict resolution methods. In addition to that, the roles played by elders were also supplemented by training from churches on conflict resolution pertaining land-related matters, involving school head-teachers, working with government leaders and Elders given a formal forum for resolving land-related conflict. The researcher recommended that the institutions should support elders in addressing land conflicts. The government should support community in form of official recognition and financial backing. Politicians should be urged to refrain from ethnic slamming that could lead to ethnic clashes in Rongai SubCounty foster peace within the area
Community Policing and its Effect on Crime Management in Mombasa County
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Ronoh, Vincent; Linnet Hamasi
The security environment continues to face dynamic issues and prospects that demand new strategies. Majority of nations worldwide Kenya included, began to adopt CP as strategy of the 21st Century. Despite the adoption of the concept, the prevalence of crime has remained high in several regions in Kenya including Mombasa County. This is evident as in 2016; police received reports of an aggregate of 6,986 offences compared to reported cases of 2,496 in 2015. This investigation hence, aimed at ascertaining the effect of CP on crime management in Mombasa County. The investigation's objectives were derived from the operational concepts of Community Policing. The specific objectives comprised; to ascertain the degree at with re-oriented operations of the police in line with CP concept, to assess the extent of established partnerships in the framework of Community Policing and lastly to examine the emphasis that had been placed on crime prevention in the operationalization of CP in Mombasa County. Descriptive research design was employed to conduct the investigation. The investigation targeted 692 police staff and members of Nyumba kumi households in Mombasa County from which a sample size of 69 members, male and female above 18 old, were picked using stratified random sampling. Social capital theory and the Broken Window formed the basis and anchor for the research. The primary data was sourced through structured and open-ended questionnaires. The quantitative and qualitative data obtained from the respondents was presented using tables and figures. Measures of central tendency were used to analyse descriptive data. Respondents‟ views were analysed through content analysis. The study found that re-oriented operations through community policing was implemented through survey of citizens to allow the agency point out needs and prime concerns; there were recruitment and selection approaches aimed at applicants suited to CP undertaking, and there were staff assessments to strengthen CP and problem-solving. The investigation‟s outcomes also pointed out that the involvement in policing practice by the community is done through frequent forums held to discuss the crime issues; police and the community members worked beside one another in the identification and reporting of crimes; and there was trust between security officers and the public making it easier to report crime. The study also found that the influence of CP and crime management were reduced physical conflict between the general public and security officers; reduced crime on the properties; increase in the number of report cases by the citizen at the police station; and positive attitude of the citizens in regards to the police work. The study concluded that Mombasa County Police has greatly established partnerships in its approach to Community Policing and the impact it has had on crime management. The study further concluded that a lot of emphasis on prevention has been adopted in the implementation in CP in Mombasa County and its effects on crime management. The study concluded that Mombasa County Police has re-oriented its operations in line with the concept of CP and what effect has it had crime management. The study recommends the following; increased funding for community policing, increased police and community forums, increased police posts and ease in accessing of police services this will reduce the crime rate in the county. Further, there should be increase in the utilization of technology in a manner that encourages community partnership.
Community Policing in Crime Management in Ongata Rongai, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Okwoyo, Clifford Gichaba; Leah Barasa
Community policing and crime management are two important approaches to reducing crime and maintaining public safety. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of community policing on crime management in OngataRongai Sub-county. It specifically analyses the effects of public partnership on crime management; the effects of crime intervention techniques on crime management; and the effects of implementation of community policing organizational features on crime management. The study was based on the Broken Windows ‘Theory’ of Crime. The study used descriptive research design. This allowed collection of data on multiple variables at a single time point, which was then analyzed for correlation patterns. The population consisted of 300 Kenya National Police Service, 25 State officers from the Ministry of Interior, 10 Government policing agencies, and 50 stakeholders (from Religious groups Community-Based Organizations, civil society organizations, business community, the private security industry, the media, Non-Governmental Organizations, special needs groups, educational institutions, youth and women's organizations), making a total of 385 targeted people. The study used stratified random sampling. The study also employed both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The unit of analysis was the Kenya National Police Service, OngataRongai. The researcher obtained a list of commissioned police officers from relevant offices in OngataRongai. From that list 100 respondents were selected using the systematic random sampling. The study used questionnaires, guided interview schedules, telephone interviews and focused group discussions. A total of 3 Focus Group Discussions and 4 key informant interviews were conducted. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were determined by conducting a pilot study in the adjacent sub-county of Ngong. To analyse and interpret data, the study employed both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The major findings of the study include; the existing partnerships were not effective due to lack of trust and interest between the police and members of public to CP program in OngataRongai; the introduction of flood lights, mulika platform, marking/naming of streets, regular foot and mobile patrols, KaziMtaani Programmes, installation of CCTV Cameras and zoning of areas had enhanced safety and security by positively contributing to a decrease in crime; LEMELEPO, Ole Kassasi, and OngataRongai CBOs had assisted to bring down levels of crime. These were some of the key recommendations; The police should cultivate a culture of partnership with members of the public by identifying and striving to overcome the problem of long-standing mutual mistrust and suspicion; the government should ensure the police are equipped adequately with the necessary logistics, training, terms and conditions of service and facilitation to enable the them discharge their mandate effectively; members of public should be sensitised on the importance of having good relationship with the police and providing information concerning insecurity and other forms of crime; and lastly the government should create job opportunities especially to the youth to prevent them from engaging in criminal activities.
Compulsory adjudication of the Kenya-Somalia maritime dispute
(Kenyatta university, 2022-10) Lucy, Adhiambo Felister; Xavier Francis Ichani
Kenya and Somalia are among states that have accented to compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice on peaceful settlement of disputes. However, these two states are at odd over the verdict on international boundary delimitation passed by this court in regards to the Kenya- Somalia Maritime dispute. This study examined compulsory adjudication, carried out by the International Court of Justice, as means of resolving the Kenya Somalia maritime dispute. The specific objectives were: to explore the genesis of the maritime dispute between Kenya and Somalia, to analyse international legal framework on peaceful settlement of maritime disputes and to evaluate the state reservation towards compulsory adjudication as an approach for pacific settlement of maritime disputes. The study reviewed relevant literature and analysed case studies of maritime disputes that have been resolved or pending to ascertain the suitability of compulsory adjudication, arbitration or other alternative mechanisms in resolving the Kenya-Somalia maritime disputes. This study was anchored on the theories of institutional liberalism and realism. This study utilized the mixed research design and relied mostly on the historical and explorative designs. The research was primarily qualitative and explored both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was sourced through both archival data retrieval, and field research. Secondary data was sourced from conference papers, books and journals. The data collected was grouped, corroborated, analysed through contents analysis and presented using the qualitative research techniques and using themes that are comparable to the research objectives. The major proposition of the study was that maritime disputes may be resolved either through compulsory adjudication and that the international law through it elaborate legal frameworks also anticipates the maritime disputes may be resolved through or diplomatic and bilateral engagements between the two conflicting states. However, states have reservation in submitting their conflicts for compulsory adjudication by the International Court of Justice. For such, Somalia and Kenya were willing and unwilling respectively to comply with international arbitration. Information gathered in this study was not only beneficial in providing a body of knowledge on understanding the role of compulsory adjudication in pacific settlement of the disputes, but also added to existential knowledge on international legal framework on maritime disputes and state reservation in judicial settlement of territorial and maritime disputes.
Counter-Radicalization as A Security Measure Against Terrorism in Kwale County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Abdulkadir, Ramadhan
Radicalization has become a major problem resulting to a more unstable and conflict prone world. Radicalization leads to violent extremism and the final stage is terrorism. The ease to radicalize people is as a result of marginalization in areas such as economic, social and political exclusion, fight for religious ideologies as well as human rights violations. Kenya is experiencing the major challenge of being primarily a soft target or a source of terrorism in the Horn of Africa. For Kenya to deal with the terrorism sources, counter radicalization measures need to be adopted. In this regard, the study desired to examine the effectiveness of counter-radicalization as a security measure against terrorism in Kwale County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to determine the effectiveness of community policing in fighting against terrorism, to establish the role of training programs in fighting against terrorism, to examine the role of media campaigns in fighting against terrorism and to assess the effectiveness of religious teachings in fighting against terrorism. This study employed mixed research design. The area of study was Kwale County in Kenya. Findings show that community members are aware of community policing in their locality. They are able to stop cases of radicalization before they occur. They participated in community policing at their own will. Not all community members are involved in policing. Findings also show that majority of radicalized youths are dropouts or had low level education. From the findings, media offered forums based on educating the public. The common sources of media by community members in Kwale County are use of radio. Further from the findings it was clear that religious teachings was important in restoration, peace-building, community cohesion and participation in intercultural interaction. The study concludes that community policing is a significant security measure of countering radicalization but has not been effective in Kwale County. The study also concludes that education is a very effective way of countering radicalization. The study further concludes that media campaign can be a very effective measure of countering radicalization if utilized in proper ways. The study finally concludes that religious teachings are an effective measure of countering radicalization. The study recommends that the county government should look for ways of creating jobs for the youth. The government should ensure that students complete their education since there is free primary and secondary education in the country.
Counter-Terrorism Strategies and Human Rights Protection in Kenya, 1998-2019
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Mutungi, Stephen Kimathi; Francis Mulu
Many counter-terrorism measures enacted by states have been criticized for violating human rights. This study sought to assess the Kenya’s counter-terrorism framework to ascertain whether the established counter-terrorism measures violate or adhere to the protection of human rights. The specific objectives focused on, firstly, to evaluate counter-terrorism strategies used by Kenyan authorities to reduce the propensity of terrorism. Secondly, to investigate the allegation of human rights violations committed during the implementation of Kenya’s counter-terrorism measures. Third, to analyze counter-terrorism strategies that can promote human rights protection in Kenya. The study used two theories. The regime theory was used to analyze the domestic and international strategies used in counter-terrorism and the theory of change approach to analyze carrot and stick measures of counterterrorism that violate human rights as well as strategies that uphold human rights protection. This study adopted an exploratory research design to assess the counterterrorism measures and alleged human rights violations in Kenya. The target population was the national security organs, counter-terrorism agencies, civil societies championing human rights protection, security enforcers and watchdog bodies. The sample of 200 respondents and informants was drawn from the National Assembly, Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, the International Federation for Human Rights, UN Counter-Terrorism Centre and Amnesty International Kenya. A stratified and purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting the respondents and informants during the study. While the respondents completed questionnaires that yielded quantitative data, the informants provided qualitative data. Collected data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative approaches and presented using simple descriptive statistics and narratives. Content, thematic and theoretical analysis was then employed. The findings of the study established that there were various stick and carrot counter-terrorism strategies used by organizations, Government and security apparatus in Kenya. These strategies are faced by a number of challenges. A number of those measures violate human rights. There are however, some counter terrorism strategies that uphold human rights. The counter-terrorism strategies that the Government can adopt in respect of human rights include youth empowerment and employment, enhance surveillance and intelligence gathering, stop renditions and use of force, proper investigations, uphold human rights and rule of law and public education, awareness and participation. The study recommends to the Government to adopt counter-terrorism strategies that promote human rights protection. Further, the study recommends that the Governments needs to create public awareness and participation in counter-terrorism strategies and introduce measures to build public confidence in its efforts to fight terrorism.
Digital Diplomacy: The Integration of Information Communication Technologies in Kenya’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1963-2014
(Kenyatta University, 2018-07) Waithaka, Irene Nyambura
This study delves into the implementation of digital diplomacy in Kenya’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Digital diplomacy is a relatively new concept that is widel y rolled out and researched in the dev eloped countries.Developing countries are however still in the process of integrating ICTs in the conduct of public service. T his study explored the integration process in Kenya’s Ministry of Foreign affairs and Inter national Trade but with a bias to the sphere of diplomacy. This study’s core objective was to survey the use of ICTs in Kenya’s foreign policy and diplomatic trends. The researcher utilized Actor Network Theory as well as the three stages of e governance i ntegration as articulated by the Centre for Democracy and Technology. In reference to the methodology, the researcher employed purposive sampling in the selection of departments and respondents that would provide pertinent information . Primary data was sourced from interviews as well as official Government of Kenya and Ministry of Foreign Affairs documents such as the strategic plan and foreign policy. Secondary data was sourced from journals, text books, theses, newspapers and online materials. The study demonstrated that the foreign policy in Kenya is often shaped by the Presidency and appointed Ministers in Foreign Affairs. Jomo Kenyatta’s Presidency was noted for having laid the foundation of Kenya’s foreign policy and employed a delegated approach in it s management. President Moi exhibited presidential and peace diplomacy in the management of foreign policy. The Kibaki Presidency on the other hand espoused economic diplomacy while Uhuru Kenyatta’s presidency has edged towards presidential diplomacy given the many foreign trips taken. Kenya was noted to have taken a slow but gradual process in setting up the ICT infrastructure in the country and more precisely at the MFA&IT . The results indicated that i ntegration of technology in the ministry is informed b y the desire to enhance administrative duties as well as offer better services to clients and international partners. Further, the study established that some of the common uses of ICT at the Ministry included online dissemination of information, online sharing of documents and memos as well as direct communication. The study established that indeed ICT is gradually being harnessed in the foreign policy and diplomatic processes. Thus enhanced information gathering, knowledge management, policy planning and coordination as well as implementation. In addition, the study demonstrated that diplomatic processes precisely bilateral and multilateral relations have changed in light of ICT integration . Some of the changes noted include heightened virtual representation,new ways of sharing documentations in international conferences, compressions in costs involved as well as enhanced ways of negotiations.
Discontinuities and Continuities in Kenya-China Foreign Aid Relations: 1963 – 2015
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Sitienei, Kipngeno, Hillary; Joseph Wasonga; Susan Mwangi
This study examines the (dis)continuities in Kenya-China foreign aid relations between 1963 to 2015. The enhanced Kenya-China economic, political, and social engagement is arguably the most momentous development in Kenya presently, despite the fact that since independence, Western powers have been Kenya’s main development partners. Chinese Foreign aid to Kenya currently is among the largest bilateral aid sources. Despite the growing awareness of the wider phenomenon, there is little specific literature that addresses this area. Therefore, this study examined the trends in Kenya-China foreign aid relations, interrogates the defining features of this partnership, examines the sameness and differences in Kenya-China foreign aid relations over time, and at the contribution of Chinese foreign aid to Kenya’s economic progress. The study was guided by three objectives that aimed at tracing the development of Kenya-China relations since Kenya’s independence. The study briefly examined Kenya-China contacts during the pre-colonial, colonial period and the post-colonial period. The study period was from 1963 when Kenya attained its independence to early 2015. This study adopted the qualitative approach in the analysis of both primary and secondary data consulted. Sampling was done based on a purposive technique and snow balling to reach out the informants who were sourced for primary data. The data from the two sources were corroborated for authenticity and validity. Data analysis was done through critical textual analysis, evaluation and comparison of collected and existing information. The study used realism and rational choice theories. The two theories were used in the interpretation of established primary and secondary data. The study found that there has been changing trends (discontinuities and continuities) on Kenya-China foreign aid relations dictated by internal and external political developments under different regimes. During the first regime, Kenya-China partnership was not as enhanced as compared to later regimes. There has been gradual developments of foreign aid relationships between Kenya and China and by early 2015, the relationship had reached a heightened state. Chinese aid to Kenya has both blessings and risks depending on which sector the aid has impact on. The findings are important to, among other stakeholders, the government in making and managing its foreign policy. The study also generally adds to existing literature on international relations and diplomacy and relations between Kenya and China in particular.
Dynamics of economic diplomacy in east Africa: a case of relations between Kenya and Tanzania: 1963-2015
(Kenyatta university, 2022-10) Koech, Kipyegon Victor; Susan Waiyego Mwangi
Kenya and Tanzania have had both mutual and frosty relations since independence. Both countries on many occasion have had hostile economic relations toward each other, but they have never been to war. However, however, lacking is the study of relations between these two east African countries, is a detailed examination of the dynamics in economic diplomacy between them and how it has shaped the bilateral relations between them. To fill this gap, the study attempted to understand how the economic pillar of Kenyan foreign policy influences bilateral relations between Kenya and Tanzania. The main objectives of this study included; tracing the emergence of Kenya- and Tanzania's foreign policy agenda; 1963-1975, examining the impacts of regime change on Kenya-Tanzania economic relations; and finally to analyse changes in the use of economic diplomacy in strengthening Kenya-Tanzania bilateral relations; 2003-2015. The Interdependence Liberalism theory guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study was carried out in Nairobi and Namanga, the border point where trade between the two countries occurs. Nairobi is the capital city of Kenya and a host to the High commission office of Tanzania. The study established that Kenya and Tanzania have had close relations; however, this was influenced by ideological differences that each country adopted at independence. The ideological difference shaped the economic diplomacy between the two countries, which was characterised with both hostilities, and cooperation. This however, changed in the 1980 following the collapse of East African Community and between 1990s and 2013, the bilateral relations between the two countries improved tremendously. However, between, 2013-2015, the bilateral relations again was characterised by hostilities occasioned by an exports ban and retaliation by both Dar el Salaam and Nairobi.
Dynamics of Parliamentary Diplomacy and Kenya’s Foreign Policy; 1963 – 2014
(Kenyatta University, 2020-02) Adan, Keynan Wehliye
Globally, parliaments have a lot of influence not only on national legislation but also in shaping foreign policies of states. However, there is scarcity of studies interrogating the role of the Kenyan parliament in influencing foreign policy since independence in 1963. Therefore, the main objectives of the study were to interrogate the extent to which the National Assembly influence Kenya’s foreign policy from 1963 to 1978, analyze the mechanisms that have been used by National Assembly to influence Kenya’s foreign policy from 1979 to 2002, and to assess the impact of the National Assembly on Kenya’s foreign policy from 2003 to 2014 in Kenya. The study employed two theories; realism theory and two-level game framework that attempts to analyse dynamics of parliamentary diplomacy on Kenya’s foreign policy. Descriptive research design was employed in this study. The target population was current and former members of parliament, diplomats, ministers, and other experts in the field of foreign relations. The population sample was selected using purposive sampling technique in order to select knowledgeable key informants. Data analysis entailed transcribing the raw data from recordings and in-depth interviews, coding into themes then incorporating secondary sources for a critical analysis. The study findings revealed that, beginning of Kenyatta’s regime parliament had powers bestowed to them by the constitution allowing them to have significant influence on Kenya’s foreign policy. However, during Kenyatta’s regime (1963-1978), the law did not restrict the Executive ability to conduct foreign policy without involving Parliament. Power of parliament was muted and confined to back bench debates without firm executive resolution to address issues with foreign policy implications. During Moi’s regime, it was established that parliament was under the control of the executive arm of the government, and did not resist these amendments. However, several mechanisms were used by KNA to influence foreign policy i.e. oversight visits to Embassies/Missions abroad by the Committee on Defense and Foreign Relations; contemporary forms of parliamentary diplomacy operated within informal groups; and legislation, oversight and representation to budget making and vetting public office appointees, even though with political constraints. The analysis further revealed that during Kibaki’s regime, the period was marked with optimism and renewed hopes for a better economy as well as rewriting the constitution. Promulgation of 2010 constitution redefined the power of KNA e.g. affords them with powers to leverage country’s foreign policy. More so, MPs have enhanced their role on the conduct of Kenya’s foreign policy through parliamentary committees, Speaker of the National Assembly, and visitation/representation /fact-finding missions. The study concluded that the effectiveness of parliamentary diplomacy is anchored in the 2010 constitution and there before, diplomatic relations were more of succession politics. The study recommends the need to develop an efficient and comprehensive parliamentary strategic framework which guides parliamentary diplomacy and its linkage to governmental diplomacy. There is also need to harmonize national, regional, continental and international structures of parliamentary diplomacy into a single parliamentary committee supported by competent secretariat funded by the parliamentary service commission
East African Legislative Assembly Diplomacy and Regional Integration (2001-2022)
(kenyatta university, 2023) Ogolo, Erick Owino; Caroline W. Mwea
The East African Legislative Assembly (EALA) was a particular focus of this study's analysis of the function of parliamentary diplomacy in regional integration. A relatively recent development in international relations, parliamentary diplomacy was conducted in the East African Community's (EAC) assembly, the EALA. However, when they carried out their duties, the EALA Members of Parliament (MPs) were left unsure of whether to put the interests of the area or their own countries' foreign policies first. Through their roles in supervision, legislation, and representation, MPs were intended to find answers for the general interests of the regional body, yet they were more likely to be national loyalists than regional body representatives. In light of this, the study worked to achieve the following objectives: reviewed the conduct of parliamentary diplomacy in East Africa (EA), examined the role of EALA in increasing regional integration within EA, and examined the function of parliamentary diplomacy in enhancing regional integration in general. The realism theory put forward by Hans Morgenthau and Thomas Hobbes, which holds that pursuing a state's interests is its top priority even inside regional organizations, worked best to describe this situation. Data were gathered from a sample size that was purposefully chosen using a mix of a closed-ended and an open questionnaire. 417 people were included in the study's sample. The research increased our understanding of diplomacy and regional integration while providing advice to diplomats and decision-makers. The researcher abided by the ethical guidelines, study clearances, and permits recommended by Kenyatta University and the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation. The study revealed its pivotal role in legislative harmonization, fostering regional cooperation. Through collaboration among East African lawmakers, it facilitates the exchange of ideas, reducing trade barriers, and strengthening political and economic ties. The evaluation highlights its significant impact on policy implementation and enforcement, aligning national policies with regional goals. The EALA emerges as a platform for public awareness and participation in regional integration, promoting transparency and inclusivity. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of parliamentary independence and objectivity. Recommendations urge member states to institutionalize parliamentary diplomacy, engage in policy oversight, and enhance collaboration with civil society for a more inclusive regional integration.

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