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Item Assessment of the teaching resources for implentation of physical education curriculum in public secondary schools in kisii county -kenya(Kenyatta University, 2014) Obungu, Gikenyi DavidThe ministry of education in Kenya recognizes Physical Education (PE) as an integral part of the secondary education process as attested in the Preamble of PE syllabus for secondary schools (K.I.E 2002). The purpose of this study is to investigate the provision of teaching resources for PE in public secondary schools in Kisii County-Kenya. This is due to the fact that PE is largely a practical subject and for effective teaching, learning resources have to be availed. The study aims to find out if there are enough facilities, equipment, supplies, text books, qualified PE personnel and allocation of recommended curriculum time in school time tables to implement the 'secondary PE curriculum in public secondary schools in Kisii County. The study will adopt the descriptive survey design. Head teachers and PE teachers in 306 public secondary schools in the county will be the target population. Stratified and simple random samplings procedures will be used to attain a sample of 41 head teachers and 41 Physical Education teachers which represents 30% of the population for National and County schools and 10% for district schools who will be respondents in the study. A questionnaire and an observation check list will be used to collect the data from the respondents. After collecting the data it will be coded and organized for analysis using SPSS version 17.0 Descriptive statistics will be computed using charts, graphs, frequency distribution tables and percentages. The hypotheses of the study will be tested using chi-square test of significance. The study findings will be used by all stake holders involved in the development of PE (School inspectors, curriculum developers, head teachers, teachers, parents, and the academia) to ensure full implementation of the PE curriculum in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. This will enhance correct acquisition of skills in various sports for both leisure and competitive purposes.Item Care-Givers’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices On Complementary Feeding Of Children 6-23months Of Age In Out-Patient Therapeutic Programs In Nairobi County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2016) Odera, Colleta AokoComplementary feeding is a key determinant of nutrition and health outcomes among infants and young children. Globally, government bodies in partnership with key stakeholders and policy-makers have made great efforts to advocate for and support the implementation optimum complementary feeding practices. However, malnutrition still remains the single greatest concern in Sub-Saharan region. Kenya has made progress in exclusive breastfeeding and reduction of rates of acute malnutrition, but the recent research results from the demographic health survey have indicated gaps in complementary feeding practices among care-givers across the counties. Out-patient therapeutic programs (OTPs) established in Nairobi County aim at addressing severe acute malnutrition (SAM) affecting children 6-59 months of age. There are 6 OTP centres in Kamukunji sub-county managing SAM children on an out-patient system. There is limited literature on the knowledge, attitude and practices on complementary feeding among the caregivers of the children admitted into the OTP centres. The main purpose of this study is to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on complementary feeding among care-givers with children 6-23 months of age admitted into OTP centres in Kamukunji sub-County. The study will adopt a cross-sectional analytical study design. A sample size of 200 mothers from four OTP centres in Kamukunji sub-county will participate in the study. Data will be collected from the mothers using researcher-administered structured questionnaires and focused group discussions (FGDs) guide, from OTP staffs using Key Informants Interview (KII) guide. Information to be collected will be on care-givers’ knowledge, attitude and practices on complementary feeding. Data will be checked, coded and analysed using SPSS software (version 22). Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, median, standard deviation and percentages) will be used to summarize data on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the study population and complementary feeding practices. Nutri-survey software will be used to analyse nutrient intake in the previous 24 hours. Dietary diversity score (DDS) will be used to analyse the diet diversity supplied to the children by the care-givers where consumption of at least four food groups per day will be considered as the minimum dietary diversity. Knowledge of caregivers will be summarized through explanatory notes percentages established against the current complementary feeding knowledge indicators. Chi-square test will be used to establish associations between categorical variables such as consumption of different food groups and demographic and socio-economic status of the care-givers and dietary intake of children. T-test and ANOVA will be used to test for differences between continuous variables such as care-giver’s income levels and the child’s minimum meal frequency. A p-value of <0.05 will be used as the criterion for statistical significance. The FGDs will be analysed using content analysis, to get a summary of textual or non-numeric responses. The study findings will be useful to care-givers, the Ministry Health (MoH), Division of Clinical Nutrition, and Non-governmental organisations.Item Contribution of community-based sport organizations towards the achievement of selected millenium development goals in Kenya(2014-07-23) Gitau, Florence W.; Mwisukha, A.; Wanderi, P. M.; Rintaugu, E.G.Sport is increasingly being recognized as a potent tool for development. Many governments, non-governmental organizations, Community-Based Sports Organizations (CBSOs) and intergovernmental organizations have established programs for sport and development. Sport has been recognized as a viable and practical tool towards the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the United Nations. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine the contribution of two purposively selected Community-Based Sport Organizations towards the realization of selected Millennium Development Goals in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study are; to determine the contribution of these two Community-Based Sport Organizations in Kenya towards eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, promoting universal education and development of global partnerships in development. It is hoped that the findings of this study will fill the existing gap by adding to the evidence based knowledge on the contribution of community- based sport programs towards the achievement of MDGs. Descriptive survey research design will be adopted. Purposive sampling will be adapted to select the two CBSO's then stratified sampling to select the athletes. Research instruments will include a questionnaire and document analysis. Questionnaires will be administered to 143 team captains of Mathare Youth Sports Association (MYSA), 69 of Moving The Goalposts (MTG), 58 officials of MYSA, 22 of MTG and 8 Head teachers of MYSA and 4 ofMTG.8 Chiefs within MYSA and 4 from MTG and one sports office r from each region. Data will be coded and organized for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version17.0. The null hypotheses will be tested using One-Way ANOVA and Chi square at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusions will be made on the contribution that community-based Sports Organizations have made towards the achievement of MDGs. Recommendations will be made on how the CBSOs can contribute to development. Further research areas will be identified to increase knowledge in the study area.Item Dietary practices, morbidity patterns and nutritional status of lactating mothers among pastoralist communities in Isiolo county, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2014-11-28) Kahuro, Evah, W.During the period of lactation, nutrient needs of the lactating mother increase to cater for her needs and the breastfeeding child. Due to this, undernutrition is common among lactating mothers. In Africa, about 20% of the women of child bearing age are undernourished. In Kenya, 12% of the women 15-49 years are considered thin with a body mass index (BMI) of < 18.5. In the Kenyan Eastern region, 26% of the women within the reproductive age have a BMI of <18.5. Lactating mothers among the pastoralist communities living in arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) are among the most vulnerable groups. Information on the dietary practices, morbidity patterns and their relationship to the nutritional status of lactating mothers among pastoralist communities is limited. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the dietary practices, morbidity patterns and nutritional status of the lactating mothers. The study will adopt a crosssectional analytical study design on a randomly selected sample of 276 lactating mothers among pastoralist communities in Isiolo County. A structured questionnaire will be used to collect data on demographic, socio-economic characteristics, anthropometric and the morbidity patterns. A 24 hour recall, food frequency and diet diversity score will be used to collect data on the dietary practices of the lactating mothers. Anthropometric data will be entered and analyzed using the Nutri-survey to determine nutritional status using cut offs as provided by WHO (2007). Nutri-survey will be used for analysis of dietary intake data to give the energy and nutrient intakes of the lactating mothers. Demographic, socioeconomic data, dietary practices, BMI, morbidity data, energy and nutrient intake will be entered in CsPro software and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. P-value of <0.05 will be considered significant. Pearson co-relation will be used to assess the associations between non-categorical variables and Chi-square (l) for categorical variables. Regression analysis (R2) will be used determine the prediction of dietary practices and morbidity patterns to nutritional status. Data from focus group discussions will be transcribed and analyzed to show emerging themes. The findings of this study will be significant as they will be used to inform and aid in policy formulation to solve the problem of poor nutritional status among lactating mothers in pastoralist communities in ASAL in the long termItem Effectiveness of nutrition education in enhancing nutrition quality of complementary foods for children, 6 - 23 months in Mumias and Vihiga sub-counties(2014-07-23) Kipkorir, Jacqueline Cherotich; Kimiywe, Judith; Kithinji, F.; Itegi, Florence M.The first two years of a child's life are considered the critical as inadequate nutrition results in sub-optimal growth and development, and increased risk of morbidity. One third of children in Kenya are stunted, reflective of poor nutrition during this critical period. A poor complementary feeding regime is one of the causes, as a study done in Western Kenya has documented. Evidence shows nutrition education is important in the alleviation of regressive child growth and development. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of nutrition education in enhancing dietary diversity and quality of complementary foods. The target population is children, 6 - 23 months and their caregivers in Vihiga and Mumias sub-counties. These two areas have been selected because of rich agro biodiversity and high stunting rates (34.2%). They are based in different agro ecological zones, namely Humid Lower Midland Zone 1 and Humid Upper Midland Zone 1, respectively. The research design for the study will be a cluster randomized controlled study. Three periodic surveys; baseline, second and end-term will be conducted to determine important characteristics of the population such as socio-demography, anthropometric assessment and dietary assessment. Individual interviews and focus group discussions with both women and men groups will be carried out during the second survey. A sample of 15 villages will be drawn from each area. In each village, 10 mother-child pairs will be randomly selected to make a total of 150 in each sub-county. There will be two study groups: intervention and control. The nutrition education group will undergo four training and two followup sessions over a six month period. The control group will not be exposed to any training. After the baseline survey, the clusters will then be pair matched on the basis of dietary diversity, socioeconomic status and mothers' level of education. The cluster pairs will then be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control groups. Comparisons between the respective groups will be made at the end of study. Data will be analyzed using the latest version of SPSS version 22.0; descriptive statistics will be used to describe the characteristics of the population. Multivariate analysis and exploratory factor analysis will be used to test the difference between the treatment and control groups variables and a significance of will be tested at p<0.05. Dietary intake will be analyzed using NUTRI-SURVEY software and nutrition status using ENA for SMART, 2011. The study is important as it will highlight the relevance of nutrition education in improving complementary feeding practicesItem Evaluation of the Implementation of the National Sports Development Policy in Tanzania(Kenyatta University, 2014-10-09) Omari, Yusuph SingoThe purpose of this study will be to evaluate the implementation of the national sports development policy of Tanzania. A national sports development policy provides a guideline on how a particular country should go about in developing sports activities. The independent variables of the study will be development of sports in country that include: provision of sports facilities, training of sports technical personnel, participation and performance in international competitions, mobilization of financial resources for sports development, involvement of stakeholders in sports policy implementation and obstacles to the implementation of the current national sports development policy. Dependent variable of the proposed study will be the implementation of the national sports development policy. The study will be carried out in Tanzania. The sample will include 327 randomly selected subjects from government officials in the Ministry of Information, Culture and Sports, Regional sports officials; national sports associations/federations that are affiliated to the Tanzania Olympic Committee and national level athletes from the selected sports. The respondents will be selected using stratified random sampling, simple sampling, purposive and census approach techniques. Data will be collected using questionnaires, documentary analysis and observation checklist. Before data collection, the instruments will be pre-tested to randomly selected 12 sports officials from the targeted groups who will not be involved in the main study. Data will be coded and organized for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 19. One-way Al'tOVA will be used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance while a Tukey Post Hoc test will be used to further explain significance of variables. It is envisaged that the proposed study will provide policy makers with the empirical evidence on the implementation of the national sports development policy of Tanzania hence assist them in evaluating the same document for the sake of sports development in the country.Item Evaluation of the realisation of sports management objectives By Kenya national sports council and the government(Kenyatta University, 2014) Ngatia, Peter Ndiritu,Sports competmons are as old as humankind. Many participant nations in the international scene and individuals alike expect good performance as an outcome. However, Kenya's sport performance especially in team sports at the international scene has for long been wanting. Taking most Kenyans citizens as the consumers of sport performance as leisure, recreation, and work or occupation activity, under performance could be attributed to sports management supervision practices. The mandate to manage sports in Kenya belongs to Kenya Ministry of Youth Affairs, Sport and the Arts; Sport Kenya and Kenya National Sports Council. They work through national sports federations who in turn work through sports clubs. The purpose of this study will be to explore the sports management supervision practices. The objective of this study will be to describe the status of monitoring and evaluation on the sports programmes. A questionnaire basing Management By Objective management model as the conceptual framework will be administered. Target population for the study will be the 8 County Directors of Sports in charge of sports ill their respective provinces, 7 sports officers at the headquarters at Nairobi. It also includes nine officials from each of the 62 national sports federations and associations who are affiliated to form Kenya National Sports Council. This is a total target population of 573. Purposive sampling was used to select active national sports federations. Eighteen national sports federations are active in all the provinces. It is from the eighteen that 7 (75%) out of nine officials will be sampled to make 126 (78%) respondents and a further, 7 (88 %) County Directors of Sports. This gives a total of 140 respondents. Data will be ana lysed using Statistical Package I'm Social Science (SPSS) to generate frequencies. This study will help to build national leve: insight on performance of sports management in Kenya with view to improving athlete outcome, provide a reading resource to researchers and scholars in field of sports management and give insight to the sports management curriculum designers to incorporate Management By Objective as part of their course outlineItem Feeding practices and prevalence of diarrhea and acute respiratory morbidities among infants below five months in Kimilili district, Bungoma county, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2014-09-25) Mango, Sarah NamusieInfant feeding practices are choices made by nursing mothers on whether to exclusively breastfeed the child or to practice mixed feeding. In most cases mixed feeding of infants especially those less than six months result in incidences of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection. Infant feeding practices are influenced by various factors and vary from one region to another. The main objective of this study is to assess feeding practices for infants below five months in Kimilili District and to relate them to prevalence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) among infants. A cross sectional analytical study will be conducted among 212 infants selected through cluster sampling. A questionnaire adopted from WHO will be used to gather information on maternal and infant demographic characteristics, feeding practices, occurrence of morbidity (diarrhea and ARIs) and household sanitation status. Focus group discussion and observation checklist will complement the questionnaire. Secondary data from hospital will be used to complement the primary data. Data from structured questionnaire will be analyzed using statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) version 17 software. Descriptive statistic indices such as mean, mode, frequencies, percentages and standard deviations of various feeding practices will be calculated. Responses from qualitative data will be coded and frequencies determined. Cross tabulations will be derived and Chi square will be used to test the association of infant feeding practices and morbidity (diarrhea and or acute respiratory infections).Logistic regression will be used to compare several variables. Data will be presented on tables, charts and graphsItem Feeding practices, morbidity patterns and nutritional status of HIV-exposed infants (6-52 weeks) at Lea Toto community-based program, Dagoretti, Nairobi! County(2014-07-24) Macharia, Elizabeth Wairimu; Njogu, Eunice WambuiThe population of HIV -exposed children has been growing rapidly. HIV -exposed children have higher mortality and morbidity rates than children born to HIV-uninfected mothers even when feeding patterns are the same. There is a gap between PMTCT knowledge and infant feeding policy as infant feeding counselling does not necessarily translate into appropriate feeding practices irrespective of its quality and quantity. Social and economic factors have not been considered in the formulation of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) guidelines. The purpose of this study is to determine feeding practices, morbidity patterns and nutrition status of Hlv-exposed children at Lea Toto Community-Based Program, Dagoretti in Nairobi County. [his is a community-based outreach program which provides care to children infected with and affected by HIV in the community through the provision of medical services, nutrition education and rehabilitation and capacity building. Cross-sectional analytical study design will be used. Lea Toto program, will be purposively selected because the centre is one of programs in resource poor settings that offer pediatric HIV care together with nutrition support and has a stabilization centre for severely malnourished children. Comprehensive sampling method will be used whereby the entire group of HIV -exposed infants will be included in the sample. This will result k:> a sample size of approximately 130 infants from the two centres based in Dagoretti. The iample will include infants aged between 6 weeks-12 months born with normal birth weight and vith no congenital deformities attending Lea Toto Program Kawangware. A researcher idministered questionnaire will be used to collect household demographic and socio-economic .haracteristics, anthropometric measurements, morbidity patterns and infant feeding practices among HIV -exposed infants. Indicators of assessing IYCF practices and a seven day food frequency questionnaire will be used to collect data on feeding practices. Focus group 4iscussions will also be conducted. Data will be analysed using SPSS for descriptive and nferential statistics. Data on anthropometry will be analyzed using ENA for SMART package, 10 10 and interpreted through the use of WHO cut off points to determine their nutritional status. A chi-square test will be used to establish the associations between infants, age, demograghic characteristics, and socio-economic characteristicsand infant feeding practices. Pearson's product moment correlation will be used to establish the presence, strength and direction of the relationship bettween nutritional status and feeding practices in HIV -exposed infants.multiple regressions will determine whether -morbidity patterns and dietary bvfactors predict nutritional satus of the child. This study will be of great significant to Non-Governmental Organisations, givemment and other stakeholders interested in addressing infant feeding practices to formulate strategies towards enhancing infant feeding practices that are core in ensuring HIV -free survival of HIV -exposed infants and their nutritional status.Item Influence of tourism marketing strategies on domestic tourists flow patterns to classified hotels and wildlife parks in Nairobi county, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2014) Thumbi, Pauline NgimaThe growth of domestic tourism has led to the realization of the important role of tourism in the economy. As a result, many countries have taken steps towards the implementation of a variety of tourist attractions that appeal to the local market. The concept of domestic tourism still sounds strange to many tourism stakeholders in Kenya yet available information indicates that a number of Kenyans are engaged in it. Kenya has over the years paid high attention to its International tourism industry, but the increasing popularity of domestic tourism in other parts of the world calls for an urgent attention in terms of its marketability within the county. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of the strategies used in marketing tourism on domestic tourists flow patterns to classified hotels and wildlife parks in Nairobi County. The study will be guided by the following specific objectives: to establish the extent of the utilization of available tourism products in classified hotels and wildlife parks by domestic tourists in Nairobi County, to determine the effect of branding products on domestic tourism flow patterns to Classified hotels and wildlife parks, to assess the effect of market segmentation on domestic tourists flow patterns to classified hotels and wildlife parks and to establish the effect of tourism products awareness campaigns on domestic tourists flow to classified hotels and wildlife parks in Nairobi County. Descriptive cross-sectional survey design will be adopted for the study. The target population for the study will be front office managers of all classified hotels in Nairobi County, local tourists in selected classified hotels within Nairobi County, public relations officers of Kenya Wildlife Services and representatives from Kenya Tourism Board (Domestic Tourism Council). Purposive sampling, simple random sampling and census techniques will be used to select the respondents. A total of 224 respondents will be selected from different organizations (constituting 195 local tourists from classified hotels, 2 officers from KWS, 26 front office managers from classified hotels and I representative from the marketing department of Kenya Tourism Board). Questionnaires and interview schedules will be used as instruments for data collection. Questionnaires will be used to collect data from the managers of the hotels and local tourists in the hotels while interview schedules will be used to collect data from key informants who will be: public relations officers of Kenya Wildlife Services, and representatives from the Kenya Tourism Board (Domestic Tourism Council). Primary data from the field will first be edited; Coding will then be done to translate question responses into specific categories. Coding will be expected to organize and reduce research data into manageable summaries. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics that will include mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages while thematic analysis will be used to analyze qualitative data collected using interview schedules. Inferential statistics to be used in this case will be correlation and regression analysis which will be used to test on the relationship between the variables of the study. The analyzed data will be presented in form of tables, pie-charts and bar-graphs as applicableItem Nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in Kibera informal settlement, Nairobi, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2016-04) Omare, Maria. MChildren with cerebral palsy depend on their caregivers for feeding among other things. This makes the nutritional knowledge, attitudes and practices of their caregivers something of interest when considering the nutritional status of these children. The study area is Kibera informal settlement, an area located in the outskirts of Kenya’s capital city-Nairobi. Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy will be targeted because the children are dependent on them for feeding and care. The objectives of the study are: to establish the socio-demographic, socio-cultural and socio-economic characteristics of the caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in Kibera informal settlement., to determine the nutritional knowledge of the caregivers, to establish the attitudes towards nutrition of their children among the caregivers of children with cerebral palsy, to establish the feeding practices of the caregivers and to establish the relationship between the nutritional knowledge, attitudes and the practices of the caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in Kibera informal settlement. This is a cross-sectional analytical study on a comprehensive sample of all children with cerebral palsy between 5 and 18 years in special schools, institutions and organizations in Kibera informal settlement. A structured questionnaire will be used to collect data on demographic, socioeconomic characteristics and feeding practices. To determine the nutritional status, nutri-survey will be used for analysis of dietary intake data from 24 hour recall responses and anthopometric data. Quantitative data from questionnaires will be entered and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. Associations will be tested using chi-square for categorical variables and student t-test for numerical variables. Statistical significance will be determined by a p-value of 0.05. The analysis and presentation will also be in the form of frequency tables, charts and graphs. The findings will provide information which will be helpful in developing interventions that will help improve the nutritional well-being of children with cerebral palsy.Item Selected characteristics and their effects on socio-economic wellbeing of motorcycle taxi riders in Homa Bay County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2017-12) Owuor, Irene AwuorMotorcycle taxis have become a popular means of transportation which generates income for many riders in Kenya. However, there are various factors which expose riders to internal and external shocks and stresses which affect the riders’ socio-economic wellbeing (SEWB). Studies that have been conducted so far largely focus on “social vices” allegedly being committed by motorcycle taxi riders (MTRs) hence a persistent knowledge gap on SEWB of riders’. Acknowledging that MTRs are a valuable community resource because they facilitate transportation of people and goods, this study investigated selected characteristics and their effects on socio-economic wellbeing of motorcycle taxi riders in Homa Bay County, Kenya. The study objectives included to: establish the demographic characteristics of MTRs and their effect on the riders’ SEWB, assess whether social connectedness among MTRs and their communities have an effect on the riders’ SEWB, determine the effect of involvement of MTRs in groups on their SEWB, analyze the relationship between motorcycle taxi ownership status of MTRs and their SEWB and establish the levels of SEWB of MTRs in Homa Bay County. Cross-sectional survey research design was used to investigate the problem, guided by Theory of Social Capital and Theory of Constraints. Social protection approach was adopted to conceptualize this study. Systematic random sampling was used to select 430 MTRs out of which 415 participated in the study, hence 97% response rate. Key informants including six traffic police officers, nine officials of Homa Bay County boda boda SACCO and 10 community leaders were purposively sampled and interviewed for additional information. Research instruments used included: questionnaire, interview guide and focus group discussion guide as well as observation checklist. Data from this study was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data whereas qualitative data were thematically analyzed and also used to complement quantitative data. Findings were presented using tables, pie charts and graphs. Chi-square test statistically confirmed a highly significant relationship (p=0.013) between localities of motorcycle taxi operation (rural and urban) and SEWB and a significant relationship (p=0.036) between ownership status of motorcycle taxi and SEWB of MTRs. Chi-square tests also revealed that there is no significant relationship (p=0.622) between genders of MTRs and their SEWB, MTRs riding license possession status and their SEWB (p=0.783), social connectedness among MTRs and their communities and the riders’ SEWB (p=0.226) as well as MTRs involvement in groups and their SEWB (p=0.176). The study concluded that motorcycle taxi riders in Homa Bay County experience high levels of SEWB at 63% with probability error of 5%. Implications of the study findings to MTRs, policy makers and academic researchers were also outlined. The study made a number of recommendations for policy, practice and for further research. For practice, promotion of riding of self-owned motorcycle taxi was emphasized if disposable income of MTRs were to increase hence possibility of higher SEWB. Other viable interventions that could enhance SEWB of MTRs were also recommended.