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Item Specificity Orientation and Implementation of Intra-national Economic Regionalism Policies in Kenya’s Lake Region Economic Bloc(International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences, 2025-02) Christopher Ogola; Wilson Muna; David MinjaThis study identified that the existing studies have not given much weight to how specificity orientation influences implementation of intra-national economic regionalisms policies in Kenya. To fill this gap, the study sought to empirically assess the extent to which specificity orientation influences implementation of intra-national economic regionalism policies, with a reference to Lake Region Economic Bloc in Kenya. The total population of the study comprised of 634 individuals, consisting of 13 members of the Council of Governors, 130 County Executive Committee Members, 440 Members of County Assembly, 27 Economic experts and 24 members of the Lake Basin Development Authority. Proportionate stratified sampling was used to obtain a sample of 245 individuals. The study utilized semi-structured physical and online questionnaires and interview schedules to collect quantitative as well as qualitative data. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for the quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis utilized themes, patterns and trends that emerged from the responses. The correlation result, r(157)=0.659, ρ=000 indicated that there is a significant positive correlation between specificity orientation and implementation of the intra-national economic regionalism policies. The regression results β=0.648, ρ<0.05 further indicated that specificity orientation significantly predicts implementation of the economic regionalism policies. Therefore, the study concluded that specificity orientation significantly influences implementation of intra-national economic regionalism policies in the Lake Region Economic Bloc. The findings provided robust empirical evidence on the emerging importance of specificity on implementation of intra-national economic regionalism policies. The study recommends a regular, systematic and comprehensive measurement and assessment of standards, targets, performance indicators and control systems as a crucial aspect of implementation of economic regionalism policies in the Lake Region Economic BlocItem Role of Capacity Building in Enhancing Water Service Delivery: A Case Study of Mandera County, Kenya(African Journal of Emerging Issues, 2026-03) Omar, Mohamed Ali; Muna, Wilson; Minja, DavidPurpose of Study: The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of capacity building in enhancing the provision of water services in Mandera County. Problem Statement: The Kenya National Water Policy 2021 was developed with the aim of ensuring sustainable water resource management and equitable access to clean water across the country. However, there exists gaps in its implementation especially in Mandera County, where water scarcity continues to be a severe and ongoing challenge. Methodology: The study was informed by pragmatism philosophy and employing a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised 535 participants drawn from various key stakeholders in Mandera County. The researcher used Slovin’s formula to obtain a sample size of 229 respondents. Result: Analysis yielded a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.428, indicating that 42.8% of the variation in the provision of water services in Mandera County is explained by capacity building. The ANOVA results revealed that the overall model was statistically significant (p = 0.000<0.05). Regression coefficient results indicated that capacity building has a positive but statistically insignificant effect on the provision of water services in Mandera County (β = 0.414, p = 0.078 > 0.05). Recommendation: Water sector development partners, NGOs, and the Mandera County Public Service Board should work together to reform and scale up capacity-building programs across the water sector workforce.Item Revenue Diversification and Sustainability of Public Universities in Kenya(International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities (IAJAH), 2026-03) Bett, Jackline; Kosgei, MargaretKenya's public universities are major drivers of economic growth because they develop human capital, encourage innovation, and interact with the community. These institutions are essential in advancing equitable and sustainable development as well as Kenya's shift to a knowledge-based economy. Thus, public universities' continued existence is essential to Kenya’s economic development. Universities seem to be stabilized when their revenue sources are diversified because they are less susceptible to changes in government financing. Government financing is provided to public institutions to support their sustainability; nonetheless, there has been an increasing funding deficit recently which threatens the sustainability of the institutions. Government funding to universities under the Differentiated Unit Cost (DUC) model has been steadily decreasing over the past few years, falling in 2022 compared to the previous years. Therefore, public universities' ability to continue operating is under jeopardy, which calls for the current inquiry.This research sought to explore the effect of revenue diversification particularly consultancy services and public-private partnership on sustainability of public universities in Kenya. The Resource-based and contingency theories provided the framework upon which the study was based. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey research design. The target population consisted of staff members of Kenya's state universities. Teaching and non-teaching staff was the units of observation, and the university was the unit of analysis. A simple random sampling technique was used to choose 241 nonteaching staff members and 143 teaching staff members from the sample size of 384 respondents. Primary data which was sourced through the administration of questionnaire was utilized as the main data source for the study. The research instrument's validity was assessed using content and face validity while reliability was tested using Cronbach Apha with a coefficient of 0.7 as the threshold. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyse the data and results was presented in the form of table, charts and graphs. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the estimates a number of diagnostic tests was carried out which include multicollinearity, normality, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation every ethical guideline was appropriately adhered to. Findings demonstrated that consultancy services had positive and significant (β=.189, ρ=.000) effect on the sustainability of these Kenyan public universities. Public-private partnership revealed a significantly positive (β=.252, ρ=.000) effect on the sustainability of Kenyan public universities. Further results indicated that philanthropic donations had positive but insignificant (β=.055, ρ=.434) effect on the sustainability of Kenyan public universities. The study recommends that cconsultancy services should be institutionalized within the public universities by creating specific consultancy bureaus and definite contractual structures. There should be incentives that will encourage staff participation in consultancy, such as revenue sharing programs and professional recognition. Project writing, contract negotiation, and service marketing training need to be given priority to enhance uptake and efficiency. Public-private partnerships must be prioritized due to their potential in providing a central means of mobilizing resources in universities. Institutional and national policy frameworks must be transparent and accountable and share risks fairly in PPP contracts. Cooperation in fields like infrastructure, ICT development, and research commercialization needs to be intensified, and the government ought to offer an environment of facilitation in the form of favorable legislation and checks and balances.Item Efficacy Of Public-Private Partnership Procurement Framework On The Implementation Of Energy Infrastructure Projects In Kenya(International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2025-03) Barasa,Fernandes Odinga; Minja, David; Muthinja,MosesThe study examined the efficacy of public-private partnership procurement framework on the implementation of energy infrastructure projects in Kenya. The study was motivated by the fact that while public-private partnerships have gained popularity in the recent past, there has been limited empirical research on their performance, particularly in terms of their impact on project implementation in terms of time, cost, and project outcomes in developing economies. The study’s target population of the study were the key personnel / staff of the electricity projects implementing corporations under the ministry of energy, Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority, Ministry of Energy, the National Treasury, 7 tier 1 commercial banks and 6 development partners. A census approach was adopted. The study found procurement framework has adverse effect on project implementation time, cost and outcome. This suggests that the PPP procurement process in Kenya is lengthy and requires streamlining to expedite project execution.Item Role of Capacity Building in Enhancing Water Service Delivery: A Case Study of Mandera County, Kenya(African Journal of Emerging Issues (AJOEI), 2026-03) Mohamed AliOmar,; Muna, Wilson; Minja, DavidPurpose of Study: The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of capacity building in enhancing the provision of water services in Mandera County. Problem Statement: The Kenya National Water Policy 2021 was developed with the aim of ensuring sustainable water resource management and equitable access to clean water across the country. However, there exists gaps in its implementation especially in Mandera County, where water scarcity continues to be a severe and ongoing challenge. Methodology: The study was informed by pragmatism philosophy and employing a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised 535 participants drawn from various key stakeholders in Mandera County. The researcher used Slovin’s formula to obtain a sample size of 229 respondents. Result: Analysis yielded a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.428, indicating that 42.8% of the variation in the provision of water services in Mandera County is explained by capacity building. The ANOVA results revealed that the overall model was statistically significant (p = 0.000<0.05). Regression coefficient results indicated that capacity building has a positive but statistically insignificant effect on the provision of water services in Mandera County (β = 0.414, p = 0.078 > 0.05). Recommendation: Water sector development partners, NGOs, and the Mandera County Public Service Board should work together to reform and scale up capacity-building programs across the water sector workforceItem Voter Education and Voting Participation in the 2022 General Elections in Nairobi City County, Kenya(International Academic Journals, 2026-03) Kimbui, Jeremy Muriki; Kiruthu, FelixVoter education plays a crucial role in the democratic process by providing voters with the necessary knowledge and skills to make informed voting decisions. Despite the efforts of the electoral commission and NGOs to promote voter education, the impact has been very limited as the voter turnout in Nairobi City County for the 2022 General Elections was much lower than anticipated. A considerable number of eligible voters did not participate or showed only a slight comprehension of the electoral process which led to questioning the success of the current voter training programs. For this reason, the research wanted to identify the impact of voter education on voting participation in Nairobi County during the 2022 general elections. The study specifically intended to assess the effect of civic education and voter information on the turnout in the 2022 general elections in Nairobi County. A descriptive research design was used and it was based on Civic Voluntarism Model (CVM) theory and Rational Choice theory. The target population included election officials who were actively involved in the 2022 general elections, constituting a census with all 154 elections officials being selected as respondents. It consulted primary and secondary data with a semistructured questionnaire used as the primary data collection tool while election publications comprised the secondary data source. Respondents were IEBC commissioners, returning officers and presiding officers, polling clerks, election supervisors, election observers and election agents. Statistical methods like mean and standard deviation were utilized to evaluate quantitative data while correlation and multiple regression analysis applied to interpret numerical trends and relationships. The study established that both civic education (β=0.167, p=0.013....Item Water Storage Infrastructure Development and Water Service Delivery: Perspectives from Mandera County, Kenya(African Journal of Emerging Issues(AJOEI), 2026-03) Mohamed Ali Omar,; muna, Wilson; Minja, DavidPurpose of Study: To assess the effect of water storage infrastructure development on the provision of water services in Mandera County. Problem Statement: The Kenya National Water Policy 2021 was designed to ensure sustainable water resource management and equitable access to clean water. However, key gaps exist in its implementation in Mandera County, where water scarcity remains a persistent challenge. The study was underpinned by Institutional Theory. Methodology: The study was informed by pragmatism philosophy and employing a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised 535 participants drawn from various key stakeholders in Mandera County, including the Water Resources Authority, Mandera Office, Mandera County Companies, community leaders, representatives from the Non- Governmental Organization, County Government of Mandera Water Department, and the National Drought Management Authority. The researcher used Slovin’s formula to obtain a sample size of 229 respondents. Result: Findings revealed that 51.9% of the variation in the provision of water services in Mandera County was attributed to the development of water storage infrastructure, demonstrating strong influence of storage infrastructure on water service delivery. Recommendation: The county department of water services should investment in the construction, maintenance and security of water storage infrastructure, with specific attention to underserved rural areasItem Integration of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Sustainable Water Service Provision: Evidence from Mandera County, Kenya(Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Book Publishing, 2026-03) Mohamed Ali Omar; Muna, Wilson; Minja, DavidThe Kenya National Water Policy 2021 was designed to ensure sustainable water resource management and equitable access to clean water. However, key gaps exist in its implementation in Mandera County, where water scarcity remains a persistent challenge. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the effect of climate change integration on the provision of water services in Mandera County. The study was underpinned by Institutional Theory. The study was informed by pragmatism philosophy and employing a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised 535 participants drawn from various key stakeholders in Mandera County, including the Water Resources Authority, Mandera Office, Mandera County Companies, community leaders, representatives from the Non- Governmental Organization, County Government of Mandera Water Department, and the National Drought Management Authority. The researcher used Slovin’s formula to obtain a sample size of 229 respondents. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistical methods in analysis. The findings were presented on tables. The findings revealed a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.541, implying that 54.1% of the change in the provision of water services in Mandera County is attributed to climate change integration strategies. Regression analysis results showed that climate change integration (β = 0.336, p = 0.000) had statistically significant positive effect on service delivery. The study concludes that effective water service delivery in arid regions like Mandera County depends on coordinated efforts across environmental, infrastructural, and climate-focused interventions. InItem Integration of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Sustainable Water Service Provision: Evidence from Mandera County, Kenya(Stratford Peer Reviewed Journals and Book Publishing, 2025-03) Omar, Mohamed Ali; Muna, Wilson; Minja, DavidThe Kenya National Water Policy 2021 was designed to ensure sustainable water resource management and equitable access to clean water. However, key gaps exist inits implementation in Mandera County, where water scarcity remains a persistent challenge. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the effect of climate change integration on the provision of water services in Mandera County. The study was underpinned by Institutional Theory. The study was informed by pragmatism philosophy and employing a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised 535 participants drawn from various key stakeholders in Mandera County, including the Water Resources Authority, Mandera Office, Mandera County Companies, community leaders, representatives from the Non-Governmental Organization, County Government of Mandera Water Department, and the National Drought Management Authority. The researcher used Slovin’s formula to obtain a sample size of 229 respondents. The study usedboth descriptive and inferential statistical methods in analysis. The findings were presented on tables. The findings revealed a coefficient of determination (R²)of 0.541, implying that 54.1% of the change in the provision of water services in Mandera County is attributed to climate change integration strategies. Regression analysis results showed that climate change integration (β = 0.336, p = 0.000) had statistically significant positive effect on service delivery. The study concludes that effective water service delivery in arid regions like Mandera County depends on coordinated efforts across environmental, infrastructural, and climate-focused interventions. In view of the findings, the study recommends that county governments, water sector agencies, and development partnersshould consider inclusive, climate-resilient planning in water infrastructure.Item Risk Management Practices and Implementation of County Integrated Development Plan in Homabay County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Obiero, Solomon OkelloRisks continue to shape the implementation of County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) globally, yet limited evidence exists on how risk management practices influence CIDP outcomes in Homa Bay County. This study examined the effects of risk identification, risk assessment, risk mitigation, and risk communication on the implementation of the 2018–2022 CIDP in Homa Bay County. The study was anchored on the Modern Portfolio Theory and the Theory of Change. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 234 respondents, including the County Executive Committee (CEC) Member for Finance and Economic Planning, the Chief Officer for Finance and Economic Planning, project managers, business persons, youth groups, women groups, and Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) involved in CIDP implementation. A sample of 146 respondents was selected through stratified and simple random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides, and a pilot study was conducted in Migori County among 15 officials. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha, while content, face, and construct validity were applied. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis in SPSS, whereas qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that all four predictors—risk identification, risk assessment, risk mitigation, and risk communication—significantly influenced CIDP implementation, with regression beta coefficients demonstrating positive relationships. Based on the results, the study recommends institutionalizing county risk management frameworks, strengthening early detection systems, enhancing adaptive mitigation strategies, and improving community sensitization to promote participation and resilience in future CIDP implementation. All predicators influenced CIDP implementation significantly with the beta values indicating a positive relationship. From the results, the study recommends the need to institutionalize risk management frameworks to positively influence the implementation of the County Integrated Development Plan in the future. The risk management strategy for the county should also ensure strong, effective, and robust early detection systems, adaptive mitigation plans, proper and enhanced sensitization among the locals so as to build awareness, enhance participation and boost resilienceItem Teachers’ Engagement and the Implementation of 2017 Policy on Education for the Hearing impaired Children in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Strategic Journals, 2025-06) Mwau, Josephine Mbenya; Kiruthu, FelixThe 2017 National Pre-Primary Education Policy for the Hearing Impaired represents a significant step forward in addressing the educational needs of young learners with hearing impairments in Kenya. The implementation of this policy is crucial for ensuring equitable access to quality education, fostering inclusive learning environments. However, despite its well-intentioned framework, the policy has faced significant hurdles in its implementation. Though the NPPEP of 2017 has been implemented for about 5 years, very little is known on how the stakeholder engagement has influenced the implementation of the policy. Therefore the study sought to assess the influence of teachers’ engagement in the implementation of education of learners with hearing impairment under the 2017 NP-PEP in Nairobi City County. The study was anchored on stakeholder theory and employed descriptive research design. The target population included all the special units for the hearing-impaired learners in public primary schools, education officers, head teachers, pre-primary schoolteachers and parents in the County and national government officers in charge of early childhood education and policy. Since the target population was small the study adopted census technique to incorporate all the 115 targeted individuals. Questionnaire and interview schedule were employed as data collection tools. Questionnaires were employed to collect primary data from head teachers, pre-primary teachers, and parents. Interview schedules were employed to gather data from education officers in Nairobi City County. The study collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis, while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics involved the use of frequencies, percentage, mean and std. Inferential statistics involved the use of correlation and regression analysis. The research findings were presented in tables and figures. The study concluded that teacher engagement is crucial for the successful implementation of the 2017 NP-PEP. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education and the Nairobi City County government should prioritize continuous professional development for teachers, focusing on special needs education, sign language skills, and assistive technologyItem Information Communication Technology Resources as Service Delivery Enabler in the Ministry of Health, Kakamega County, Kenya(Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2025-10-11) Ndung’u, George Ikonya; Njoroge, Jane GakeniaThe study investigated Information Communication Technology resources as service delivery enabler in the ministry of health, Kakamega County, Kenya. To achieve the objectives, the study used a combination of explanatory design and descriptive survey research design, specifically multiple regression model. The target population consisted of 406 respondents and the sample size was 121 respondents from the three categories of ministry of health employees in Kakamega County, Kenya. The research adopted a simple random sampling method guided by past surveys of general knowledge of public opinion using a 30% confidence level propagated by John Orodho. Reliability of the instrument was tested using Anova model regression coefficient of 0.05 which was considered acceptable; hence the instrument was reliable. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize data while inferential statistics, specifically multiple regression model was used to test hypotheses. The analysis used Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excels computer applications to aid data analysis. The results were presented using tables. The findings indicated that Information Technology Resources were found not to be statistically significant in increasing service delivery in public health institutions. The study recommended that human resource is a key player in influencing service delivery in public sector therefore, county government and national government should introduce ICT training to improve human resource skills and not leave ICT as a standalone enabler. The study concluded that ICT cannot work on its own to achieve higher levels of service delivery in the public sectorItem Livestock Policy Implementation and the Sustainability of Livestock Marketing Infrastructure in Samburu County, Kenya(Reviewed Journals, 2025-05) Mohamed, Abdikadir; Muna, WilsonMarketing of livestock has majorly been impacted by Inadequacy of livestock market set-ups and policies governing the value chain in the sector. Most counties especially the ones in ASAL regions in Kenya have formulated policies regarding Livestock as it the main source of livelihoods for its population. .Despite the existence of livestock policies in form of sessional paper number 3 of the year 2020 and the Samburu’s Livestock Sale yards Act, (2018), that was formulated to boost the livestock sector in the county, the implementation, and maintenance as well as the sustainability of the market infrastructure is still wanting given the poor state of livestock sale yards in the county as revealed by the study outcomes. The study was geared towards evaluating the Livestock Policy Implementation and the Sustainability of Livestock Marketing Infrastructure in Samburu County in Kenya. The research’s objectives were to scrutinize in what manner stakeholder’s involvement affects sustainability, establish the effects of revenue sharing, to evaluate the effects of networking among stakeholders and finally to define the magnitude at which the capacity of managing committee influence the sustainability of livestock sale yards in Samburu County. The research study was anchored on the Stakeholders and Collaborative Policy Networks theories. The target population was 7266 persons comprising of sale yards management committee, County government officials and yard sales stakeholders in Samburu county. Both stratified and purposive sampling techniques were utilized while choosing the required sample scope for the study. The study employed descriptive design and used semistructured questionnaires and an interview guide. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS and by both inferential and descriptive indicators. The results of the research were presented through pie charts, frequency tables, percentages as well as graphs. Regression model was utilized to ascertain the existed correlation between the independent variables and the dependent variable as well as demonstrating future correlation between the variables. The study established that 10 out of 18 livestock sales yard representing 56% were in dilapidated state, indicating that there was a big problem in their management as well as its sustainability .The study also established that only 33.3% of the officials of the livestock sales yards’ management committee kept the updated lists of stakeholders, while 66.7% did not keep stakeholder’s lists. Similarly, the study established that only 16.7% of livestock sales yards’ markets held annual general meetings (AGMs), whereas 83.3% did not. The study too established that only 45.5% received support, while the remaining 54.5% did not get support from either institutions. The findings indicated that the major support received was for the construction of markets at 66.6% followed by capacity building at 61% of the management committee and the least support was from influencing revenue shares. The study found out that 74.5% of the stakeholders had not participated in any sales yards’ activities and further 62.5% of the respondents were not satisfied with the performance of management committee of the Livestock sales yards in Samburu County. The study concluded that there was minimal County government support on critical issues regarding the management of livestock sales yards especially in the areas of capacity building, financial management, record keeping, and facilitation in holding annual general meetings (AGMs) as well as auditing of the revenue shared and developments at the respective 18 sales yards in Samburu county. These gaps critically affected the sustainability of the Livestock sale yards in Samburu County. The study recommends that cess revenue collection should be done in an organized manner with similar receipt and similar amount for the livestock in all the 18 Livestock Sale Yards in Samburu County.Item Community Policing and Its Effects on Maintenance of Public Orderinkitui County, Kenya: A Case of Nyumba Kumi Initiative(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2025-05) Muthangya, Paul; Kipchumba, HeatherSecurity in Mutitu Sub-county has not been as desired due to different conflicts. Despite the adoption and implementation of community policing, and subsequently the ‘nyumba kumi’ initiative to curb the vice at the grassroots level, insecurity is still taunting locals. This study aimedto establish the initiative's put in place and their effect maintaining public order by Nyumba Kumi Initiative. The objectives of the study were two: to determine the effect of conflict mitigation strategies and stakeholder participation at the Nyumba Kumilevel on maintaining public orderin the sub-county. The study adopted a descriptive research designthat utilizedsemi-structuredquestionnairesto collect both qualitative and quantitative data. Thestakeholdersinvolved in the Nyumba Kumiinitiative were targeted,and a sample of 108 was utilized,drawn from village elders,nyumba kumi officials, Nationalgovernment administrative officers,and the membersof the national police service.The study found that alternative dispute resolution techniques were used to mitigate conflicts in the sub-county. It was done through mediation, negotiation, and arbitration. It was also noted that, the members of the general public were not open to consulting with the members of the security due to fear, and the key method of public participation was through public barazas.Item The Nexus between Organizational Culture Structure and Implementation of Social Welfare Programs in Tana River County Government, Kenya(International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities (IAJAH), 2025-06) Mohamed, Lugumba Abdi; Muna, WilsonThe aim of this research was to evaluate the nexus between organizational culture structure and implementation of social welfare programs in Tana River County Government, Kenya. Specifically, the study was guided by the following specific objectives; aspects on culture structure. to establish whether Shared values and beliefs influence implementation of social welfare programs in Tana River County Government, Kenya, to evaluate the influence of Norms on implementation of social welfare programs in Tana River County Government, Kenya, to investigate the effect of Behavior expectations implementation of social welfare programs in Tana River County Government, Kenya and to find out how Symbols, rituals & traditions implementation of social welfare programs in Tana River County Government, Kenya. This study was guided by the Schein’s Organizational Culture Model (2017), Denison’s Model of Organizational Culture and Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design to examine the relationship between organizational culture structure and the implementation of social welfare programs. A descriptive approach allowed for the analysis of patterns, relationships, and perceptions regarding shared values and beliefs, norms, behavior expectations, and symbols, rituals, and traditions within public institutions. The target population included government employees, policymakers, program implementers, and community representatives involved in social welfare programs. These groups were selected to ensure diverse perspectives on how organizational culture influenced policy execution and service delivery. Both primary and secondary data were collected to enhance the validity of the study. Primary data were gathered through structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, with closed-ended and Likert-scale questions measuring respondents’ perceptions. Interviews with government officials and program managers provided in-depth insights into institutional culture and the challenges faced in implementing social welfare initiatives. Secondary data were obtained from government reports, policy documents, journal articles, and other relevant literature to contextualize findings and compare them with global and regional studies. Data analysis employed both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Descriptive statistics, such as means, frequencies, and percentages, summarized responses, while inferential statistics, including regression analysis and Spearman’s correlation, assessed the relationship between organizational culture structure and the success of social welfare programs. The study established that organizational culture structure plays a significant role in the successful implementation of social welfare programs. Institutions that uphold strong shared values and beliefs, such as integrity, accountability, and service orientation, are more likely to deliver effective and sustainable programs. The study further found that organizational norms significantly impact service delivery. Institutions with well-defined and enforced norms maintained higher levels of accountability, efficiency, and consistency, ensuring smooth program execution. Lastly, the study revealed that symbols, rituals, and traditions play a critical role in shaping institutional effectiveness. While some bureaucratic traditions hindered policy adaptability, inclusive traditions such as stakeholder consultations, community meetings, and employee recognition programs enhanced program outcomes.Item Learning Management System and Academic Optimism among Online Postgraduate Students at Kenyatta University(International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2025-06) Otieno, Terry Apiyo; Ng’eno, Weldon K.The study sought to establish learning management system effects on the performance of online postgraduates at Kenyatta University, Kenya. The problemis that thetraditional model of the classroom is being dismantled but the effect of the LMS on the performance of online postgraduate students is not yet substantiated. The studyobjectives are to find out the effect of learning management systems on academic optimism at Kenyatta University. The LMS is the independent variable while theperformance indicator: academic optimism is the dependent variable. A mixed method of survey and a phenomenological research design were used. The datacollection instrument was a questionnaire. The study used convenient volunteer sampling. Data was analyzed using thematic and statistical analysis includingdescriptive and inferential analysis. The findings showed that the LMS also provides an option for the learners to access learning materials from anywhere theyarewhich promotes self-paced learning. The LMS, therefore, is a vital system in postgraduate faculties at KU. The findings showed that the features of LMSs enhancestudents’ experiences while learning which increases their motivation for studies. The ability to access all the learning materials conveniently and with no physical restrictions contributes to an uninterrupted learning experience for postgraduate students at KU. The number of dropouts is reduced among postgraduate students whenLMS is used due to the students’ ability to access learning material from anywhere without time restrictions. Recommendations include that all higher learninginstitutions in Kenya integrate a LMS to provide alternative and flexible learning modes to their postgraduate students, that KU designs an orientation videoandsession to be run every beginning of a semester to equip both enrolled and aspiring KU postgraduate students with the necessary skills of using Kusoma LMS. that KUdevelops of an offline version of the Kusoma LMS which will be accessible to all students using different devices without internet access.Item Bodaboda Identification and Urban Crime Control in Nairobi Central Business District, Kenya(IJRISS, 2025-04) Muna, Wilson; Nandi, Eliud OrindoIn as much as the bodaboda industry is thriving, employing millions of people, a source of livelihood to many and daily transactions running into millions; the sector is a hub for criminal elements and directly linked to insecurity. The riders engage in criminal activities or get paid a commission for enter or as a getaway from crime scenes. Therefore, in seeking to control urban crime, this paper focused on bodaboda identification. The theoretical foundation was based on broken window theory and the study guided by the descriptive research design. The 6 bodaboda stage managers, 24 bodaboda Sacco officials, 7 officers in-charge of police station and 60 county law enforcement officers formed the target population. There was use of stratified sampling technique as respondents were placed into groups, simple random sampling adopted in selecting respondents and purposive sampling used in getting the interviewees. Primary data was collected from semi-structured questionnaires and interview schedules and quantitative and qualitative data was obtained. Descriptive, inferential and linear regression analysis was conducted where findings showed that 25.1% variation in crime control in the Nairobi CBD was through the influence of bodaboda identification. The relationship between bodaboda identification and urban crime control was positive and significant based on regression coefficient results β =0.391. The paper concludes that movement of the 5.5 million people in Nairobi’s CBD is reliant on bodaboda transport sector. But, to maintain law and order and for the success of the region, all bodabodas must have identification that eases the tracking and monitoring of activities of the riders. The research recommended for government entities to embrace new technology in the number plates of the bodabodas for ease of identification, tracking and apprehending. The technology will also help in reporting crimes as there is still fear of visiting police stations. The identification of all bodabodas will help in security and safety of the business environment as a necessity in thriving of the central business district.Item Inclusive Governance onConflict Management,Marsabit County Kenya(International Journal of Current Aspects,, 2024) Abudho, James Ibrae; Moi, Edna JemutaiInclusive constitution-building methods promote interactions between elites and constituents and ensure public and elite legitimacy for the constitutional settlement. The functions and obligations of clan heads have changed significantly over time. Many ofthe clan chiefs have had to find new ways to lead their people while staying true to their roots. To effectively address the governance and development difficulties facing our country, we must actively include clan leaders, and we urge the government and other development actors to do so. The aim of the study was to investigate inclusive governance in conflict management at Marsabit County in Kenya. This study adopted a case studyresearch method utilizing a case study research design. Qualitative and quantitative data and research methods were used in this study. The study’s primary focus was on all citizens residing in Marsabit County as the study’s target population. The study adopted purposive sampling to pick interviewees for the pilot study, questionnaire and interview guide/schedule. Descriptive analysis was used on primary and secondary data collected vide the questionnaire. Content analysis was used in the investigation. The study concluded that inadequate composition and participation of clan representations leads to poor inclusive governance; effective stakeholder decision-making processes are positive ingredients for inclusive governance and solid conflict management; poor and unfair resource distribution is an ignition for further conflicts in Marsabit County, and therefore, it may not lead to inclusive governance for effective conflict management. The study recommended the need to integrate community and clan leadership in core areas of security management, stop any planned conflicts that may involve armed groups with unrecorded or unauthorized firearms, ensure equitable and fair distribution of resources. Furthermore, there is need to effective and amicable inclusion of the stakeholders and other global funders in the conflict decision making process and ensuring fairness/impartiality in the whole processes is usefulItem Viability of Public-Private Partnerships in Kenya: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Nairobi Express-Way(reviewed journals, 2024) Mwise, Deborah Robi; Ng’eno, Weldon K.The purpose of this study was to establish the viability of public-private partnerships in Kenya: a case of Nairobi express-way cost-benefit analysis. Specifically, the study examines the costs and benefit analysis of the Nairobi Expressway Public private partnership project to the government, costs and benefit analysis of the Nairobi Expressway Public private partnership project to the users and assessing how risk distribution among stakeholders affect the Nairobi expressway Public private partnership project. The theoretical basis for this study is resource dependency theory. Descriptive research methods, including the use of visual aids to clarify the data distribution was used to collect and evaluate event data in this study. This research investigated a target population of 1200 persons. The study used a sample size of 120 people. Semi structured questionnaires were used to collect. The Cronbach's alpha procedures were used to assess the instruments' reliability. The reliability of a research instrument was judged according to whether or not the coefficient is 0.70 or higher. A larger absolute value indicates greater consistency across the spectrum. The researcher's supervisor will do a thorough assessment of the tool. Descriptive statistics was used to analyses quantitative data is made easier with the help of SPSS. Frequency tables, bar graphs, and pie charts were used to illustrate the results. In order to safeguard the rights and confidentiality of the participants, the study will publicly address ethical concerns. The researcher asked for written consent by respondents. The significance, goals, length, voluntary nature, at will withdrawal, privacy and confidentiality protections, and point of contact for queries and concerns will all be explained to the participants. The study findings revealed that cost benefit analysis to government had positive significant effect on changes in viability of public private partnerships in Kenya. The findings also indicated that cost benefit analysis to users have positive effect in changes in viability of public private partnerships in Kenya. Again, the result indicates that Risk distribution among stakeholders had a positive effect on changes in viability of public private partnerships in Kenya.Item Exploring the Effect of Learning Resource Availability on Student Outcomes in Makueni County: An in-Depth Analysis(jopea, 2024) Mulatya Florah,; muna, wilson; Kipchumba HeatherThe implementation of CBC has faced a lot of challenges since it adoption and has generally failed to achieve its intended outcomes among learners. For instance, lack of sufficient class learning and teaching materials and not enough quality textbooks and inadequate human resource remains a challenge in the implementation of the competency-based curriculum. In light of the foregoing, this study sought to explore the effect of availability of learning resources on learners’ outcomes in Makueni County. The study was anchored on Advocacy Coalition Framework; Descriptive survey research design was preferred for this study. Interpretivist philosophical paradigm informed the study. A total of 903 Grade 6 teachers from public primary schools in Makueni, 903 class 6 PTA representatives, 903 chairpersons of public primary schools’ Boards of Management, 41 Curriculum Support Officers, and 9 sub-county directors of education were targeted. A total of 349 respondents were sampled representing the subgroups in the target group. Primary data was gathered from the field by use of a semi structured questionnaire and an interview guide. Quantitative data underwent descriptive, regression, and inferential analyses, whereas qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the availability of learning resources plays a significant role in shaping learners' outcomes in Makueni County, as indicated by R-squared of 0.584. This indicates that 58.4% of the variation in learners' outcomes was explained by the availability of learning resources. Additionally, the study found a positive and significant relationship between learning resource availability and learner outcomes (β=0.669, p=0.000<0.05). The study concludes that access to quality learning materials and facilities forms the backbone of an effective educational system in the County. In view of the findings, the study recommends that management in the education sector should prioritize the allocation of learning resources in Makueni County schools, focusing on areas with the highest dissatisfaction rates.