RP-Department of Recreation Management & Exercise Science

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The effect of the offside rule abolition on selected offensive actions, fouls and injuries in field hockey
(1998) Asembo, J.M.; Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W.W.S.
The offside rule in Field Hockey was abolished recently by the International Hockey Federation Rule Board (FIHRB). It was assumed that this would shift the balance of power from the defenders to the strikers. Thus, the present study aimed at assessing the effect of this rule change on the technical - tactical factors infield hockey. Twenty eight (28) matches (25%) of the total 112 matches played during the 1995/96 Kenya National Hockey league were randomly sampled (14 before and 14 after offside rule abolition) for this study. The matches were independently observed by two experienced observers who viewed un-edited-pre-recorded video tapes and recorded fouls, crosses, penalty corners, corners, penalty flicks, injuries, attempts at goal and goals scored. Only the actions between the opponents' goal line and the 25-yard line were observed. In relation to injuries, only those that led to temporary stoppage of the game or to substitution of the injured player were registered. The data was analysed descriptively. Among other findings, it was observed that there were more fouls (50.78%), penalty flicks (61.90%), corners (55.09%), injuries (60.90%), attempts at goal (55.17%), goals (57.52%), but crosses (46.91%) and penalty corners (49.07%) decreased with the abolition of the offside rule. The winners had a higher number of all match actions observed compared to losers both before and after the rule abolition. Similarly, more actions were observed in the second half as compared to the first half of matches both before and after the abolition of the offside rule. The findings of this study showed that the abolition of the offside rule made the game more offensive, hence more goals were scored in the matches observed.
Sport Education: Ideology, Evidence and Implications for Physical Education in Africa
(Taylor & Francis, 1998) Shehu, Jimoh
In recent years a neo-liberal sport education paradigm has sought to refurbish traditional physical education frameworks and operative rules. This paper subjects the sport education model to critical scrutiny and deconstruction. It is argued that this model deserves attention because it places the ethics and logic of secondary school physical education on shifting sands. More importantly, it has hegemonic implications for physical education praxis in African schools.
Academic performance of kenyan secondary school athletes and non-athletes
(AFAHPER-SD, 1999) Rintaugu, E.G.; Akpata, D.O.
This study investigated the relationship between participation in competitive sports and academic performance of secondary school students in Kenya. It was hypothesized that athletes will have better academic performance than non-athletes. Gender, type of school, social economic status (SES), Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (K.C.P.E.) marks and participation in competitive sports were used as independent variables, while academic performance was regarded as the dependent variable. Data were collected from 490 subjects randomly selected from 15 secondary schools within Nairobi Province of Kenya. Questionnaires, interviews and school records were used for data collection. Data were analysed through MANOVA and Tukey H.SD. tests. Findings revealed that athletes consistently performed better than non-athletes. It was also found that SES, K.C.P.E. and type of school correlated positively with academic performance while sex did not. It was recommended that competitive sports be emphasized in secondary schools because it is not detrimental to academic performance.
Sport s as means of preventing conflicts in institutions of higher learning
(Kenyatta University, 2001) Onywera, Vincent; Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W.W.S.
Conflicts in Institutions of Higher Learning have been a disturbing phenomenon for many years. Colleges and Universities in many parts of East Africa have experienced problems associated with student riots and demonstration. Conflicts are known not only to be expensive to institutions of learning in terms of time, money and inconvenience, but also to the learners, sponsors and other stakeholders in education. A lot of effort has been put in place to eradicate this menace in the education sector, yet student unrest continues to be on the rise. More concerted effort needs to be put in place to eradicate this problem. Sport has certain unique values that can help learners enjoy their leisure time. Sport is a human activity that involves specific administrative organisation and a historical background of rules, which define the objective and limit the pattern of human behaviour. It involves competition or challenge and a definite outcome primarily determined by physical skill. Through participation in sports; students release emotions, experience success, socialize, control behaviour and affirm identity. Therefore if institutions of learning took sport seriously, putting rules and regulations to ensure that all students engaged in sport as an agent for change and development, cases of student riots and demonstrations might be controlled.
Analysis of acute injuries incurred by players in the preliminary phase of the 2001 Moi golden cup soccer tournament in Kenya
(2001) Onywera, V.O.; Njororai, W. W. S.; Mwisukha, A.
Irrespective of the nature, cause and mechanism, injuries are a serious hazard in many sports. Injuries hamper the players' performance both in training and competition, disrupt the ,. conditioning process arid) thus preventthem from realizing their playing potential. However, with surveillance of injuries, preventive, treatment and rehabilitation measures can be formulated. This study investigated injuries that led either to a temporary stoppage of the game and/or substitution of a player during the preliminary phase of the 2001 Moi Golden Cup Soccer Tournament in Kenya A total of 15 matches were played in the preliminary phase, Three independent research assistants who recorded the injuries in a protocol sheet observed each match. Forty-three (43) injuries were registered during this phase. The majority of the injuries affected soft tissues (67.8%). The most serious injuries were dislocations and fractures. The lower part of the body suffered more injuries occurred in the offensive part of the field (44.2%). The majority of injuries affected attackers (44.2%) as compared t defenders and mid fielders. The home team suffered more injuries (61.4%) compared to the away team. The loosing team recorded more injuries (51%) than the winning team. Given that most of the injuries were caused by opponents, it is recommended that team officials emphasize the use of protective gear as well as effective physical conditioning of their respective team players. There is also need to replicate the study on more comprehensive scales at international levels.
Effects of physical education and sports program on deaf pupils health-related fitness: a case of Kaaga school for the deaf
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Nkatha, R. H.
In this study, the health-related fitness levels of the deaf primary school pupils who participated in an eight week Physical Education and Sports program were measured using the American Alliance for Health,Physical Education, Dance and Recreation Physical Best Test. Kaaga School for the Deaf was purposely selected for the study. The sample comprised pupils in classes five, six and seven. A pre- and post-test design was used A pre-test was carried out two weeks after opening school and a post-test eight weeks later, at the end of the treatment period The dependent variables included low back flexibility, abdominal strength-endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, percent body fat and upper body strength-endurance. The findings on the health-related fitness status of the participants showed that they had a lower fitness level during pre-test as compared to post-test. The study also established that in cardiorespiratory endurance and abdominal strength-endurance, boys performed better than girls. In low back flexibility, both girls and boys demonstrated an improvement at all ages. Results show that the deaf children's health- related fitness is "improved by the Physical Education and Sports Program and indicates that the program could be used for the purposes of enhancing the deaf children's health status at all levels of the education system.
Life at Kyambogo University: implications for health and quality of life for the community
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Wamukoya, E. K.
This paper is a response to a meeting with the Medical Officer in-charge of the Medical Centre, Health Staff, Wardens, Sport Science Department Staff and Union representative of Kyambogo University. In the meeting, concern was raised over the increasing cases of stress, sexuality, hypertension, over-weight and other cardiac related problems amongst students, staff and the community around Kyambogo University. In the paper, therefore, the author examines the various determinants of healthy living and makes suggestions for the improvement and maintenance of the quality of life for the community.
Self-distinction and group consciousness as motives for Adoption of facial appearance among elite male soccer Players
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Omotayo, O. O.; Ikhioya, O. S. A
This paper focused on the motives for adoption of facial appearance - hair styles, facial make up and facial adornments which is now commonly exhibited among elite male soccer players in Nigeria and which tend to complement acceptable dress code in the game of soccer. The paper focused on players' facial appearance in terms of their mindset using indices such as self-distinction and group consciousness. The study sample was one hundred and thirty two male soccer players who are employed to play professional soccer division 1 and 11clubs. The questionnaire was the main instrument used in data collection while descriptive statistics was utilized in data analysis with chi - square enabling inferences to be made. Study revealed that the need for self-distinction was a determinant for the adoption of facial appearance among elite soccer players.
Aerobic capacity and need for its assessment amongst athletes: the case Of Kenyatta University soccer players
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Njororai, W. W. S.; Kamau, J. W.; Wanderi, P. M.
This paper is based on a study conducted with the aim of assessing the aerobic capacity levels of the soccer players in Kenyatta University using the Multistage Shuttle Run Test. The sample comprised eighteen soccer male players who were aged between 20- 25 years. The subjects were grouped into defenders (9), midfielders (5), strikers (2) and goalkeepers (2) and then put on the graded exercises using the shuttle run. The predicted aerobic capacity value was read against the number of shuttles a subject completed at a particular level which signified his endurance capacity. Data collected were statistically analysed by use of the dependent 't'-test and results presented with use of tables. The results indicated increased aerobic capacity values of all players between the pre-test and post-test. The results were also a good indicator of how aerobic capacity varies with players' positional roles in the game of soccer justifying the need to departmentalise the training in order for the players to get role specific aerobic capacity in line with their positional roles and functions on the field of play.
Contributions of sports towards national development in Kenya
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W.W.S.; Onywera, V.O.
After the attainment of independence from colonial rule in 1963, the priority issues on which the post-colonial Kenya Government focused its attention was eradication of poverty, improvement of healthcare facilities and expansion of education. National development plans in thefirst decade therefore addressed these three main issues. At that time, sport did not feature as a facet to development. Though people participated in sports, this was to a less extent and was generally regarded as pastime activity. In addition, sports were regarded as an activity for children in schools. In the 1960 's, some athletes who excelled in major international competitions provided the impetus for increased interest and participation in sports by Kenyans from all walks of life. Consequently, many sports federations and organization to manage and administer various sports disciplines wereformed and registered by the Government. At this moment in the history of Kenya, there has been tremendous development of sports. Its popularity has stemmed from the understanding of the Government and the people of Kenya of the role of sports as a vehicle for national development. Indeed, the contribution of sports towards social, economic, cultural and political development of Kenya has been immense. Unfortunately, there has been no documentation of the important role of sports in Kenya's development. The present paper therefore presents an overview of the status of sports in Kenya, the achievements attained and an elaboration on tangible contributions that sports has made towards the development of the nation. It is hoped that the information will provide some ideas and lessons that could benefit other countries of the world in their efforts to develop mass sport.
Children and sports injuries-implications for prevention
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Onywera, V.O.
This paper gives an overview of the most common sports injuries that affect children and implications for the prevention of such injuries. The paper explains soft tissue injuries that are the most common injuries in children, the causes of the injuries and how to protect children against sports injuries. Based on the factors above, some conclusions are thereafter given at the end of this write up.
Exploratory study of the home advantage factor in profesional soccer players' goal scoring
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Omotayo, O. O.
The study investigated the goal scoring abilities of professional league soccer players in Nigeria with a view to identifying the home advantage factor. All goals scored in the first twenty nine (29) weeks of the league competition were collated and analyzed with simple percentages and t-test statistical procedure for related measures. The result showed significant differences in the goal scoring ability of the professional players at home matches and matches played away from home. The result confirmed the potency of home advantage factor in goal scoring ability of the professional league players.
A fitness evaluation of a college soccer team during preparation for a national tournament
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Njororai, W.W.S.
Preparation of teams for competitions is increasingly under the spotlight. Such preparations have to incorporate appropriate scientific principles of coaching if performance is to be optimized The purpose of this study was to establish if there was any significant improvement in the selected physical fitness components of players after an eight week period of training. Sixteen soccer players were subjected to training while preparing for a national competition. The testing on the components of cardio-respiratory endurance (12 min. run/walk), speed (50 m-dash), leg power (vertical jump), abdominal strength (bent leg sit-ups), and flexibility (sit-and-reach) was done in the 2nd and ¢h weeks of the training period The data collected was descriptively analysed and the dependent 't '-test used to determine the significance of the difference between the pre- and post-test means. The findings showed a significant improvement in the cardio-respiratory endurance, speed, abdominal strength, while the improvement in the leg power and flexibility was not significant. It was concluded that the load administered did not elicit improvement in all the fitness components tested due to the competition oriented training which failed to target all the fitness components given the short period of training prior to competition.
Influence of parents’ socio-economic status on selected Kenyatta university students type of sports Participation
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Rintaugu, E.G.
The relationship between social economic status and participation in competitive sports has historical antecedents. Thus, the purpose of thispaper was to establish the influence of parental SES on participation in competitive sport of university athletes. Data was collected through questionnaires from 150 randomly selected athletes as Kenyatta University. Data was analyzed through chi-square test of independent measures. Findings revealed that 86.66% of the athletes did not participate in sport while in primary school but their participation in sport begun in secondary school. Athletes with upper class background dominates in the "culture-intensive games" while middle and lower classes are over represented in the "cultural-neutral games". It is recommended that there is need to provide sports infrastructure to primary schools and parents should socialise their siblings into sport on the basis of talent and not status quo.
Health-related lifestyles of clients of Kenyatta a university health and Recreation centre
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Njororai, W. W. S.; Mwisukha, A.; Onywera, V.O.
The World Health Organization and the International Federation of Sports Medicine recommend that daily physical activity should be accepted as a major aspect of a healthy lifestyles. However, a healthy lifestyle involve more than just being active. This study therefore set out to establish the lifestyle patterns of the fitness clients of the Kenyatta University Health and Recreation Centre. A total of 81 members were given questionnaires to fill and return. Out of the 81 only 55 that were satisfactorily completed were used. The questionnaire- sought information pertaining to the clients gender, demographic details, lifestyles, exercise habits, diet, smoking and drinking. Data was treated with percentages and Chi-Square Goodness - of- Fit as necessary. The results arranged in twelve tables led to conclusions that the lifestyles of the clients in the fitness programs at the Kenyatta University Health and Recreation Center were varied. This is an indication that it is appropriate to design programs that are individualized so as to meet the unique interests and needs of the participants.
Knowledge about HIV/AIDS of college athletes in Kenya
(International Council for Health Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance, 2003) Rintaugu, E.G.
This study investigated sexual risk taking behaviors, perceptions of risks, condom uses, and know ledges of modes of transmitting and preventing HIV /AIDS among athletes. Data were collected through questionnaires from randomly selected athletes (M=48, F=64) from Kilimamogo Teachers College (Kenya). Data were analyzed with chi square and Students t-tests. Findings revealed no significant differences between these male and female athletes on know ledges of sexual risk taking behaviors, condom uses, perceptions of risks, and know ledges on modes of transmitting and preventing HIV/AIDS. Findings also indicated these athletes did not perceive themselves to be at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS, and had inadequate know ledges about sexual risk taking behaviors, condom uses, and modes of transmitting and preventing HIV /AIDS. Recommendations included coaches providing information about HIV/ AIDS, and health care facilities be available to athletes to test for HIV.
The characteristics of an ideal physical education teacher
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Njororai, W.W.S.
The process of teaching and learning involves the interaction of the teacher, learner and content. Teachers, however, assume the leadership role which facilitates the learner to acquire the knowledge as well as skills in Physical Education. Basing on a situation specific leadership theory, this paper argues that despite the many demands that are brought to bear on the teacher-learner interaction process. This study sought to establish the Physical Education under-graduates' perception of the ideal teacher. From the many characteristics, the highly rated characteristics were identified including ability to communicate ideas, thorough knowledge matter, knowledge of subject matter, high standards of honesty and integrity knowledge of child psychology and ability to gain respect and confidence of pupils, among others. It was therefore recommended that the teacher preparation process targets those elements that are likely to enhance the teachers' standing in the ~es of the learners thusfacilitating a good delivery service. Further research on more comprehensive levels is recommended in order to make the teacher training process more relevant to turning out teachers who are best suited for the demands of the job, the learners as well as the community.
Effect of social status and sex on levels of aspiration In motor performance
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Omotayo, O. O.; Nkatha, H.
The study was carried out primarily to investigate into the effect of social Class on the level of Aspiration of boys and girls of ages 10 and 11years. As there were two independent variables at two levels each, and a dependent variable, the 2 x 2factoral design was used. The data collected from the 180 subjects were analyzed using the 2 - way ANOVA. The result of the study showed that social class did not significantly affect subjects' level of Aspiration in the motor activity. The result does not suggest an interaction of the two independent variables of the study. It was concluded upon therefore, that level of Aspiration could be determined by other factors like sex, personality disposition, reinforcement etc., all of which find support in related research findings.
Streamlining the selection process of sports teams: a presentation of valuable tips
(Kenyatta University & KAHPER-SD, 2003) Mwisukha, A.; Omotayo, O. O.; Rintaugu, E.G.
The personnel charged with the responsibility of managing the technicalfacets of sports must never escape from the task of formulating and implementing a team selection format that produces the most desired athletic performance. The inevitable desire to achieve the highest performance, set new records and win the highest honours in Sports competitions creates the need to avail the most effective mechanism of selecting the best and outstanding sportsmen and sportswomen for competition. Crucial to the selection process is the requirement for high standards of professionalism and objectivity that ensures that only those sportsmen and sportswomen who rightly deserve placers) in a given team or competition are accorded the chance (s). The task and process of selecting the "best" team(s), unfortunately, has never been easy Team selection has often been a controversial issue. It has not been uncommon to hear of and also witness cases of animosity, suspicions and even court cases relating to selection procedures employed by some of the national sports federations in Kenya, and in many other countries of the world This paper presents some valuable ideas that will assist in streamlining team selection procedures and formats and minimize some of the controversies that often arise whenever sportsmen and sportswomen are selected for local and/or international sports competitions.
The Impact of Colonial Physical Training Syllabi on the Development of Physical Education and Sport in Nigeria with Particular Reference to 1933 Syllabus.
(East African Journal of Physical Education, Sports Science, Leisure and Recreation Management, 2003) Ladani, B. A.; Mwisukha, A.
The partition of Africa and the finding of the River Niger brought Nigeria under British rule. This paper examines British Physical Training syllabus in Nigeria and their impact on the development of sports in the country. The paper identified the three British Physical Training syllabi and examined each one of them. The syllabi were the 1918, 1927 and 1933 editions. From the examinations of each of the syllabi, it was found that the 1918 and 1927 syllabi made no significant contributions to the development of Physical Education or sports in the country because of their military nature. However, it was discovered that the 1933 Physical Training syllabus was the best and the activities that were included prepared children for competitive sports, and the formations for the performance of the activities were all shown through Empire Day Celebrations

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