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Item Exploring the Effect of Learning Resource Availability on Student Outcomes in Makueni County: An in-Depth Analysis(jopea, 2024) Mulatya Florah,; muna, wilson; Kipchumba HeatherThe implementation of CBC has faced a lot of challenges since it adoption and has generally failed to achieve its intended outcomes among learners. For instance, lack of sufficient class learning and teaching materials and not enough quality textbooks and inadequate human resource remains a challenge in the implementation of the competency-based curriculum. In light of the foregoing, this study sought to explore the effect of availability of learning resources on learners’ outcomes in Makueni County. The study was anchored on Advocacy Coalition Framework; Descriptive survey research design was preferred for this study. Interpretivist philosophical paradigm informed the study. A total of 903 Grade 6 teachers from public primary schools in Makueni, 903 class 6 PTA representatives, 903 chairpersons of public primary schools’ Boards of Management, 41 Curriculum Support Officers, and 9 sub-county directors of education were targeted. A total of 349 respondents were sampled representing the subgroups in the target group. Primary data was gathered from the field by use of a semi structured questionnaire and an interview guide. Quantitative data underwent descriptive, regression, and inferential analyses, whereas qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the availability of learning resources plays a significant role in shaping learners' outcomes in Makueni County, as indicated by R-squared of 0.584. This indicates that 58.4% of the variation in learners' outcomes was explained by the availability of learning resources. Additionally, the study found a positive and significant relationship between learning resource availability and learner outcomes (β=0.669, p=0.000<0.05). The study concludes that access to quality learning materials and facilities forms the backbone of an effective educational system in the County. In view of the findings, the study recommends that management in the education sector should prioritize the allocation of learning resources in Makueni County schools, focusing on areas with the highest dissatisfaction rates.Item Enhancing Educational Success: Investigating the Impact of Teacher Capacity Building on Learner Outcomes in Makueni County(Reviewed Journals, 2024-10) Mulatya Florah,; muna, wilson; Kipchumba,HeatherIn a competitive world with varying degrees of complexity in social, economic and cultural needs of our society, the need to deliver a competitive, effective and relevant education system remains a pressing obligation for both policymakers and bureaucrats. Existing research on the effects of implementation of the National Curriculum Policy of 2018 on learning outcomes remain inconclusive. In view of this, the study was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of teacher capacity building on learners’ outcome in Makueni County. The study was anchored on Street-Level Bureaucracy framework. Descriptive survey research design was preferred for this study. Interpretivist philosophical paradigm informed the study. A total of 903 Grade 6 teachers from public primary schools in Makueni, 903 class 6 PTA representatives, 903 chairpersons of public primary schools’ Boards of Management, 41 Curriculum Support Officers, and 9 subcounty directors of education were targeted. A total of 349 respondents were sampled representing the subgroups in the target group. Primary data was gathered from the field by use of a semi structured questionnaire and an interview guide. Quantitative data underwent descriptive, regression, and inferential analyses, whereas qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. The study revealed that teacher capacity building significantly influences learners' outcomes in Makueni County, with 40.9% of the variation in outcomes attributable to this factor. The findings also highlighted widespread dissatisfaction among teachers with current capacity-building initiatives, including skill development, seminars, mentorship, and inservice training, pointing to areas for urgent improvement. Furthermore, the study found a positive and statistically significant relationship between teacher capacity building efforts and learner outcomes (β=0.628, p<0.001). The study therefore recommends that management should revamp professional development programs which should include focus on practical, hands-on training, mentorship programs, and exposure to innovative teaching methodologiesItem County Government Administration and the Implementation of Covid Mitigation Measures in Machakos County, Kenya(IJSRA, 2024-09) Nguu, Carolyne Ndinda; Kiruthu, FelixThe Constitution of Kenya (2010) ushered in devolution, and the transfer of several services including public health from the central government to the county to push for interventions that best fit the local context. The onset of Covid19 pandemic in 2019 brought uncertainty, vulnerability, and increased health care responsibility for county governments. The county governments were faced with the challenge of handling a global pandemic. This study sought to examine the implementation of covid mitigation measures by the county government of Machakos in Kenya. The objectives of the study were to analyse how the county government prepared isolation facilities and provided medical equipment for Covid-19 mitigation. The study was guided by the agency theory and the theory of decentralization. It adopted descriptive research design. The target population was 128 health practitioners and management staff at the Machakos county level 5 hospital and census sampling was preferred. A self-administered questionnaire and key informant interviews were used to collect data. The statistical software for the social sciences version 25 was used to examine quantitative data, while content analysis was used to assess qualitative data. The findings showed that the county government did very well in the provision of isolation facilities and the provision of medical equipment. The study noted the timeliness and adequacy of government interventions were concerning. For the readiness for future pandemics, the study recommends establishing early warning systems, creating robust and strengthening of existing healthcare systems, strengthening research and development and the legal and policy framework.Item How Social Environment Influence Alcoholism in Busia County, Kenya(American Journal of Public Policy and Administration, 2024) Wandera, Kevin Abwoga; Kipchumba, Heather EddahPurpose: The aim of the study is to examine the influence of social environment on alcohol consumption behaviour of individual and devise mitigation measures to curb the menace, a gap that this study sought to fill. Materials and Methods: The study used a cross-sectional research approach. The study used primary data collected via structured questionnaires and interview guides. Regression and Content analysis were adopted, and results were presented in figures, tables, and narrations. Findings: It was evident that there were determinants within the social environment that influenced alcohol consumption behaviours among individuals. The determinants included family dynamics, literacy level, peer influence and parenting style. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: It was therefore recommended that to mitigate this problem, individuals ought to understand the effects of social environment on alcohol consumption behaviour and devise mitigation measures to curb the menace. The social environment determinants that influence alcohol consumption behaviour should be seen as a focal area of intervention in devising mitigation measures to curb the menace of alcoholism among individuals. The mitigation measures aim at minimising the effects of alcohol consumption by employing a number of strategies and interventions which might be at individual level, community level or policy makers’ level.Item An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility and Service Delivery in Kenya Railways(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2024-07) Munyaka,Ruth W.; Njoroge, JanePublic trust in businesses has been shattered by the collapse of once-highflying enterprises, which affected tens of thousands of workers and investors and generated numerous concerns about corporate practices and trustworthiness. This study1therefore investigated the efficacy of corporate affairs function on service delivery of organizations: A case of1Kenya Railways. The study objective1was to examine the influence of corporate1social responsibility1on the service delivery by Kenya Railways, The study1was based on stakeholder1theory and relational and agency theories. A1descriptive research design1was1adopted. The1population targeted in this study was 324 respondents including staff at the corporate affairs division of Kenya Railways Corporation and premium clients. The sample1size was 286 respondents. Stratified and1simple random sampling1was used. A questionnaire was the main instrument. A pilot1study was conducted1to assess the validity and reliability of the research instruments. Both qualitative and quantitative data were1collected for1this study, and both approaches to data1analysis were employed. The quantitative1data was analyzed1using descriptive1statistics, such as1frequencies, percentages, means, and1standard deviations, utilizing SPSS (Version 27.0). Inferential statistics were also performed through regression modeling. The findings from the quantitative analysis were1presented primarily in tables. On1the other hand, the1qualitative data was evaluated using content analysis, aiming to identify recurring themes that align with the study’s objectives. These themes provided1a deeper1understanding of the qualitative data collected. The study1findings indicated that1there was a statistically1significant positive correlation1between corporate social responsibility on service delivery of KRC (r=10.411; p1<0.05) The study1concluded incorporating CSR principles into service delivery processes can also help mitigate certain risks associated with social or environmental issues and effectively handling crises can mitigate the negative impacts on both the organization’s reputation and its financial performance. The study recommended that KRC prioritize a holistic approach to organizational management that integrates corporate social1responsibility (CSR) management1into its service delivery processes.Item Executive-Legislative Relations, Policy Implementation Delays and Devolved County Government Service Delivery in Selected County Governments in Kenya(IAJHRBA, 2024-08) Masenge, Dennis Omwamba; Muna,Wilson; Kiruthu,FelixPolicy implementation is a crucial phase of the public policy process which serves as a key pillar in the policy design. Public policy implementation process is part of the predecision phase of policy making that entails physical operationalization of the policies on the ground in an aim of achieving the specific goals, agendas, priorities as stated in the policy paper. The main objective of the research was to examine policy implementation delays and its effect on devolved governments service delivery in County governments in Kenya. The research's target population was 331 respondents, which included: County secretaries, executive committee members, County Assembly speakers, Chief officers, county assembly members, Opinion Leaders, Civil society delegations, and County political party leaders. The study sample size was 259 of the study population. The study employed Yamane's formula (1969) to determine the sample size. The theory of separation of powers and the structural-functionalist approach was used to inform the research. Data was presented using bar graphs, tables, chats, and histograms. Nine party officials, two county secretaries, and two county assembly speakers were interviewed for the study. Expert opinion was used to evaluate the validity of the study instrument, while Cronbach's Alpha was used to assess the study instrument's reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. Correlation and regression analysis was done to establish the relationship between the variables. Quantitative data was analysed using multilinear regression approaches and Pearson correlation analysis. Stepwise regression was used to analyze the moderating variable. The study then presented quantitative data using tables and figures. Qualitative data was organized based on the themes of the study, analysed using content analysis, and then reported in continuous prose. The policy implementation delays accounted for 0.07% of county government service delivery in Kisii and Meru counties. Besides, the results (sig. =0.034, r=0.194) indicate a weak but significant relationship between policy implementation delays and county service delivery in Kisii and Meru counties. The study recommends that the legislature and executives should strengthen coordination and communication between different departments and levels of government involved in policy implementation. Regular meetings, clear communication channels, and information sharing via digital platforms(technology) can all help achieve this. Additionally, it is recommended that the two county arms allocate resources to enhance public officials' capacity to implement policiesItem Legislation Approval Rates and Devolved County Government Service Delivery in Selected Counties in Kenya(International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2024-08) Masenge,Dennis Omwamba; Muna, wilson; Kiruthu,FelixModern Parliamentary Systems of Government envisage administrative accountability to the legislative arm, which means general legislative control over the Government. Legislative control involves the detailed examination of government policies, which may cover both the formulation stage before a policy/law is adopted and policy/law evaluation after the policy gets implemented to ascertain its level of efficiency and acceptability by the public. The main objective of the research was to examine legislature approval rates and its effect on devolved governments service delivery in County governments in Kenya. The research's target population was 331 respondents, which included: County secretaries, executive committee members, County Assembly speakers, Chief officers, county assembly members, Opinion Leaders, Civil society delegations, and County political party leaders. The study sample size was 259 of the study population. The study employed Yamane's formula (1969) to determine the sample size. The theory of separation of powers and the structural-functionalist approach was used to inform the research. Data was presented using bar graphs, tables, chats, and histograms. Nine party officials, two county secretaries, and two county assembly speakers were interviewed for the study. Expert opinion was used to evaluate the validity of the study instrument, while Cronbach's Alpha was used to assess the study instrument's reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. Correlation and regression analysis was done to establish the relationship between the variables. Quantitative data was analysed using multilinear regression approaches and Pearson correlation analysis. Stepwise regression was used to analyze the moderating variable. The study then presented quantitative data using tables and figures. Qualitative data was organized based on the themes of the study, analysed using content analysis, and then reported in continuous prose. The legislative approval rate accounted for 3.8% of county government service delivery in Kisii and Meru counties, While the remaining percentage catered for other exogenous factors. Besides, the results (sig. =0.034, r=0.194) indicate a weak but significant relationship between legislation approval rate and county service delivery in Kisii and Meru counties. Finally, the study recommended that county assembly leadership and the executive should ensure legislation fate is seamless to avoid unnecessary delays. The assembly and executive should maintain the principles of separation of powers. These concepts can be implemented by strengthening the legislative process, increasing its efficacy and efficiency, cutting down on bureaucratic red tape, and simplifying decision-making.Item Community-based organizations’ contribution to covid-19 pandemic management in Kisumu County Kenya(Reviewed Journals, 2024-05) Onyango, Cosmas; Heather, Eddah KipchumbaThe wave of Covid-19 brought a shock that harmed the worldwide economic system, disrupting the usual way of life. The inadequacy of governments to offer critical services necessitates the call for this gap to be filled by other non-governmental stakeholders like community-based organizations (CBOs). Self-initiated projects such as creating pandemic attention to minimize the scourge of the virus and offering different material help are a means through which CBOs can attain this task. Strategic Nyakach (SN) is the biggest, most active CBO with initiatives that have addressed various demanding situations within Nyakach Sub-County. This research analyzed the contribution of CBOs to promote community standards during the covid-19 pandemic in Kenya. The research used the Collective action theory, and resource Mobilization theory. The analysis sampled Nyakach Sub-County purposely as the place of study. Descriptive research layout and purposive stratified random sampling with varying proportion in line with stratum was applied and, 100 citizens of Nyakach Sub County were randomly selected for the reason of gathering the statistics required. For statistics instruments, the study used questionnaires and interview schedules. A Pilot study was done to test efficacy and dependability of the instruments. 5 non-randomly selected respondent residents of Nyakach Sub-county participated in the pilot study, carried out in 2022. Bar charts, figures and tables were used for visual comparison of frequencies. The qualitative non-coded statistics from the family respondents and KII interviews was thematically analyzed alongside the set objectives to present credence to the voices of the respondents. The researcher ensured that ethical concepts were followed and the respondents were privy to their rights. Study permit was sought from Kenyatta University and NACOSTI. Ministry of health Covid-19 pointers were followed throughout the study. The research findings identified the partnership interventions put in place by Strategic Nyakach CBO and other stakeholders and its impact in managing the pandemic. However, the study found that despite the great efforts and the positive impact it had on the locals, the Financial Aid Department was unable to meet the large support need due to the large financial support needed for the project. This calls for intrinsic partnerships with agencies in various governmental and humanitarian fields to achieve this goalItem The Role of Agricultural Extension Interventions in Enhancing Food Security in Kajiado County, Kenya(IJRPR, 2025-02) Macharia, Eunice Wamuyu; Ng’eno, Weldon Kibet; Njoroge, Jane GakeniaDespite the many attempts to enhance food security in Kenya, insufficiency of food and food items remain a challenge in many parts of the country. Manyinterventions have been instituted in the past with limited results despite heavy investments and government spending both at policy and implementation levels. The main research objective of the study is to establish the effectiveness of agricultural extension officers interventions in enhancing food security in KajiadoCounty, Kenya. Stakeholders theory was used to inform the study. The researcher’s philosophy was pragmatic. This research used a mixed research designwithdescriptive and explanatory being employed. The target population comprised of 29,514 registered famers, 47 agricultural extension officers and 11countygovernment officials. The study used a sample size of 411 respondents comprising of 356 registered famers and a census of all 47 agricultural officers and11County government officers. The researcher utilized semi structured questionnaires for registered famers and agricultural extension officers and interviewedtheCounty government officials to collect quantitative and qualitative facts. The questionnaire was administered physically with a help of research assistant whowasable to understand the local dialect of the community around the county and helped fill the information in google forms. In addition to these, the study used10interview schedule questions to collect qualitative data from County government officials. The internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha, wherean alpha value of 0.7 ≤ α < 0.9. Data was analyzed descriptively and was subjected to an inferential statistics at 0.05 significance levels and was facilitatedbySPSS statistical software, version 21. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data involving outlining the useful responses and presenting theminthemes in prose form. Diagrams like bar graphs and pie charts together with tables were used to present the findings to easily understand and interpret. Theregression model measured the relationship between agricultural extension and food security. The diagnostic tests were conducted to ascertain that all theassumptions regarding the multiple linear regression analysis were not violated. The findings indicated that agricultural extension intervention significantlyinfluenced food security in Kajiado County.Item The Role of Technological Interventions in Enhancing Food Security in Kajiado County, Kenya(IJRISS, 2024-12) Macharia,Eunice Wamuyu; Ng’eno,Weldon Kibet; Njoroge,Jane GakeniaDespite the many attempts to enhance food security in Kenya, insufficiency of food and food items remain a challenge in many parts of the country. Many interventions have been instituted in the past with limited results despite heavy investments and government spending both at policy and implementation levels. The study objective was to determine how technology application intervention has enhanced food security in Kajiado County. Diffusion of innovation theory informed the study. Pragmatic research philosophy was used to establish the effectiveness of technology interventions in achieving food security in Kajiado County, Kenya. This research used a mixed research design with descriptive and explanatory being employed. The target population comprised of the registered famers, the agricultural extension officers, and County government officers. A total population of this study was 29,572 respondents which comprised of 29,514 registered famers, 47 agricultural extension officers and 11county government officials. The study used a sample size of 411 respondents comprising of 356 registered famers and a census of all 47 agricultural officers and 11 County government officers. The researcher utilized semi structured questionnaires for registered famers and agricultural extension officers and interviewed the County government officials to collect quantitative and qualitative facts. The questionnaire was administered physically with a help of a research assistant who was able to understand the local dialect of the community around the county and helped fill the information in google forms. In addition to these, the study used 10 interview schedule questions to collect qualitative data from County government officials. The internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha, where an alpha value of 0.7 ≤ α < 0.9. Data was analyzed descriptively and the Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data involving outlining the useful responses and presenting them in themes in prose form. The findings indicated that technology significantly influenced food security in Kajiado County. This study contributes largely to policy, theory and the practices in the body of knowledge.Item Occupational Stress and Job Performance among National Government Administrative Officers in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya(International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities (IAJAH), 2024) Olumu,Japheth Akello; Ngéno,Weldon K.The research aimed to explore the association between occupational stress and job performance. The research objectives were; to explore the relationship between organizational demands and job performance, to examine the effects of management style on job and to establish the extent to which workload affect job performance of NGAO officers in Tharaka-Nithi County. The PersonEnvironment Fit theory (P.E. FIT), DemandControl theory, and Herzberg's Two-Factor theory anchored the study. In order to explore the association between occupational stress and NGAO job performance in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya, the research utilized both descriptive and exploratory research design. The study's target population consisted of 83 individuals who were selected from various NGAO officers in Tharaka-Nithi County. These individuals included chiefs, deputy county commissioners, assistant county commissioners, and county commissioners. Through convenience and random sampling, 68 respondents in total were found. In order to provide both qualitative and quantitative data, the questionnaires that were utilized to gather primary data will include both structured and open-ended questions. The respondents were given the questionnaires, and they had fourteen days to complete them before the answers were gathered. Participants were asked to take part and indicate their readiness to contribute to the questionnaire items. Regression analysis was utilized to do inferential statistics while the mean and standard deviation were employed to code and analyze the gathered data. The data was represented using percentages, and frequency tables. The outcomes uncovered that the research factors had a substantial impact on the job performance of National Government Administrative Officers, as evidenced by the coefficient of correlation of 0.879. The modified determination coefficient came out to be 0.746, or 74.6%. This demonstrates how changes in the independent variables; workload, management style, and organizational demands explained differences in the dependent variables. The findings also revealed that P-value was 0.003<0.05 indicating that job performance among National Government Administrative Officers was significantly influence by the study variables. The study concludes that organizational demands, management style and workload positive significant impacted the job performance among National Government Administrative Officers. The study recommends that government agencies should conduct comprehensive assessments of organizational demands to identify areas of inefficiency and opportunities for improvement. This entails reviewing processes, procedures, and workload distribution to ensure alignment with organizational goals while minimizing unnecessary burden on NGAO officers. Implementing streamlined workflows, prioritizing tasks, and allocating resources effectively can help mitigate workload pressures and enhance job performance.Item OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE AMONG NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS IN THARAKA NITHI COUNTY, KENYA(Kenyatta University, 2024-06-14) Olumu, Japheth Akello; Ngéno, Weldon K.The research aimed to explore the association between occupational stress and job performance. The research objectives were; to explore the relationship between organizational demands and job performance, to examine the effects of management style on job and to establish the extent to which workload affect job performance of NGAO officers in Tharaka-Nithi County. The Person Environment Fit theory (P.E. FIT), Demand Control theory, and Herzberg's Two-Factor theory anchored the study. In order to explore the association between occupational stress and NGAO job performance in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya, the research utilized both descriptive and exploratory research design. The study's target population consisted of 83 individuals who were selected from various NGAO officers in Tharaka-Nithi County. These individuals included chiefs, deputy county commissioners, assistant county commissioners, and county commissioners. Through convenience and random sampling, 68 respondents in total were found. In order to provide both qualitative and quantitative data, the questionnaires that were utilized to gather primary data will include both structured and open-ended questions. The respondents were given the questionnaires, and they had fourteen days to complete them before the answers were gathered. Participants were asked to take part and indicate their readiness to contribute to the questionnaire items. Regression analysis was utilized to do inferential statistics while the mean and standard deviation were employed to code and analyze the gathered data. The data was represented using percentages, and frequency tables. The outcomes uncovered that the research factors had a substantial impact on the job performance of National Government Administrative Officers, as evidenced by the coefficient of correlation of 0.879. The modified determination coefficient came out to be 0.746, or 74.6%. This demonstrates how changes in the independent variables; workload, management style, and organizational demands explained differences in the dependent variables. The findings also revealed that P-value was 0.003<0.05 indicating that job performance among National Government Administrative Officers was significantly influence by the study variables. The study concludes that organizational demands, management style and workload positive significant impacted the job performance among National Government Administrative Officers. The study recommends that government agencies should conduct comprehensive assessments of organizational demands to identify areas of inefficiency and opportunities for improvement. This entails reviewing processes, procedures, and workload distribution to ensure alignment with organizational goals while minimizing unnecessary burden on NGAO officers. Implementing streamlined workflows, prioritizing tasks, and allocating resources effectively can help mitigate workload pressures and enhance job performanceItem Implementation of National Tax Policy and Organizational Performance of the Kenya Revenue Authority(International Journal of Education and Research, 2024-11) Nyasuna, Lucy Obuya; Minja, David M.The present study sought to establish the effect of implementation of national tax policy on the organizational performance of the KRA. More specifically, the link between resource allocation, coordination of roles and feedback mechanisms on organizational performance of the KRA were explored. The study was guided by RBV, resource dependence theory and the institutional theory. The design for adoption being descriptive survey, 97 employees responsible for implementation of the national tax policy from KRA Headquarters was targeted. Since the population was small, census was adopted. Information was gathered through a close structured questionnaire containing close ended items designed on a 5-point Likert scale. A pilot study was conducted among 10 employees working at KRA being equivalent to 8% of the study sample and they were excluded from the final study and the results were used to determine reliability. Content validity was ensured through supervisor and two industry experts in the field of public policy. Data and gathered information was analyzed using means, standard deviations and regression analysis and presented in form in tabular and figure form. Diagnostic tests were performed in advance to validate regression analysis assumptions. The findings were that 49.6% change in organizational performance of KRA can be explained by a change in the national tax policy. Furthermore, coordination of roles (β=0.333, pItem Workforce Diversity and its Influence in Career Development Decisions among National Police Service Officers in Laikipia County, Kenya(Reviewed Journal International of Social Science & Humanities, 2024-10) Musau, Martin Mati; Ng’eno, Weldon KibetThis study assessed the influence of gender in career development decisions among National Police Service officers in the Kenya Police Service, determined the influence of disability in career development decisions among National Police Service officers in the Kenya Police Service, established the influence of age in career development decisions among National Police Service officers in the NPS, and established the influence of education in career development decisions among NPS officers in the Kenya Police Service.This was conducted within the context of Laikipia County. Social Career Cognitive Theory, Similarity/Attractive Theory, and Agency Theory informed the study. The research employed a descriptive survey study method. The target population for this study comprised all 616 police officers in all the 5 police sub-counties, encompassing a total of 7 police stations and 67 police posts. The sample size was 278 respondents, which was determined using Naissuma's (2000) formula after stratifying the total population into 5 sub-counties. The study employed semi-structured questionnaires containing both open and closed-ended questions to gather comprehensive insights into the research questions. The collected data underwent a thorough process to ensure accuracy and facilitate analysis. A pilot study was carried out in Kiambu County using 15 (10% of the sample) police officers before collecting the actual data. This served to test and guarantee the validity and reliability of the research instruments. The research applied both qualitative and quantitative data. Both inferential and comparative descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. To summarize the data, descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviation, and frequencies were used. The study found that an increase in the proportion of female officers significantly affects career development decisions, indicating the importance of gender diversity in promoting career advancement opportunities within the NPS. Officers with disabilities also have a considerable influence on career development decisions, underscoring the importance of inclusivity and accommodation for officers with disabilities in fostering career progression opportunities within the NPS. Age diversity significantly affects career development decisions, with younger officers being particularly influential. Higher educational attainment among officers significantly impacts career development decisions, emphasizing the significance of educational background in job performance and career advancement within the NPS Key Words: Gender, Disability, Age Group, Education, DiversityItem Deliberative Policy Framework and Security Management: Integrative Negotiation in Kerio Valley – Kenya(IJARKE Humanities & Social Sciences Journal, 2025-04) Yegon, Kibet B.; Muna, Wilson; Kipchumba, HeatherKerio Valley is an area rich in cultural diversity and economic activities, notably pastoralism and agriculture. Despite its potential, the region has been severely impacted by recurring conflicts, particularly cattle rustling, competition over resources, and inter-ethnic violence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the integrative negotiation approach in resolving inter-community conflicts within the Kerio Valley. By focusing on inclusive dialogue facilitated by experienced mediators, the study aimed to understand how diverse perspectives, mutual benefits, and structured mediation contribute to addressing security challenges. It sought to highlight the strengths and limitations of this approach, emphasizing the importance of adaptability and collaboration in fostering sustainable conflict resolution and improved security outcomes. A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative techniques was utilized to explore the relationship between the deliberative policy framework (independent variable) and security management (dependent variable). Data collection targeted conflict-prone areas in the Kerio Valley, focusing on counties such as Baringo, Turkana, Elgeyo Marakwet, and West Pokot, with a total target population of 59,908 stakeholders, including government officials, community leaders, and household heads. Systematic and random sampling methods were used to select a representative sample of 455 respondents, with data collected through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS (v.25) through descriptive and inferential analyses, while qualitative data were thematically examined with NVivo software. Ethical standards, including informed consent and data confidentiality, were rigorously upheld, and data security was ensured throughout the research process. The study found that the integrative negotiation approach promoted inclusivity, allowing diverse community perspectives to be heard and considered. The presence of central mediators and alternative elites facilitated consensus-building and cooperation among conflicting parties. The process encouraged the exchange of transparent and fair information, which contributed to mutual understanding. However, challenges were noted, including an overreliance on counterarguments, which sometimes disrupted collaborative dynamics, and a lack of consistently offered alternative options, limiting flexibility in reaching mutually agreeable solutions. These findings underscore the strengths and areas for improvement in the approach. The study’s findings have significant implications for theory, practice, and policy in conflict resolution and security management. Theoretically, it underscores the importance of integrative negotiation frameworks that prioritize inclusivity and mutual benefits in conflict resolution. Practically, the study highlights the critical role of mediators and the inclusion of diverse perspectives in fostering sustainable agreements. For policymakers, the results emphasize the need to invest in mediator training and develop policies that encourage flexible negotiation strategies, ensuring that all stakeholders are adequately represented and engaged. These insights can guide the design of more effective conflict resolution mechanisms in similar contexts.Item Effectiveness of TVET Training in Harnessing Skills Development amongst the Youths in Kisumu County, Kenya(International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 2024-10) Kigen, Kipchirchir Benard; Ng`eno Weldon K.The global challenge of TVET is ensuring that vocational education systems are inclusive, industry-relevant and aligned with the needs of the 21st-century labor market. Without addressing issues like funding, perception and curriculum development, TVET systems may continue to fall short in equipping young people with the skills needed for employment, entrepreneurship and sustainable economic development. For this reason, this study sought to examine effectiveness of TVET Training in Harnessing Skills Development Amongst the Youths in Kisumu County, Kenya. The founding theoretical frameworks were: Human capital theory, social learning theory and empowerment theory. Descriptive survey was used. Target population was 20,857 comprising of 20,814 TVET students, 42 Heads of TVET institutions and 1 County Education Officer in Kisumu County Government. A sample size of 379 was determined using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) model. Disproportionate stratified random sampling was used to select respondents. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and interview guide. Data was analyzed through content analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson`s Correlation analysis was used to determine linear relationships between variables. For the coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.96, it implied a very strong positive relationship between TVET training and skill development. Government as policy-maker was recommended to institute regular reform for reviewing the existing TVET curricula in order to incorporate feedback from students and adapt to emerging dynamics of demographic dividends.Item Influence of alternative justice system on resolution of disputes in Isiolo County, Kenya(2024-12) Kiogora, Douglas Mutuma; Moi, Edna JemutaiMany Kenyan communities rely on nonformal justice systems for fairness alongside established legal frameworks, but face several challenges. There are also concerns that some outcomes of these alternative systems may violate human rights and constitutional provisions. This research aimed to explore the impact of reconciliation, and mediation, on conflict resolution in Isiolo County, grounded in restorative justice theory. A descriptive research design was used, targeting a population of 1,600 individuals, including Borana elders, council members, residents, pastoralists, village elders, and the area chief, with a sample size of 160 (10% of the target population). Random and stratified sampling were applied, and both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), with both descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analysis. The researcher obtained permits from relevant authorities, such as NACOSTI and the county director of education. Participants were informed about the study's purpose and guaranteed anonymity, privacy, and confidentiality, using pseudonyms when necessary. The findings indicated that alternative justice systems positively impact peace, relationship restoration, and conflict resolution. Community forums and facilitated dialogues helped individuals’ express grievances and collaboratively seek solutions. The study concluded that these systems enhance social cohesion, build trust, and prevent conflict escalation in Isiolo County. Involving community elders and the area chief in the resolution process further strengthens these systems. The study recommends that government agencies collaborate with community organizations and traditional leaders to promote awareness of reconciliation, mediation, and negotiation.Item Public Participation Influence on Sustainability of Water Projects in Makueni County, Kenya(Journal International of Social Science & Humanities, 2024-11) Jacob, Winfred Mwende; Moi, EdnaThe main objective of this study was to ascertain the impact of public participation on the sustainability of water projects in the Makueni sub-county. Evaluating the effects of participatory management, planning, and monitoring on the sustainability of water projects in Makueni Sub County-Makueni County was the specific aim of the study. Theoretically, sustainability theory and community participation theory underpinned the research. Target population 34,352 households, 117 members of the Project Management Committee, and 15 county officers are the study's target population. A sample size of 380 was selected using simple random sampling. The 15 technical officers were selected using a census, yielding a sample size of 395 in total. For the goal of triangulating data, both quantitative and qualitative data for the study was collected using a structured questionnaire, which employed a descriptive research design. Using SPSS version 23, descriptive analysis of the collected data was performed before being shown as graphs and frequency tables. To describe the link between the variables, a multiple regression model was employed. The regression analysis demonstrates that participatory planning has a strong and positive effect on the sustainability of water projects in Makueni Sub County. It shows that as the level of community involvement in planning activities increases, the sustainability of these projects improves significantly. Similarly, participatory management positively influences sustainability, indicating that engaging local communities in the management and decision-making processes of water projects contributes to their long-term success. Additionally, the analysis highlights that participatory monitoring is associated with better sustainability outcomes. The study recommends that increased community involvement in monitoring and evaluation activities helps identify and address issues promptly, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness and durability of water projects.Item Skills Optimization Strategies and Satisfaction among KenyaAirwaysEmployees(International Journal of Research PublicationandReviews, 2025-06) Chacha, Cherubine Bageni; Ng’eno, Weldon K.Kenya Airways operates in a globalized and demanding industry where customer satisfaction, safety, and operational efficiency are paramount. In order to thrivein such an environment, the airline industry needs a skilled, motivated, and satisfied workforce. Workforce administration strategies play a crucial roleinachieving these goals, making it imperative to assess their influence on employee satisfaction. There is a lack of empirical research specifically investigatingtheimpact of workforce management strategies on job satisfaction within the aviation industry, particularly concerning Kenya Airways. This study utilizedadescriptive research design with a sample size of 150 employees, constituting 10% of the total target population. Participants were drawn fromvariousdepartments within the organization, including HR, Operations, Finance, Commercial, and Flight Operations. Primary data sources were employed effectivelythrough questionnaires, which were carefully scrutinized for consistency and completeness. The collected data underwent modification, computation, classification based on similarity, and entry into SPSS V26 Software for analysis. Descriptive statistics, such as measures of central tendency like meanandstandard deviation, as well as percentages to sum up the data, were derived by evaluating quantitative data. Figures and tables were utilized for datarepresentation, providing visual clarity and facilitating interpretation. Additionally, multiple linear regression analyses were employed to examine therelationships between variables, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the outcomes of interest in the studyItem Exploring the Effectiveness of Enforcement Structures in Biodiversity Conservation in Laikipia County, Kenya(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2025-04) Lenantiri, Francis Lopeyok Charles; Muna, WilsonLocal communities andbiodiversity conservation are closely interconnected. While community enforcement structures play an integralrole in ensuring compliance, safeguarding and monitoring illegal activitiesthat are detrimental to natural ecosystems,limited attention has been drawn in researchparticularly on theireffectivenessin the broader conservation frameworks. This study examined the effects of enforcement structures on biodiversity conservation in the context of Laikipia County in Kenya. Stakeholder theoryand sustainability theory anchored the study. Descriptive survey was used to guide the data collection and analysis. The study targeted a population of 2,035 consisting of 6 Government Environment Officers, 29 managers of conservancies and 2,000 community land representatives in Laikipia County, Kenya. Sample size of 327 was obtained through Krejcie and Morgan (1970)table ofsampledetermination. Structured questionnaires, interviews and observation guidewere data collection instruments.Pilot-testing of the instruments was conducted in Samburu County to a sample size of33. Reliability of the instruments was determined through split-half method. Data was analyzed through content analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearsons’s correlation and regression analysis. Fstatistical testwas used in testing hypothesis at95% confidence interval.It was revealed that enforcement structures had strong positive relationship withbiodiversity conservation in Laikipia County (r=0.75)and accounted for 56% variationin the conservation of biodiversity in Laikipia County(R-Square=0.56). Government was recommended to institute relevant policies that will build the capacity of local enforcement teams through training and resource allocationso as to strengthen their effectiveness in biodiversity conservation efforts.