RP-Department of Recreation Management & Exercise Science

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Online Sports Betting and Demographic Factors' Effects on Student-Athletes’ Mental Health
(IPRJB, 2024-05) Gathoni, Ndung’u Benson; Munayi, Simon; Wanjira, Janet; Apaak, Daniel; Amakye, Eans Kwako
Purpose: The objective of the study was to determine how the interaction between the volume of online sports betting and the demographic factors affects how student-athletes perceive the repercussions on their mental health. Methodology: Cross-sectional survey research was used for this study. Thirty-eight universities both public and private were sampled. Self-reporting questionnaires, key interview schedules and an observation plan were all used by the researcher. With the help of the SPSS version 25 programme, the data were coded and examined. Testing the impact of demographic factors on the connection between dependent and independent variables involved regression analysis with an interaction effect. The link between the independent variables was investigated using correlation analysis. Data was presented in form of tables and figures. Findings: The findings demonstrate a substantial and positive correlation between the level of gambling and mental health (r = 0.411, P>0.0001). The findings of the regression of coefficients showed a positive and significant relationship between the severity of gambling and students' mental wellness (r = 0.576,P>0.0001). The R1 Squared value was greater than 0.169 (without interaction) at 010.731 (with demographic factors interaction). The interaction impact of the demographic parameters was significant (p-value = 0.012). Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This suggests that the association between the intensity of gambling and mental wellness is significantly influenced by the combination of demographic factors. According to study, regular bettors are more likely to attempt or commit suicide because they are more prone to feel anger, rage, and guilt after suffering significant losses. Particularly when students are under stress, this is true. Online sports betting has also been linked to high levels of addiction, just like alcohol, drugs, and items related to smoking.
Determinants of corporate sponsorship award opportunities for Soccer Premier League clubs in Kenya
(aj, 2022) Kisaka, Thomas Mboya; Andanje, Joseph Mwisukha; Rintaugu, Elijah Gitonga
Corporate sponsorship is a common phenomenon in major soccer leagues worldwide. Studies in the area of sports sponsorship decision-making have been done from a global context but lack focus on a particular sport or a major soccer league. Little empirical evidence has emerged in the area of sport sponsorship decision-making factors. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors considered by corporate organizations in availing sponsorship to clubs in the Kenya Premier League. The study determined the influence of team-based, country-based and environmental-based characteristics on corporate organizations’ decisions to sponsor, the first of its kind to be done on the Kenya Premier League. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from six corporate sponsors of community-based, privately-owned and military-based clubs in the Kenya Premier League 2018/2019 season, as well as club chairmen and treasurers. Interviews were also conducted on the managers and assistants of marketing/sales departments of the corporate sponsors. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics to rank the sponsorship factors in their order of importance. Regressions were done to test the hypotheses. The data obtained through interviews were sorted out according to the objectives and presented in a narrative form. The study revealed that team-based factors had the highest significant effect on sponsorship decisions, followed by country-based then environmentalbased factors
Association between Dietary Behaviours and Weight Status of School Children: Results from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) -Kenya
(Tylor and Francis, 2021) Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Muthuri, Stella; Ochola, Sophie; Onywera, Vincent; Tremblay, Mark
Background: Sub-Saharan African countries are undergoing rapid urbanization resulting in vast changes in dietary habits. Dietary practices involving excess energy intake have been associated with overweight/obesity. We assessed the dietary behaviour of children and their relationships with weight status. Methods: Data was collected in Kenya, as part of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). The study recruited 563 children aged 9–11 years from 29 schools in Nairobi. A seven-day food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Dietary behaviours such as consumption of breakfast, school lunch, meals prepared/eaten away from home, emotional eating and snacking while watching television were also assessed. Body mass index (BMI-for-age and sex) was used as the indicator of weight status. Results: Of the sample, 53.5% were girls; 20.8% were classified as overweight/ obese; 72.9% ate meals out of home regularly; 55.2% ate lunch provided by the school; and only 76% had breakfast on all weekdays. Eating more when happy, eating fried foods while watching television, and consumption of vegetables were positively associated with BMI. Majority of overweight children were female (56.6%) and the type of school attended predicted BMI, F(6, 536) = 18.371, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.171. BMI was negatively associated with consumption of cakes/pastries (χ2 = 14.7, V = 0.165, p = 0.023), potato crisps (χ2 = 21.6, V = 0.197, p = 0.003), and fast foods (χ2 = 13.5, p = 0.036). ANOVA results revealed no significant differences in the consumption of foods with BMI except for vegetables (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Children have healthy diets rich in fruits and vegetables and low in energy-dense foods. Also, less healthy diets were observed in children with lower BMI. There is need for interventions targeting the overweight/obese children, particularly those of higher SES.
Parental-Perceived Home and Neighborhood Environmental Correlates of Accelerometer measured Physical Activity among School-going Children in Uganda
(Plos Global Public Health, 2021) NakabazziI, Bernadette; Wachira, Lucy-Joy M.; Oyeyemi, Adewale L.; Ssenyonga, Ronald; Onywera, Vincent O.
The benefits of physical activity (PA) on children’s health and well-being are well established. However, many children do not meet the PA recommendations, increasing their risk of being overweight, obese, and non-communicable diseases. Environmental characteristics of homes and neighborhoods may constrain a child’s ability to engage in PA, but evidence is needed to inform country-specific interventions in understudied low-income countries. This study assessed the associations between parental-perceived home and neighbourhood, built environment characteristics, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among children in Kampala city, Uganda. In this cross-sectional study, data were obtained from 256 children (55.5% girls) aged between 10 and 12 years and their parents. Children’s MVPA was measured using waist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers. The environments were assessed using a valid self-reported parent survey. Linear regression models with standard errors (clusters) were used to analyze the relationship between environmental variables and children’s MVPA. Sex-specific relationships were assessed using sex-stratified models. Play equipment at home (β = -2.37, p <0.001; unexpected direction), residential density (β = 2.70, p<0.05), and crime safety (β = -5.29, p <0.05; unexpected direction) were associated with children’s MVPA. The sex-specific analyses revealed more inconsistent patterns of results with a higher perception of land use mix associated with less MVPA in girls (irrespective of school type attended), and higher perceptions of sidewalk infrastructure (β = -12.01, p <0.05) and walking and cycling infrastructure (β = -14.72, p <0.05) associated with less MVPA in girls attending public schools only. A better perception of crime safety was associated with less MVPA among boys and girls attending private schools (β = -3.80, p <0.05). Few environmental characteristics were related to children’s MVPA in Uganda, and findings were largely inconsistent, especially among girls. Future studies are needed to understand the ecological determinants of health-related PA behaviors among children in Uganda.
Editorial: Addressing the Impact of Urbanization on Health and Well-Being in African and Asian Cities
(SAP, 2022) Darko, Regina Akuffo; Mwangi, Jane; Wachira, Lucy-Joy
This study aimed at determining PE student-teachers’ intention of including SWDs in practical PE lessons in Ghana. The study involved student-teachers from two universities that train physical education teachers in Ghana. The study used sequential mixed-method design with a sample of 152 level 300 student-teachers selected using the purposive sampling technique. Student-teachers’ intentions, outcome of intention (behavioural beliefs and perceived control beliefs) as well as predictors of intention to include SWDs were ascertained using the Attitude towards Teaching Individuals with Physical Disabilities in Physical Education (ATIPDPE) instrument. The results indicated that student-teachers’ intention to include SWDs was positive however they had anticipated fear rooted from the inadequacy of their training programme and perceived fear of lack of support in terms of equipment and facilities for effective inclusion. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that perceived behavioural control belief predicted 14.0% of variance in intention than behavioural beliefs did. This study concludes that student-teachers have positive intention to include SWDs in their PE practical lessons. It is recommended that university coursework in Adapted Physical Education and Special Education should be modelled in line with inclusion principles and practices to help student-teachers to frequently reflect on their beliefs and intentions of teaching SWDs in practical PE lessons.
Perception of Players on the Coach Competence and Team Performance in the Kenyan National Soccer and Volleyball Leagues
(CARI, 2023-11) Mucheke, Charles; Nicholas, Bailasha; Waiganjo, Luka Boro
Purpose: The purpose of the study examine whether perception of players on the coach competence predict team performance in the Kenyan national soccer and volleyball leagues. Methodology: The study adopted Cross-Sectional survey design. The target population for the study included players and in the Kenyan soccer and volleyball national leagues in the 2020/21season. The population of the study was 878 players from the 53 teams including 288 females in the 16 teams of 18 players, and 168 males in the 12 teams of 14 players and 98 females in the 07 teams of 14 players in volleyball respectively. The study included players who were consistent in the respective leagues for the immediate last five years. The coaches and players were both male and female. The study used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 22) for data analysis. Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact test were used. Findings: Results above showed that soccer players perception on training and instruction had no significant effect on team ranking (P=0.000). In addition, volleyball players perception on training and instruction had no significant effect on team ranking (P=0.000). In addition, soccer players perception on democratic behaviour had no significant effect on team ranking (P=0.354). Further, volleyball players perception on democratic behaviour had no significant effect on team ranking (P=0.095). Further soccer players perception on autocratic behaviour had a significant effect on team ranking (P=0.000). Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study focused on the Kenyan national leagues which are composed mainly of African race players. There is need to conduct a similar study in other leagues like in North Africa and middle east which consists of players mainly of Arab race, Asian continent which consists of players of Asian descent and the European and American leagues composed of players of mixed descents including the Negroid, Caucasoid and the Mongoloids
The impact of artificial intelligence on adventure education and outdoor learning: international perspectives
(Routledge, 2023) North, Chris; Hills, David; Maher, Pat; Farkić, Jelena; Zeilmann, Vinicius; Waite, Sue; Takano, Takako; Prince, Heather; Gurholt, Kirsti Pedersen; Muthomi, NKatha; Njenga, Daniel; Karaka-Clarke, Te Hurinui; Mackenzie, Susan Houge; French, Graham
This is a composite article which brings together the international perspectives of the editorial board of the Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning to explore the impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) on the field of adventure education and outdoor learning (AE/OL). Building on the AE/OL profession’s response to the impacts of COVID-19 on outdoor and environmental education in 2020, this article includes authors from 10 countries including Australia, Brazil, Canada, England, Japan, Kenya, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, and Wales. The statements discuss the impacts and opportunities of AI for the AE/OL professions, researchers, the nature of being in and with the outdoors, and Indigenous knowledges. The intention of this article is not to present a definitive summary of the state of the profession, but to provide examples of the ways in which diverse people are responding to the challenges and opportunities of AI. By sharing these views, and identifying some commonalities, we hope that AE/OL educators, practitioners, researchers and managers can creatively and cautiously seize the opportunities of this technological revolution.
Factors influencing brand loyalty in sportswear among Kenyan university students: the case of swimmers
(scientific research publishing, 2012) Kinuthia, Lydia N.; Mburugu, Keren G.; helen N.; Muthomi, Helen N.; Mary, Mwihaki
The increase and retention of loyal customers has become a factor for long-term success of enterprises. However, the major emphasis is shifting from increasing the number of customers to retention of the same. Sports cannot be as a strategic and an important market segment in the Kenya’s clothing industry. With brands being an important source of competitive advantage, knowledge of factors influencing brand loyalty in sports wear is needed in order for a business to strategize on how to remain competitive in the market. However, very little research has focused on the brand loyalty of the sports clothing. This study focuses on the factors influencing the brand loyalty of swimwear among Kenyan University students. The paper also sought to identify the most used brands among the sports students. The sample comprised of students who participated in Kenyan University Sports (Swimming) competitions held in 2009 at the University of Nairobi. The study design used was ex-post-facto and the data collected using a questionnaire. Factor analysis was conducted to reduce the variables into fewer components. Pearson correlation was used to test the hypothesis that the Price and Variety; Uniqueness of Brand; Attractiveness; Ads and Product Quality; Size and Brand Reputation have no relationship with brand loyalty of swimwear among Kenyan university swimmers. The results indicate Price and Variety; Attractiveness; and Size and Brand Reputation as factors with a significant relationship with brand loyalty, while Speedo was the most preferred brand. There is need for dealers in swimwear to focus on prices, provide a variety of designs, be keen on attractiveness and size as well as invest more in ways to increase brand reputation.
Evaluation of General and Sport Nutrition Knowledge of Nairobi County Fitness Instructors
(IJRISS, 2023) Wanjira, Janet Kamenju; Muhalia, Janet Chumba; Thangu, Edna Katiwa
Physical training and nutrition are inseparable, given their shared effects on health, fitness, and performance outcome. This relationship makes gym trainers a de facto player in nutritional counseling despite evidence of their low proficiency on the subject. In developed countries, gym trainers are highly regulated, and their roles, particularly in dietary practice, are dictated by the scope of their training. In Kenya (a developing country), gym trainers are hardly regulated, and their nutrition knowledge is unknown and undocumented, yet anecdotal evidence shows they are practicing it. Therefore, the overall aim of the study was to evaluate the general and sports nutrition knowledge of Gym instructors in Kenya. An invitation to participate in a survey was done with gym instructors participating in fitness course at the University of Nairobi. Twenty gym instructors (10 males and 10 females) nutritional knowledge was assessed using Fuber Robert’s general and sports nutrition knowledge questionnaires. The general and sports nutrition knowledge of Nairobi gym instructors was found to be inadequate 36.8% (95% CI: 7.4, 66.6), but they showed moderate knowledge in proteins (53.3%; 10.7) and fats (48.5%; 9.7). Poor sporting performance and supplementation knowledge were recorded (32.1%; 6.4). Nairobi female gym instructors demonstrated a consistently low general and sports nutrition knowledge in all the nutrition domains compared to their male counterparts, 33.6% (95% CI: 0.0, 75.1) and 39.6% (95% CI: 0.0, 82.5), respectively. Conscious efforts, including availing nutrition education resources, are needed to enhance the nutritional knowledge of Kenya gym instructors.
Sports Stressors and Academic Performance of Student-Athletes in SelectedColleges of Education in Ghana
(BJMAS, 2023) Agortey, Julius Jerry
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sports stressors and academic performance of student-athletes in selected colleges of education in Ghana. The study was guided by two (4) specific objectives: (a) To assess the influence of sporting stress on the academic performance of student-athletes in Colleges of Education in Ghana; (b) To compare the GPA of student-athletes in the year of competitive sports and the year of no competitive sports in the Colleges of Education in Ghana and (e) to recommend ways of managing stress to enhance student athlete’s academic performance. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design, in which both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The study was conducted in Ghana. Simple random sampling was used to select student-athletes while purposive sampling was used to select tutors. The target population for this study was 12 tutors and 768 student-athletes in six (6) Ghana Colleges of Education. The total sample size for the study was 335 (12 tutors & 323 students-athletes). The instruments for data collection were a questionnaire, an interview guide and document analyses. Both, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Descriptive statistics summarized, organized and described the responses when addressing study objectives through the use of means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages. Inferential statistics such as ANOVA and Point biserial were used to test the formulated null hypotheses. All hypotheses were tested at p<0.05 alpha level of significance. The study found that competitive sports stressors have a statistically significant influence on the academic performance of student-athletes in colleges of education in Ghana. The study also revealed that competitive sports stress has a statistically significant influence on the academic performance of student-athletes, especially the females, in colleges of education in Ghana. This study therefore, recommends that female studentathletes be given scholarships to motivate and enhance other female students’ participation in competitive sports. The study also recommends that colleges of Education in Ghana introduce stress management strategies to address stressors’ link to academic performance of student-athlete.
Evidence of Negative Energy Balance Using Doubly Labelled Water in Elite Kenyan Endurance Runners Prior to Competition
(Cambridge University Press, 2006) Fudge, Barry W; Westerterp, Klaas R; Kiplamai, Festus K; Onywera, Vincent O; Boit, Michael K; Kayser, Bengt; Pitsiladis, Yannis P
Previous studies have found Kenyan endurance runners to be in negative energy balance during training and prior to competition. The aim of the present study was to assess energy balance in nine elite Kenyan endurance runners during heavy training. Energy intake and expenditure were determined over 7 d using weighed dietary intake and doubly labelled water, respectively. Athletes were on average in negative energy balance (mean energy intake 13 241 (SD 1330) kJ/d v. mean energy expenditure 14 611 (SD 1043) kJ/d; P¼0·046), although there was no loss in body mass (mean 56·0 (SD 3·4) kg v. 55·7 (SD 3·6) kg; P¼0·285). The calculation of underreporting was 13 % (range 224 to þ9 %) and almost entirely accounted for by undereating (9 % (range 255 to þ39 %)) as opposed to a lack of significant underrecording (i.e. total water intake was no different from water loss (mean 4·2 (SD 0·6) l/d v. 4·5 (SD 0·8) l/d; P¼0·496)). Fluid intake was modest and consisted mainly of water (0·9 (SD 0·5) l/d) and milky tea (0·9 (SD 0·3) l/d). The diet was high in carbohydrate (67·3 (SD 7·8) %) and sufficient in protein (15·3 (SD 4·0) %) and fat (17·4 (SD 3·9) %). These results confirm previous observations that Kenyan runners are in negative energy balance during periods of intense training. A negative energy balance would result in a reduction in body mass, which, when combined with a high carbohydrate diet, would have the potential in the short term to enhance endurance running performance by reducing the energy cost of running
Academic Status of the Coach and Team Performance in the Kenyan National Soccer and Volleyball Leagues
(EJHS, 2021) Mucheke, Charles Muthiaine; Bailasha, Nicholas; Waiganjo, Luka Boro
Purpose: The study sought to establish whether academic status of the coach predicted team performance in the Kenyan national soccer and volleyball leagues. Methodology: The Cross-Sectional survey used a population of the 53 head coaches handling team in the Kenyan soccer and volleyball leagues in the 2020-2021 season. Census sampling was used to pick the 53 coaches for the study. Data collection instrument was a self-administered questionnaire. The Leadership Scale for Sport questionnaire (LSS) was used to capture player’s perception on coach competence. The coaches’ questionnaire was divided into sections which captured demographics and academic background. The study used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 22) for data analysis. Information was organized and presented using descriptive statistics and was analyzed at 0.05 significance level. Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact test was used to predict coach academic status on the team’s performance. Data was projected in figures and tables and relevant discussions were made. Findings: Chi square and Fisher’s Exact Test results showed that coaches academic status had a significant effect on team performance (χ2 =18.419, 0.031 ≤ p 0.05 9df). The fisher’s exact test had a p value of 0.016 which was also less than 0.05 confirming that there was a significant relationship between coaches’ academic status and team performance. Conclusion and Recommendation: The study concluded that coaches’ academic status had a significant effect on team performance. Team managers, owners and other stake holders in sports need to take up educated coaches. This is because educated coaches learn a diverse way of communication including humor, which in turns benefits communication between coaches and players which enhances team performance in the long run. In addition, coaches that are not educated need to go back to school and further their education. This will enable them to gain more skills that will be help in their teams’ performance.
Occurrence of fatalities in mountaineering: The case of Mt. Kenya
(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Muthomi, Nkatha; Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Ooko, Shikuku Willy
A fatality is the most detrimental incident that can occur in mountaineering. It is important to study previous cases and learn from circumstances surrounding fatal incidences in programmes sharing some common elements. This paper is set to investigate the occurrences of fatal incidences in mountaineering, the case of Mt. Kenya. It captures the qualitative findings on fatality occurrences. Respondents consisted of porters, guides, instructors, facilitators and key stakeholders involved in outdoor adventure activities on Mt. Kenya. The study used snowballing approach to identify the participants. Focus group discussions involving 52 respondents were conducted, in-depth interviews took place with four key informants and additional records were sought through desk reviews. The study found out that occurrence of fatalities was not well documented in a structured database. Deep grieving and regrets were noted. Predisposing factors leading to fatalities during mountaineering included; The “I MUST summit mentality”, lack of proper acclimatization, lack of visitor education, and lack of early diagnosis of
Competition Experience of the Coach and Team Performance in the Kenyan National Soccer and Volleyball Leagues
(IJPO, 2023-06-23) Mucheke, Charles; Bailasha, Nicholas; Boro, Waiganjo Luka
Purpose: The objective of the study was to establish whether past competition experiences of the coach predicted team performance in the Kenyan national soccer and volleyball leagues. Methodology: The study adopted CrossSectional survey design. The population of the study was 53 head coaches handling teams in the Kenyan national soccer and volleyball leagues. Census sampling was used to pick the 53 coaches for the study. Data collection instrument was a self-administered questionnaire for the coaches. The coaches’ questionnaire was divided into sections which captured demographics and academic background. The study used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 22) for data analysis. Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact test was used to show whether competition experience had an effect on the team’s performance. Data was presented using tables Findings: For soccer, Chi square and Fisher’s Exact Test results showed that coaches past competition experience had a significant effect on team performance (χ2 =30.292≤ p 0.05 9df). The fisher’s exact test had a p value of 0.003 which was also less than 0.05 confirming that there was a significant relationship between soccer coaches’ past competition experience and team performance. For volleyball, Chi square and Fisher’s Exact Test results showed that volleyball coaches past competition experience had a significant effect on team performance (χ2 =23.910≤ p 0.05 9df). The fisher’s exact test had a p value of 0.008 which was also less than 0.05 confirming that there was a significant relationship between volleyball coaches’ past competition experience and team performance. Recommendations: Policy makers such as team managers, owners and other stake holders in sports to consider more experienced coaches. They should consider coaches who have long period of coaching experience as well as coaches with a long period of competition experience. This is because coaching knowledge comes from observations and experiences of other coaches. Team managers, owners and other stake holders in sports should also consider coaches with past playing experience from recognized local clubs. This will enhance team performance.
Status of Participation in Physical Activity among Day High School Students in Kampala, Uganda
(JOPER, 2019) Mugisha, Lillian; Kamau, Jane; Kasoma, Sandra
The study examined the status of participation in physical activity (PA) by 13-18 years old high school students attending day schools in Kampala District and the influence of age and gender on participation in PA. This crosssectional analytical study involved male and female students (n=500) aged 13-18 years from selected day high schools who answered the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) which was used to measure and categorise PA into three levels; inactive, minimally active and HEPA-active. Descriptive statistics of frequency distributions, and percentages were computed for the demographic factors and participation in PA. Chi-Square analysis was used to determine the relationship between age and gender and participation in PA. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Version 20. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Overall, 110 (22%) students were categorised as inactive, 231(46.2%) were minimally active and 159 (31.8%) were HEPA-active. A chi-square analysis showed that age (x2=21.437, p=0.018) and gender (x2=32.590, p<0.001) were significantly related to participation in PA. It was concluded that majority of the students aged 13-18 years were participating in minimal PA and that gender had an influence on participation in PA.
Institutional Based Reasons for Students Non-Participation in Physical Activity and Sport Programs in the Kenyan Public Universities
(Academia edu, 2020) Bailasha, N. K; Rintaugu, E. G; Kamau, J; Mwangi, F. M; Mucheke, C. M; Otieno, M. D
University environment offers numerous advantages and easy opportunities for improving students’ participation in physical activity and sport. However, there are paucity of researches on the reasons for non-participation in the university physical activity and sport programs in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to establish the institutional based reasons for the students’ non-participation in the universities’ physical activity and sport programs. Cross-sectional survey design was used and data was collected through questionnaires from Sixty-three (33 males, and 30 females) students. Mean standard deviation and graphs respectively, were used to describe and present data. Findings showed that key reasons for non-participation in physical activity and sport programs in the university were inadequate sport facility 74.6%, overcrowded facility 73%, unorganized sport program 63.5%, lack of sport facility 58.7%, lack of sport variety 57.1%, inaccessible facility 49.2%, no coaches 47.6%, unfriendly time for sport 39.7%, unsafe sport equipment 38.1%, inappropriate behaviour of sport personnel 36.5% and 34.9% was due to unskilled sport personnel. Students’ age, year and course of the study influenced non-participation of students in the universities’ sport programs. Also, students’ previous and current participation status confirmed students avoid universities’ sport programs although they participate in the same elsewhere. Diversifying and professionalizing sport and aligning programs with academic schedules would attract students. TRA can be useful in sensitizing students on the benefits of sports. Similar studies with larger student population are necessary.
An Exploratory Study on Athletic Identity of University Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya
(Kadir YILDIZ, 2023) Rintaugu, Elijah Gitonga; Karega, Muchiri; Kurui, Ishmael Kiprono; Mwangi, Francis Mundia
Athletic identity is a precursor to numerous sport inclinations like participation, talent development and competition. This becomes more salient in educational institutions where student-athletes are required to play a dual role. The purpose of this study was to explore the athletic identity of university athletes in selected sports. It was postulated that athletic identity formation of the university athletes will vary based on selected variables of gender, age and year of study. Data was collected from athletes who were taking part in university sports championships using Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). The sample comprised 183 (67.78%) males and 89 (32.22%) females. Most of the university athletes were in the 1st and 3rd years of study, and 60% of the players had two years of playing experience. The results revealed that the university athletes had high perceptions of self- identity, social identity and exclusivity and low perceptions on negative affectivity. It is concluded that athletic identity is mediated by situational factors such as age and gender. Consequently, sports psychologists and coaches need to assist athletes improve and sustain their athletic identities. Sport psychologists could train the athletes on how to enhance athletic identity and maximize their sports performance. Future research could address, athletic identity and sports performance as well as athletic identity and athletes in specific playing positions.
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure and Cardio metabolic Health in Three Rural Kenyan Populations
(Wiley Online Library, 2019) Lee, Jerry C; Westgate, Kate; Boit, Michael K; Mwaniki, David L; Kiplamai, Festus K; Friis, Henrik; Tetens, Inge; Christensen, Dirk L; Brage, Soren
Objectives: Physical activity is beneficial for metabolic health but the extent to which this may differ by ethnicity is still unclear. Here, the objective was to characterize the association between physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and cardiometabolic risk among the Luo, Kamba, and Maasai ethnic groups of rural Kenya. Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 1084 rural Kenyans, free-living PAEE was objectively measured using individually-calibrated heart rate and movement sensing. A clustered metabolic syndrome risk score (zMS) was developed by averaging the sex-specific z-scores of five risk components measuring central adiposity, blood pressure, lipid levels, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. Results: zMS was 0.08 (−0.09; −0.06) SD lower for every 10 kJ/kg/day difference in PAEE after adjustment for age and sex; this association was modified by ethnicity (interaction with PAEE P < 0.05). When adjusted for adiposity, each 10 kJ/kg/ day difference in PAEE was predicted to lower zMS by 0.04 (−0.05, −0.03) SD, without evidence of interaction by ethnicity. The Maasai were predicted to have higher cardiometabolic risk than the Kamba and Luo at every quintile of PAEE, with a strong dose-dependent decreasing trend among all ethnicities. Conclusion: Free-living PAEE is strongly inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk in rural Kenyans. Differences between ethnic groups in this association were observed but were explained by differences in central adiposity. Therefore, targeted interventions to increase PAEE are more likely to be effective in subgroups with high central adiposity, such as Maasai with low levels of PAEE.
Participation Constraints of University Student-Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya
(Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development, 2022) Ndirangu, Daniel Kiongo; Rintaugu, Elijah Gitonga; Muthomi, Nkatha
Participation in sports plays an important role in university students’ lives, such as the development of a healthy lifestyle and the promotion of education. However, there is low participation in sports in universities which may be due to various constraints experienced or perceived by university students. The purpose of this study was to examine constraints hindering university student-athletes participation in sports activities. The study used a cross-sectional survey design and questionnaires to collect data. Respondents were male (n=198) and female (n=191) student-athletes from public and private universities in Kenya, participating in six selected sports. T-tests and One-way analysis of variance were used to test hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings indicated that participation in sports was most affected by structural constraints and least affected by social-cultural constraints. There were significant differences between male and female student-athletes in regard to structural constraints, (t = -2.21, p=0.03) and interpersonal constraints t = 1.14, p = 0.02). There was a significant difference of private and public institutions with regard to structural (t = .39, p=0.01) and intrapersonal constraints (t = 0.69, p=0.03). Female students significantly experienced more constraints than male student-athletes. Student-athletes from public universities experienced more constraints than those from private universities. Universities should encourage students to use sports facilities by coming up with more facilities and a favorable environment. Secondly, Kenyan universities should put in place structured sports programs for student-athletes. University students’ perceptions about sports should be enhanced in order to reduce the constraints that hinder their participation in sports. A longitudinal study is recommended to investigate sports participation constraints of student-athletes throughout their campus life and thereafter.
Knowledge in Pre-Hospital Emergency and Risk Management among Outdoor Adventure Practitioners in East Africa Afro-Alpine Mountains
(Elsevier, 2021) Muthomi, Nkatha; Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Ooko, Willy Shikuku
Introduction: The enjoyment of nature and other benefits of outdoor activities happen amid inherent hazards. This calls for knowledge and competency in emergency and risk management. Practitioners in outdoor activities, such as mountaineering, thus need to be knowledgeable on how to manage risks and attend to emergencies in their practice. The study sought to establish the preparedness of East African mountaineering practitioners in prehospital emergency and risk management. It sought to establish their knowledge on prehospital emergency and risk management, based on their age, gender, level of education and refresher training. Methods: The study purposively sampled one hundred and thirty six (N = 136) outdoor adventure practitioners from the Afro-alpine mountain areas in East Africa. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant relationship between the outdoor practitioners’ knowledge in prehospital emergency risk management and their age, gender, level of education, refresher training. Somers’ d was used to test the hypotheses. Results: It was established that the knowledge scores of prehospital emergency and risk management for the mountaineering practitioners was low. It was also established that the knowledge scores of outdoor practitioners were not dependent on their age, gender, and work experience. However, there was a significant relationship between the outdoor adventure practitioners’ knowledge scores and their highest level of education as well as refresher training. Conclusions: The study concluded that there were gaps in the knowledge of prehospital risk management of the East African Afro-alpine mountaineering practitioners. It recommends frequent and regular training and recertification among outdoor adventure practitioners in order to raise the knowledge in prehospital emergency risk management.

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