MST-Department of Physical and Health Education

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Analysis of acute injuries incurred by players during the 2001 Moi golden cup soccer tournament in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2014) Onywera, V.O.
This study involved the analysis of injuries incurred by players during the 2001 Moi Golden Cup Soccer Toumament. A total of twenty- four (24) matches were covered. A modified Soccer Observation Chart from the one developed by Asembo, Njororai and Wekesa (1995) was used to collect data for this study. Three-trained research assistants were used for collection of data. Each one of them collected data independently. An inter observer agreement was set at 90% for the various variables for purposes of inclusion in the analysis. Where there were differences of opinion, consultations with the team dodorlfirst aider was made. The data collected were expressed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Chi-square was used to test the significance of various hypotheses in line with injuries incurred by players in the 2001 Moi Golden Cup Soccer Toumament with the objective of establishing the nature, anatomical distribution, contextual mechanism, aetiology, and time course of injuries in relation to tournament level, part of the field, teams (home/away, winning/losing) and players position among male Soccer players. The significant level for rejection and/or acceptance of the hypotheses was set at 0.05. From this study, it was found that more injuries 44(43.14%) occurred in the preliminary phase of the toumament and first halves (67.6%) of the matches played. Forward players were more vulnerable to injuries compared to other positions. They suffered 35(34.3%) of the total injuries recorded during the study. The opponent caused the highest number 50(49%) of injuries. Most players 28(27.5%) were injured as a result of being kicked by another player. The offensive zone recorded more injuries 37(36.3%) compared to the defensive and construction zones, which recorded 35(34.3%) and 30(29.4%) respectively. Soft tissue injuries accounted for the highest percentage (79%) of injuries during the Toumament. Most players 17(62.96%), were substituted because of injuries in the preliminary phase of the Tournament. Away teams registered more injuries 58(56.9%) than home teams 44(43.1 %) while winning teams incurred more injuries 54(53%) than losing teams 48 (47%). Anatomically, the lower body was the most affected by injuries 67(65.7%) in this study. Therefore, it is recommended that Kenyan Soccer Coaches should emphasize the need for proper physical conditioning and sportsmanship to reduce chances of their players getting unnecessary injuries. The Kenya Football Federation in liaison with the Government and Clubs should strive to improve and maintain Soccer pitches to avoid predisposing players to injuries. Further studies in the same area with female teams, international tournaments, other sports, among others, are recommended.
An analysis of the effectiveness of Kenya's top male Field hockey teams in using selected offensive tactics in competitions
(2012-04-20) Mwisukha, A.
This study involved an analysis of the effectiveness of Kenya's top men's field hockey teams in using offensive tactics of passing and shooting with the drive, push, flick and scoop, corners and penalty corners in competition. The objective of this analysis was to identify the strengths and/or weaknesses of the teams in executing the offensive tactics on the basis of which the teams' coaching programmes may be adjusted to optimize their performance. The study focused on the observation and analysis of pre-recorded matches of Kenya's national hockey league for the year 1995/96. Out of a total of 114 league matches played on the astroturf surface, a sample of 30 (26.7%) matches was randomly selected for the study. Match analysis instruments that have been developed and tested for the observation of play activities in field hockey were used to collect data on the selected offensive tactics. To ensure accuracy in data collection one trained research assistant was used. The winning and losing teams were compared on their execution of the offensive tactics to determine if winning resulted from the teams' effectiveness in executing these play actions. Data collected was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and means. The t-test at 0.05 level of significance was used to determine if there was a significant difference between winning and losing teams in executing the offensive tactics. From the findings, it was noted that the teams that won matches achieved higher numbers and percentages of passes using the drive, push, flick and scoop than the teams that lost. Additionally, the winning teams realised higher proportions of successful shots with drive, push and flick, corners and penalty corners. However, there was no significant difference between the teams that won and those that lost in their effectiveness in shooting with the scoop. These findings indicate that winning in Kenya's national league matches was determined by the teams' effectiveness in executing the offensive tactics of passing using the drive, flick, push and scoop, shooting with the drive, push and flick, corners and penalty corners. From the study, it is recommended that Kenya's top men's hockey teams should boost their chances of winning league matches by polishing more on their passes using the drive, push, flick and scoop and shots with the drive, push and flick. Furthermore, the teams should be made to realise that successful execution of corners and penalty corners in league matches determines a team's successful performance and as such, they need to carry out incessant and appropriate practice of these play situations in a game.
Association of Prolonged Sitting, Physical Activity and Muskoleletal Disorders among Taxi-Cab Drivers in Nairobi City County
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Luganu, Brian; Lucy Joy Wachira; Luca Waiganjo
Abstract
Avalibility and utilization of instructional media in teaching and learning of physical education in some selected primary teachers colleges in Kenya
(2012-04-18) Kinyanjui, Lydiah
The study looked at the availability of the instructional media and extent of their utilization for the teaching of physical education at selected primary teacher training colleges in Kenya. The study involved physical education tutors and second year students of five colleges. Also involved were L.R.C. tutors of the colleges. Different questionnaires were administered to them. These sought to find out their awareness on media availability and how much of these were used for teaching physical education. An observation checklist accompanied the questionnaires. This was to solicity further information on availability of instructional media. The results of the study revealed that despite media availability, only chalkboard, textbooks and handouts were extensively used for teaching the subject. All other available media were either used at a low level or not at all. One of the main reasons for this was lack of time to adapt their use, in an already crowded curriculum. Second, most tutors were not conversant with their use for teaching the subject. Analysis of all responses revealed that use of media in teaching was generally accepted as a very good idea that would enhance the quality of physical education taught at colleges. However, the P.E. tutors expressed that since teacher trainee’s performance was not practically tested at the end of their course, they (tutors) concentrated in preparing them for the written exam. To do this, use of all the media available in the colleges was not necessary as far as the tutors were concerned. Recommendations were made for the curriculum developers at K.I.E. on the need to initiate teacher trainers into using various instructional media to facilitate the teaching process in physical education. This would not only create the necessary awareness but it would make the topics taught have a greater impact on the trainees. The study calls on P.E. tutors to change their attitude and be more objective and also make use of instructional media available in their colleges.
Comparative Analysis of High Volume and Sports Specific Training on Vo2peak and Lactate Threshold of Kenyatta University’s Blakblad Rugby Players
(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) Onyango, Okoth Elvis; Jane Wanjiku Kamau; Gitahi Theuri
Abstract
Correlates of Secondary School Students Participation in Competitive Sports in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Munyua, Jedidah Gathoni
Motivation from social environment, playing experience and socio-economic background are the key components to participation in competitive sports among students. The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of secondary school students’ participation in competitive sports in Nairobi City County Kenya. The objectives of the study were to examine influence of significant others on involvement in competitive sports and to determine the influence of gender, playing experience and household income level on involvement in competitive sports. Cross-sectional descriptive research design was utilized. The target population were students in secondary schools in Nairobi City County. 1,271 student athletes participated in term 1 and term 2 national sports competitions. The researcher sampled 382 students’ athletes who comprised of (191 girls and 191 boys). This represented 30% of the entire population.A questionnaire was used to collect data from students which was analysed through use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25.0). Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics of multiple regression analysis were used to test the hypothesis of the study. The study found that there were more male, (64.0%) than female (36.0%) participants. Football (21.6%) and volleyball (11.9%) were the most represented sports while badminton 2(0.7%) and racquet games 2(0.7%) were the least represented sports. The null hypotheses stating that there is no significant influence of significant others (p-value=0.030<0.05),1 gender (p value=0.001<0.05), playing experience (p-value=0.000<0.05) and household income level (p-value=0.008<0.05) on student involvement in competitive sports in public secondary schools in Nairobi City County Kenya, were rejected. The study concluded that gender had the greatest correlation on participation in competitive sports among students in public secondary schools in Nairobi City County, followed by significant others, then playing experience while household income had the least effect on participation in competitive sports among students in public secondary schools in Nairobi City County. To encourage sports participation by students, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Sports, Culture and Heritage should make sure that all secondary schools have the most basic sports facilities and equipment.
Determinants of participation in sports among students with hearing impairement in secondary schools for the deaf of Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-11) Moseti, Moraa Zipporah
Effective engagement of sports among students with hearing impairment has physiological, psychological, intellectual and societal benefits (Riungu, 2002; Smith, 2004). Although there has been great emphasis on sports and health related activities among students, there is a general concern that students with disabilities do not frequently participate in such activities. This study proceeded from the assumption that students with hearing impairment have no visible disability and therefore should participate in sports like their hearing counterparts. The study, therefore, sought to evaluate determinants of participation in sports among students with hearing impairment in Kenyan secondary schools for the deaf. The specific objectives of this study were to: establish the effect of gender on sport participation among students with hearing impairment; identify the type of sports in which most of the students with hearing impairment participate; establish the most commonly available sports facilities in secondary schools for the deaf, and establish the extent of participation in sports among students with hearing impairment in term one and two. Anchored on a descriptive research design, the study targeted 574 students with hearing impairment and 88 teachers in 7 public secondary schools for the deaf. Purposive sampling was used to select all Form 2 and 3 students as well as 3 teachers from the 7 schools translating to a total of 21 teachers and 327 student respondents. Two questionnaires; one for students and another for teachers were used in data collection. Data collected from the field was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Qualitative data generated from open-ended questions using grouped into themes and analyzed according to the research objectives. Frequency tables and bar graphs were used in data presentation. Cross-tabulations and Chi-square (χ 2 ) tests were used to test the association, if any, of variables such as gender, sports preference and sports participation. The study established that gender was a significant variable to sports preference and participation among students with hearing impairment. The findings revealed that more male students participate in sports than female students. Majority of these students were motivated to participate in sports for fun. Football was the most preferred sport type by male students while female respondents had a strong preference to volleyball and netball. Most commonly available sports facilities were football and volleyball pitches. Majority of the students with hearing impairment actively engaged in sports in term one compared to term two due to the scheduling of national competitions for SNE in term one. The study concludes that gender, sports preference, availability of sports facilities, competitions and, internal and external drives were significant determinants in sports participation among students with hearing impairment. The study recommends that simple and easy-to-use sports facilities should be provided as an enabler for more students with hearing impairment to participate in sports, and a safe and supportive environment be established to facilitate active sports engagement among female students. Special schools should provide adequate facilities for a variety of sports in line with different kinds of sports. Insights from these findings will be helpful to stakeholders in making informed decisions, and in availing sports facilities for students with hearing impairment not only in secondary schools but also in other institutions of learning such as primary schools and tertiary institutions.
Effectiveness of An Eight-Week Fundamental Skills Intervention Programme on the Motor Skills of Children with Visual Impairment in Nairobi County, Kenya
(kenyatta university, 2023) Githinji, Judy Muthoni; Jane Mwangi; Goodwin Yasmin
Physical activity has been included in early intervention programmes involving fundamental motor skills among children with differing abilities. Though research has documented improved motor skills performance generally, few have focused on intervention programmes as a means towards improving motor skill performance in children with visual impairment. This study sought to bridge this gap by determining the effectiveness of an eight-week fundamental skills intervention programme on motor skills among children with visual impairment in Nairobi County, Kenya. The variables investigated included hopping, running, leaping, horizontal jumping, sliding, kicking, stationary dribbling, catching, overhand throwing, and underhand rolling. The study utilised one group pre and post-test quasi-experimental design. The study targeted children aged six to 11 years with visual impairment. Kilimani Primary School was purposively selected because it has an exclusive special unit for children with visual impairment. Purposive sampling was done in grades one and two because most children aged between six to 11 years are in these grades. Twelve out of the 20 targeted children with visual impairment in grade one and two met the inclusion criteria representing a sample size of 60%. Out of these, twelve children (100%) successfully completed the eight-week fundamental motor skill intervention programme. A pre-test was conducted to determine the base motor skill performance levels of the group. A post-test was administered after the eight-week intervention programme to determine the effects. The TGMD2 (Test of Gross Motor Development) tool was used as the main instrument for data collection. A reliability index of 0.78 was obtained using Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha. Data collected was cleaned and coded for analysis using Statistics Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the measures of central tendency, variability and frequency of the score. Paired sample t-test was used to determine the influence of the intervention programme, independent t-test was used to compare group means and Spearman’s rank correlation was utilised to determine relation between visual acuity and motor skills. The significance level was set at 0.05. The results revealed significant difference in locomotor skills t (11) =5.40, p<0.01 and object control skills t (11) = 5.38 p<0.01 after intervention. Independent t-test showed no statistically significant difference in performance of motor skills between boys and girls in locomotor skills at t (10) = -1.5343 p=0.156; and in object control skills at t (10) =0.1656, p=0.872. Among the children with visual impairment in both, locomotor skills t (10) =0.810 p = 0.437 and object control skills, t (10) =0.810, p= 0.764. There was no significant difference in performance of motor skills among younger children aged 9 years and below and older children aged 10 years and above. At t (10) = -2.82 p< 0.017. There was no significant relationship between motor skill performance and visual acuity in both, locomotor and object control rs (10) = -0.470, p=0.123 and rs (10) =0.074, p=0.820 respectively. It was concluded that the fundamental motor skills intervention programme improved the motor skills of children with visual impairment. It is strongly recommended that fundamental motor skill intervention be started early enough for children with visual impairment in school setting. The study, therefore, recommends development of more motor skills intervention programmes among children with visual impairment.
Effectiveness of the serves used during the 12th edition of the African volley ball clubs championship
(2012-04-03) Bailasha, N. K.
This study involved the analysis of the serves used by the teams, which participated in the 12th edition of African feminine volleyball club championship held in 1997 in Nairobi. A total of 19 matches were pre recorded for this study. A modified volleyball analysis instrument from the developed in 1975 by the United States Volleyball Association was used to collect data for this study. Three well-trained research assistants were used for collection of data. An inter observer reliability test with a reliability coefficient of 0.81 was conducted to correlate the data from the three research assistants. The data collected were expressed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Chi-square at 0.05 level of significance was used to compare the types of the serves used, the one commonly used in this championship and the effectiveness to ineffectiveness to ineffectiveness of each type of serve by a particular team against her opponents. From this study it was found that only three types of serves was used most. It was further found that floater serve was the most effective while Tennis serve was relatively less effective. Jump serve was used least frequently. Besides, it was used by only three teams in this championship and by one particular player in each of the three teams. Other findings indicated a significant difference in the effect of Posta's Pipeline's and Aswab's Tennis serve against their opponents, and Delta Force's Aswab's and Sonel's floater serve against their opponents. Delta Force, Commercial Bank, Union, Inter, Sonel and Kigali did not have a significant impact on their opponents, same observations were found with respect to floater serves by Pipeline, Posta, Commercial Bank Union, Inter and Kigali. This study recommends that feminine African volleyball teams should: (1) Diversify the type of serves they use. (2) Schedule more time for the training of serves in their programmes. (3) Learn about their opponent's weaknesses in order to direct serves accordingly. (4) Review their serve-receive formations according to the strategy of the opponents serve. (5) Training on the serve as a basic and most important aspect in the winning of a volleyball match at the lowest level possible e.g. primary and at the local club levels for proficiency at a latter stages.
The effects of participation in competitive sports on academic performance of secondary school students in Nairobi province
(2012-04-10) Rintaugu, E.G.; Akpata, D. O. I.; Mwangi, Peter Wanderi
This study investigated the effects of participation in competitive sport on academic performance of secondary school students. The variables of the study included sex, type of school, social economic status, intelligence and participation/non-participation in competitive sport and how these relate to academic performance. It was hypothesized that "there will be no significant effect of participation in competitive sports on academic performance of secondary school students in Nairobi province." The study involved 490 subjects (255 athletes and 235 non-athletes) randomly selected from 15 secondary schools within Nairobi province. Questionnaires, interviews and school records were the tools of data collection. The Manova test at 0.05 level of significance was used to determine. This study investigated the effects of participation in competitive sport on academic performance of secondary school students. The variables of the study included sex, type of school, social economic status, intelligence and participation/non-participation in competitive sport and how these relate to academic performance. It was hypothesized that "there will be no significant effect of participation in competitive sports on academic performance of secondary school students in Nairobi province." The study involved 490 subjects (255 athletes and 235 non-athletes) randomly selected from 15 secondary schools within Nairobi province. Questionnaires, interviews and school records were the tools of data collection. The Manova test at 0.05 level of significance was used to determine if there was a significant difference in academic performance between athletes and non-athletes. further, Turkey H.S.D. post hoc analysis tests was used to determine the strength of the resulting significant differences. Findings revealed that athletes consistently performed better than non-athletes in measures of academic performance. It was also found out that social economic status (SES), K.C.P.E. marks and the type of school correlated with academic performance of students. A major finding of the study was that sex is not a significant factor in determining the academic performance of students in this study. Therefore, it is recommended that competitive sport should be emphasized to all the students regardless of the sex, for it is not detrimental to academic performance. Further studies should be done in secondary schools from the other provinces, and at all other levels of education in Kenya i.e. primary schools, colleges and universities.ine if there was a significant difference in academic performance between athletes and non-athletes. Further, Turkey H.S.D. post hoc analysis tests was used to determine the strength of the resulting significant differences. Findings revealed that athletes consistently performed better than non-athletes in measures of academic performance. It was also found out that social economic status (SES), K.C.P.E. marks and the type of school correlated with academic performance of students. A major finding of the study was that sex is not a significant factor in determining the academic performance of students in this study. Therefore, it is recommended that competitive sport should be emphasized to all the students regardless of the sex, for it is not detrimental to academic performance. Further studies should be done in secondary schools from the other provinces, and at all other levels of education in Kenya i.e. primary schools, colleges and universities.
Effects of participation in competitive sports on school connectedness among public secondary school students in Murang’a County, Kenya
(2015) Kamau, Agnes Wanjiku; Rintaugu, Elijah G.; Muniu, Robert K.
School connectedness is the feeling of closeness to school personnel and the school environment.The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between competitive sports participation and school connectedness among secondary school students in Murang’a County. The study intended to establish the effects of: gender, age, class, school type, school status and athletic status on school connectedness. The study employed a descriptive survey design. It targeted all the 98,200 students from 257 public secondary schools in Murang’a County. The study employed stratified random sampling to select 26 schools while simple random sampling was used to select 384 students. The study used a questionnaire to collect data. Data that was collected was coded and entered into an SPSS program for analysis. Data was analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics that were used included frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations whereas inferential statistics used included two-way ANOVA, Tukey Post hoc test and T-test. The results were presented in frequency tables. The study established that there were no significant differences in school connectedness between boys and girls, t (340) =.647, p = .518 at . The study also established that younger athletes ( = 86.131.35) and non athletes ( = 87.672.37) were more connected to their schools compared to older athletes ( = 85.57 1.91) and non-athletes ( = 85.002.000). This means that there was a significant difference in school connectedness and age of the athletes. The results findings also revealed that class level did not have any effect on students’ connectedness to school, t (340) = 1.255, p = .210 at α= .05. Further, it was found out that there was a significant difference among students from National schools, County schools and District schools on the school connectedness. The study finally concluded that students in National schools ( = 86.77) were more connected to school compared to those in County ( = 85.43) and District schools ( = 85.06). The study recommends that: Ministry of Education, through the County Director of Education should ensure that all secondary schools have basic sports facilities and equipment in order to promote sports participation hence, school connectedness; schools principals should ensure every student identifies themselves with a particular sport. This can be done by requesting that each student register and participate in sport while in school, among other recommendations.
Effects of the diploma physical education programme on health-related fitness levels of teacher trainees: the case of Kenya science teachers college
(2012-04-10) Kinoti, Jacinta Wangoko
Physical Education has been compulsory and examinable in Kenya's teacher education colleges at diploma level since 1980. The programme is geared to, among other aims, improve and maintain the learner's bodily health and fitness. This study, therefore, aimed at establishing the health-related fitness levels of the teacher trainees at Kenya Science Teachers College (KSTC). The sample comprised of 40 first years, 40-second years and 40 third year KSTC teacher trainees split equally between male and female subjects. An experimental research design was used in this study. A pre-test was carried out two weeks after opening in January 1997 while a post-test was carried out eight weeks later. All the subjects were exposed to Physical Education lessons which were taught by KSTC Physical Education Lecturers. The dependent variables included cardio respiratory endurance, muscular endurance, body composition and flexibility. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test technique. The results were tested at p<0.05. Generally, the subjects under study improved in cardio respiratory endurance, muscular endurance, body composition and flexibility after an eight week exposure to the Physical Education Programme. This implies that the diploma programme in Kenya is capable of improving health-related fitness levels of the teacher trainees. It is recommended that Physical Education be encouraged in all learning institutions for purposes of enhancing the learners' health status.
Efficacy of Carbohydrate Sports Drink as an Ergogenic Aid in Competitive Male Cyclists in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Kung’u, Moses Gicharu; Gitahi Theuri; Francis Mwangi
The competitiveness of professional sports has forced athletes to find all mean possible to outperform their rivals. One of such ways is the use of carbohydrate sports drink to refuel and hydrate before, during or after high endurance competition. This study aimed at ascertaining the efficacy of carbohydrate sports drink (CHO 6g, and Na 51 mg in 100ml) as an ergogenic aid in male cyclists aged 18-30 years at Kikuyu in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study objectives were to establish the effect of using 200ml carbohydrate sports drink after every 20 minutes for 60 minutes, on; aerobic threshold, aerobic power, blood lactate threshold, speed, distance and glucose level in male cyclists. The study involved twelve male cyclists sampled through purposive and census sampling. The average age of the cyclists was 20.9 ± 2.39 years with average body mass of 63 ± 9.99 kg and average experience of 3.8 ± 1.8 years. A cross over experimental design was used; the dependent variables were blood lactate threshold, peak aerobic power and aerobic threshold. Independent variable was use of carbohydrate sports drink in cycling exercise. Data of the study was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Independent t-test was used to establish the difference between effects of carbohydrate sports drink and placebo on blood lactate, aerobic threshold, aerobic power, speed and distance during the sixty minutes of cycling test. Pearson’s correlation was used to test the relationship between aerobic threshold and aerobic power generated during the 60 minutes cycling test. Cyclists on carbohydrate treatment demonstrated a high level of blood lactate at p<0.05 level of significance. However, there was no significant difference between blood lactate accumulation when cyclists were on placebo or carbohydrate-based treatment p = 0.902. There was no significant difference in aerobic threshold between placebo and carbohydrate-based treatments of male cyclists during the sixty minutes trial p = 0.799. A significant difference in peak aerobic power at p = 0.004 when cyclists were treated with carbohydrate 86.1± 33.41 to 74.3± 33.42 watts than when on placebo 74.1± 28.67 to 62.3 ±27.73 watts was noted. There was no relationship established between lactate produced and speed generated by cyclists during the 60 minutes cycling experiment p = 0.244. There was a constant blood glucose level recorded when cyclists were given a carbohydrate drink however, blood glucose irregularly fluctuated when cyclists were on placebo. A significant difference in blood glucose levels when cyclists were on placebo treatment compared to carbohydrate-based treatment p = 0.001 was noted. The study concluded that 6% carbohydrate sport drink was not effective in improving aerobic threshold and blood lactate threshold. However, 6% carbohydrate sports drink was effective in improving aerobic power. It is recommended that cyclists can consume 6% carbohydrate sports drink during endurance exercise with an aim of improving aerobic power.
Efficacy of eight week soccer training programme on muscular fitness and cardiovascular endurance: case of Strathmore school, Nairobi city county, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Abuto, Brian Ochieng’; Gitahi Theuri; Nkatha Muthomi
Muscular fitness and cardiovascular endurance training plays a key role in adding value to the overall performance of soccer players. However very few soccer players especially those of high school going age have embraced muscular fitness and cardiovascular endurance training. The study assessed the efficacy of an eight-week soccer training programme on the muscular and cardiovascular fitness of Kenyan high school soccer team. The Strathmore school student’s soccer team was the target population. The sample size consisted of 30 male respondents who underwent a before and after test. The programme involved their normal skill work plus the muscular fitness and cardiovascular endurance training routine. STATA version 16 (IBM limited, UK, 2016) was used for processing data. To obtain means, percentages, standard deviations and frequencies, descriptive statistics was calculated to analyze the status of the athletes after the training period. A paired T-test was used to test the hypotheses. The results of the study indicated that a substantial portion of the participants experienced significant change after the duration of the strength and conditioning program. All the parameters that were being tested showed a significant improvement (power; broad jump t(29)= 8.70, P < 0.05; cardiovascular endurance; shuttle run t(29)= 4.093, P < 0.05 ; muscular strength; pushups t(29)= 21.49, p = p-value; pull-ups t(29)= 16.38, P < 0.05; muscular endurance situps t(29)= 8.7,P < 0.05 , side bridge t(29)= 11.34, P < 0.05). The research findings act as a future point of reference in the field of strength and conditioning with the findings contributing to the body of knowledge on muscular and cardiovascular fitness training in Kenyan soccer. The study recommended that sports coaches in youth soccer teams should in-cooperate strength and conditioning in their training routine. The study also recommended that the fitness status of the athletes should be determined in a bid to make informed decisions when creating programmes for the athlete.
Efficacy of Ten Weeks' Unstructured Physical Activity on Enhancing Health-Related Fitness of College Trainees in Meru County Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022-12) Kimathi, Jane Ellah Makandi; Lucy Joy Wachira; Yasmin Goodwin
Abstract
Elements of Traditional Games of the Gusii Community of Kenya
(2014-08-26) Mwenda, Penninah Wanjiku
A large component of the cultural traditions of African people has been handed down through generations. In the absence of written records, gradually with time, African communities came up with a number of cultural elements such as oral literature, games, music and dances that facilitated cognitive development to enhance recall and communication of facts. These are vital cultural elements that require preservation and perpetuation over time. This study aimed at identifying and recording for preservation and perpetuation, the cultural elements of Gusii community of Kenya. The study focused on the Gusii traditional games in terms of their forms, participants, equipment and facilities, rules/ codes of play and the socio-cultural settings within which they were participated, as well as their significance to the participants. The study further assessed the placement of Gusii games in Cheska’s (1987) classification of traditional games. This being a descriptive study, interviews and observation were used. Respondents were people who were of age 76 years on average as these were persons who participated in Gusii traditional games or witnessed them being performed when Gusii cultural systems were still intact in the 1940s and 1950s. The Gusii traditional games did not suffer an instant demise but rather, they have gone through a gradual marginalization. Thirty eight (38) respondents were purposively sampled on the premise that they were familiar with the required information. After identifying the respondents, sequential sampling as expounded by Krathwohl (1993) and Mugenda & Mugenda (2012) was used. The study identified twenty six (26) games as the required data. This data was analytically classified for comparative purposes using classification schemes advanced by authors who carried out similar works in the past. The main classification scheme adapted for use was the Cheska’s (1987) version which had successfully been used earlier to classify West African traditional games. Gusii traditional games fitted appropriately in Cheska’s adapted scheme as follows: games of physical challenge and strategy, games of strategy and chance, games of survival, games of physical challenge and chance, detection games, games of chance only, simulation games and malevolence games. This information is presented in prose and in form of a table showing the frequencies and percentages of skills acquired from participating in the said games. A second more generalized classification was also applied to Gusii games in this study using two schemes that had earlier been used to classify games of coastal region of Kenya. These two classification schemes include warfare and non-warfare related games as well as games of low skill organization and games of high skill organization. Gusii traditional games were found to be accommodated in the latter schemes as well. Additionally, this study found that, the Gusii traditional games were guided by simple rules, took place in various socio-cultural settings and were of significance to the participants and the entire community. Recommendations made in this study include; Ministry of Education, Science and Technology’s encouragement of participation and preservation of traditional games by emphasizing their teaching at all levels, Gusii community to encourage participation in their community’s games at local levels as well as identification and documentation of traditional games of all other indigenous Kenyan communities whose studies have not been undertaken.
Factors Affecting Acceptance of Electronic Medical Records System in Murang’a County Referral Hospital in Murang’a County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-01) Muiruri, Geoffrey Karanja
The acceptance of Electronic Medical Records systems deployed at healthcare facilities by the government, private institutions and Facility Based Organizations is paramount in achieving the intended outcomes of the systems. However, many systems face acceptance barriers. Many studies have been conducted in other countries to study the factors influencing acceptance and utilization of EMR technology, but still a few number of studies exist in Kenya. This study will seek to find out factors influencing acceptance of electronic medical records system in public health facilities using a case study of Murang’a County Referral Hospital in Murang’a County. Several literature pieces of the works of widely published scholars formed the basis of this study. In this study, the target population was 217 employees on permanent, contract and temporary terms at the Murang’a County Referral Hospital. These were selected from a population of 500 staff. The study objectives in this research was to establish the extent to which; knowledge capacity of staff on ICT, perception of users on Electronic medical Records, availability and status of Electronic medical Records infrastructure and workload influence the acceptability of Electronic Medical Records by users. To choose the participants, Stratified sampling method was used. The tool used in this research was a questionnaire. Both structured and unstructured questions were used. A Pre-test was conducted at Kenneth Matiba Eye and dental Hospital in Kenol Murang’a. The filled questionnaires were first edited for completeness and clarity. Quantitative data analysis was used in the study. The data collected was coded and analyzed using SPSS v20 and Microsoft Excel 2019. Descriptive Statistics using cross tabulation was used to describe the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings showed that majority (61%) of respondents had diploma qualifications as their highest level of education and huge number of respondents (76%) had comparable work experience ranging between 1 and 5 years. The study findings showed that 85% of the respondents were in agreement that EMR quickens clinical decision-making process and another 92% agreed that EMR makes it easier to retrieve medical records. The key finding was that majority of the respondents (81%) felt that it was difficult to create time to study EMR system with (M=1.2). As such, so as to enhance acceptance of EMR, Adequate staffing and adequate incentives to Acceptance of EMRs ought to be explored. This research recommends that future endeavors should explore more issues that may encourage the acceptance of EMR.
Factors Influencing Uptake of Alternative Rite of Passage Among Teenage Girls in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Mutiria, Ben Kinyua; Albert Gachau; KiprutoTuitoek
ARP is a strategy to ensure girls transit from childhood to adulthood without the harmful effects of FGM. There has been a slow uptake of Alternative rite of passage (ARP), 200 per year on average among girls aged 12-18 years (1.4%) in a region with high prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 68%. The study aimed at assessing factors influencing the uptake of ARP among girls in Tharaka Nithi County. The specific objectives were to find out knowledge on ARP, to determine social cultural factors that influence uptake of ARP, to determine the perception on ARP among girls in Tharaka Nithi County. A cross sectional analytical study was carried out in Tharaka Nithi County Kenya. The study targeted girls aged 12-18 years who were 24,458. A sample of 349 girls was selected using proportionate sampling method. Data was collected using questionnaire and key informant interviews that yielded both qualitative and quantitative data. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 and presented in pie charts, bar graphs and tables. Chi square was used to establish relationship between variables and a P value of 0.05 was considered significant. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to establish the strength of the linear relationship between the variables under study. The study showed that most girls had not undergone any rite of passage 309(88.5%) of those that had undergone a rite of passage 65% had undergone FGM. The study found out majority of the girls would want to undergo ARP 265 (75.9%). It was evident from the study that those who had knowledge on ARP were more likely to undergo the rite a P value of <0.001. It was also established that the social cultural environment influenced uptake of ARP with those that had friends who had undergone ARP more likely to undergo the rite a P value of <0.001, parental support of ARP with a P value of <0.001 and leadership support of ARP with a P value of <0.001. Most girls felt that ARP is a better rite of passage 203 (58.1%) but felt that girls do not have to undergo any rite of passage148 (42.2%). The study concluded that knowledge of the girls was low, the support of the peers and leaders and their family influenced the uptake of ARP. The study recommended that more information should be given to the girls to increase their knowledge. Involving local leaders and cultural custodians in the ARP will increase acceptability of the rite.
Female Teachers’ Participation in the Management of Competitive Sports Programmes in Secondary Schools in Taita-Taveta County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2017-07) Ngeti, Robert Ndambo
The purpose of the study was to assess the female teachers’ participation in the management of competitive sports programmes in secondary schools in Taita Taveta County, Kenya. The specific factors that were investigated included; type of school, age, education level, marital status, facility availability and psychosocial factors. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The study target population was 175 female teachers from 61 public secondary schools selected through stratified random sampling procedure. The schools were divided into single sex (boys and girls only) and mixed schools. The questionnaire was used as the main instrument for data collection. Using Alpha Cronbach, its reliability was obtained to be α=0.732. A total number of 108 questionnaires were administered to the Secondary school teachers in the County as the selected sample. 90 teachers responded giving a response rate of 83.3%. The data was coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Descriptive statistics frequencies and percentages were used to analyze the characteristics of the respondents, while hypotheses were tested using chi-square and ANOVA. The ANOVA results revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between participation of the female teacher in sports and the type of school they teach. Age yielded χ2 =2.443; df = 4; p =0.295, an indication that age had no influence on the frequency of female teachers’ participation in competitive sports management in Taita Taveta County. Marital status of female teachers in Taita Taveta County did not significantly influence their frequency of participation in the management of competitive sports programmes. Level of education and Type of school did not have significant influence on competitive sports management. Moreover, adequacy of sports facilities and equipment yielded χ2= 1.00, df = 4 and P value 0.262, an indication that facilities did not significantly influence the female teachers’ participation in competitive sports management in Taita Taveta County. It was, therefore concluded that Age, Marital status and Education level of the female teachers did not affect their participation in sports management. The type of school did not affect participation in the management of sports among female teachers in Taita Taveta County. Availability of facilities and equipment had an impact on female teachers’ participation in sports management in Taita Taveta County. The study recommends that the school administrations and managements ensure that schools have basic sporting facilities which are well maintained to encourage the female teachers to get involved. A need for equal chances in the sports programmes management by female teachers since demographic characteristics do not affect sport participation. The ministry of education should also formulate policies that will ensure that female athletes, teams and competitions are managed by female managers. Further research on motivation and measures to improve women participation in sports and a comparative study on male and female teachers should be conducted in the county.
Gender representation in sports participation and leadership in teacher training colleges in the eastern zone - Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-04) Wamaitha, Kariuki Joyce
The purpose of the study was to investigate gender representation in sports participation and leadership in Teacher Training College in Eastern Zone of Kenya. The study was guided by the hypothesis that participation in sports and leadership in sports is not based on gender. Random sampling was used to select the students‟ respondents of the study. Purposeful sampling was also used to identify the coordinators, P.E teachers. Five colleges in Eastern zone of Kenya were used for the study. A total of 523 student respondents took part in the study and other respondents were 5 sports coordinators, 16 coaches and 23 P.E teachers. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. The resulting data was analyzed using chi-square which indicated that the X2 values were significant (X2 = 5.839, df = 1p<0.05) which shows that there was differences in the participation of both public and private colleges. Athletics and soccer were the most popular games at the three levels i.e. primary, secondary and colleges. The hypothesis that there is no significant difference in representation between public and private colleges in the Eastern zone in Kenya was rejected. In leadership representation, the hypothesis was rejected as the results indicated that there was a significant difference in leadership representation in sports in Teacher Training Colleges (TTC‟s). The findings on gender participation and sports indicated that more males participated in sports than women in TTCs. From the findings, it was recommended that funding should be improved in primary schools as they are the foundation for participation in sports in other levels.

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