RP-Department of Psychology

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Academic Engagement and Grit as Correlates of Academic Burnout among Form Three Students in Nyandarua County, Kenya
(IJSSHR, 2024) Gichomo, David; Oluoch, James; Ngunu, Susan
Academic burnout is a condition that arises from students’ feeling of exhaustion and incompetence in academics. The academic burnout might be due to multiple factors such as school assignments, continuous assessment tests among other examinations. These may lead to academic disinterest and students’ unexplained absenteeism. This study intended to establish the relationship between academic engagement and academic burnout among form three students in Kipipiri Sub-county in Nyandarua County, Kenya. Students experiencing academic burnout may face maladjustment that may seriously affect their academic path. Students in Nyandarua County secondary schools experience academic burnout. The aim of this study therefore, was to determine the relationship between academic engagement and academic burnout. Work engagement theory was used to guide this study. Correlation research design was employed. Form three students were the target population 1,152 (572 boys and 580 girls) from 8 secondary schools in Kipipiri Sub-county. The sampling methods that were used in the study are purposive sampling, proportionate sampling and simple random sampling. The sample comprised of 349 participants from 8 secondary schools. Research tools used consisted of the Utrecht work engagement scale meant for students and academic burnout scale. A pilot study was carried out using 36 students selected randomly in one of the schools within Kipipiri Sub-county. To ascertain validity of the research instrument, the researcher presented them to expert (supervisors) for scrutiny. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to ascertain the reliability of the research instruments. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 25) was used to compute inferential and descriptive statistic. The study established that there exists a significant negative relationship between academic engagement and academic burnout. r(345) = -.68, p< .05. The study recommended that teachers should come up with guidance programs and other more relevant interventions to help students boost their academic engagement in order to reduce academic burnout.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Parental Behaviors: Emotional Interactions, Supervision/Monitoring and Disciplinary Measures In Relation To Their Manifest Aggression
(Journal for the Advancement of Educational research, 2010) Kinai, T. K.
Objectives of the study were to: (i) Assess adolescents' manifest aggression (MA), (ii) Establish the relationship between adolescent MA and parental emotional interactions, supervision/monitoring, disciplinary measures, consistency in enforcing discipline, family interactions and parents' income.(iii) Find out the magnitude of parental variables influencing adolescent MA. Six hundred and seventy two participants were stratified and randomly selected from six secondary schools in Nairobi County. Findings showed that adolescent MA scores ranged from 2 - 37 with X = 16.6610. Approximately 85.5% had low aggression 11-20.There was positive relationship between hostile, punitive, rejecting, inconsistent parental behaviour and adolescent MA. Boys were found to be more aggressive than girls; findings were significant at Chi-square test of p < 0.05. The greatest instigator of MA was disciplinary measures 34.2%, family interactions 18.0%; the least was parents' income 9.6%. Intervention is needed to suppress adolescent MA developmental continuity and to teach parents the importance of establishing good relations with their children
African Indigenous Guidance and Counselling & Child Socialization Agents: Evaluating Aembu peoples’ Perception in the Redeemed Gospel Church, Embu County, Kenya
(Jumuga Journal of Education, Oral Studies & Human Sciences (JJEOHS), 2020) Muriithi, Elizabeth Nancy; Gitome, Josephine W.; Waweru, Humphrey M.
The aim of this article is to evaluate the perception of Pentecostal Christians in regard to the importance of the indigenous guidance and counselling among the Aembu indigenous society. In the latter, they socialized their children from birth to puberty. In a nutshell, emphasis is given to transitional rites of passage. Transitional rites of passage served as important tools of child socialization which was meant to instil moral values among the Aembu youths. In our contemporary society, many adolescents face moral issues which often call for intensive child socialization from home and church circles. In its theoretical framework, the article used the structural functional theory. Qualitative approach was applied as the determinant design. The article reveals that there are moral issues among the youth and that there are useful Aembu teachings and practices which were used in the Aembu indigenous society as socialization tools in order to instil moral values among youths to solve morality issues. The article concludes that there is an urgent need to put in place alternative rites of passage with the sole aim of coming up with effective child socialization programs.
African Perspective of Sources of an Individual’s Motivation to Behaviour and its Implications on Multicultural Counselling: Case of Kenyan Universities
(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 2019-05) Wathoni, Gathaara Hellen; Sirera, Merecia Ann; Wasanga, Christine
Cultural perspectives of individuals motivation are not clearly understood and this presents a challenge in effective conceptualization and contextualization of clients’ problems in therapy. To understand this behaviour of Africans in Kenyan culture, both cross-sectional survey and ethnographic research design were used. The study was carried out in Kenyan universities due to their rich cultural diversity. Multi-stage sampling procedures were used for the study. The sample size for the study was 360 but due to the return rate of 82.4% for questionnaires, ended up being 298 participants: students, lecturers, and counselling psychologists. Data collection tools for the study were questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussion guides. Quantitative data was analysed in Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and presented in tables and figures. The qualitative data were transcribed, and categorised according to themes and sub-themes and later discussed by linking them with the study objectives. The results on sources of an individual’s motivation to behaviour showed that: the African family was mainly extended to members outside the nuclear family and thus it influenced an individual’s motivation to behaviour. Collective moral standards of the extended family promoted the right behaviour for the individual and social welfare. Prohibitive norms and taboos were strictly observed because of the severe punishments that befell those who violated them. Religious motives enabled Africans to make moral choices and decisions. Punishments and penalties were used to advance the cause for right behaviour among Africans in Kenya. In conclusion, culture influences people’s motivation to covert and overt behaviour and thus the therapists especially those from different cultures need to understand it to make therapy relevant and meaningful to the African descent clients. The study recommended that cultural worldview and perspective of personality be incorporated into therapy alongside mainstream Euro-American perspectives to make counselling more meaningful to clients from different cultures.
Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug (ATOD) Use and Bullying among High School Students in Nakuru District, Kenya
(2010) Oteyo, J. S.; Kariuki, M. W.; Ndege, P. K.
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs (ATOD) use among secondary school students in Nakuru District, Kenya, and its association with bullying. A total of 1000 form one to four male and female students aged between 13 and 19 years were selected from 40 private and 45 public secondary schools were surveyed between January and June, 2009. The mean or median age for male students was 14 (SD=4.90) and for female students 13.8 (SD=4.8). GSHS was used to collect data which was analyzed by frequencies, chisquare and logistic regressions. In the study, 33.7% of students reported having been bullied by students abusing ATOD in the last 30 days preceding the survey and 15.9% reported the use of alcohol, 12% cigarettes and 8% smokeless tobacco in the last 30 days preceding the survey. Cumulatively, 9.6% of students recorded having used other drugs. There was a significant relationship between alcohol and tobacco use with bullying. However, there was no statistically significant association between the use of other drugs and bullying (?2 = 3.583, df=1, p=0.058). The prevention of ATOD and bullying among students represents an essential public health measure that may allow for total children
Analysis of Psychological Well-Being of Secondary School Teachers; A Review of Literature
(IPRJB, 2022) Gakinya, Grace Wanjiru; Wasanga, Christine; Kipnusu, Robert
Purpose: The goal of the study was to conduct an investigation into the psychological wellbeing of teachers in secondary schools. Methodology: The research strategy used was a desktop review. Google Scholar was used to track the foundational references and relevant scholarly articles. To fulfill the inclusion criterion, papers from the past ten years were used. Findings: Teachers' mental health was found to be correlated with both their self-efficacy and their work surroundings, independent of their demographics. Teachers' psychological well-being was found to be positively correlated with their levels of affective and normative commitment, which in turn was found to be positively correlated with teachers' levels of job satisfaction, desire to get involved in their work, and sense of competence on the job. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: Based on the findings of this study, it is clear that assisting educators in developing their teaching competency and efficacy, as well as providing them with the tools they need to cope with workplace pressures, can have a positive effect on their mental health. It is also advised that, at the program level, supportive environments for both educators and students should be established. Psychotherapy based on the Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) will be used to examine how emotions and actions are expressed through one's ability to think. This theory should be applied in future as it proposes new methods of thinking that will result in better behavioral and emotional reactions.
Assessment of Attitudes towards Crime among Male Sexual Offenders: The Case of Nairobi West Prison, Nairobi City County
(Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2021-01-30) Oguda, Benta G. Adhiambo; Vikiru, George; Wasanga, Christine
The rising cases of sexual offending suggest that justice and correctional mechanisms need to explore the attitude of the offenders to inform on additional rehabilitation strategies for the offenders. The question, however, was: what is the perception of the sexual offenders towards sexual crimes? Focusing on sexual offenders aged between 18 and 45 years old, the author conducted the study in Nairobi West Prison, a male captives’ facility based in Nairobi City County, Kenya. A mixed method research design involving both qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. Data was collected using questionnaires and focus group discussion guide. Stratified random sampling was used to select 61 male offenders convicted for defilement and rape. Attitudes towards crime were measured using an attitude questionnaire. Focus group discussion guide had five leading questions based on the research questions. This paper presents findings on male sexual offenders’ attitudes towards crime.
Assessment of Depressive Symptoms Severity among Secondary School Adolescents in Kiambu County, Kenya
(EdinBurg, 2023) Ngata, Theresia Wangari; Mvungu, Eunice Njeri
Depressive symptoms have different levels of severity such as mild, chronic as well as acute. The symptoms may lead to feelings of hopelessness, emptiness, sadness, and helplessness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms that are manifested by secondary school students in Kiambu County. The targeted population was secondary school adolescents in Kiambu County. Data was collected using standardized instruments. The adolescent depressive symptoms severity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire9: Modified for Teens (PHQ-9: teens). The findings on the severity of depressive symptoms manifested by the adolescents revealed that 38.6% of students had mild depression, 24.2% had minimal depression, 20% had moderate depression, 13.3% had moderately severe depression and 3.9% had severe depression. The study recommends the need for the Ministry of Education to hire counselors and psychologists to provide mental health services in secondary schools. This will assist students in managing depressive symptoms. The study further recommends that school management introduce programs aimed at bringing parents and students together to discuss family issues affecting student’s mental health.
Association between Disney Cartoon Program Watching and Prosocial Behavior Change of Children Aged 7 To 11 Years in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2024) Mokua, Olipha Mokeira; Kamina, Mary
Children's lives today are more than ever before greatly impacted by social media and this effect has resulted in certain traditional family lifestyles being replaced with modern lifestyles. Consequently, media has the ability to fundamentally influence societal views and alter behavior in subtle yet powerful ways. This study sought to determine the association between Disney cartoon program watching and prosocial behavior change of children aged 7 to 11 years in Nairobi County. The social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura (1986) served as a guide for the investigation. The study used a correlational research strategy that targeted 7500 pupils in selected primary schools in Nairobi County. A sample size of 308 pupils participated in this study. The study utilized purposive sampling to select the Kasarani primary school and pupils aged 7 to 11 years who particularly watch a range of Disney cartoons. The pilot of the study was carried out among 29 pupils at Kahawa garrison primary school. To gather information from pupils, a structured questionnaire was used. Validity of the study was ensured by structuring the questions according to the objectives, while a Cronbach alpha score of 0.7 and above was established in all the scales indicating that they were reliable. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics in form of frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation, and inferential statistics in the form of Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r). The analysis was aided by SPSS version 23. Findings form the study established a positive correlation between time spent watching Disney cartoons and prosocial behavior, r (310) = 0.374, p <0.05. The findings imply that, the more time spent watching Disney cartoon programs with prosocial behavior, the more highly the prosocial behavior children acquire. The study therefore, concluded that students who watch Disney cartoons learn the importance of treating other people right, and the value of hard work, and shaped their language and speaking skills. The study recommends that parents control the amount of time their children spend watching cartoons because they can be addictive and too much of anything is bad. The study further recommends that parents should ensure that their children watch cartoons that portray acceptable behaviors or select the kinds of cartoon programs they would like their children to watch.
Blood Pressure Parameters and the Development of Congestive Heart Failure among Hypertensive Patients at Kiambu County Hospital, Kenya
(The East and Central Africa Medical Journal, 2020-11) Mac’oduol, Isabell; Thigiti, Joseph; Maingi, Lydia
Introduction: Global incidence of heart failure is on increase. Heart failure has been shown to be on the increase with 1-3% admission rates globally and a 3-7% admission rate in the African hospitals. Hypertension (HTN) has been shown to play a pivotal role in the evolution and syndrome of heart failure where it is mostly non- ischemic in origin yet there are few studies on the association of the individual blood parameters and heart failure. Objective: The study assessed the individual blood pressure parameters as prognosticators of congestive heart failure (CHF) in hypertensive patients. Method: A retrospective study was carried out at Kiambu County Hospital, on 205 heart failure patients who met the Framingham Criteria. The parameters observed included the time of onset of CHF, systolic/ diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and their duration to the development of CHF. Multivariable cox proportional hazard regression models were used to determine the effects of individual blood pressure parameters relative to the onset of CHF. Results: Overall, 205 patients were eligible for the study. Median time to CHF was estimated to be 4 years (range: 1-18), median age of CHF development was 65.7 years with a 68.8% female preponderance. Pulse pressure of 55- 60 mm Hg (AHR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.16-4.21), hypertension duration of 5-10 years (AHR: 0.14; 95%CI: 0.088-0.223) and over 10 years (AHR: 0.023; 95%CI: 0.010-0.050) were significantly associated with the development of CHF. Conclusion: Pulse pressure is a better prognosticator of CHF in hypertensive patients with a hazard ratio of 2.2 times more likely in patients with a pulse pressure of 55- 60 mmHg than those below 55mm Hg.
Building on the indigenous: theory and method of marriage therapy in contemporary Eastern and Western Africa
(2011-10-27) Nwoye, A.
This paper highlights the distinctive approach to marriage therapy in use by therapists in two regions of Africa. It illustrates that marital therapy in these two regions is based on role theory framework and follows, in its execution, the pattern of the judicial trial model. It traces adaptations made by contemporary marriage therapists to ensure that while building their present practices on this essentially indigenous/court-room trial model, they are able to remain open to outside influences from other models of marriage.
Caregivers’ Perceptions of Compassion Ability Among Paediatric Healthcare Providers in Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
(Contemporary Research Center CRC Publications, 2020) Wanjohi, Grace W; Maingi, Lydiah
INTRODUCTION: Compassion fatigue has the potential to impair compassion ability among paediatric health care providers (PHCPs). Despite the increased number of paediatric patients in the public hospitals occasioned by improved health services, the impact on PHCPs compassion ability has not been established. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to describe paediatric caregivers’ perceptions of compassion ability among PHCPs. METHODS: The study adopted the phenomenological research design. Data collection methods included unstructured interviews, focused group discussions and narratives. Perceptions of compassion ability among PHCP were sought from family caregivers of paediatric patients admitted during the period of study. RESULTS: 42 caregivers were included in the study. Majority were mothers aged between 21-30 years. The study found that caregivers perceived compassionate care as love and friendliness, timeliness in treatment, adequate consultation time and getting enough information from their PHCPs. Compassionate care varied from PHCP to PHCP depending on possession of these qualities. The PHCPs who had these qualities were viewed as compassionate while those who lacked them were viewed as uncompassionate. CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers conceptualize compassionate care as love and friendliness, timeliness in treatment, adequate consultation time and receiving adequate information concerning their children. PHCP need to understand these are important components of their services and realize that caregivers are not just interested in their services but in how these services are delivered.
Catholic Church’s Pastoral Counseling Role in Addressing Domestic Violence against Women in Marriage in Muranga County, Kenya
(African Research Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 2018) Mburu, Evan Njuguna
The main purpose of this study was to examine the role of pastoral counseling by the Catholic Church in addressing domestic violence against women in marriage, in Maragua Parish, Murang’a County. Survey research design was used in this study. The main respondents of this study population were the married couples. The target population for this study was 5420 catholic church members. The sample size included 360 married couples from the parish. Random sampling procedure was used to arrive at the sample. The main research instruments used in the study was questionnaire. Quantitative data analysis procedure was used where data were analyzed and reported in frequencies and percentages and summarized using figures and tables. Quantitative analytical software, namely SPSS was used to process the data. The results showed that Catholic church played a critical role in addressing domestic violence against women in marriage through increasing confidence and self-esteem among women. The study also took into account the contribution of the male members of the society, with a call to respect women and help create coexistence in the society. This study informs the role that faith based organizations could play in addressing gender based disparities in society.
Centering Decriminalization of Suicide in Low–And Middle–Income Countries on Effective Suicide Prevention Strategies.
(Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2022) Ochuku, Brenda K.; Natalie, E. Johnson; Osborn, Tom L.; Wasanga, Christine M.; Ndetei, David M.
Globally, over 800,000 people die by suicide every year. For every one completed suicide, 20 more attempts have been made. As previous attempts are one of the strongest predictors of future suicide, help-seeking in moments of crisis, particularly after an attempt, may have important implications for suicide prevention. Unfortunately, the criminalization of suicide in several countries hinders help-seeking, increases the stigmatization of those who attempt suicide and obstructs the accurate tracking of suicides. Here, we highlight the negative eects of suicide criminalization and discuss evidence-based strategies for suicide prevention such as means restriction, improved mental health literacy and access to psychosocial support, and responsible media coverage of suicide
Challenges Among Cancer Patients That May Influence Recovery Outcomes in Palliative Care Units in Nairobi and Nyeri Counties
(International Peer Reviewed Journals and Books Publishing, 2021) Wang’ombe, Joyce Muthoni; Kathungu, Beatrice
Purpose: This study sought to establish challenges among cancer patients that may influence recovery outcomes in palliative care units in Nairobi and Nyeri Counties. Methodology: The study adopted a correlation research design. The target population were the cancer patients, attending treatment at the three palliative care units in Nairobi and Nyeri Counties. Systematic random sampling technique was used in the study to obtain a sample of 96 participants. Semi structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, namely Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient(r). Findings: Result showed that, majority of the respondents indicated participating in the programs available at the palliative care institutions, which included; group psychotherapy (91.7%), spiritual support (91.7%) and programs on coping skills (91.7). Others (22.6%) participated in programs such as performing chorals, knitting and board games. The results also showed that 82.1% and 78.6% of the respondents noted that they experienced challenges of being isolated and lacking finances respectively. 50% of the respondents had a challenge in coping with the condition, while 2.4% experienced challenges in adhering to drugs .These findings were not unusual considering that most of the patients were newly diagnosed with cancer and for some respondent’s metastasis had set in. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Patients facing challenges receiving palliative care could adopt group psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral, informational, nonbehavioral, social support, and using unusual treatments such as music and art therapy to curb cancer. Administrators and medical staff in the palliative care units should create awareness and encourage the attending patients to source for a health insurance cover e.g. National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) to cater for the cancer disease both outpatient and incase of hospitalization. This will ease the financial burden of cancer on the patient, family and community.
Child Abuse in Kenyan slums: The good, the bad and the ugly
(2011-10-17) Mumah, S. J.; Kigen, E. M.; Muga, R. O.; Ruhigisha, J. P.; Munyana, G. F. K.
Child abuse depicts anything that individuals, institutions or processes do (or fail to do), which directly or indirectly harms the child or damages her/his prospects of safe growth and healthy development. At the apex of this ill is Kenya, among other nations, that has since seen an unprecedented increase in cases of child abuse manifested in child battering, sexual abuse, child labour, verbal insults, child neglect, denial of physical and emotional needs, confinements and a legion other forms of assault. In recognition of this problem, this study was conducted to ascertain the incidents of child abuse within Kenya's urban informal settlements. The descriptive survey employed ex-post facto and comparative research designs to gather data from boys and girls in Kawangware slums of Nairobi city, using the questionnaire as the main tool for primary data collection. Data were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively and reported descriptively. Results indicate that Kenyan children are extensively abused. This was evidenced by established cases of verbal assault (68%), beatings (95%), inflicting of pain involving the child's sexual organ (35%), excessive labour (33.5%), incest and sexual abuse (46%) and denial of food (22.5%). Others included abandonment (18%), confinement (13.5%) and stigmatisation and discrimination (97%), just to mention a few. Orphans and destitute children were worst victims. Such abuses have resulted in regular nightmares, withdrawal, disturbed sleep, burns, multiple bruises and marks, fractures and bald spots on the abused children. Mothers (and/or female guardians) were the worst perpetrators of child abuse followed by fathers (and/or male guardians) and close family relatives and friends. Our research calls for programmes that address responsible parenthood in the slums. But where is Kenya when such evils are committed against her children, four years after publishing the Children's Act, 2001?
Co-occurrence of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs Among secondary school students in Kiambu and Nairobi Counties Kenya
(International Journal of Education and Research, 2013-03-03) Oteyo, John Samson; Kariuki, Mary; Mwenje, Margeret
Secondary school students engage in behaviors like use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs that compromise their health and future potentials. However, these behaviors are preventable. The current study was designed to establish the prevalence of single and concurrent use of these drugs among students of Kiambu and Nairobi Counties of Kenya. Multi-stage, stratified proportionate, systematic and simple random sampling and purposive methods were used to select participating counties (n=2), district (n=8) schools (n=71) and students (n=1389).However 1088 students were included at analysis as some were eliminated due to inconsistent responses and non-responses. Self administered questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics and alcohol, tobacco and other drug behaviors. Frequency, percentages, ChiSquare and logistic regression were used to analyze data. Alcohol was the most used drug (23.5%) followed by khat, cigarette, smokeless tobacco and bhang in that order. Of the current alcohol drinkers, 47.6, 33.1, 28.7 and 26.6% had also used khat, bhang, smokeless tobacco and cigarettes respectively. From logic regressions analyses, alcohol drinkers than abstainers were 6.198 times (95% C.I: 4.146-9.266) more likely to be khat users whereas cigarette smokers than non-smokers were 15.264 times (95% C.I: 8.170-28.519) more likely to use smokeless tobacco. These results provide empirical evidences for a comprehensive prevention and intervention programs that target multiple risk behaviors to promote global health among secondary school students.
A Comparative Study on HIV-Related Attitude and HIV High Risk Behavior among Kenyan and American University Students
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Olaly, Wilfrida H. A; Venable, Riley H
The purpose of conducting this research was to investigate the relationship between attitude toward HIV/AIDS and the degree of sexual behavior among university students in Kenya and the United States of America. The sample consisted of 240 university students out of which 121 were from Kenya while 119 were from the United States. Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression were used to analyze the data. Three hypotheses were tested to find out the relationship between attitudes toward HIV/AIDS as measured by a modified version of the Texas Southern University AIDS Risk Survey Schedule and sexual behavior of targeted college students at the .05 alpha level or better. The findings showed that attitude toward HIV/AIDS contributed significantly to the degree of sexual behavior among university students in the United States independently, and both universities combined but not among Kenya students
Conducting global mental health research: lessons learned from Kenya
(Cambridge University Press, 2021-02-08) Wasil, Akash R.; Osborn, Tom L.; Venturo-Conerly, Katherine E.; Wasanga, Christine; Weisz, John R.
Mental health disorders are prevalent among youth and adolescents in low- and middleincome countries, and access to evidence-based treatments is poor. Although there is a great need for high-quality research to serve young people in low- and middle-income countries, there is limited guidance available for researchers who wish to conduct such work. Here, we describe our process of conducting school-based youth mental health work in Kenya over the last several years. We focus on five key lessons we learned that could guide future global mental health work with youth: (a) reducing stigma with strengths-focused interventions, (b) expanding access by working in schools, (c) generating buy-in from local stakeholders, (d) adapting the intervention via multicultural collaboration, and (e) applying insights from low- and middle-income countries to serve young people in high-income countries. We conclude by discussing how these lessons, and those shared by other teams, can be applied to help reduce the treatment gap for young people around the world.
Decision-Making Therapy in HIV/AIDS: The African Experience
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004) Nwoye, A.
The challenge of providing relevant and sophisticated counseling interventions to people with HIV/AIDS in Africa has greatly intensified. The task has shifted from what it was deemed to entail at the first decade of the disease. Then, it was understood to involve the process of bringing healing to the emotional situation of the client demoralized by the news of infection. In addition, at that time, the emphasis was on information and education as the most commanding weapon for preventing the spread of the AIDS pandemic. But professional experiences in the second decade of the disease has clearly shown that as we work for prevention we must also develop strategies for responding to the needs and problems of people already in contact with the disease, requiring that they be started on antiviral therapy. The present article is intended to highlight and discuss the critical issues that attend and challenge the decision-making therapy of people with HIV disease in Africa.

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