MST-Department of Conflict Resolution and International Relations

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Preparedness of the Kenya National Police Service to Adopt Geographic Information Systems Technology in Crime Measurement, Mapping and Evaluation
(Kenyatta University, 2017) Baraka, Eliud Gachie
Emerging issues in law enforcement are becoming complex in today’s society due to enhanced globalization and increased transnational crimes. To address these challenges, police agencies need to adopt and effectively apply more innovative analysis tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology in law enforcement. However, the Kenya National Police Service (NPS) is still using occurrence books, paper-maps and push-pins (manual tools) to record, map and analyse crime. The goal of this study was therefore to assess preparedness of the NPS to adopt GIS Technology in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation. The study was guided by the following specific objectives (i) to determine Kenyan police officers’ satisfaction with manual tools in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation, (ii) to establish Kenyan police officers’ attitudes toward adoption of GIS technology in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation, (iii) to compare Kenyan police officers’ user-perceptions toward manual tools versus GIS technology in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation and (iv) to identify challenges which NPS would encounter during adoption of GIS technology in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation. Survey research design was used where questionnaires, interviews and a focus group discussion were used to collect data at headquarter formations of NPS in Nairobi. Stratified sampling was used where the police population was grouped into four homogenous subgroups (Kenya Police, Administration Police, Directorate of Criminal Investigations and General Service Unit). Twenty five respondents were conveniently selected from each subgroup to have a sample size of 100 respondents. The study used descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages), measures of central tendency (mean and mode), measures of dispersion (standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation and t-test) to summarize and analyse survey data. The results were presented in tables, pie-charts and bar-graphs. Information obtained from interviews and the focus group was summarized using content analysis and incorporated in the discussion. The study revealed that 55.00% of Kenyan police officers were satisfied with manual tools in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation mainly because they were easy to use. The study also revealed that 63.50% of Kenyan police officers had an open attitude towards adoption of GIS technology by NPS. The study indicates that only 42.25% of Kenyan police officers found manual tools to be useful in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation while 70.00% believed GIS technology would be more useful. The study shows that 67.75% of the Kenyan police officers found manual tools to be easy to use in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation while 56.75% feared GIS technology might be difficult to use. The study revealed that there would be several challenges during the adoption of GIS technology by NPS but these could be mitigated by putting in place the necessary countermeasures. The study therefore concludes that although most Kenyan police officers were satisfied with manual tools in crime measurement, mapping and evaluation, they were willing to use GIS technology but NPS would have to address some challenges for successful implementation. The study recommends similar and/or related studies to be conducted with a sample comprising of professionals from the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF), National Intelligence Services (NIS) and private security providers across the country. This will provide a holistic perspective since security provision is a collaborative venture that requires combined effort from all stakeholders.
Digital Diplomacy: The Integration of Information Communication Technologies in Kenya’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1963-2014
(Kenyatta University, 2018-07) Waithaka, Irene Nyambura
This study delves into the implementation of digital diplomacy in Kenya’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Digital diplomacy is a relatively new concept that is widel y rolled out and researched in the dev eloped countries.Developing countries are however still in the process of integrating ICTs in the conduct of public service. T his study explored the integration process in Kenya’s Ministry of Foreign affairs and Inter national Trade but with a bias to the sphere of diplomacy. This study’s core objective was to survey the use of ICTs in Kenya’s foreign policy and diplomatic trends. The researcher utilized Actor Network Theory as well as the three stages of e governance i ntegration as articulated by the Centre for Democracy and Technology. In reference to the methodology, the researcher employed purposive sampling in the selection of departments and respondents that would provide pertinent information . Primary data was sourced from interviews as well as official Government of Kenya and Ministry of Foreign Affairs documents such as the strategic plan and foreign policy. Secondary data was sourced from journals, text books, theses, newspapers and online materials. The study demonstrated that the foreign policy in Kenya is often shaped by the Presidency and appointed Ministers in Foreign Affairs. Jomo Kenyatta’s Presidency was noted for having laid the foundation of Kenya’s foreign policy and employed a delegated approach in it s management. President Moi exhibited presidential and peace diplomacy in the management of foreign policy. The Kibaki Presidency on the other hand espoused economic diplomacy while Uhuru Kenyatta’s presidency has edged towards presidential diplomacy given the many foreign trips taken. Kenya was noted to have taken a slow but gradual process in setting up the ICT infrastructure in the country and more precisely at the MFA&IT . The results indicated that i ntegration of technology in the ministry is informed b y the desire to enhance administrative duties as well as offer better services to clients and international partners. Further, the study established that some of the common uses of ICT at the Ministry included online dissemination of information, online sharing of documents and memos as well as direct communication. The study established that indeed ICT is gradually being harnessed in the foreign policy and diplomatic processes. Thus enhanced information gathering, knowledge management, policy planning and coordination as well as implementation. In addition, the study demonstrated that diplomatic processes precisely bilateral and multilateral relations have changed in light of ICT integration . Some of the changes noted include heightened virtual representation,new ways of sharing documentations in international conferences, compressions in costs involved as well as enhanced ways of negotiations.
International Terrorism and Its Implications on Kenya’s National Security: A Case of Nairobi City County: 1975-2013
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Muga, Simon Odero
Terrorism has become and remains a major international concern and a high priority security matter of the global community. It contravenes the basic principles of law, order, human rights and physical security. Other than Nigeria in the sub Saharan Africa, Kenya has felt the devastating effects of international terrorism in the region. Kenya especially suffers crime levels at the upper end of the African scale, which adds to the intrinsic internal insecurity. This study focused on international terrorism and its implications on Kenya’s national security, a case of Nairobi City County; 1975-2013. The objectives of this study were to investigate trends of International terrorism in Kenya; 1975 - 2013. Secondly, to interrogate the implications of international terrorism on Kenya’s national security and finally, to assess the strategies employed by the Kenyan government to counter international terrorism; 1998-2013. The study applied both primary and secondary data in order to realize the objectives. The theoretical framework was based on the Securitization Theory. It states that political issues are usually construed to be highly security concerns that must be dealt with immediately they are characterized to be dangerous or alarming by the actors who have the mandate to move the issue beyond politics. For instance, terrorism is securitized in Kenya hence the attention given to it is usually of high significance. The study revealed that there have been consistent upward trend in international terror attacks in Kenya between 1975 and 2013. The study also discovered that the Kenyan problem is escalated by the unstable states neighboring it, this is coupled by a number of incompetent and corrupt officials at the security agencies in the country. According to the study, Kenya experienced numerous attacks after the 2011 military incursion in Somalia. The study further revealed that the ability by terrorists to always change tact has led to their prolonged ‘survival’ despite the government of Kenya deploying all the available machineries at its disposal to fight it. To this end the study argued that these factors have had far reaching implications on Kenya’s’ national security.
Participation of Women in Implementation of Foreign Policy: Case of Kenya from 2010 – 2017
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Ibrahim, Abdibashir Alinoor
The purpose of the study was to examine the participation of women in implementation of foreign policy in Kenya. Implementation of foreign policy is a critical component internationally and is achieved through diplomacy, ware, foreign sanctions, and alliances. The role of women in the implementation of foreign policy has raised research interest over time. The study’s objectives were: to establish how women participate in decision making in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; to determine the role of women leadership in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; to assess the role of women capacity building in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; and to evaluate how women’s political participation influences the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 - 2017. This study analysed literature review on studies that have examined the relationship between women and international politics and how the contribution of women in the implementation of foreign policy can be theorized. Literature was organized into three key themes. In the first section, the study analyzes what has been covered by researchers with regard to Participation of women in foreign policy and the role of women in the implementation of foreign policy. The liberal feminist theory was used as the primary theory to assess the issues that affect women and their role of women in the international relations, and neoliberalism theory which emphasizes that international relations entail diverse actors and issues. An explanatory research design was employed. A total of 143 women working in the foreign affairs ministry in Nairobi formed the study’s target population. A sample of 72 was done using purposive sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data, with data analysis being done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that women’s decision making, leadership, capacity building, political participation all have significant influence on implementation foreign policy. The study concluded that women in Kenya are not fully involved in capacity building, decision making and politics, which hinders them from fully participating in the implementation of foreign policy. The study recommended that on the establishing standing or ad hoc committees and other statutory bodies on gender equality and empowerment of women, with cross-party representation, to monitor the review and the implementation of existing laws and constitutional provisions, budgets and policies from a gender perspective, as well as recommendations.
Border Management Strategies Used to Curb Insecurity in Liboi Border Post of Kenya from 2007-2015.
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Kamba, Jackson N
The study sought to examine the strategies of patrolling and surveillance as used by the border management to curb insecurity, at Liboi border post of Kenya. The period under study is from 2007 - 2015. The purpose of the study was to establish how the strategies of surveillance and patrols have been applied by the border management to curb insecurity along the border. The main objective was to study how these strategies have been used for security purposes at the border. The study had the following research questions: a) To establish how surveillance has been used to curb insecurity along the border b) How patrols are conducted in order to curb insecurity along border. To find out if there is any cooperation among the security agents, when conducting these patrols and surveillance along the border. The study used cross-sectional research design because the respondents had differences in many aspects but lived in the same environment. Deterrent theory was used in this study because it helps in formulating ways of stopping people from crime and offending. Though Bureaucratic theory of Max Weber was used in the study, it was only a guide on how to establish a successful border authority. The target population includes all security personnel working at the Liboi border post and the police working under the officer commanding police division at Dadaab refugee camp. Basically this was an historical research and depends on past events and experiences of the respondents in order to draw finding and conclusions. The procedure adopted was as follows. First was the identification of the site of the study as Liboi border post of Kenya. The target population was selected from members of the security organs in Liboi and the community living there in. The instruments data collection for the study included questionnaires and focused group interviews. Quantitative data analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Qualitative data was analyzed by organizing the data into categories of similar responses for ease of making inferences. The results of the primary data collected were compared with secondary data. The results were arranged according to the objectives of the study and analysed. The study found that surveillance was practiced at the Liboi border post but it is hampared by the terrain and serviceability of the equipments. Patrols were found to be used at the border the frequency was not adequate. The study found that there were obsolete stores held by the scurity agencies at Liboi. The study concluded that there was need to make the roads at the border passable and where impossible aerial vehicles to be used. That the patrols should overlap those going out and those coming back. The study concludes that those obsolete stores held to be returned and new ones bought. The study recommends the use of unimanned aerial vehicles to augument surveillance and patrols to be conducted jointly by the security agents at Liboi. Areas covered by the surveillance equipments to be depicted in topologhical maps held in the offices of different agencies. This study provides information to policy makers on the current state of the surveillance equipment held by the security agencies at the Liboi border post. It is important to understand the capability of the available equipment on information gathering. The study benefits will be realized once the frequency of patrols is increased and new surveillance equipment bought.
Logistics and Preparedness of the Eastern Africa Standby Force for Peace Support Operations
(Kenyatta University, 2019-07) Oduma, Evans Otieno
Eastern Africa Standby Force (EASF) is one of the sub-regional forces of the African Standby Force (ASF) whose objective is to maintain regional peace and security. EASF structure is composed of three main branches, namely the EASF Headquarters, the Logistics Base and the Planning Elements. The EASF had purposed to achieve full operational capability by developing an operationally ready, multidimensional integrated Standby Force, equipped and ready for deployment by 2015, having attained initial operational capability in 2010. However, whether this has been achieved is still debatable. The Force has been faced with many challenges in its endeavor to be fully operational. The general objective of the study was to determine the relationship between logistics and the preparedness of the EASF for Peace Support Operations. The specific objectives of the study were: to establish the relationship between personnel logistics and preparedness of the EASF for Peace Support Operations, determine the impact of facilities and related services on for Peace Support Operations EASF, and determine the impact of equipment readiness on preparedness of the EASF for Peace Support Operations. Descriptive research design was adopted as it enabled the collection of relevant data which helped in answering the questions concerning the topic of study. The target population for the study was EASF planning element staff based in Karen Nairobi. Simple random sampling was used in selecting 50 military staff, 14 civilian staff and 5 police staff which formed 69 sample size from the target population. Semi structured questionnaire was used in data collection. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and narrations from open ended questions. The study found that logistics played a pivotal role in preparedness of EASF. Proper logistics for personnel, facilities and related services and equipment readiness had significant relations to the preparedness of EASF for peace support operations. Limited funds, environmental issues, lack of airlifts and adequate shipping transportation means, Personnel logistics, lack of sophisticated and high level technological equipment were challenges affecting the preparedness of EASF. The study recommends more cohesion among member states in supporting EASF through funding and pledged forces and equipment. The study further recommended improvement in participation of police and civilian components in most of the operation. Lastly the study recommended the need for enhancing early warning systems and acquisition of high level technologies equipment that can outdo those of the negative forces.
Participation of Women in Implementation of Foreign Policy: Case of Kenya from 2010 – 2017
(Kenyatta University, 2019-10) Abdibashir, Alinoor Ibrahim
The purpose of the study was to examine the participation of women in implementation of foreign policy in Kenya. Implementation of foreign policy is a critical component internationally and is achieved through diplomacy, ware, foreign sanctions, and alliances. The role of women in the implementation of foreign policy has raised research interest over time. The study’s objectives were: to establish how women participate in decision making in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; to determine the role of women leadership in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; to assess the role of women capacity building in the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 – 2017; and to evaluate how women’s political participation influences the implementation of Kenya’s foreign policy between 2010 - 2017. This study analysed literature review on studies that have examined the relationship between women and international politics and how the contribution of women in the implementation of foreign policy can be theorized. Literature was organized into three key themes. In the first section, the study analyzes what has been covered by researchers with regard to Participation of women in foreign policy and the role of women in the implementation of foreign policy. The liberal feminist theory was used as the primary theory to assess the issues that affect women and their role of women in the international relations, and neoliberalism theory which emphasizes that international relations entail diverse actors and issues. An explanatory research design was employed. A total of 143 women working in the foreign affairs ministry in Nairobi formed the study’s target population. A sample of 72 was done using purposive sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data, with data analysis being done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that women’s decision making, leadership, capacity building, political participation all have significant influence on implementation foreign policy. The study concluded that women in Kenya are not fully involved in capacity building, decision making and politics, which hinders them from fully participating in the implementation of foreign policy. The study recommended that on the establishing standing or ad hoc committees and other statutory bodies on gender equality and empowerment of women, with cross-party representation, to monitor the review and the implementation of existing laws and constitutional provisions, budgets and policies from a gender perspective, as well as recommendations.
Regime Change and Its Implications on Eastern Africa Community
(Kenyatta University, 2020) Mbithi, Carolyne Karimi
The attainment of a fully integrated East African region through the East African Community is yet to be realised. This is because most of the agreements pertaining integration are yet to be fully implemented while some are way past their implementation deadline. The East Africa Common Market Protocol, for instance, came into force in July 2010 after being ratified by member states. However, its practical implementation is considered a process that must take place over time since to-date, the free movement of labour, goods, and capital and across partner states has not been actualized by most EAC citizens. The EAC Common Market was meant to merge partner states’ markets into a single market in which there is free mobility of persons, services, labour, goods, capital and the right of establishment and residence. The Monetary Union protocol which was scheduled for 2012 is already behind schedule and therefore delays in full implementation of the Customs Union and Common Market protocol can only translate to delays in the implementation of the Monetary Union and Political Federation protocols. Timely implementation of EAC agreed decisions has been inadequate and similarly, the implementation of this protocol has been slow. For instance, there is failure by individual member states to lift legal barriers like recognition of business certificates for each other and double taxation. The study’s overall aim is to unearth the implications that regime change has in ensuring the unification the East African region. The study has explored the steps so far taken towards East Africa integration and the precise objectives of the study are; to analyse the role(s) that the different Heads of state in Kenya have played to ensure East Africa integration, to examine the effects of Heads of state transition in Kenya on regional integration in East Africa, to establish what the current Kenyan regime can do to speed up the process of achieving a fully integrated East African region. In this study, the Hegemonic Stability theory that is based on the presence of a hegemony that ensures stability of the international system and the Structural Functionalism theory which factors in a society as a complex system that is constitutes of segments that work together with an intent of achieving a set goal will be used. Descriptive research design was used in the study. The target population for the study was the Ministry of East African Community, Labor and Social protection, Political scientists, retired and serving ambassadors. Stratified random sampling was used to obtain a sample size of 130 respondents. The data was collected by use of self-structured questionnaires which were directly administered to the respondents, as well as individual interview schedules. Analysis of the qualitative data was done by use of both the framework analysis and the thematic analysis approaches while the quantitative data was analyzed through theme coding. This area of study found out that the state head plays quite a significant role towards regional integration which include enhancing policy formulation as well as establishing linkages between different regional blocs geared towards this integration. In addition, it was revealed through this study that, although the head of state holds meetings to discuss regional integration little has been done with regard to formulation of new policies as well as establishing a concrete legal frame-work to safeguard the issues concerning regional integration. The study concluded that the EAC state governments can steer effort of integration as long as there is the will to put in more resources which will go along with creating a friendly environment of trade between and among member states, hence resulting to mutual benefit of these states in terms of creating opportunities for their citizens.
Managing Crime Relating to the Operation of Public Service Vehicles in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020) Ngare, Riko Ngare
This study examined the management of crime in Public Service Vehicles in Nairobi County, with special focus to criminal activities on Public Service Vehicles (PSV’s) in Starehe subCounty. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the nature of crime associated with the use of PSVs; analyze the factors that influence crime in PSVs; and suggest mechanisms that will mitigate crime associated with the use of PSVs in Starehe sub-County. The research questions were adopted from the objectives of the study. The theoretical model adopted for the study was the Routine Activity Theory which was used to guide the researcher in the research methodology. The study research design adopted was descriptive survey using both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect, interpret, and present the primary and secondary data. The targeted population was derived from the PSV drivers, police officers from the sub-County; as well as, stakeholders from the PSV SACCOs, the County and National Government, National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA), and the Civil Society. The sample technique used in the study was stratified sampling, simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. The proposed sample size for this study was 85. The instruments used for data collection were the semi-structured questionnaires and the key informant interviews. A pilot study was conducted in Buru Buru Division, located in Embakasi sub-County. The data was collected by the researcher himself with the help of a research assistant who administered the questionnaires. The data was collected, analyzed, and interpreted as per each objective and presented in pie charts and tables. Each chapter discussed the findings. Finally, the study concluded and the researcher made recommendations, and a future outlook on managing crime relating to the use of PSVs.
Dynamics of Parliamentary Diplomacy and Kenya’s Foreign Policy; 1963 – 2014
(Kenyatta University, 2020-02) Adan, Keynan Wehliye
Globally, parliaments have a lot of influence not only on national legislation but also in shaping foreign policies of states. However, there is scarcity of studies interrogating the role of the Kenyan parliament in influencing foreign policy since independence in 1963. Therefore, the main objectives of the study were to interrogate the extent to which the National Assembly influence Kenya’s foreign policy from 1963 to 1978, analyze the mechanisms that have been used by National Assembly to influence Kenya’s foreign policy from 1979 to 2002, and to assess the impact of the National Assembly on Kenya’s foreign policy from 2003 to 2014 in Kenya. The study employed two theories; realism theory and two-level game framework that attempts to analyse dynamics of parliamentary diplomacy on Kenya’s foreign policy. Descriptive research design was employed in this study. The target population was current and former members of parliament, diplomats, ministers, and other experts in the field of foreign relations. The population sample was selected using purposive sampling technique in order to select knowledgeable key informants. Data analysis entailed transcribing the raw data from recordings and in-depth interviews, coding into themes then incorporating secondary sources for a critical analysis. The study findings revealed that, beginning of Kenyatta’s regime parliament had powers bestowed to them by the constitution allowing them to have significant influence on Kenya’s foreign policy. However, during Kenyatta’s regime (1963-1978), the law did not restrict the Executive ability to conduct foreign policy without involving Parliament. Power of parliament was muted and confined to back bench debates without firm executive resolution to address issues with foreign policy implications. During Moi’s regime, it was established that parliament was under the control of the executive arm of the government, and did not resist these amendments. However, several mechanisms were used by KNA to influence foreign policy i.e. oversight visits to Embassies/Missions abroad by the Committee on Defense and Foreign Relations; contemporary forms of parliamentary diplomacy operated within informal groups; and legislation, oversight and representation to budget making and vetting public office appointees, even though with political constraints. The analysis further revealed that during Kibaki’s regime, the period was marked with optimism and renewed hopes for a better economy as well as rewriting the constitution. Promulgation of 2010 constitution redefined the power of KNA e.g. affords them with powers to leverage country’s foreign policy. More so, MPs have enhanced their role on the conduct of Kenya’s foreign policy through parliamentary committees, Speaker of the National Assembly, and visitation/representation /fact-finding missions. The study concluded that the effectiveness of parliamentary diplomacy is anchored in the 2010 constitution and there before, diplomatic relations were more of succession politics. The study recommends the need to develop an efficient and comprehensive parliamentary strategic framework which guides parliamentary diplomacy and its linkage to governmental diplomacy. There is also need to harmonize national, regional, continental and international structures of parliamentary diplomacy into a single parliamentary committee supported by competent secretariat funded by the parliamentary service commission
Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and Kenyan Sovereign Rights
(Kenyatta University, 2020-02) Ndlela, Lainah
The notion underlying the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court remains critical in the formulation of the Rome statute. Proponents of the international court claim that the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction strengthens the international criminal law regime since it intervenes in situations of international human rights violation regardless of national jurisdiction. On the contrary, the Court’s opponents claim that it diminishes national sovereignty. This claim has emerged in the context of the Court’s apparent focus on Africa. As of December 2017, twenty three cases before the International Criminal Court pertained to crimes allegedly committed in five African states, Kenya, Sudan (Darfur), Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR). This focus has led to claims that Africa has become a victim of a politicised process that ignores human rights violations in more powerful and resource rich states. Accordingly, the notion of International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction has not boarded well with most African countries, who have claimed that the Court is undermining sovereign rights. The central issue is the contestation between the scope of International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction and sovereign rights. This contestation is highlighted against the background of the indictment of former accused Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto for their alleged involvement in crimes against humanity during the 2007/8 post election violence (PEV) in Kenya. The opponents of the Court claim that by prosecuting the two, who later took the reigns of power, amounted to usurping Kenyan sovereign rights. Kenya signed the Rome statute that established the International Criminal Court on the 11th of August 1999 and ratified the same on the 15th of March 2005. With the case before the International Criminal Court, Kenya challenged the admissibility of the cases based on the complementarity principle of the International Criminal Court and raised questions of sovereign rights infringement, after failing the admissibility test This work enters into this debate by raising questions regarding the extent to which the International Criminal Court’s intervention in Kenya violated Kenya’s sovereign rights. Various views were therefore gathered from experts in international law, international relations, foreign policy makers and politicians as well as ordinary citizens through questionnaires and interview schedules. In addition to this, secondary data was obtained from books, online sources, newspapers and general public opinions in various media. The data gathered was then analysed and presented through headings and chapters. The current study established that the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and Kenyan sovereign rights has been shrouded and shaped by political feelings and political affiliations that existed during the trial period. Moreso, African countries’ emerging resistance towards the Court greatly had a bearing on how Kenya as a country and Kenyan citizens absorbed and interpreted the intervention by the Court. Further to this perceptions and feelings from those who sympathized with the accused and those who supported The Hague based Court ultimately shaped the notion regarding the sovereignty of Kenya against the intervention of the International Criminal Court
Loans Borrowing and Social Well Being of Administration Police Service Officers in Embakasi Sub County,
(Kenyatta University, 2020-04) Anzetse, Hezborn Michael
Loan borrowing is vital for corporations, and even individuals. It entails growth of individuals and companies by construction of premises, purchase of land and even the start of a business. However, even as public and private servants engage in loans borrowing at alarming rates, it is sad the way they have utilized their borrowed money. A close look at the officers, as a result of the way they have utilized the money has led to some change in their behaviour, some have had break-ups of their families while some have lost their jobs. Therefore, the researcher sought to establish whether there is a nexus between loans borrowing and the social well-being of Administration Police Officers in Embakasi Sub County, Nairobi County. Specifically, the study sought to examine the relationship between commercial bank loans and Social well-being of APS Officers; analyse the effects of SACCO loans and Social Well-being of APS Officers; determine the influence of Microfinance Institutional loans on social well-being of APS Officers and establish how social well-being of the Administration Police Officers in Embakasi sub county, Nairobi City County, is affected by the borrowing of loans. The researcher employed two theories: the theory of Banking and Lending Behaviour, and the Social Well-being theory. The study used a descriptive survey research design. The research was carried out at Embakasi Sub County which has 11 Administration Police posts, with a total population of 175 Officers. A sample size of 65 Officers was selected using stratified sampling technique. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics like the mean, mode and standard deviation. These were then presented using tables. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis and presented in prose form. Using regression analysis, the study found that commercial Bank loans had a positive relationship with social wellbeing of administration police officers. From the regression analysis, the study found that SACCO loans had a positive effect on social wellbeing of Administration Police Officers. From the regression, the study found that microfinance loans had a positive relationship with social wellbeing of Administration Police Service Officers. The study found that loan borrowing affected social wellbeing of Administration Police Service Officers positively. The study concluded that loan borrowing, as measured by bank loans, SACCO loans and microfinance loans, has a positive effect on social wellbeing of administration police officers in Embakasi sub county, Nairobi City County. The study recommends that the government should increase the loans extended to Administration Police Service Officers to rational level in order to improve their wellbeing and enhance service delivery in the service; encouragement of police officers to take SACCO loans in order to improve their wellbeing; Microfinance institutions should give loans to administration police officers in order to improve their social wellbeing; Administration police service officers should borrow loans and use them for the right purpose in order to improve their social wellbeing.
Counter-Radicalization as A Security Measure Against Terrorism in Kwale County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Abdulkadir, Ramadhan
Radicalization has become a major problem resulting to a more unstable and conflict prone world. Radicalization leads to violent extremism and the final stage is terrorism. The ease to radicalize people is as a result of marginalization in areas such as economic, social and political exclusion, fight for religious ideologies as well as human rights violations. Kenya is experiencing the major challenge of being primarily a soft target or a source of terrorism in the Horn of Africa. For Kenya to deal with the terrorism sources, counter radicalization measures need to be adopted. In this regard, the study desired to examine the effectiveness of counter-radicalization as a security measure against terrorism in Kwale County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to determine the effectiveness of community policing in fighting against terrorism, to establish the role of training programs in fighting against terrorism, to examine the role of media campaigns in fighting against terrorism and to assess the effectiveness of religious teachings in fighting against terrorism. This study employed mixed research design. The area of study was Kwale County in Kenya. Findings show that community members are aware of community policing in their locality. They are able to stop cases of radicalization before they occur. They participated in community policing at their own will. Not all community members are involved in policing. Findings also show that majority of radicalized youths are dropouts or had low level education. From the findings, media offered forums based on educating the public. The common sources of media by community members in Kwale County are use of radio. Further from the findings it was clear that religious teachings was important in restoration, peace-building, community cohesion and participation in intercultural interaction. The study concludes that community policing is a significant security measure of countering radicalization but has not been effective in Kwale County. The study also concludes that education is a very effective way of countering radicalization. The study further concludes that media campaign can be a very effective measure of countering radicalization if utilized in proper ways. The study finally concludes that religious teachings are an effective measure of countering radicalization. The study recommends that the county government should look for ways of creating jobs for the youth. The government should ensure that students complete their education since there is free primary and secondary education in the country.
Relationship Between Family Risk and Resiliency Factors and Recidivism of Petty Offenders in Kiambu Prison, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-10) Muthuri, Erastus Mutuma
Recidivism is a multifaceted problem whose cause(s) may originate from the individual or the family or the correctional facilities or the community itself. This study sought to establish the relationship between family risk and resiliency factors on recidivism of petty offenders in Kiambu prison, Kenya. The study used a correctional research design as it sought to establish the relationships that exist between the independent and dependent variables. The target population was both convicted and un-convicted prisoners in Kiambu prison as well as prison staff at Kiambu prison. Questionnaires, focus group discussions and Interviews schedules were used to collect primary data from the inmates and the prison officers serving at G.K prison at Kiambu while previous research materials and records on Kiambu prisoners were used to collect secondary information. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques were employed in the study. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically according to the research objectives while quantitative data was coded, verified and analyzed using Statistical package for Social sciences (SPSS IBM version 21.0). Correlation and regression analysis were used. The study hypothesized a correlation between family support, family interpersonal conflict and family criminality and recidivism of petty offenders in Kiambu prison. Findings revealed that most of the inmates (92.5%) had previously been convicted of other crimes prior to the current crime they are serving. This was an indication of a high prevalence of criminal recidivism among petty offenders in Kiambu prison. Furthermore, less likelihood of criminal recidivism was apparent for those inmates who received support from their families. This was also consistent for those inmates whose families experienced less interpersonal conflicts as well as those inmates whose family’s members/relatives had never been convicted for any crime before. The study found that from the responses of the prison staff, communication, training and education as well as therapeutic alternatives to punishment were effective in reducing the rate of criminal recidivism of petty offenders in Kiambu prison. The study recommends that parents and immediate family members need to enhance their social ties in helping the previously convicted members. This being a responsibility of the whole community, the study encourages the county government to secure enough social amenities to help the released inmates in securing a job or get employment skills. These facilities can be strategically set up in the Kiambu County in order to offer additional post-release support to the inmates once they are released from prison.
Community Approaches on Countering Terrorism Activities in Mombasa County - Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-11) Mambili, Dianah Tsingoyani
Terrorism has become a threat to the life of humanity in the entire world. Traditional Counter terrorism efforts have revealed the limits of military power since the efforts dispersed the threat and ideology into the community. Hence the importance of the communities in this war cannot be under estimated. This study, examined the Community approaches effectiveness in countering terrorism Mombasa County. The general objective for the study was to identify the community approaches used to counter terrorist activities in Kisauni Sub-county of Mombasa County. Specific objectives were to assess the evidence of community approaches to counter terrorist activities in Kisauni Sub-county of Mombasa County; examine the implementation of community approaches in countering terrorist activities in Kisauni Sub-county of Mombasa County. The third objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of using community approaches to countering terrorist activities in Kisauni Sub-county of Mombasa County. The study was guided by the Rational Choice theory and the Structural functionalism theory. Using the cross-sectional survey design, data was collected using questionnaires and interview guides. The study found out that terrorist activities were common in Kisauni especially public attacks and radicalization. Some of the factors contributing to the terrorist activities included Unemployment, poor planning and school dropout. Community policing, religious dialogues, public meetings and art and culture are not very effective in reducing terrorist activities. Some of the challenges facing the community approaches included: Fear of victimization, divergent religious beliefs, low participation of religious leaders in counter terrorism initiatives. The study recommends that local authorities to training and motivate the community policing agents as well as have well defined roles. Religious leaders to adopt an accommodative structure that will ensure unity and enhance religious dialogue. The government and local authorities to adapt a flexible way of engaging the community in public meetings especially on matters counter terrorism.
Refugees Camps and Security of Host Community: Case of Dadaab, Garissa County, Kenya (1991 – 2012)
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Kaboyo, Lydia Njeri; Linnet Hamasi
Refugees have been associated with perpetration of numerous security incidents in the host communities and countries. These range from perpetrating and aiding terror activities in the host country to theft and robberies within the refugee camps and the environs. Countries perceived to be allies of USA have particularly borne the brunt. Following the conflicts in the horn of Africa, Kenya has been affected in terms of security. The displacement of people, with majority crossing the common borders, has led to a refugee burden that has exerted pressure not only on the resources of the host communities but also on the security of the host countries. It has been established that refugee camps have been breeding ground of terrorism where some heinous acts such as the Westgate Mall attack in September of 2013 and DusitD2 hotel in January 2019were planned from. The high populations in the refugee camps and the porous entry routes in the camps make them easily accessible by terrorists. With the refugees moving out of the camps to areas such as Eastleigh and Kasarani in Nairobi, there have been fears that this will extend the terror networks closer to critical installations and populated areas, which are attractive to terrorists. In terms of objectives, the study sought to analyze how Dadaab refugee camp has affected the security of the host community, to examine reasons why refugee camps are preferred by insecurity perpetrators and to assess security mitigation measures to curb insecurity perpetrated through Dadaab refugee camp. The study was anchored on social disorganization theory as developed through a research conducted in Chicago by McKay and Shaw. The study used mixed design approach incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods. The target population of the study was211,701 registered refugees in Dadaab refugee camp complex. Simple random sampling was used to sample the registered refugees while purposive sampling technique was used to sample the key informants. The sample size of 150 respondents comprising of 80 males and 70 females of 18 years and above was drawn from the population using Yamane’s formula on the sample size. Sixty key informants comprising of staff of organizations dealing with refugee and the Kenya police was purposively sampled from a population of 730 staff. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents while interview guide were used to collect primary data from the key informants. Qualitative data was analyzed through thematic method and inferential statistics, while quantitative data was presented using percentages, frequency tables and charts with the help of SPSS. The study was expected to establish the link between refugee camps and security incidents in host countries. According to the findings 54% of the respondents, agreed Dadaab refugee camp has contributed towards the insecurity of its host community. Moreover, 52% of the respondents stated that the security in the refugee camp ought to be improved. Furthermore, 46.7% of the respondents stated that unemployment was a reason why terrorist prefer refugee camps. The study concluded that refugee camps contribute to insecurity of the Host Community. The study also concluded that refugees are victims of insecurity just like Kenyans. The help to combat the negative security effects of refugee camps, the study recommended: Involving the refugees in providing security information in the camps. Prompt and random crackdowns to take in to the camp refugees be a collaborated activities between the Kenyan Government and UNHCR. Additionally, all security loopholes should be looked into; proper documentation of refugees in Kenya to enable the law enforcers identifies the registered refugees. The government of Kenya through different media platforms should conduct media campaigns to sensitize the community and refugees of the obligations under the law. The study suggests that a research should be conducted on involvement of refugees and asylum seekers in fighting terrorism and insecurity.
Counter-Terrorism Strategies and Human Rights Protection in Kenya, 1998-2019
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Mutungi, Stephen Kimathi; Francis Mulu
Many counter-terrorism measures enacted by states have been criticized for violating human rights. This study sought to assess the Kenya’s counter-terrorism framework to ascertain whether the established counter-terrorism measures violate or adhere to the protection of human rights. The specific objectives focused on, firstly, to evaluate counter-terrorism strategies used by Kenyan authorities to reduce the propensity of terrorism. Secondly, to investigate the allegation of human rights violations committed during the implementation of Kenya’s counter-terrorism measures. Third, to analyze counter-terrorism strategies that can promote human rights protection in Kenya. The study used two theories. The regime theory was used to analyze the domestic and international strategies used in counter-terrorism and the theory of change approach to analyze carrot and stick measures of counterterrorism that violate human rights as well as strategies that uphold human rights protection. This study adopted an exploratory research design to assess the counterterrorism measures and alleged human rights violations in Kenya. The target population was the national security organs, counter-terrorism agencies, civil societies championing human rights protection, security enforcers and watchdog bodies. The sample of 200 respondents and informants was drawn from the National Assembly, Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, the International Federation for Human Rights, UN Counter-Terrorism Centre and Amnesty International Kenya. A stratified and purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting the respondents and informants during the study. While the respondents completed questionnaires that yielded quantitative data, the informants provided qualitative data. Collected data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative approaches and presented using simple descriptive statistics and narratives. Content, thematic and theoretical analysis was then employed. The findings of the study established that there were various stick and carrot counter-terrorism strategies used by organizations, Government and security apparatus in Kenya. These strategies are faced by a number of challenges. A number of those measures violate human rights. There are however, some counter terrorism strategies that uphold human rights. The counter-terrorism strategies that the Government can adopt in respect of human rights include youth empowerment and employment, enhance surveillance and intelligence gathering, stop renditions and use of force, proper investigations, uphold human rights and rule of law and public education, awareness and participation. The study recommends to the Government to adopt counter-terrorism strategies that promote human rights protection. Further, the study recommends that the Governments needs to create public awareness and participation in counter-terrorism strategies and introduce measures to build public confidence in its efforts to fight terrorism.
Military Installations and Their Significance to Livelihoods in Kenya: A Case of Kahawa Barracks
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Opiyo, Kelly Otieno; Linnet Hamasi
Generally, this study focused on determining how the location of military barracks has influenced the livelihoods of people living around it focusing on Kahawa barracks in Kenya. The study aims at interrogating whether the location of military installations has a role and a priority in economic development. In their growth and development, many military organizations have surpassed their mandated roles and legally took over the development of certain sectors including economic, environmental, political, and societal developments in the society. The objective of the study was to assess the role of the military in socio economic development in Kenya with a focus on Kahawa Barracks in Nairobi by assessing the economic activities coming up in the area, examining the impact of Kahawa barracks on the economy and livelihoods of the locals, assessing the challenges brought about military barracks in the area and mitigation measures.The literature review aimed at revealing the kind of interactions between the military as an institution and the local communities and how the military has incorporated social corporate responsibility in their development agenda. The study used interdependency theory and employs a qualitative research design. A sample size of 60 respondents living within the barracks and members of the local community outside the barracks was drawn from the population using interview schedules, FGDs, and observation. Data collected was assessed and analyzed qualitatively in a narrative format. The conclusion was drawn based on the findings of the study and the recommendations made. The outcome may be published for policymakers‟ reference by security organs including military commanders to promote peace through sustainable Civilian military cooperation. The study concluded that because of the large number of soldiers at Kahawa barracks, many bars, eateries, shopping outlets, vegetable shops, barbershops, little eating houses, carpentry shops, and marketplaces have been grounded in regions close to the camps to cater to the camp inhabitants. The study further concluded that many serving service members are opting to stay off the barracks close to the barracks. The study concludes that the establishment of Kahawa barracks has resulted in both negative and positive impacts. Some of the positive impacts resulting from Kahawa barracks include supporting and aiding the local communities during crisis and emergencies, enjoyment of military facilities and services by locals around, and improving the general security of the area. The negative impacts included among some conflicts that arose between Kahawa barracks personnel and local communities, which might cause grievances and injuries to either party or increased immorality in the area. The study recommends that the Defense Headquarters to take affirmative steps to mitigate the problem of encroachment into military land through zoning ordinances which ensure that development around the barracks is consistent with the military activities; building codes that address and minimize noise concerns; and real estate noise disclosure requirements that inform buyers of the conditions that exist because of the barracks. The study also recommends that there should be rules and procedures on the access to military barracks to ably reduce the number of influx into the barracks thus reducing threat, insecurity, and the number of shoppers within the barrack
Effect of Leadership Styles on Implementation of Community Policing in Isiolo County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Alice, Indimuli Ayuma; Felistus Kinyanjui
Community policing is a global endeavor that has grown to be a common inspiration in the fight against crime since 1970s. Kenya adopted this concept in 2005 as a national security strategy to enhance the public’s security, bring down criminal activities and establish favorable and safe environments. Despite this important step in combating insecurity, there seems to be little impact on the ground. The crime rate continues to be high. The implementation of the strategy has faced challenges right from the conceptualization. As such, it has not been effectively domiciled. The main purpose of the study was to assess the leadership styles and implementation of community policing in Isiolo County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were: to establish the relationship between transformational leadership style and implementation of community policing in Isiolo County, to determine the effect of transactional leadership style on implementation of community policing in Isiolo County, Kenya and to explore the effect of laissez-faire leadership style on implementation of community policing in Isiolo County, Kenya. The study utilized the Full Range Leadership Development model which describes the effectiveness or ineffectiveness as well as the frequency of exercise among organization officials. This study adopted a cross sectional survey research design in which all the Managers/leaders of community policing in Isiolo County formed the target population of 2169. Stratified and simple random sampling methods were used. The population was stratified intro strata to match the police rank and file. Simple random sampling was used to obtain the respondents from each stratum. The sample size was 139 respondents from the target population of 2169. Questionnaires, both closed and open-ended, were used in the collection of quantitative primary data while qualitative data was collected using FGD and interview schedules. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found out a positive effect of transformational leadership style and community policing implementation but a negative relationship between transactional leadership style, Laissez faire leadership style and community policing implementation. The study recommended the national community policing body in Kenya to consider carrying out seminars, trainings and conferences that would empower the senior policing officers in Isiolo County, inculcating transformational leadership.
Community Elders Involvement in Resolving Land Conflicts in Kenya: Case of Nakuru County, Kenya, 1998 –2008
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Thuranira, Robert Marete; Felistus Kinyanjui; Boniface Muoka
Since independence, land disputes have been a major source of conflict in Kenya. Land disputes have an ethnic component. Land conflicts can even arise amongst members of the same family or clan. Between 1998 and 2008, this study looked at the role of community elders in resolving land issues in Kenya, specifically in Rongai Sub-County, Nakuru County. The study's particular goals were as follows: to investigate the role played by the community elders in resolving land conflicts in Rongai Sub-County, to assess the effectiveness of community elders in resolving land conflicts in Rongai SubCounty, and to examine ways of strengthening the role of community elders in resolving land-related conflicts. The study was guided by the theory of protracted social conflict and social capital theory. Descriptive survey research design guided the study. Nakuru County was picked purposively due to the violent clashes that have occurred in the area in the past. Rongai Sub-County was randomly selected from all the sub-counties in Nakuru County. A total of 151 participants were selected out of 500 entities for the study using a simple random method. Quantitative data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires while Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) were used to collect qualitative data. Quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. This software allowed the researcher to generate the statistics which were represented in form of tables, graphs, pie charts and lastly regression. Qualitative data from IDIs and FGDs was cleaned and coded into the Nvivo Software Version 10.0 using emerging themes which identified repetition of the expressed opinions on the questions. The analysis was then done based on key patterns, insight, and associations which triangulated and validated the information. The study indicated that majority of the respondents (96%) felt that the elders played the role of offering a quick conflict resolution. Another (44%) felt that elders play a significant role in the mediation of landrelated matters. A total of 151 respondents felt that elders were effective in conflict resolution by offering a quick conflict management mechanism. On the other hand, strengthening the role played by elders included training, getting support from government administrators, joint meetings arranged by government administrators and support by the civil society in providing adequate training on conflict resolution methods. In addition to that, the roles played by elders were also supplemented by training from churches on conflict resolution pertaining land-related matters, involving school head-teachers, working with government leaders and Elders given a formal forum for resolving land-related conflict. The researcher recommended that the institutions should support elders in addressing land conflicts. The government should support community in form of official recognition and financial backing. Politicians should be urged to refrain from ethnic slamming that could lead to ethnic clashes in Rongai SubCounty foster peace within the area

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