CW-Department of Physical and Health Education

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Aerobic capacity of Kenyan Rugby Union player
(Tshwane University of Technology, 2008) Kamenju, J.W.; Wanderi, P. M.
The capacity to replenish the energy required for endurance activities is one of the important factors that determine an individual's ability to exercise for a long time without fatigue. For an individual to attain the best performance, V02 max improvement is one aspect of training that should not be ignored (Seiler, 2005). This study assessed the aerobic capacity of selected male players for three clubs taking part in 2005 Kenya Cup Rugby League. A test-retest using the multistage fitness test validated by Brewer et al (1998) was administered to predict the V02 max levels of 90 male subjects at the beginning of the league and after eight weeks training and competition. The study sought to determine whether there were differences in players' aerobic capacity between pre and posttest and if the subjects' aerobic capacity varied for different age groups. A t-test was used to assess the subjects V02 max differences between pretest and posttest, while ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in V02 by age groups. The findings indicated there was no significant difference in players' aerobic capacity between pretest and post-test. Players' V02 max at pre-test was 43.14ml/kg/min and 42.62ml/kg/min at post-test. Similarly, there was no significant difference in aerobic capacity amongst players of different age groups. It was concluded that the game upgraded to professional level to allow players enough time for training. Coaches should design
Aims and objectives of secondary school, physical education in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wamukoya, E. K.
A number of books in physical education contain various aims and objectives for physical education is schools. In order to establish the aims and objectives considered important in Kenyan secondary schools, a literature survey was done. This survey revealed a list of aims and objectives to broad and general educational objectives. The 12 most commonly mentioned aims and objectives in Kenya were then assembled in random order and both respondent school heads and PE teaches were asked to rank them in order of their respective schools' preferences from highest (1) to lowest (12). The mean score for each item and for each school head and PE teachers was then computed and comparisons made. From the survey, the aims and objecti ves ranked highly by the total sample were (1) Motor Ski II Development (2) Safety (3) Social Competence (4) Organic development and (5) Leisure Time Activities. Emotional Competence/Stability was ranked sixth (in the middle) while Self - Realisation, Creativity, Aesthetic Appreciation, MOTaI Development, Cognitive Development and Environmental Awareness were ranked lowest. Even then, it was apparent that more female school heads were inclined to rank Social Competence and Creativity on the higher side while men ranked Safety higher. However, male PE teachers highly rated the objective of Motor Skill Development, Leisure-time, Activities and Self-Realisation and gave their lowest ratings to Cognitive Development, Aesthetic Appreciation and Environmental Awareness. Female PE teachers rated highest Social Competence, Moral Development, Self - Realisation, Aesthetic Appreciation, Emotional Development, Creativity, Safety, Motor Skill Development, Organic Development, and gave their lowest ratings for Organic Development, Cognitive Development, and Environmental Awareness. Furthermore, there were some differences in the rankings of these aims and objectives according to the sex of the teachers involved. Female teachers compared to their male counterparts were inclined towards the long-term and broad-based educational outcomes such as Self-realisation, Leisure-time activities, Social competence, Moral Development, Aesthetic Appreciation, Creativity and Safety. They were more inclined to think about both the immediate and long-term objectives of physical education and were less concerned with the more traditional and specific objectives of organic development (physical fitness). An interesting observation was t hat female teachers also ranked Motor Skill Development and Organic Development higher than their male counterparts while male teachers ranked emotional Competence/Stability on the higher side than their female counterparts, respectively. However, both male and female teachers gave the middle rating (6th position) to Emotional Competence/Stability which gives an indication of the profession's moderate commitment to this objective in Kenya.
An appraisal of the Kenyan men's hockey team performance in international field hockey competition (1956 - 1996)
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Asembo, J. M.; Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W. W. S.
Although Field Hockey was introduced in Kenya at the beginning of the 20th century, her first major international competition was the 1956 Olympic Games held at Melbourne, Australia in which she was ranked 10th. The best performance by the Kenyan men's team was at the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games where the team was ranked 6th and during the World Cup tournament in Barcelona ,Spain in 1971 where she ranked 4th. Since then the team IS performance has not been impressive. The poor performance by the team is of major concern especially to a sporting nation like Kenya. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyse the performance of the Kenyan men's hockey team in international competitions from 1956 to 1996. During this period, the Kenyan men's team participated in the East African tournament (Rahim Jivraji Cup )/which she constantly won; All Africa Games' Hockey Competition (won only once -1987 ) ; Indira Gandhi Memorial Gold Cup in which her best performance has been 4th position (1992 & 1994) ;African Cup of Nations which has never won, World Cup where her best performance was the 4th ranking in 1971 at Barcelona, Spain and the Olympic Games in which Kenya represented the African Continent till 1988 when Egypt and South Africa edged her out in 1992 and 1996 respectively. A critical analysis indicated that ,Kenyan men's team performances could be classified into four periods: 1956-1971 (major achievements), 1972 -1984 (mixed luck and decline in performance),1985 -1993 (worst performance) and 1994 -1996 (some revival). Some of the factors which contributed to the impressive performances in the 1956 -1971 period included adequate finances for exposure and motivation of players, good management and administration of the sport, participation in local international tournaments and well structured league' at national level. The factors associated with poor performances in 1972 -1993 included boycott of the 1976 and 1980 Olympic Games, poor, management and administration of the sport, lack of adequate modern facilities, inferior systems of play and lac]; of exposure for players. For field hockey to develop in Kenya, there is need for development of coaching ,administration and management programmes. Effective talent identification and development programme ought to be instituted urgently. Further, the local coaches need to update their knowledge in the sport so that only qualified coaches are employed to manage the national team.
The care and maintainance of sport and recreation equipment and facilities in Kenya
(2001) Kiganjo, George M.
The purpose of this paper is outlining the proper management principles underlying the care and recreation equipment and facilities and the need to ensure continuous well- maintained equipment and facilities in Kenya. The key guiding them is whether Kenyans of African origin have a maintenance culture. The practice of caring, maintaining and repairing for the sport and recreation equipment and facilities is critically examined against the universally recognised management principles. The current state and status of sport and recreation equipment and facilities in public institutions in Kenya is used as an example to emphasize the need to re-engineer and adopt different but relevant approaches to caring and maintaining the available sport and recreation equipment and facilities. The role of sports and recreation equipment and facilities is discussed in the paper. The factors involved in the creation of the current debilitating state of sport and recreation equipment and facilities are also examined and several suggestions have been put forward to remedy this sad state of affairs. These include governance, availability of funds, efficient and effective personnel and adherence to care manuals and schedules, improvisation among many others.
Children's involvement in informal play activities in Kenya: a case of Kiambu east and Kiambu west districts
(Kenyatta University, 2010) Waithaka, E.; Kaminyo, D. M.; Wanderi, P. M.; Mweru, M.
This study was prompted by the outcry on decline of children's involvement in informal play, which is crucial for holistic development. In Kenya, studies on play have mainly focused on formal play and the area of informal play has received minimal attention. The purpose forthe study was to establish the status quo of children's involvement in informal play activities to compliment studies on formal games. The main objectives were to identify the existing informal games and to establish the impact of identified factors on frequency of preferred games. The study was based on Conflict-Enculturation Play Hypothesis, and Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory of play, in which informal play environments are viewed as micro-world levels, which are prototypes of the complex macro-world society. The literature reviewed showed that involvement in informal games is crucial for wholesome living. Descriptive study design was employed. The dependent variables were the types of games and the frequencies of children's preferred play activities. The independent variables were the available leisure time, the agents of games' transmission, types of sources of materials, and the type of teachers' participation in children's informal play. Other independent variables were gender differences and the aspects of rural versus semi-urban settings.The population of the study comprised Standard Three children from the public primary schools. Through multistage random sampling, SO%of the educational zones in each division were selected. From each of the selected lone, two primary schools were randomly sampled, making a total oftwenty-twoschools. All children in Class Three were interviewed in groups of between ten and twenty. Five boys and five girls were randomly selected for individual interviews. Observations and Interview schedules were used to collect data. The qualitative data were put into meaningful categories for descriptive interpretation. Quantitative data were statistically analysed by use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Football was the most frequently preferred game and was followed by brikicho. Games that involved physical prowess and strategy emerged as the most preferred play activities. The null hypotheses were tested at p<.OS. Pearson correlation coefficient results on the association between leisure time and frequency of preferred informal games identified a significant relationship. ANOVA tests showed significant differences in frequencies of preferred games in relation to agents of games' transmission, the sources of play materials and type of teachers' participation. Results of t-tests showed significant gender related differences in children's preferred games but there were no significant differences in relation to rural vis-a-vis semi- urban zones. Chi-square results on differences in frequencies of preferred games in relation to presence of a television set showed no significant variation. Chi square results showed that there were Significant differences between boys and girls' frequencies of preferred cooperative and competitive play activities, and there were no differences between cooperative and competitive play activities among the divisions. The study came up with recommendations for teachers, curriculum developers and further research.
Comparative Analysis of Physical Education and Sports in Primary and Secondary Schools in Kenya and Uganda: A Preliminary Study
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2004) Kadoodooba, M. A. B.
This paper examines results of a preliminary study undertaken at Kenyatta University, 'f< into the practice of physical education and sports in primary and secondary schools in Kenya and Uganda. The paper focuses on to the physical education curriculum, resources , ~ and resource mobilization for physical education in sports, and the organization of sports programmes as common elements of the schools' educational programmes. The paper describes and compares the current common practices in physical education and sports ilf the two national education systems within Eastern Africa. Scientific reasons are sought 10 explain the differences-irt practice in terms of the varying social, educational, political and economic environments of Kenya and Uganda
Effectiveness of the serve during the international at tennis federation women's circuit championship in Nairobi
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Kiganjo, M. G.; Njororai, W. W. S.
The serve is considered as the most important, frequently occurring and ultimate stroke in a tennis march. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the serve during the International tennis Federation (lTF) women's singles champions in Nairobi. The championship was played on murram courts and was organised on knockout basis. Winners and losers in 21 matches were observed using a manual charting system and a video camera. The frequency and outcome of the first and second serves were tallied in terms of no-errors/ good (e.g. in, aces and wins) and errors/ faults (e.g. out, double fault and wrong court). The direction of good serves as they landed in the service court were also recorded in terms of right, middle and let landing. Two observers who were conversant with the game of tennis and match analysis charted each match. The video-recorded matches were played to cross check the accuracy of the manual charting. Descriptive statistical . analysis using mean scores and percentage tabulation showed that aU the winning players in each match made least errors on their serves compared with the losing players. More errors were made on the first serves than on the second serves. Most serves landed in the middle of the service court than in the right and left service courts. Service errors decreased with progressive tournament stages. The outcome of this study confirmed the percentage theory in tennis that those players who make few errors eventually emerge as winners of a tennis match. It is important that the serve should not be neglected during the teaching and coaching of tennis players.
Effects of a 10 weeks aerobic dance exercise programme in managing overweight and obesity in primary school children aged 10-15 years
(2010) Kamau, J. W.; Wanderi, P. M.; Wahome, P. W.
This paper is based on the findings of a study that was conducted in 2007. The objective of the study was to establish the effects of aerobic dance exercises on overweight an d obesity among primary school children. A classic experimental design which involved an experimental group (N=48) and a control group (N=21) was used. The target population included overweight and obese pupils who were involved in the first phase of the main study. Purposive sampling procedure was used to sample out one private primary school where a high prevalence to overweight and obesity had been observed during the first phase of the main study. Both male and female pupils were used in the study. Data were collected using BMI, BIA, and skin fold calipers. The obtained data were entered in Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and then analysed using paired samples t-tests at 0.5 level of significance. The results indicated that there were significant decreases (P>0.5) in mean BMI, BIA and skin fold calipers following involvement in the 10 weeks aerobic dance exercise programme. it was therefore recommended that there be an enhancement of regular physical activities among children using school based programmes. It was also recommended that aerobic dance exercises be included in the existing primary school physical education curriculum and be practiced in the Kenyan primary schools due to its positive effect on the overweight and obesity status of the children.
Effects of physical education programme on the health of diploma teacher trainees in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Kinoti, J. W.; Njororai, W. W. S.; Kiganjo, G. M.; Asembo, J. M.
Physical education has been compulsory and examinable in Kenya's teacher education colleges at diploma level since 1980. The programme is basically geared to maintain and improve the bodily health and fitness of the learners. This study therefore, aimed at establishing the health-related fitness levels of the teacher trainees before and after an eight-week physical education programme. The sample comprised 40 first year, 40 second year and 40 third year students equally split between men and women. The variables monitored were body composition, flexibility, muscular endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Preliminary findings showed that some general improvements in the health status of the learners were noted. It is recommended that physical education be encouraged in all learning institutions for the purposes of enhancing the learners' health status
Effects of smoking on visual and auditory reaction time
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wahome, E. N.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of three different levels of nicotine (low, medium and high) on visual and auditory reaction time of twenty regular male University smokers aged 18 and 42 years. Subjects participated in three sessions with an Automatic Performance Analyzer used to record the reaction time. During the first session, the subjects were tested using low nicotine level. The second session involved the use of medium=nicotine level, while the third session consisted of the use of high nicotine level. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if a significant difference existed among the means of low, medium and high nicotine levels in both light and sound variables. Significant F-ratios of 7.48 and 3.803 were found for the light and sound variables, respectively (p< O. OS). In both variables Duncan's multiple range was used to follow up the significance. This means that three different levels of nicotine affected both visual and auditory reaction times. The medium level was found to have a faster reaction time than both low and high nicotine levels. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between the reaction time for light and sound variables. A probability value of 0.054 found was not statistically significant, which means there is some relationship between the visual and auditory reaction time scores at three different levels of nicotine i.e. the reaction time for the sound variable is faster than for light variable at all the three different levels of nicotine.
Ergogenic Aids and Performance in Sports
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Mse, Elizabeth
The use of drugs and supplements to enhance performance has become prevalent in the athletic world. Many sports administrators, team physicians and coaches are not famillar . .--- with the benefits and risks of these substances. Therefore they ate unable to educate young athletes on this topic. 111 spite of several reports on the health risks of annbolic '11" rsteroid use marly people seem to have used them. Human growth ..hormone (tfGlt) lias been used by a small percentage. Amphetamines and similar compounds may be the most widely abused drugs particularly in the game of baseball, Erythropoitein, a highly effective aerobic enhancer has lead to many deaths in cyclists and other endurance athletes. Supplements such as creatine and .. ephedrine remain unregulated by the F.ood and Drug Administration. All understanding of these products is essential for sports administrators, sports medicine practitioners, team physicians and coaches Io provide sound, safe advice to-afIl.Ietes
Factors influencing parents' choice and purchase of clothing for pre-schoolers in Kenya: implication for exercise
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Njororai, Fletcher I.; Njororai, W. W. S.
Clothing is one of the major basic needs of the human being. The type of clothing for children has a major influence on their involvement in play activities. This study aimed at establishing whether parents of pre-school children in Nairobi are aware of the children's clothing needs and identify the factors which influence their choices of children cloths. One hundred and twenty pre-school children were randomly selected from four randomly selected nursery schools in Nairobi. The parents/ guardians of the children were the respondents of the study. The sampling was done through stratified, multi stage cluster method. A questionnaire was used to elicit information and data were presented. Description among other findings, the parents considered freedom of movement and peer group approval to be of some importance, which self-help features were of least importance. Other influence, while self-help features were of least importance. Other influential factors were how well cloths fitted, their durability, and quality of manufacture. The findings have implications for exercise involvement for the children as they require clothing that allows them to play at all times including jumping, rolling, throwing, catching, sliding, among other. some of these play activities provide the foundation for the eventual sporting techniques for elite as well as recreational purposes. It is, therefore, recommended that parents be educated to take the clothes selection for their children seriously if the latter are to enjoy their play experience.
Fitness studios and health clubs in Nairobi, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wasonga, T. A.; Goodwin, Y.
In the last decade, Kenya has witnesses the emergence of fitness studios and Health Clubs. This may be attributed to the growing interests in keep fit and exercise without necessarily engaging in conventional sporting activities usually geared towards competition. A greater awareness about the relationship between exercise and health, unexpected free time and improved living, standards are some contributing factors to an increased sports involved and growth of studies and clubs. Maintaining health and losing weight through exercise has been become an obsession for some people who have leaped into the fray enthusiastically. The fitness studios and health clubs are privately and commercially run through membership subscription and pay as you methods. This has led to the marginalisation of participants making it a preserve of those who can afford the costs. Female participants out number males with participants giving varied reasons for coming to these places. The studios offer a range of facilities and activities. This paper analyses the characteristics and operations of Fitness studios and Health clubs, and the nature and motives of participants. The paper also analyses problems and offers solutions
Gynaecological implications of women's participation in sport
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wahome, E. N.; Gathua, S. M.
Until the beginning of the seventies, there were always those who maintained that athletic activities during those who maintained that athletic activities during menstruation was dangerous and damaging to health. Others observed that sporting activities during pregnancy were lethal not only to the foetus but also the mother. There were still others who believed that long distance running by girls would spoil their womanhood. This was so until a few years back when women were allowed to compete in races beyond 3000 m. Some educators were of the opinion that swimming during menstruation increased the risks of water entering the upper part of the vagina. All the above views were based on instinctive judgement without any supporting scientific evidence. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the various gynaecological implications of women's participation in sports with reference to recent research findings. The' following gynaecological phenomena are considered: normal menstruation, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoe, menorrhagia and osteoporosis, pregnancy and general well being of females in sporting activities.
Historical perspective of women's participation in sport
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wahome, E. N.
Controversies surrounding the involvement of women in sports date back to thousands of years i.e. during the time of Hummurabi and Plato there was no evidence of women's participation in organised sport, except in Ancient Sparta, which was one of the Greek City states where women exercised in squares under women trainers. The influence of asceticism and later that of scholasticism coupled with medieval concept of chivalry suppressed the participation of women in ,sport. It was not until the Renaissance period that women started participating in sport. During the seventeenth century women participated in "the gender «sport. Later the Turnverein movement, which was sponsored by Jahn and the Ling gymnastics movement accepted women into their organizational plans. Many scientific articles were presented claiming that women were biologically inferior to men and should avoid any competitive sporting events. This paper discusses those biological and biochemical differences between men and women.
The impact of east African regional cooperation on sport and physical education
(2001) Boit, Michael K.
The re-unification of the East African countries, namely Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania comes at a most opportune time when countries in Europe, Asia and Latin America are forming regional blocks to promote cultural, political and most importantly a wider market for greater economic prosperity. As for instance, the European Union, example, with a single currency, provides a testimony that in order to avert recession forging a united front directly creates a stronger economy. Sport has a significant role in the case of the East African Co-operation, Sports will provide one of the means to strengthen the friendship ties an among the three countries. This paper assesses the historical perspectives of sporting ties, in the region at colonial time and during East African Community period. With the background information, it is hypothesized that the prospect of sports under the rejuvenated and renewed co-operation will be characterized by high-tech and information revolution. In order for sports to prosper, therefore, research and development must assume a center stage. This will not be accomplished without good programmes in Physical Education and Sport science. The main responsibility of Physical Education and Sport science Departments will be the enhancement, enrichment and cultivation of knowledge of physical education instructors, sports coaches, researchers and other sports professionals. The continent of Africa has generally lagged behind when it comes to physical education and sport because sport has not been associated with economic development. This attitude will have to change because among the developed countries sport has played an important role in the process of nation building. Besides, the economic and social-political gains, sport is associated with health standards, which directly contributes to economic vibrancy. With better economy, the three nations will afford to allocate more financial resources to sport development and sports facilities. Frequent competitive matches among the three countries will certainly raise the standards and this will translate into sports excellence and more Olympic medals. In addition, the soccer teams from the region will stand better chances of playing at Continental and World Championship like the World Cup. The co-operation will, therefore, bring hope to Sports and Physical Education in the region.
Indigenous games of Africa: a call for urgent intervention
(Kenyatta University, 2010) Nteere, J. S.; Wanderi, P. M.
Since 1980s, a lot of literature on indigenous games of Africa has been written and numerous presentations and discussions on the same topic have been witnessed at major conferences. Of notable significance were the discussions and declarations made by UNESCOin 1999 at the Third International Conference of Ministers and Senior Officials Responsible for Physical Education and Sports (MINEPS III) held in Punta del Este,Uruguay, where very favorable recommendations were made. These recommendations included amongst others, a request to the member states to the UNESCOto, one, organize and support traditional games and sports; and two, facilitate participation by their countries in World Festival of Traditional Sports. With a view to facilitating this, an Intergovernmental Committee for Physical Education and Sports (CIGEPS)was formed and expected to seek global support from regional and national bodies aswell as from Non-Governmental Organizations. CIGEPSwas also mandated to contact relevant institutions in order to prepare a worldwide list of indigenous games and sports, draw up "a world traditional games policy and lead the world to an international charter on traditional games and sports". Ever since, similar calls have repeatedly been made every four years on UNESCO's organized MINEPS fora in line with this declaration. Unfortunately, it has all been more of a wishful thought. As time goes by, African indigenous games stand the danger of being lost as they continue receding with time. This paper presents a background of the indigenous games of Africa in terms of their significance as a cultural heritage. The paper further outlines the possible measures that should be undertaken urgently to institutionalize and formalize the indigenous games of Africa before they are lost forever. Procrastination in their formalization will cost the African continent a significant means to its cultural identity which if lost will never be recovered; thus calling for a fast action.
Interfaith sports for world peace
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Kweyu, W.I.; Wamukoya, E. K.
In the world of increasing fanaticism in both religion and sports followers of various. religions and members of various sects within a particular religion dismiss each other and collectively in most sportsmen and sportswomen as none serious. The religious view sport as pagan white majority of the sporting fraternity consider the former as heretics and ascetics. On the contrary, it is a fact that some rituals take a physical approach although with spiritual goals while some sports require focus and meditation when other levels of training have been achieved. It is evident in international gatherings like Hajj and Olympics that religion and sports are strong forces that can drive the world in the direction of peace and unity. This paper examines how sports can be used to enhance unity diversity in this multi-religions age.
An investigation into differences in modified stork balance abilities between experienced and nonexperienced karatekas at Kenyatta University
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Kinoti, J. W.; Njororai, W. W. S.
Karate is a martial art sport whose main objective is to develop techniques and tactics for self-defence without the use of weapons. The ability to balance determines how well an individual can perform in this sport. The body's balance is maintained at the hip, where the a mass of the body is concentrated. A one-show case study was carried out on twelve experienced and twelve non-experienced make karatekas. The subjects performed the modified stork balance test. The two group compared and data descriptively presented. Among other findings, it was established that the experienced karatekas had a mean balance of 111.42 seconds compared to the 58.08 seconds for noble the non-experienced group. The ttest techniques indicated that there was a difference in balancing abilities in favour of experienced karatekas. It was evident that the more one engages in the sport the more one becomes competent in balancing abilities. Training and persistent practice are, therefore, vital if athletes are to improve balancing ability.
Investment Priorities in Leisure, Recreation and Sports and it's Impact on the Spread of HIV/AIDS in Nairobi Province
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Muniu, R. K.
Participation in sports comes to an abrupt end on the completion of high school. This can be attributed to lack of facilities and motivation. Some researchers have attributed this to lack to increased HIV/AIDS infections. Investors in Leisure and Recreation find it cheaper to put up bars and night clubs as.a quick return on their capital. This offer passive entertainment such as alcohol consumption and dancing. To keep the customers from learning Sex is increasingly portrayed as desirable as the alcohol takes effect. This offers an explosive stage for promiscuity and therefore HIV/ AIDS infection. This paper alms at examining this disparity in investment and promotion of active sporting and recreational facilities and its impact on the spread HIV/AIDS.

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