MST-Department of Physical and Health Education

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Effectiveness of the serves used during the 12th edition of the African volley ball clubs championship
(2012-04-03) Bailasha, N. K.
This study involved the analysis of the serves used by the teams, which participated in the 12th edition of African feminine volleyball club championship held in 1997 in Nairobi. A total of 19 matches were pre recorded for this study. A modified volleyball analysis instrument from the developed in 1975 by the United States Volleyball Association was used to collect data for this study. Three well-trained research assistants were used for collection of data. An inter observer reliability test with a reliability coefficient of 0.81 was conducted to correlate the data from the three research assistants. The data collected were expressed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Chi-square at 0.05 level of significance was used to compare the types of the serves used, the one commonly used in this championship and the effectiveness to ineffectiveness to ineffectiveness of each type of serve by a particular team against her opponents. From this study it was found that only three types of serves was used most. It was further found that floater serve was the most effective while Tennis serve was relatively less effective. Jump serve was used least frequently. Besides, it was used by only three teams in this championship and by one particular player in each of the three teams. Other findings indicated a significant difference in the effect of Posta's Pipeline's and Aswab's Tennis serve against their opponents, and Delta Force's Aswab's and Sonel's floater serve against their opponents. Delta Force, Commercial Bank, Union, Inter, Sonel and Kigali did not have a significant impact on their opponents, same observations were found with respect to floater serves by Pipeline, Posta, Commercial Bank Union, Inter and Kigali. This study recommends that feminine African volleyball teams should: (1) Diversify the type of serves they use. (2) Schedule more time for the training of serves in their programmes. (3) Learn about their opponent's weaknesses in order to direct serves accordingly. (4) Review their serve-receive formations according to the strategy of the opponents serve. (5) Training on the serve as a basic and most important aspect in the winning of a volleyball match at the lowest level possible e.g. primary and at the local club levels for proficiency at a latter stages.
Sources of injuries in physical education classes in Nairobi secondary schools: implications for legal liability
(2012-04-04) Wahome, Peninah Wangare
This study sought to determine sources of injuries during the teaching of Physical Education in selected secondary schools in Nairobi Province. A triangulation design was used in this study with a sample of 309 respondents. Of these 283 were students and 26 were teachers. In addition, an observation check-list was employed to augment the information obtained from the questionnaire. The data collected was analysed using Factor Analysis in order to test for multidimensionality of factors that cause injuries. The result show that there are three major dimensions of teaching/learning process that influence the occurrence of injuries. These are Instruction (eigenvalue of 6.44) which accounted for 22.2% of total variance, Supervision (eigenvalue of 5.37) accounting for 18.6% of the total variance and Facilities (eigenvalue of 4.14) and accounted for 14.1% of the total variance. Factors extracted for this study from the principal component analysis are those with a eigenvalue of 0.998 or more. The results also showed that these three factors are interrelated which was evident from the loading of variables on more than one factor. The following recommendations were made from these findings; one, that a professional course on legal and ethical issues be introduced in teacher training syllabi, two, that the duties of teachers and school administrators be spelt out in the Education Act regarding their duty of care to their students and lastly, that parents and pupils be sensitized about their legal rights in case of injuries in the conduct of Physical Education Programmes.
The effects of participation in competitive sports on academic performance of secondary school students in Nairobi province
(2012-04-10) Rintaugu, E.G.; Akpata, D. O. I.; Mwangi, Peter Wanderi
This study investigated the effects of participation in competitive sport on academic performance of secondary school students. The variables of the study included sex, type of school, social economic status, intelligence and participation/non-participation in competitive sport and how these relate to academic performance. It was hypothesized that "there will be no significant effect of participation in competitive sports on academic performance of secondary school students in Nairobi province." The study involved 490 subjects (255 athletes and 235 non-athletes) randomly selected from 15 secondary schools within Nairobi province. Questionnaires, interviews and school records were the tools of data collection. The Manova test at 0.05 level of significance was used to determine. This study investigated the effects of participation in competitive sport on academic performance of secondary school students. The variables of the study included sex, type of school, social economic status, intelligence and participation/non-participation in competitive sport and how these relate to academic performance. It was hypothesized that "there will be no significant effect of participation in competitive sports on academic performance of secondary school students in Nairobi province." The study involved 490 subjects (255 athletes and 235 non-athletes) randomly selected from 15 secondary schools within Nairobi province. Questionnaires, interviews and school records were the tools of data collection. The Manova test at 0.05 level of significance was used to determine if there was a significant difference in academic performance between athletes and non-athletes. further, Turkey H.S.D. post hoc analysis tests was used to determine the strength of the resulting significant differences. Findings revealed that athletes consistently performed better than non-athletes in measures of academic performance. It was also found out that social economic status (SES), K.C.P.E. marks and the type of school correlated with academic performance of students. A major finding of the study was that sex is not a significant factor in determining the academic performance of students in this study. Therefore, it is recommended that competitive sport should be emphasized to all the students regardless of the sex, for it is not detrimental to academic performance. Further studies should be done in secondary schools from the other provinces, and at all other levels of education in Kenya i.e. primary schools, colleges and universities.ine if there was a significant difference in academic performance between athletes and non-athletes. Further, Turkey H.S.D. post hoc analysis tests was used to determine the strength of the resulting significant differences. Findings revealed that athletes consistently performed better than non-athletes in measures of academic performance. It was also found out that social economic status (SES), K.C.P.E. marks and the type of school correlated with academic performance of students. A major finding of the study was that sex is not a significant factor in determining the academic performance of students in this study. Therefore, it is recommended that competitive sport should be emphasized to all the students regardless of the sex, for it is not detrimental to academic performance. Further studies should be done in secondary schools from the other provinces, and at all other levels of education in Kenya i.e. primary schools, colleges and universities.
Effects of the diploma physical education programme on health-related fitness levels of teacher trainees: the case of Kenya science teachers college
(2012-04-10) Kinoti, Jacinta Wangoko
Physical Education has been compulsory and examinable in Kenya's teacher education colleges at diploma level since 1980. The programme is geared to, among other aims, improve and maintain the learner's bodily health and fitness. This study, therefore, aimed at establishing the health-related fitness levels of the teacher trainees at Kenya Science Teachers College (KSTC). The sample comprised of 40 first years, 40-second years and 40 third year KSTC teacher trainees split equally between male and female subjects. An experimental research design was used in this study. A pre-test was carried out two weeks after opening in January 1997 while a post-test was carried out eight weeks later. All the subjects were exposed to Physical Education lessons which were taught by KSTC Physical Education Lecturers. The dependent variables included cardio respiratory endurance, muscular endurance, body composition and flexibility. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test technique. The results were tested at p<0.05. Generally, the subjects under study improved in cardio respiratory endurance, muscular endurance, body composition and flexibility after an eight week exposure to the Physical Education Programme. This implies that the diploma programme in Kenya is capable of improving health-related fitness levels of the teacher trainees. It is recommended that Physical Education be encouraged in all learning institutions for purposes of enhancing the learners' health status.
Positional assessment of the aerobic capacity of Kenyan soccer players in the 2002/2003 premier league
(2012-04-11) Kamau, Jane Wanjiku
Exercise physiologists recognize aerobic capacity as the most important component in the athlete's physiological profile (Wilmore and Costil, 1988). The ability of the athletes to perform physical activities for prolonged periods of time is entirely dependent on their bodies' capacity to transport and utilize oxygen (VO2 max). Consequently this study assessed the aerobic capacity of Kenyan soccer players participating in the 2002/2003 National Premier League with a view to establishing the relationship between the players' vo2 max and their performance in the Premier League as well as the players' vo2 max and their playing positions. A stratified random sampling procedure was used to select the teams used in the study. The sample comprised male soccer players of Tusker FC, Thika United FC, and Kenya Commercial Bank FC. A pre-test/post-test research design was used in this study. After the pilot study, the aerobic capacity assessment was carried out using multistage shuttle-run test. A retest was conducted after eight weeks in order to establish changes in the aerobic capacities of the players during the Premier League tournaments. The data obtained through this study were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package of Social Science (S.P.S.S.). The data were presented in tables and analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance to test the research hypotheses. Inter group differences were also tested using multiple comparison of the t-test. The study, found that there was increased aerobic capacity amongst all the players between the pre-test and the post-test. The study also indicated that, improved or high VO2 max add to the quality of play, since the results showed a perfect rank order between mean aerobic capacity and the teams' finishing position in the 2001/2002 Premier League which was used for selection of the subjects. Mean VO2 max for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd teams were 71.27 ml/min-1, 66.24 ml/min-1 and 65.78 ml/min-1 respectively. The results were also a good indicator of how aerobic capacity varies with players' positional roles in the game of soccer, Midfielders recorded the highest mean aerobic capacity values of 57.59 ml/min-1 and 69.98 ml/min-1 in the pre-test and post-test respectively, while the goalkeepers who cover the shortest distance during the game of soccer recorded the lowest mean aerobic capacity values of 51.88 ml/min-1 and 62.05 ml/min-1. The attackers recorded mean aerobic capacity values of 55.76 ml/min-1 and 69.89 ml/min-1, while defenders recorded mean aerobic capacity values of 53.99 ml/min-1 and 65.91 ml/min-1 in pre-test and post-test respectively. Therefore, following this study it was recommended that the Ministry of Gender, Sports, Culture and Social Services, Kenya Football Federation and various soccer clubs should develop physiological profiles for each player throughout the training period. This would help to determine whether the players are either under training or over training with a view of adopting the correct training regimen. Further studies in the same area nationwide should be carried out. Similar studies should be carried out on female soccer teams in Kenya. Additionally further studies on direct aerobic capacity assessment using laboratory procedures should be conducted on Kenyan soccer teams. This is because laboratory measures yield more accurate and thus more reliable results on aerobic capacity.
Avalibility and utilization of instructional media in teaching and learning of physical education in some selected primary teachers colleges in Kenya
(2012-04-18) Kinyanjui, Lydiah
The study looked at the availability of the instructional media and extent of their utilization for the teaching of physical education at selected primary teacher training colleges in Kenya. The study involved physical education tutors and second year students of five colleges. Also involved were L.R.C. tutors of the colleges. Different questionnaires were administered to them. These sought to find out their awareness on media availability and how much of these were used for teaching physical education. An observation checklist accompanied the questionnaires. This was to solicity further information on availability of instructional media. The results of the study revealed that despite media availability, only chalkboard, textbooks and handouts were extensively used for teaching the subject. All other available media were either used at a low level or not at all. One of the main reasons for this was lack of time to adapt their use, in an already crowded curriculum. Second, most tutors were not conversant with their use for teaching the subject. Analysis of all responses revealed that use of media in teaching was generally accepted as a very good idea that would enhance the quality of physical education taught at colleges. However, the P.E. tutors expressed that since teacher trainee’s performance was not practically tested at the end of their course, they (tutors) concentrated in preparing them for the written exam. To do this, use of all the media available in the colleges was not necessary as far as the tutors were concerned. Recommendations were made for the curriculum developers at K.I.E. on the need to initiate teacher trainers into using various instructional media to facilitate the teaching process in physical education. This would not only create the necessary awareness but it would make the topics taught have a greater impact on the trainees. The study calls on P.E. tutors to change their attitude and be more objective and also make use of instructional media available in their colleges.
An analysis of the effectiveness of Kenya's top male Field hockey teams in using selected offensive tactics in competitions
(2012-04-20) Mwisukha, A.
This study involved an analysis of the effectiveness of Kenya's top men's field hockey teams in using offensive tactics of passing and shooting with the drive, push, flick and scoop, corners and penalty corners in competition. The objective of this analysis was to identify the strengths and/or weaknesses of the teams in executing the offensive tactics on the basis of which the teams' coaching programmes may be adjusted to optimize their performance. The study focused on the observation and analysis of pre-recorded matches of Kenya's national hockey league for the year 1995/96. Out of a total of 114 league matches played on the astroturf surface, a sample of 30 (26.7%) matches was randomly selected for the study. Match analysis instruments that have been developed and tested for the observation of play activities in field hockey were used to collect data on the selected offensive tactics. To ensure accuracy in data collection one trained research assistant was used. The winning and losing teams were compared on their execution of the offensive tactics to determine if winning resulted from the teams' effectiveness in executing these play actions. Data collected was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and means. The t-test at 0.05 level of significance was used to determine if there was a significant difference between winning and losing teams in executing the offensive tactics. From the findings, it was noted that the teams that won matches achieved higher numbers and percentages of passes using the drive, push, flick and scoop than the teams that lost. Additionally, the winning teams realised higher proportions of successful shots with drive, push and flick, corners and penalty corners. However, there was no significant difference between the teams that won and those that lost in their effectiveness in shooting with the scoop. These findings indicate that winning in Kenya's national league matches was determined by the teams' effectiveness in executing the offensive tactics of passing using the drive, flick, push and scoop, shooting with the drive, push and flick, corners and penalty corners. From the study, it is recommended that Kenya's top men's hockey teams should boost their chances of winning league matches by polishing more on their passes using the drive, push, flick and scoop and shots with the drive, push and flick. Furthermore, the teams should be made to realise that successful execution of corners and penalty corners in league matches determines a team's successful performance and as such, they need to carry out incessant and appropriate practice of these play situations in a game.
An Investigation into Psychosocial Factors Affecting Kenyan Women's Performance in International Track Events
(2012-04-20) Mbaabu, S. M.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosocial factors affecting the performance of Kenyan women athletes in international track events. The specific psychosocial variables considered were: the socialization process, individual athletes' attitude towards competitive athletics, the level of motivation, self-perception and the peer-group influence. A sample of sixty female athletes and twenty national coaches were selected on both stratified and snowball basis from all the national athletes and national coaches in Kenya. Both questionnaires and oral interviews were used in data collection from selected samples. Data collected was analyzed using computer following the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) programme. The coding system adopted was 01 for "Yes" items and 02 for "No" items. Two stages were followed in the data treatment: a descriptive analysis of the raw data was carried out and a chi-square test was then used to test the formulated hypotheses. The study revealed that the psychosocial factors of socialization process, individual athletes 'attitude towards competitive athletics, the level of motivation, self-perception and peer-group influence had significant effect on the performance of Kenya women athletes in international track events. The level of significance at which the hypotheses were rejected or accepted was P<. 05. From the study, it is recommended that: i. There is need to socialize girls into athletics and other sports during formative ages; ii. There is need for effective sex education programmes in Kenya to alleviate the problem of teenage pregnancies; iii. There is need to extend the residential training period for women athletes to at least two months prior to any international championship; iv. There is need for the ministry of culture and social services through the department of sports to device machinery for identifying, monitoring and following-up raw talent displayed by Kenyan girls right from the primary school level; v. There is need to create equal opportunities for women so as to have access to the institutionalized training and coaching opportunities; vi. There is need to adopt an athletics programme which will widen the scope of exposure of Kenyan women athletes to male competition; vii. There is need for off-seasons to be characterized by intermittent training modes in order to keep Kenyan female athletes' body in condition; viii. That athletics coaching and conditioning courses and clinics be accorded to all Kenyan individuals involved in coaching track events to young girls and women.
Analysis of acute injuries incurred by players during the 2001 Moi golden cup soccer tournament in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2014) Onywera, V.O.
This study involved the analysis of injuries incurred by players during the 2001 Moi Golden Cup Soccer Toumament. A total of twenty- four (24) matches were covered. A modified Soccer Observation Chart from the one developed by Asembo, Njororai and Wekesa (1995) was used to collect data for this study. Three-trained research assistants were used for collection of data. Each one of them collected data independently. An inter observer agreement was set at 90% for the various variables for purposes of inclusion in the analysis. Where there were differences of opinion, consultations with the team dodorlfirst aider was made. The data collected were expressed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Chi-square was used to test the significance of various hypotheses in line with injuries incurred by players in the 2001 Moi Golden Cup Soccer Toumament with the objective of establishing the nature, anatomical distribution, contextual mechanism, aetiology, and time course of injuries in relation to tournament level, part of the field, teams (home/away, winning/losing) and players position among male Soccer players. The significant level for rejection and/or acceptance of the hypotheses was set at 0.05. From this study, it was found that more injuries 44(43.14%) occurred in the preliminary phase of the toumament and first halves (67.6%) of the matches played. Forward players were more vulnerable to injuries compared to other positions. They suffered 35(34.3%) of the total injuries recorded during the study. The opponent caused the highest number 50(49%) of injuries. Most players 28(27.5%) were injured as a result of being kicked by another player. The offensive zone recorded more injuries 37(36.3%) compared to the defensive and construction zones, which recorded 35(34.3%) and 30(29.4%) respectively. Soft tissue injuries accounted for the highest percentage (79%) of injuries during the Toumament. Most players 17(62.96%), were substituted because of injuries in the preliminary phase of the Tournament. Away teams registered more injuries 58(56.9%) than home teams 44(43.1 %) while winning teams incurred more injuries 54(53%) than losing teams 48 (47%). Anatomically, the lower body was the most affected by injuries 67(65.7%) in this study. Therefore, it is recommended that Kenyan Soccer Coaches should emphasize the need for proper physical conditioning and sportsmanship to reduce chances of their players getting unnecessary injuries. The Kenya Football Federation in liaison with the Government and Clubs should strive to improve and maintain Soccer pitches to avoid predisposing players to injuries. Further studies in the same area with female teams, international tournaments, other sports, among others, are recommended.
Psycho-Physical Dimensions of Coaching Female Athletes in Teacher Training Colleges in Central Region of Kenya
(2014-08-20) Ndambiri, Richard Karani; Mwisukha, A.; Muniu, R. K.
Female athletes have a unique way of responding to coaching behaviour. In addition, there are physical and psychological factors that influence the coaching of female athletes. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to assess the psycho- physical dimensions of coaching female athletes in teacher training colleges in central region of Kenya. The study assessed the extent to which the concern for body shape, the coach athlete relationship and coach leadership behaviour influences coaching of female athletes in teacher training colleges in central region of Kenya. The study further assessed other psycho- physical factors that influence female athletes’ participation in training activities in teacher training colleges in central region of Kenya with variables being, fear of strenuous exercises, fear of injuries resulting from training, academic demands, motivation using verbal reinforcement and freedom to choose the mode of training. The target population for the study comprised female athletes in certificate and diploma teacher training colleges in central region of Kenya. The sample size was obtained using stratified random sampling procedure. The teacher training colleges were stratified into two strata; certificate teacher training colleges and diploma teacher training college. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 50% certificate teacher training colleges. Since there was only one diploma teacher training college, it was purposively selected. A proportion of 50% of female athletes from each of the colleges was then selected using simple random sampling technique. The study selected 444 (21.6%) respondents from the two randomly selected certificate teacher colleges and the one diploma training college. The study used the questionnaire as the main instrument for data collection. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to code and organize the data. The data were summarized into descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages. The results were presented in tables. The hypotheses were tested using chi- square (χ2) and Wilcoxon signed ranks test at significance level of 0.05. The study results showed that the female athletes involvement in training activities is influenced by the concern for body shape, coach leadership behaviour and coach athlete relationship. The study results also revealed that female athletes differ in their preference for male or female coaches and youthful or elderly coaches. The fear of strenuous exercises prescribed by the coach, fear of injuries, academic demands, freedom to choose the mode of training and motivation using verbal reinforcement were all found to influence female athletes’ participation in training activities. It is therefore recommended that there should be expansion of awareness and education on benefits of physical activities to female athletes, training of female athletes by coaches who understand female athletes’ physical and psychological needs, having an assistant female coach when a male coach is coaching female athletes as well as addressing the psycho-physical factors influencing coaching of female athletes. The study recommends further research in order to gain a deeper insight on factors influencing coaching of female athletes.
Elements of Traditional Games of the Gusii Community of Kenya
(2014-08-26) Mwenda, Penninah Wanjiku
A large component of the cultural traditions of African people has been handed down through generations. In the absence of written records, gradually with time, African communities came up with a number of cultural elements such as oral literature, games, music and dances that facilitated cognitive development to enhance recall and communication of facts. These are vital cultural elements that require preservation and perpetuation over time. This study aimed at identifying and recording for preservation and perpetuation, the cultural elements of Gusii community of Kenya. The study focused on the Gusii traditional games in terms of their forms, participants, equipment and facilities, rules/ codes of play and the socio-cultural settings within which they were participated, as well as their significance to the participants. The study further assessed the placement of Gusii games in Cheska’s (1987) classification of traditional games. This being a descriptive study, interviews and observation were used. Respondents were people who were of age 76 years on average as these were persons who participated in Gusii traditional games or witnessed them being performed when Gusii cultural systems were still intact in the 1940s and 1950s. The Gusii traditional games did not suffer an instant demise but rather, they have gone through a gradual marginalization. Thirty eight (38) respondents were purposively sampled on the premise that they were familiar with the required information. After identifying the respondents, sequential sampling as expounded by Krathwohl (1993) and Mugenda & Mugenda (2012) was used. The study identified twenty six (26) games as the required data. This data was analytically classified for comparative purposes using classification schemes advanced by authors who carried out similar works in the past. The main classification scheme adapted for use was the Cheska’s (1987) version which had successfully been used earlier to classify West African traditional games. Gusii traditional games fitted appropriately in Cheska’s adapted scheme as follows: games of physical challenge and strategy, games of strategy and chance, games of survival, games of physical challenge and chance, detection games, games of chance only, simulation games and malevolence games. This information is presented in prose and in form of a table showing the frequencies and percentages of skills acquired from participating in the said games. A second more generalized classification was also applied to Gusii games in this study using two schemes that had earlier been used to classify games of coastal region of Kenya. These two classification schemes include warfare and non-warfare related games as well as games of low skill organization and games of high skill organization. Gusii traditional games were found to be accommodated in the latter schemes as well. Additionally, this study found that, the Gusii traditional games were guided by simple rules, took place in various socio-cultural settings and were of significance to the participants and the entire community. Recommendations made in this study include; Ministry of Education, Science and Technology’s encouragement of participation and preservation of traditional games by emphasizing their teaching at all levels, Gusii community to encourage participation in their community’s games at local levels as well as identification and documentation of traditional games of all other indigenous Kenyan communities whose studies have not been undertaken.
Effects of participation in competitive sports on school connectedness among public secondary school students in Murang’a County, Kenya
(2015) Kamau, Agnes Wanjiku; Rintaugu, Elijah G.; Muniu, Robert K.
School connectedness is the feeling of closeness to school personnel and the school environment.The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between competitive sports participation and school connectedness among secondary school students in Murang’a County. The study intended to establish the effects of: gender, age, class, school type, school status and athletic status on school connectedness. The study employed a descriptive survey design. It targeted all the 98,200 students from 257 public secondary schools in Murang’a County. The study employed stratified random sampling to select 26 schools while simple random sampling was used to select 384 students. The study used a questionnaire to collect data. Data that was collected was coded and entered into an SPSS program for analysis. Data was analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics that were used included frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations whereas inferential statistics used included two-way ANOVA, Tukey Post hoc test and T-test. The results were presented in frequency tables. The study established that there were no significant differences in school connectedness between boys and girls, t (340) =.647, p = .518 at . The study also established that younger athletes ( = 86.131.35) and non athletes ( = 87.672.37) were more connected to their schools compared to older athletes ( = 85.57 1.91) and non-athletes ( = 85.002.000). This means that there was a significant difference in school connectedness and age of the athletes. The results findings also revealed that class level did not have any effect on students’ connectedness to school, t (340) = 1.255, p = .210 at α= .05. Further, it was found out that there was a significant difference among students from National schools, County schools and District schools on the school connectedness. The study finally concluded that students in National schools ( = 86.77) were more connected to school compared to those in County ( = 85.43) and District schools ( = 85.06). The study recommends that: Ministry of Education, through the County Director of Education should ensure that all secondary schools have basic sports facilities and equipment in order to promote sports participation hence, school connectedness; schools principals should ensure every student identifies themselves with a particular sport. This can be done by requesting that each student register and participate in sport while in school, among other recommendations.
Incentive Rating among Selected Kenyan Male Athletes
(Kenyatta University, 2015-01-20) Mukhwana, Kizito Ongalo
Not much is known about incentives value rating in team and individual sports and how they affect sports performance in Kenya. In the presence of wide spread reinforcement initiatives, there is need to effectively scrutinize incentive value rating in the diverse Kenyan sporting populations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in responses among Kenyan male athletes in team, individual and combat sports on the selected incentives and their value. The major hypothesis of the study was that there would be no significant differences in incentive value ratings on employment opportunities, public recognition, material and monetary rewards scholarship awards, free medical care and insurance coverage by Kenyan male athletes in team, individual and combat sports. A survey research design was utilized. 120 athletes were sampled hence 40 athletes were selected from each sport (individual, team and combat sport). Simple random sampling was done for the sample selection for each sport. The fish bowl technique was employed.The study employed an extrinsic reinforcer value-rating questionnaire which gathered data on the value rating by the subjects on employment opportunities, public recognition, material and monetary reward, free medical care and insurance coverage. The data obtained were analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. The statistical analysis techniques used was one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), where rejection of null hypotheses was set at p<.05. A Tukey post hoc test (HSD) was conducted to ascertain the source of the difference. The results of this study revealed significant differences amongst Kenyan male athletes in team, individual and combat sports athletes incentives‟ value rating on employment opportunities F (2,118) =26.482 p<.05 , public recognition F(2,118) = 3.771 p<.05 material and monetary F(2,118) =96.204 p<0.5, free medical care F(2,118) = 17.485 p<0.5, insurance coverage F,(2,118) = 5.643 p<.05. With 2 and 118 degrees of freedom equal to 3.07, these values are significant at .05 alpha level (p<.05). Findings on scholarship awards showed no significant differences F (2,118) =1.204 p<.05. A Tukey test (post-hoc) was then conducted to establish the source of the differences. Based on the findings of this study it was concluded that the type of sport was a major determinant of incentive value rating. It was recommended that the government should formulate a sports policy in which sports performance incentives should be spelt out. The relevant government authorities in liaison with sports federations should have some in built performance reinforcer provisions in athletes‟ contracts for potential national and international athletes.
Gender representation in sports participation and leadership in teacher training colleges in the eastern zone - Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-04) Wamaitha, Kariuki Joyce
The purpose of the study was to investigate gender representation in sports participation and leadership in Teacher Training College in Eastern Zone of Kenya. The study was guided by the hypothesis that participation in sports and leadership in sports is not based on gender. Random sampling was used to select the students‟ respondents of the study. Purposeful sampling was also used to identify the coordinators, P.E teachers. Five colleges in Eastern zone of Kenya were used for the study. A total of 523 student respondents took part in the study and other respondents were 5 sports coordinators, 16 coaches and 23 P.E teachers. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. The resulting data was analyzed using chi-square which indicated that the X2 values were significant (X2 = 5.839, df = 1p<0.05) which shows that there was differences in the participation of both public and private colleges. Athletics and soccer were the most popular games at the three levels i.e. primary, secondary and colleges. The hypothesis that there is no significant difference in representation between public and private colleges in the Eastern zone in Kenya was rejected. In leadership representation, the hypothesis was rejected as the results indicated that there was a significant difference in leadership representation in sports in Teacher Training Colleges (TTC‟s). The findings on gender participation and sports indicated that more males participated in sports than women in TTCs. From the findings, it was recommended that funding should be improved in primary schools as they are the foundation for participation in sports in other levels.
Status of resources for teaching physical education in secondary schools in Thika East Sub-County, Kiambu county Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015-11) Muriithi, Daniel Wambugu; Mwisukha, Andanje; Muniu, Robert K. (Late)
The purpose of this study was to assess the status of resources for teaching Physical Education (P.E) in secondary Schools "in Thika East Sub-County, Kiambu County. Descriptive research design was used for the study. The target population of this study comprised ofP.E teachers and form two and three students in secondary schools in Thika East Sub-County. All the 19 secondary schools in Thika East Sub-County were included in the study where twoschools were used for pre-testing and 17 were used in the actual study. A sample size of 731 respondents was targeted, by the study out of which 645 responded (constituting 600 students and 45 teachers) giving a response rate of 88%. SPSS was used to analyze the quantitative data where frequencies and percentages were "used to analyze the data. On the adequacy of teachers, the study found that 81% of the respondents indicated that the number of P.E teachers were inadequate. Regarding the perceptions on the adequacy of time allocated for the teaching of P.E the study found that 69% of the respondents indicated that they consider the time allocated for the P.E. to be inadequate. On the availability of P.E equipment, the following equipment was available: balls 82.5%, games kits (40%) and footwear (37.5%). On the availability of P.E facilities, the following facilities were available football fields as indicated by 89.6%, volley ball courts (81.3%), netball field (60%~ and handball field 57.6%. On the adequacy of physical facilities, the study further found, that all the respondents (100%) indicated that hockey courts were inadequate, 50.8% indicated that volleyball field was inadequate and 50.7% indicated that basketball court was inadequate. Finally, on the availability of text books and reference materials, the study found that most of the respondents (80 %) indicated that there are no books and reference materials for teaching P.E and that where text books and reference materials were available; the materials were inadequate as indicated by the respondents. Chi-square showed that teaching and learning of P.E in schools was affected by professional qualification of teachers, availability and adequacy of equipment, facilities, funds and text books and reference materials. The study concluded that there was shortage of equipment, facilities, P.E teachers and text book and reference materials which affects teaching and learning of P.E in schools. The study recommended that the government through the Ministry of Education Science and Technology should" ensure that there are adequate facilities and equipment for teaching and learning P.E in schools. P.E teachers should be trained and be prepared to handle Physical Education in schools. The study finally recommended that another study on teaching and learning ofP.E in secondary schools in other districts.
Determinants of participation in sports among students with hearing impairement in secondary schools for the deaf of Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-11) Moseti, Moraa Zipporah
Effective engagement of sports among students with hearing impairment has physiological, psychological, intellectual and societal benefits (Riungu, 2002; Smith, 2004). Although there has been great emphasis on sports and health related activities among students, there is a general concern that students with disabilities do not frequently participate in such activities. This study proceeded from the assumption that students with hearing impairment have no visible disability and therefore should participate in sports like their hearing counterparts. The study, therefore, sought to evaluate determinants of participation in sports among students with hearing impairment in Kenyan secondary schools for the deaf. The specific objectives of this study were to: establish the effect of gender on sport participation among students with hearing impairment; identify the type of sports in which most of the students with hearing impairment participate; establish the most commonly available sports facilities in secondary schools for the deaf, and establish the extent of participation in sports among students with hearing impairment in term one and two. Anchored on a descriptive research design, the study targeted 574 students with hearing impairment and 88 teachers in 7 public secondary schools for the deaf. Purposive sampling was used to select all Form 2 and 3 students as well as 3 teachers from the 7 schools translating to a total of 21 teachers and 327 student respondents. Two questionnaires; one for students and another for teachers were used in data collection. Data collected from the field was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Qualitative data generated from open-ended questions using grouped into themes and analyzed according to the research objectives. Frequency tables and bar graphs were used in data presentation. Cross-tabulations and Chi-square (χ 2 ) tests were used to test the association, if any, of variables such as gender, sports preference and sports participation. The study established that gender was a significant variable to sports preference and participation among students with hearing impairment. The findings revealed that more male students participate in sports than female students. Majority of these students were motivated to participate in sports for fun. Football was the most preferred sport type by male students while female respondents had a strong preference to volleyball and netball. Most commonly available sports facilities were football and volleyball pitches. Majority of the students with hearing impairment actively engaged in sports in term one compared to term two due to the scheduling of national competitions for SNE in term one. The study concludes that gender, sports preference, availability of sports facilities, competitions and, internal and external drives were significant determinants in sports participation among students with hearing impairment. The study recommends that simple and easy-to-use sports facilities should be provided as an enabler for more students with hearing impairment to participate in sports, and a safe and supportive environment be established to facilitate active sports engagement among female students. Special schools should provide adequate facilities for a variety of sports in line with different kinds of sports. Insights from these findings will be helpful to stakeholders in making informed decisions, and in availing sports facilities for students with hearing impairment not only in secondary schools but also in other institutions of learning such as primary schools and tertiary institutions.
Female Teachers’ Participation in the Management of Competitive Sports Programmes in Secondary Schools in Taita-Taveta County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2017-07) Ngeti, Robert Ndambo
The purpose of the study was to assess the female teachers’ participation in the management of competitive sports programmes in secondary schools in Taita Taveta County, Kenya. The specific factors that were investigated included; type of school, age, education level, marital status, facility availability and psychosocial factors. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The study target population was 175 female teachers from 61 public secondary schools selected through stratified random sampling procedure. The schools were divided into single sex (boys and girls only) and mixed schools. The questionnaire was used as the main instrument for data collection. Using Alpha Cronbach, its reliability was obtained to be α=0.732. A total number of 108 questionnaires were administered to the Secondary school teachers in the County as the selected sample. 90 teachers responded giving a response rate of 83.3%. The data was coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Descriptive statistics frequencies and percentages were used to analyze the characteristics of the respondents, while hypotheses were tested using chi-square and ANOVA. The ANOVA results revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between participation of the female teacher in sports and the type of school they teach. Age yielded χ2 =2.443; df = 4; p =0.295, an indication that age had no influence on the frequency of female teachers’ participation in competitive sports management in Taita Taveta County. Marital status of female teachers in Taita Taveta County did not significantly influence their frequency of participation in the management of competitive sports programmes. Level of education and Type of school did not have significant influence on competitive sports management. Moreover, adequacy of sports facilities and equipment yielded χ2= 1.00, df = 4 and P value 0.262, an indication that facilities did not significantly influence the female teachers’ participation in competitive sports management in Taita Taveta County. It was, therefore concluded that Age, Marital status and Education level of the female teachers did not affect their participation in sports management. The type of school did not affect participation in the management of sports among female teachers in Taita Taveta County. Availability of facilities and equipment had an impact on female teachers’ participation in sports management in Taita Taveta County. The study recommends that the school administrations and managements ensure that schools have basic sporting facilities which are well maintained to encourage the female teachers to get involved. A need for equal chances in the sports programmes management by female teachers since demographic characteristics do not affect sport participation. The ministry of education should also formulate policies that will ensure that female athletes, teams and competitions are managed by female managers. Further research on motivation and measures to improve women participation in sports and a comparative study on male and female teachers should be conducted in the county.
Motivation for competitive soccer among players in public secondary schools in Nairobi City and Kakamega Counties, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018-07) Andanje, Nancy Yvonne
The purpose of this study was to find out if soccer players in public secondary schools in Nairobi City and Kakamega Counties are motivated for competitive soccer by the desire for success, personal fulfillment, social interaction and/or personal image. The study adopted cross sectional analytical research design. The target population included schools that participated in the 2015 season of the secondary school games at zonal level in both Nairobi City and Kakamega Counties. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure proportionate representation of both male and female soccer players from the two counties. All the 11 (eleven) top soccer players from each of the schools were included in the study as respondents. The sampled respondents were 542 (50%) out of the target population of 1001. The Sport Motivation Scale was used to collect data. Data was summarized in percentages, mean values and standard deviations. Hypotheses were tested using t-test (gender and county) and One-Way ANOVA (across respondents’ class levels) at 0.05 level of significance. The post Hoc Tukey test was used to trace the source of the significant F ratios. Results revealed that a slightly higher proportion of the respondents were male than the females, a higher proportion were in Form three class level followed by those in Form 2 and 4 who had equal proportions and those from Kakamega county were 347(64.0%) while 195 (36.0%) were from Nairobi City County .Findings revealed that Players in Form Two were more motivated by the need for personal self-achievement than those in other classes. However, there was a significance difference in self-achievement motivation on the class level of the players with differences between responses of Form Three and Form Four soccer players. This implies that soccer players in Form two were significantly more motivated for soccer by self-achievement motivation than those in form three and four class level. Soccer players in Nairobi County were significantly more motivated for competitive soccer by personal fulfillment than those in Kakamega County. The male soccer players were more motivated by the need for personal fulfillment than the female soccer players. Soccer players in Nairobi County were more motivated for competitive soccer by the desire for social interaction than those in Kakamega County. Soccer players in Kakamega County were more motivated for competitive soccer by the desire for personal image than those in Nairobi County. In conclusion, all the players from Nairobi and Kakamega Counties were highly motivated on self- achievement motivation, social interaction and personal image as opposed to personal fulfillment where the male were much more motivated than the female based on gender. In relation to class level, all the soccer players were highly motivated in personal self-achievement motivation and lastly, in Personal self-achievement motivation all the soccer players were motivated in the two counties as opposed to the other three motivation factors. From the findings, it is recommended that, Games teachers and coaches of soccer in secondary schools in Kakamega and Nairobi Counties should consistently design soccer training program that promote mastery of skills, physical fitness, and interaction and make the players feel important
Influence of Competitive Co-Curricular Activities on Self Concept, Deviant Behaviour and Academic Performance among Secondary School Students in Central Region, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Kamau, Agnes Wanjiku; Elijah G. Rintaugu; Mugala Hannington Bulinda
Co-curricular activities enhance attainment of the curriculum goals and objectives. A number of researchers have established positive effects of participation in co-curricular activities on student academic achievement and social aspects. Other studies have shown that participation in co-curricular activities is detrimental to academic performance. In cognizance of this discrepancy, the current study based on Zero-sum model and Developmental theory, sought to examine the effects of engagement in competitive co-curricular activities (Sports, Music and Drama) on the self-concept, deviant behaviour and academic performance of secondary school students in Central Region, Kenya. The study objectives were to determine whether the effects were dependent on type of school, year of study, socio-economic background and gender of the students. Alongside the objectives, an Ex-post Facto design formulated hypotheses to test the variables under study. The independent variable was participation or non-participation in co-curricular activities; and the dependent variables were self-concept, deviant behaviour and academic performance. The study population comprised of all Forms 1, 2, 3 and 4 students in public secondary schools, who qualified for regional championships in the Central region, Kenya. The total sample size comprised 1,408 participants. Purposive sampling was used to identify participants in this matched-pair designed study. The initial 704 ‘participation’ participants, comprising 128 from sports, 240 from drama and 336 from music were identified with the help of respective teachers. Subsequently, each of these identified a matching friend to constitute the group of 704 non-competing participants. . Questionnaires and document analysis provided data for the study. The data collected was quantitative in nature and was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included percentages, means, frequency counts, and standard deviations; whereas, inferential statistics included Independent t-test, Two-way ANOVA, Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Post hoc test of Tukey’s HSD. All statistical tests were carried out at p<0.05 level of significance. The study found that participation in co-curricular activities had a positive impact on students’ self-concept (957) <0.001, p<0.001, deviant behaviour (958) <0.001, p<0.001 and academic performance, t (919) =0.023, p<0.001. Participants in co-curricular activities had higher self-concept, better academic performance and rarely engaged in deviant behaviour as compared to non-participants. The study therefore, recommends schools’ encouragement of student participation not only in sport, drama and music, but also in alternatives such as debating, science, , and religious clubs in the schools. Such participation help them develop self-confidence, gain skills for solving own problems, learn to work as a team, learn leadership skills and help avoid engagement in risky behaviour. The study also suggests that school administrators organize seminars and fora for all school stakeholders to disseminate the powerful effect of involvement in co-curricular activities on students’ educational, self-concept and behaviour outcomes. This study further recommends the replication of the current study in primary schools and universities in Kenya. Such replication would broaden and deepen the body of knowledge concerning the advantages or disadvantages of students’ involvement in co-curricular activities, especially with regard to students’ self-concept, deviance behaviour and academic performance.
Efficacy of Carbohydrate Sports Drink as an Ergogenic Aid in Competitive Male Cyclists in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Kung’u, Moses Gicharu; Gitahi Theuri; Francis Mwangi
The competitiveness of professional sports has forced athletes to find all mean possible to outperform their rivals. One of such ways is the use of carbohydrate sports drink to refuel and hydrate before, during or after high endurance competition. This study aimed at ascertaining the efficacy of carbohydrate sports drink (CHO 6g, and Na 51 mg in 100ml) as an ergogenic aid in male cyclists aged 18-30 years at Kikuyu in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study objectives were to establish the effect of using 200ml carbohydrate sports drink after every 20 minutes for 60 minutes, on; aerobic threshold, aerobic power, blood lactate threshold, speed, distance and glucose level in male cyclists. The study involved twelve male cyclists sampled through purposive and census sampling. The average age of the cyclists was 20.9 ± 2.39 years with average body mass of 63 ± 9.99 kg and average experience of 3.8 ± 1.8 years. A cross over experimental design was used; the dependent variables were blood lactate threshold, peak aerobic power and aerobic threshold. Independent variable was use of carbohydrate sports drink in cycling exercise. Data of the study was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Independent t-test was used to establish the difference between effects of carbohydrate sports drink and placebo on blood lactate, aerobic threshold, aerobic power, speed and distance during the sixty minutes of cycling test. Pearson’s correlation was used to test the relationship between aerobic threshold and aerobic power generated during the 60 minutes cycling test. Cyclists on carbohydrate treatment demonstrated a high level of blood lactate at p<0.05 level of significance. However, there was no significant difference between blood lactate accumulation when cyclists were on placebo or carbohydrate-based treatment p = 0.902. There was no significant difference in aerobic threshold between placebo and carbohydrate-based treatments of male cyclists during the sixty minutes trial p = 0.799. A significant difference in peak aerobic power at p = 0.004 when cyclists were treated with carbohydrate 86.1± 33.41 to 74.3± 33.42 watts than when on placebo 74.1± 28.67 to 62.3 ±27.73 watts was noted. There was no relationship established between lactate produced and speed generated by cyclists during the 60 minutes cycling experiment p = 0.244. There was a constant blood glucose level recorded when cyclists were given a carbohydrate drink however, blood glucose irregularly fluctuated when cyclists were on placebo. A significant difference in blood glucose levels when cyclists were on placebo treatment compared to carbohydrate-based treatment p = 0.001 was noted. The study concluded that 6% carbohydrate sport drink was not effective in improving aerobic threshold and blood lactate threshold. However, 6% carbohydrate sports drink was effective in improving aerobic power. It is recommended that cyclists can consume 6% carbohydrate sports drink during endurance exercise with an aim of improving aerobic power.

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