MST-Department of Business Administration

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Human capital management practices and employees’ commitment at liquid intelligent technologies company, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Nyaberi, Edith Kemunto
Employee commitment remains a major challenge for many organizations, particularly within the rapidly evolving technology sector in Kenya. In the context of increasing competition and dynamic workforce demands, organizations such as Liquid Intelligent Technologies face the need to strengthen employee commitment through effective Human Capital Management (HCM) practices. This study sought to examine the influence of human capital management practices on employee commitment at Liquid Intelligent Technologies Company, Nairobi City County, Kenya. The general objective of the study was to assess how human capital management practices influence employee commitment. Specifically, the study aimed: to determine how recruitment and selection practices influence employee commitment, to assess the extent to which training and development practices affect employee commitment, and to establish the impact of performance management strategies on employee commitment. The study was anchored on three theoretical frameworks: Human Capital Theory, Resource-Based View Theory, and Social Exchange Theory. A cross-sectional analytical survey design was adopted, targeting a population of 300 employees at Liquid Intelligent Technologies. A proportional stratified random sampling method was used to select 172 respondents. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, and instrument reliability was confirmed using a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient greater than 0.70. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22, employing descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, Pearson correlation to determine relationships between variables, and multiple linear regression to establish the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The study findings revealed that strategic human capital management practices specifically performance management, recruitment and selection, and training and development significantly influence employee commitment. Performance management emerged as the most critical factor, where frequent feedback, measurable goal setting, and fair evaluations fostered higher commitment and alignment with organizational goals. Transparent and merit-based recruitment processes promoted fairness and inclusivity, enhancing employee trust and engagement. However, training and development practices were found to be misaligned with employees’ career growth needs and organizational objectives. The study recommends that Liquid Intelligent Technologies strengthen its performance management systems to promote continuous feedback and personal growth, standardize recruitment processes to ensure transparency and equity, and realign training programs to support both employee aspirations and strategic business goals. Prioritizing these areas will enhance employee motivation, reduce turnover, and improve overall organizational performance
Corporate Social Responsibility and Performance of Safaricom PLC in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025) Sirengo, Wycliff
Safaricom Plc, the leading telecommunications company in Kenya, has consistently demonstrated strong operational performance over the years. The company has consistently reported impressive revenue figures, showcasing its ability to generate substantial income. However, in recent years, Safaricom Plc Kenya's performance has shown a decline due to increased competition, regulatory changes, and economic uncertainties that have impacted its financial results. Thus, the purpose of this study was to look at how Safaricom Public Limited Company's performance in Nairobi City County, Kenya, was affected by corporate social responsibility. The particular goals were to investigate how Safaricom Public Limited Company's performance in Nairobi City County, Kenya, was impacted by environmental social responsibility, ethical social responsibility, philanthropic corporate responsibility, and economic corporate responsibility. The study was guided by the triple bottom line theory, the resource-based view theory, the stakeholder theory, and the Carroll theory. This study employed a descriptive research design. The analytical unit was Safaricom Plc, situated in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The observation unit consisted of 144 employees, including 55 senior-level managers and 89 middle-level supervisors. To guarantee that each respondent was fairly represented, the stratified sampling approach was used to split the respondents into two groups. The responders were chosen by simple random selection. There were 105 responses in the sample. The study used a semi-structured questionnaire. Respondents who were not part of the main study at Safaricom Plc were given ten surveys. The study employed face validity, criterion validity, and content validity to ensure a strong relationship between the test and its intended assessment. The reliability of the surveys was assessed using the Cronbach Alpha test. Qualitative data was presented narratively through the use of content analysis. Quantitative data was examined using descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation. Furthermore, inferential statistics such as correlation analysis and multiple regressions were employed to determine the impact of each variable. The results were displayed using tables and graphs. The study found that the company's performance was much enhanced by environmental social responsibility, ethical social responsibility, philanthropic corporate responsibility, and economic corporate responsibility. According to the study's findings, Safaricom's dedication to environmental social responsibility draws in prospective investors who are increasingly searching for businesses that follow sustainable business practices. By exhibiting a dedication to moral behavior, Safaricom builds credibility and trust with its clients, which increases client satisfaction and retention. By tackling social concerns and encouraging community growth, Safaricom is able to identify and reach underserved markets, growing its customer base. Its economic social responsibility programs also show the company's dedication to the community and economy, which fosters consumer trust and boosts sales and customer retention rates. According to the report, Safaricom should implement sustainable business practices, like using renewable energy sources, cutting waste, and consuming less energy. All staff can receive thorough training from Safaricom that focuses on moral behavior and corporate social responsibility. Safaricom can create a thorough corporate social responsibility (CSR) structure that prioritizes areas and fits well with its company goals and community requirements. By regularly reporting on corporate social responsibility efforts and including stakeholders in discussions about the company's influence on the community, Safaricom can make sure that its business practices are transparent and that it upholds high ethical standards
Work Life Balance Practices and Employee Performance of KCB Bank (K) Ltd
(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Tarus Jesire Dorothy
In the constantly changing market environment, business organizations recognize the need to develop unique internal resources that strengthen their competitive position. Human resources are among the most critical of these assets, as employee performance directly drives the achievement of organizational goals. This study investigated the effect of work–life balance practices on employee performance in commercial banks within Nairobi City County, focusing on KCB Bank (K) Ltd. The specific objectives were to assess the effect of flexi-work arrangements, healthcare programs, and social support on employee performance. The study was anchored on the socio-technical systems theory, spill-over theory, social exchange theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory. A descriptive research design was applied, targeting 1,317 employees of KCB Bank in Nairobi City County. Stratified proportionate random sampling was used to select respondents across the four employee cadres. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered electronically. A pilot test was conducted among KCB staff in Kiambu and Machakos regions to assess the reliability and validity of the instrument. Data were analyzed using SPSS, involving descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics to examine the relationships between the variables. Findings were presented using tables and graphs. A total of 264 valid responses were obtained, representing an 86% response rate. The results indicate that work–life balance practices positively influence employee performance at KCB Bank in Nairobi City County. Although flexi-work arrangements showed a positive effect, the relationship was statistically insignificant. Conversely, healthcare programs and social support exhibited positive and statistically significant effects on employee performance. The study concludes that employee well-being initiatives are essential drivers of performance. It recommends that KCB Bank develop and formalize a flexible work policy with clearly defined work-hour adjustments, hybrid work options, and performance expectations. The bank should strengthen the consistent implementation of healthcare and wellness programs. Further, establishing a workplace social support framework that enhances team cohesion, mentoring, and supervisory support is encouraged. Future research should examine other sectors to determine whether the influence of work–life balance practices on employee performance varies across industries.
Resource Mobilization and Service Delivery in Kwale County Government
(Kenyatta University, 2025-07) Sigunga Nyakombo
The research sought to establish if resource mobilization has any influence on service delivery and took Kwale County Government as a case study. The research was guided by the following specific objectives: to determine the effect of human resource on service delivery; to establish the effect of financial resources on service delivery; and to establish the effect of public participation on service delivery of the Kwale county government. The research was guided by the theories which included resource mobilization theory, resource dependency theory and resource-based view. The research adopted a descriptive research design with the population of interest in this research was staff of Kwale County Government. A sample of 344 was taken from the Kwale County staff to test the reliability of the research instrument and the expert (research supervisor) opinion was sought for validity of the research instrument. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires and the quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics which included inferential analysis. Regression analysis showed that human resources had a statistically significant influence over service delivery at Kwale County government (β = 0.396, t (216) = 8.755, p<.05). It also revealed that financial resources had a statistically significant influence over service delivery at Kwale County government (β = 0.293, t (216) = 5.185, p<.05). It also showed that public participation had a statistically significant influence over service delivery at Kwale County government (β = 0.148, t (216) = 3.169, p<.05). The study concludes that the County government of Kwale depended on public satisfaction and input to gauge its performance, and it had executive committee members who provided its direction. In summary the study was able to establish that there is significant resource mobilization has significant influence on service delivery by the Kwale County Government to the public within Kwale County. The County was focused on acquiring new resources to improve service delivery which were mobilized based on the short-term goals that assist the attainment of long-term goals, and it involved its stakeholders directly and indirectly in decision-making about policies, plans or programs who affected and were affected by the County’s actions. The study recommends the County executive members to ensure that the staff are trained on different areas that they work in, as well as ensure that financial resources within the county is adequate by allowing public participation, the County would open its doors to receive more resources in terms of financial, material, skill and even training, factors that if utilized efficiently and significantly would improve service delivery.
Strategic management practices and performance of Technology start-up companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Wakeanda, Roselyn Wanjiru
As the epicentre of innovation and entrepreneurial fervour in Kenya, Nairobi provides a compelling backdrop to investigate the strategic decisions and operational frameworks that underpin the success or challenges faced by emerging technology ventures. The study identified a disconnect between strategy formulation and execution, both critical to strategic management in most businesses. Its primary aim was to examine the effect of strategic management practice on performance of start-up technology firms in Nairobi County. The specific objectives of the study were; i. to assess the effect of strategy formulation on the performance of technology start-up companies in Nairobi County; to evaluate the effect of strategy implementation on the performance of technology start-up companies in Nairobi County; to examine the effect of strategy control on the performance of technology start-up companies in Nairobi County; and to explore the effect of strategy evaluation on the performance of technology start-up companies in Nairobi County. To determine the sample size, 191 respondents were chosen using stratified random selection. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. Instruments with alpha values between 0 and 1, 0 denoting low internal consistency and 1 denoting good internal consistency, were subjected to Cronbach's alpha testing. The study revealed a strong positive correlation between the success of tech start-ups in Nairobi County and key strategies: design, execution, control, and assessment. The study concluded that start-ups that invest time and resources into crafting comprehensive strategies are more likely to achieve their business objectives and sustain growth. Start-ups have adopted and executed well-defined strategies such as effective marketing approaches, innovative product development, robust financial management, and strategic partnerships that enabled them experience enhanced performance outcomesStart-ups may use strategic control's useful data and analytics to make well-informed decisions by taking competition research, consumer preferences, and market trends into account. Frequent strategy evaluation yields useful information that can guide decision-making. According to the survey, businesses should carry out in-depth market research to determine consumer trends, preferences, and pain areas in order to assist start-ups in successfully customizing their goods and services. The companies should implement training programs focused on leadership and management skills that can empower founders and managers to make informed decisions and lead their teams effectively. The companies should identify specific goals for technology start-ups, such as revenue growth, user acquisition, and market penetration. The companies should establish a set of KPIs tailored to the technology sector, such as revenue growth, customer acquisition cost, churn rate, and user engagement metrics.
Strategies and Performance of Kenya Development Corporation in Nairobi City County
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Kathata, Morris Munene
The Kenya Development Corporation (KDC) played a crucial role in advancing economic growth through investments and financial assistance. Its positioning practices were found to be pivotal in shaping competitiveness, market alignment, and innovation capacity. Strategic positioning proved essential for institutions aiming to maintain a competitive advantage, influencing their ability to deliver value and support sustained development. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs), including KDC, faced growing market pressures, prompting some to divert from their core socio-economic mandates and compete directly with commercial banks. Instead of focusing on de-risking investments, DFIs operated within an already saturated financial landscape. This study examined how positioning strategies influenced KDC’s performance in Nairobi City County. It specifically analyzed the effects of integration strategies for operational synergy, product and service offerings to ensure value and relevance, innovation to boost efficiency and competitiveness, and market considerations to guide strategic decisions. These elements were assessed for their combined impact on organizational performance and optimization of KDC’s strategic positioning. The research drew on five key theoretical frameworks: the Market-Based Perspective (MBP) to explore competitive placement, Transaction Cost Economics to examine market efficiency, Porter’s Generic Strategies Framework to highlight differentiation strategies, the Balanced Scorecard Model to link strategy with performance metrics, and the Innovation Diffusion Model to understand how new practices were adopted. A survey methodology was applied, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Participants included personnel from various departments marketing, finance, human capital, and senior leadership as well as external stakeholders like customers and collaborators. Probabilistic sampling techniques were used to select participants. Data collection involved structured questionnaires and interviews, while existing information was gathered from digital sources, print media, academic journals, books, and expert insights via mobile communication. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and inferential methods like correlation and multiple regression to explore relationships between predictors and outcomes. Correlation analysis determined the strength of associations, while logistic regression evaluated the influence of positioning strategies. Exploratory factor analysis and Binary Logistic Regression provided deeper statistical insights. Data was processed using SPSS version 22, with findings presented through frequency tables, bar charts, and pie graphs. The study found that Market Consideration, Innovation, Integration Strategy, and Product/Service Offers significantly enhanced KDC’s performance. Among these, Market Consideration had the strongest effect, followed by Innovation, which improved operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. Integration through mergers and partnerships also yielded positive results. Collectively, these factors accounted for 33.45% of the variation in performance. To enhance future outcomes, the study recommended strengthening strategy implementation, establishing innovation hubs, designing customer-centric services, and bolstering market intelligence systems. It also proposed broader research across regions and institutions, incorporating governance and leadership factors to explain the remaining 66.55% of performance variability in development finance organizations.
Competitive Strategy and Organizational Performance of Selected Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Njangiru, Hannah Wangumo
Savings and Credit Cooperative societies are essential to reducing poverty, boosting wealth creation, providing a foundation for credit services, and laying the groundwork for Kenya and her overall development. However, they have been faced with declining performance, mostly as a result of weak governance and financial mismanagement, characterized by low market share, inability to satisfy customers and low employee productivity. This investigation was developed to analyze the effect of competitive strategy on the performance of the chosen Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) within Nairobi City County in Kenya. It was particularly concerned with the strategy of leadership, differentiation, focus and benchmarking. It was based on the Balanced Scorecard, Diffusion of Innovation, Porters generic competitive strategies and the Resource based View on which the research was based. The target population was a population of forty-nine Nairobi County SACCOs registered in the Regulatory Authority of Savings and Credit Cooperatives. The research involved the recruitment of 147 respondents and a descriptive research design was used. A census was conducted on all 147 respondents and one manager in each of the 49 organisations was taken to provide data in the operations, finance, administration, and human resource division of the organisation. Primary data were obtained through a questionnaire that had open ended questions and closed ended questions. The reliability was evaluated using Cronbachs Alpha, with the value of 0.70. Table and graphs were used to present the results of the data analysis using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, including means, standard deviations and multiple regression. The researcher was able to maintain confidentiality in the research. Regression analysis revealed that the cost leadership, cost to income ratio had a positive statistically significant effect on organisational performance. The differentiation strategy which was measured through the adoption of new products affected it negatively but not significantly. Focus strategy, which was evaluated on the basis of membership growth in the niche and uptake of loans, positively and significantly influenced performance. The performance of the cooperatives was also positively and significantly influenced by benchmarking strategy, the measurement of which was net promoter score and member retention rate. The study recommends that Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies should diversify their strategic focus beyond cost leadership and differentiation given their insignificant influence on Organizational performance. They should explore and implement other competitive strategies that are focus, or benchmarking, which have shown more promise in enhancing organizational performance. By shifting their strategic emphasis towards these alternative approaches, Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies can potentially improve their operational efficiency and competitiveness in the market. The study is meant to benefit policy makers, management of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies, Sacco Society Regulatory Authority, government, academicians and researchers. The findings are additional literature to existing body of knowledge. Further studies should concentrate on establishing reasons as to why differentiation and cost leadership strategies had no significant influence on the performance of cooperatives.
Strategic Alliances and Performance of Commercial State-Owned Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-08) Musimba,Kennedy
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been posting poor performance, with a sizable being constantly seeking financial support and bailouts from the exchequer. This calls for strategies to enhance their performance, with Strategic Alliance being a promising strategic route. The study examined the effect of strategic alliances on the performance of commercial state-owned enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the research evaluated the effect of resource sharing, risk sharing, regulatory compliance and cost efficiency-based alliances on the performance of commercial state-owned enterprises in Nairobi, Kenya. Public interest, resource-based view, transaction cost and resource dependency theories underlie this study. A descriptive survey design was adopted, with the study targeting all 46 firms. A census of the firms was undertaken, with purposive sampling being adopted to select one senior manager from each commercial state-owned enterprise. Structured questionnaires were adopted to source data. The study examined the reliability of a questionnaire based on the internal consistency measure of Cronbach at 0.7 threshold. Further, face and content validity were ensured via the pre-study and strategic management expert opinion, respectively. Filled questionnaires were verified for completeness, after which the questionnaire was coded before the data were keyed into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25. Percentages and frequency distribution were generated. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression were used to establish the strategic alliance-performance nexus. The coefficient of determination showed that strategic alliance aspects explained 88.7% of the total variation in performance of the firms studied. Further, the F-calculated (f =63.043) was greater than f-critical (f=2.69), implying that strategic alliances undertaken among commercial state-owned enterprises had significantly affected their performance. Performance of commercial state-owned enterprises was strongly predicted by resource sharing based alliance (β1= .321, t= 3.309, p=.001<.05). Performance of commercial state-owned enterprises was strongly predicted by risk sharing based alliance (β2= .369, t= 2.979, p=.005<.05). Regulatory compliance-based alliance strongly enhanced commercial state-owned enterprises performance (β3=1.171, t= 8.387, p=.000<.05). Finally, performance of commercial state-owned enterprises was strongly explained by cost efficiency-based alliance (β4= .454, t= 5.091, p=.000<.05). Thus, the performance of commercial state-owned enterprises in Kenya was strongly predicted by strategic alliances. The study findings inform top management and parent ministries of commercial SOEs to enter into more strategic alliances with the motive to access resources controlled by strategic partners, share risks, achieve cost efficiency and operate in accordance with sectoral and regulatory pronouncements and frameworks.
Strategic Management Practices and Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Sacco’s in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Musyoka, Michael Wambua
Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) as key actors within a country's economic setup, mainly through their supply of savings and credit facilities. Yet, their recent financial performance of SACCOs in Kenya has been on a slide as reflected by their Return on Assets through time. ROA stood at 14.32 percent in 2016 and declined to 11.19 percent in 2020.This trend highlights a typical problem, the unclear extent to which strategic management practices influence the financial performance of DT SACCOSs. Therefore, the study evaluated strategic management practices (control, formulation, environmental scanning, and implementation) effect on deposit-taking SACCO performance in Nairobi City County. MacKinsey 7S Model, Resource-Based View, and Open Systems Theory were applied. A descriptive research design was preferred. The study population included all the 47 deposit-taking SACCOs found in Nairobi City County. A census was then done owing to the number of that target population. Both primary and secondary data collection methods were employed to collect data on the study variables. The research instrument underwent pilot testing to ascertain validity and reliability. Validity was tested through expert review and factor loading meeting the ≥ 0.5 threshold while reliability was verified using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient above the acceptable 0.7 benchmark .Panel data regression was utilized for the study, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the variables, which were then presented in table formats. All ethical standards for conducting research were adhered to accordingly. The findings demonstrated that environmental scanning had a major and positive impact on financial performance. The outputs showed that strategy formulation significantly and positively affects financial performance. The outcome called strategy implementation positively and significantly impacts financial performance. The other result unveiled that strategy control has an insignificant positive effect on these DT-SACCOs financial performance. The investigation advocates that the management of DT-SACCOs should focus on enhancing the practical application of environmental scanning rather than merely conducting it as a routine exercise. This can be achieved by establishing clear mechanisms for translating the insights gained from environmental analysis into actionable strategies. For instance, SACCOs could implement regular workshops or strategy sessions where findings from environmental scans are discussed and directly linked to strategic planning initiatives.
Strategy Implementation Practices and Performance of Kenya Power and Lighting Company in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Mulaku, Lilian Achungo
The Kenya Power and Lighting Company has faced significant challenges impacting its performance, including substantial net losses in recent years. Insufficient funding for large projects hampers strategic initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure and service delivery. Additionally, fluctuating government policies create uncertainty for long-term planning. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company outdated infrastructure leads to inefficiencies and high maintenance costs, while expanding electricity access to rural areas poses logistical challenges and requires significant investment. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the influence of strategy implementation practices on the performance of Kenya Power and Lighting Company in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the influence of stakeholder engagement, risk management, resource alignment and cultural integration on the performance. Theories that guided the study variables included; resource based view theory, stakeholder theory and system theory. A descriptive research design was applied. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company formed the unit of analysis. A total of 95 respondents who were employees of the company were sampled. The tool for data collection was a questionnaire. These questionnaires were pretested at Kenya Electricity Generating Company to 9 respondents. Validity of the tool was determined by content validity test. The tool was subjected to Cronbach alpha test for checking its reliability and the study revealed that the items of the questionnaire were reliable since every variable had an alpha value exceeding 0.7. The qualitative data was thematically analysed by subjecting it into themes and the results presented through narration. The analysis of quantitative data was achieved by using mean, percentages and standard deviation. The way in which one variable had a relationship to one another was determined using inferential statistics which were correlation and multiple regression analysis. The study found that stakeholder involvement (β=0.0412, t=2.416, p=0.002), risk management (β=0.0412, t=2.416, p=0.002), resource alignment (β=0.0339, t=2.357, p=0.001) and cultural integration (β=0.0481, t=2.925, p=0.002) significantly improved Kenya Power and Lighting Company's performance in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study concludes that active participation and collaboration with stakeholders are crucial for the company's success and effectiveness in delivering services. The implementation of risk management strategies lead to better service delivery, increased customer satisfaction, and potentially higher financial returns for the company. Resource alignment supports improved decision-making which leads to more effective project planning and execution, enabling KPLC to meet the increasing energy demands of Nairobi City County. Cultural integration fosters a cohesive work environment where employees from diverse backgrounds collaborate more effectively. The study recommends that the company should implement effective communication strategies to ensure timely and transparent information sharing with stakeholders through newsletters, community meetings, and digital platforms. The company should perform detailed risk assessments to identify operational risks, including financial, environmental, and technological factors. A thorough assessment of current resource allocation is necessary including evaluating existing assets, workforce capabilities, and financial resources to pinpoint inefficiencies or underutilization. Creating an inclusive workplace culture is vital which can be achieved by implementing diversity training programs that educate employees on various cultural backgrounds and promote mutual respect.
Quality Management Drivers on Performance of Tier 1 Commercial Banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Makau, Elizabeth Mumo
The management of Tier 1 commercial banks in Kenya needed to reconsider quality management drivers and realign their strategies with shifting consumer demands as a result of declining performance. This research aimed to ascertain the impact of quality management drivers on the performance of Tier 1 commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya, on the basis that there were few studies examining the relationship between quality management drivers and performance in the banking industry. The purpose of the study was to determine how innovations in processes, products, and continuous quality improvement affected the performance of Tier 1 commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Strategic leadership was also the moderating variable of the study. Dynamic capability and Schumpeter innovation theories were used to support the study, which was grounded on resource-based theory. The study employed a cross-sectional survey approach, which made it easier to collect unaltered data. Ten Tier 1 commercial banks that were active in Nairobi City County, Kenya, were the subject of the study. Fifty-three personnel from the operations departments across the 10 Tier 1 commercial banks took part in the study as a whole. Furthermore, the Krejcie and Morgan algorithm was used to determine an appropriate sample size of 47 respondents. Structured questionnaires containing both open-ended and closed-ended questions were utilized to obtain primary data. Secondary data on the financial performance of Kenyan commercial banks were gathered via financial statements, strategic plans, and sessional papers. Reliability was assessed through Cronbach Alpha coefficients of 0.7, and validity was assessed utilizing strategic management experts and Kenyatta University lecturers. The study of qualitative data included the use of content analysis, whereby significant themes were selected from published material. Verbatim statements were thoroughly examined, leading to the formulation of conclusions. By using SPSS version 24, correlation and regression analyses were employed to analyze quantitative data. Regression analysis was performed at a 95% confidence level to evaluate the statistical significance between variables. The information under analysis was tallied and displayed as mean scores, percentages, and standard deviations. The study employed inferential statistics to assess the effect of quality management drivers on the performance of Tier 1 commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, it examined product innovation, process innovation, and continuous improvement innovations, with strategic leadership as a moderating factor. Performance was measured by profitability and cost efficiency, while correlation, linear regression, and multiple regression analyses were applied. Correlation results showed that all quality management drivers were positively related to performance, with product innovation (r = .485), process innovation (r = .405), and continuous improvement innovations (r = .470) demonstrating significant effects. Strategic leadership had the strongest correlation (r = .585), underscoring the importance of visionary leadership and employee empowerment. Regression results indicated that the predictors jointly explained 44.6% of the variation in performance (R² = .446). Process innovation (β = 0.187, p = 0.047), continuous improvement innovations (β = 0.247, p = 0.014), and strategic leadership (β = 0.404, p = 0.001) had significant positive effects, while product innovation (β = 0.153, p = 0.188) was insignificant. The findings suggest that strategic leadership plays a crucial moderating role, enhancing the impact of process and continuous improvement innovations on bank performance, while product innovation alone is insufficient to drive significant outcomes
Reward Management Practices and Performance of Medical Practitioners’ in Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Mashedi, Festus Munameza
Kenyatta National Hospital contributes significantly to the well-being of the citizens. However, the performance of the medical practitioners has always been negatively affected by the hospital reward management approach. This is evident from the regular strikes, go slows and related industrial action. Consequently, this paper explored reward management practices’ effects on medical practitioners’ performance at Kenyatta National Hospital. The specific aims of the study included: to establish the effect of job promotion, cash incentives, medical practitioners’ recognition and career development on medical practitioners’ performance. The study’s theoretical scope was underpinned on human capital, equity and Herzberg’s two factor theories. It utilized descriptive research design to identify the patterns or changes of the medial practitioners’ performance in response to reward management styles. The study population comprised all the 620 medical practitioners working at various departments at the facility. 201 medical doctors, nursing officers and clinical staff were recruited using stratified random sampling. These participants answered a structured questionnaire relating to the roles of rewards management practices. A pilot test was conducted involving 22 respondents at Mama Lucy Kibaki Hospital. The results underwent a content validity test. A Cronbach-Alpha index gauged reliability which yielded 0.8 > α ≥ 0.7 was acceptable. A multiple regression analysis was used in the study. That is, each of the independent variables (job promotion, cash incentive, employees’ recognition and career development) were regressed against the performance measures to demonstrate whether a statistically important association existed linking rewards management and medical practitioners’ performance. The outcomes of the tests were triangulated against peer reviewed articles conducted at KNH and otherworld leading healthcare facilities. The results indicated positive relationship with all the studied reward management variables. At 5% level of significance and 95% level of confidence, job promotion had a 0.0015 level of significance; cash incentive had a 0.0044, medical practitioners had 0.0020 level of significance while career development opportunities had a 0.0024 level of significance. Therefore, the order of importance was; job promotion, followed by medical practitioners' recognition, career development opportunities and lastly cash incentives. The study conclude that reward management practices was positively significance to medical workers performances at KNH. The study recommends that KNH implements reward strategies for achieving exceptional achievement.
Human Resource Management Practices and Employee Performance at Kenyatta National Referral Hospital, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Kobia, Carolyn N
This study examines the contribution of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices to employee performance at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), Nairobi City County, Kenya. Employee performance at KNH remains a critical concern, particularly in terms of quantity and quality of work, customer satisfaction, and staff turnover, which directly influence patient care outcomes. The general objective of the study was to determine the influence of HRM practices on employee performance at KNH, while the specific objectives were to: assess the effect of management style, recruitment and selection, workplace design, and employee remuneration on staff performance. The study targeted a population of 5,600 employees across KNH, with emphasis on personnel in the Accident and Emergency, Nursing, and Nutrition departments, given their centrality to patient care and service delivery. Using stratified random sampling, a sample of 373 respondents was drawn to ensure fair representation across departments. A pilot study involving 10 respondents was undertaken to refine the questionnaire, ensuring clarity and reliability. Reliability of the research instrument was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha, with a minimum threshold of 0.7, while validity was established through content, construct, and criterion validity. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires, complemented by secondary data from policy documents and internal hospital reports. Data collection involved obtaining the necessary approvals, categorizing respondents, and distributing questionnaires, with a ten-day completion window followed by reminders to enhance response rates. The study was grounded on Sociotechnical Systems Theory, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, and Human Capital Theory, which guided conceptualization and interpretation. Findings revealed that employee remuneration, management styles, recruitment and selection practices, and workplace design significantly influenced staff performance at KNH. Specifically, fair and competitive compensation was associated with greater job satisfaction, commitment, and engagement; transparent communication and supportive leadership enhanced motivation; effective recruitment ensured alignment between skills and organizational needs; while workplace design improvements increased efficiency, productivity, and job satisfaction. The study concludes that employee performance at KNH is strongly shaped by the hospital’s HRM practices. It recommends regular review of compensation packages to align with employee expectations and industry benchmarks, continuous refinement of leadership strategies to foster participatory management, and strengthening of recruitment and selection processes through competency-based assessments and structured onboarding. Policymakers and hospital management should also prioritize improvements in workplace design to optimize employee performance and service delivery
Strategic Change Interventions and Performance of Higher Education Loans Board in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025) David, Rebecca Nkirote
Strategic change interventions are essential for enhancing the performance and long-term sustainability of public institutions. However, despite the implementation of various strategic initiatives by the Higher Education Loans Board (HELB), the institution continues to face persistent challenges that undermine its overall performance. Key issues include low and inconsistent fund disbursement, weak debt recovery mechanisms, and declining employee productivity. These challenges have collectively limited HELB’s ability to efficiently allocate resources, recover loans in a timely manner, and motivate staff toward achieving organizational goals. Consequently, inefficiencies in service delivery, financial instability, and reduced stakeholder confidence continue to impede HELB’s strategic transformation and operational effectiveness. The general objective of this study was to assess the impact of strategic change interventions on the organizational performance of the Higher Education Loans Board. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to examine the effect of employee governance and organizational culture on the performance of the Higher Education Loans Board; to establish the influence of sustainable financing initiatives on the performance of the Higher Education Loans Board, to determine the effect of technological advancement on the performance of the Higher Education Loans Board and to investigate the influence of customer-centered leadership on the performance of the Higher Education Loans Board. The theoretical foundations of the research endeavour were the resource-based perspective theory, the technology acceptance model, and institutional theory. This study employed a descriptive research technique to thoroughly account for all the elements being evaluated. There were 260 people who filled out the survey, making it a representative cross-section of HELB's workforce from upper-level executives to department heads and lower-level cadre employees. Data for the research were gathered from a variety of sources, included primary and secondary resources. While surveys constituted the bulk of the data collection process, secondary sources included HELB financial records, published articles, and quarterly recovery reports. Findings were derived from the data using a number of statistical methods, such as multiple linear regressions, analysis of variance, and frequency distributions. Mathematical comparisons using statistical approaches revealed relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Various visual aids such as tables, percentages, bar graphs, and pie charts were used to show the data. Evidence from this study demonstrated a favourable correlation between performance and some interventions aimed at bringing about strategic change. A significant relationship was observed, indicating that cultural factors such as shared values, beliefs, and work practices influence key performance indicators. A favourable and statistically significant impact on organisational performance was shown by the outcomes of the sustainable finance initiatives. Sustainable financial measures, including a variety of financing mechanisms, ethical lending practices, and careful planning for the future of the organization's finances, seem to have a positive effect on both efficiency and stability. Organisational success was not positively correlated with technical innovation, according to the results. This indicates that, despite the implementation of technical innovations, there has been no direct correlation between them and improved performance. Research shows that HELB may improve its performance as a whole if its employees work together in harmony and adhere to the highest standards of ethics in the workplace. HELB should continuously upgrade its technological infrastructure, including digital platforms, automation systems, and data analytics, to enhance operational efficiency and service delivery. It is important to regularly educate staff workers so they can adapt to new technologies and have good digital abilities
Total Quality Management and Performance of Kenya Medical Supplies Authority
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Ndung’u, Wahome John
Total Quality Management (TQM) is an essential management approach that enables organizations to blend strategic practices in order to improve quality, efficiency, and performance. Managers are empowered to enhance services and products by incorporating TQM principles such as fact-based decisions, process-centric approaches, relationship management, and employee engagement. However, the Kenya Medical Supplies Authority (KEMSA) has faced challenges due to inefficiencies and service delivery delays, which may to hinder access to essential healthcare services. This study was aimed at assessing the performance of KEMSA based on the four priorities of Total Quality Management (TQM) decisions that included fact-based decisions, process orientation, relationships management, and employee participation. A descriptive study design was based on 330 workers at the Nairobi headquarters of the Authority. It built on the Resource based View, Dynamic Capabilities Theory, Stakeholder Theory and the Theory of Quality Management as proposed by Deming. The sampling method of the top, middle, and operational level entailed the 181 respondents sampled using the algorithm of Yamane sampling in the proportionate stratified and simple random manner. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires and a pilot study was conducted that involved 18 participants to confirm the validity and reliability of study tools. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out with the help of SPSS and the results were presented in the form of tables, charts, and figures. The regression analysis showed that the TQM practices and organizational performance were highly correlated (R = 0.765, R2 = 0.585, F (4,135) = 55.036, p < 0.001) and the four factors could explain 58.5 percent of the performance. The strongest effect was caused by fact-based decisions (B = 0.372, p < 0.001), then employee engagement (B = 0.348, p = 0.002), process-centric approach (B = 0.257, p = 0.002), and relationship management (B = 0.194, p = 0.003). Based on the results, the paper comes to the conclusion that the functional application of the three discussed TQM practices has a strong impact on the performance of KEMSA, and fact-based decision-making or involvement of the employees can be considered the most effective. This emphasizes the need to increase the efficiency of the processes, involve the staff, and reinforce data systems. The research also suggests ongoing education of TQM principles, mentoring programs among the junior staff, periodic performance evaluations and enhanced integration of the stakeholders. Together, the strategies will enable KEMSA to achieve its mission within the public health supply chain and enhance the culture of continuous improvemen
Corporate Governance Principles and Performance of National Sports Federations in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-08) Mumani, Mical Oluteyo
Most, if not all, countries recognize the importance of strengthening the sports industry. The sports industry in Kenya continues to grow swiftly and emerge as a vibrant and crowd-pulling phenomenon. However, few studies on the critical topic of corporate governance principles and performance of national sports federations have been conducted. Thus, the research focused on determining corporate governance principles influence on National Sports Federations’ performance in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives included evaluating the effects of transparency, accountability, sustainability, and integrity to National Sports Federations’ performance in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Both secondary and primary data were employed in the study. Anchored on Stewardship, Balanced Scorecard, and Stakeholder theories, the research used a descriptive design, collecting data from 145 members across 76 federations via semi-structured questionnaires. Simple random technique was used in selecting sampling units and a pilot study done before the actual study. The researcher analyzed data using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). Quantitative data collected was analyzed using multiple regression, descriptive analysis and Correlation analysis. Study findings revealed that accountability, transparency, integrity and sustainability have a significant positive relationship with performance of national sports federations in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Further findings revealed that increased service delivery, customer feedback, employee satisfaction and financial performance of national sports federations indicate performance. This study recommends formation of clear corporate governance policies that raise sustainable development and accountability in the Kenya sporting sector, national sports federation members to adopt continuous training on best practices of corporate governance, utilize digital platforms for governance practices to enhance integrity and transparency, national and county government to establish measurable performance indicators to be adopted by national sports federations, consistent monitoring and evaluation of these performance indicators. These recommendations will help both the national sports federations and government to increase transparency, accountability, sustainability and integrity in the sport industry in Kenya.
Financial literacy and financial performance of small and medium enterprises in Mombasa County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Kariuki, Michael Gathara
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in Kenya’s economic development by providing employment and fostering innovation. However, despite their significance, many SMEs in Mombasa County experience low profitability and short lifespans, with most collapsing within five years of establishment. This challenge has been attributed to limited financial literacy among proprietors, particularly in the areas of debt management, bookkeeping, tax administration, and cash flow management. The present study sought to examine the effects of financial literacy on the financial performance of SMEs in Mombasa County, Kenya. Specifically, the study aimed to: determine the effect of debt management skills, bookkeeping skills, tax management skills, and cash flow management skills on SME financial performance. The study adopted a descriptive research design and utilized primary data collected through structured questionnaires. A sample size of 132 SMEs was drawn from a population of 52,245 registered enterprises using stratified random sampling to ensure sectoral representation. Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 29), employing both descriptive and inferential statistics. The hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed that debt management skills, bookkeeping skills, and tax management skills had a statistically significant positive effect on the financial performance of SMEs, while cash flow management skills showed no significant effect. Interestingly, SMEs that regularly updated financial records and practiced structured debt management reported higher net profit margins and better liquidity positions than those that did not. The results confirmed that financial literacy is a critical determinant of SME profitability and sustainability
Strategic Decisions and Uptake of Private Health Insurance in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Muchori, Njenga Stephen
Private health Insurance play a vital role in healthcare financing, offering individuals and families’ access to quality and wider coverage healthcare services. However, the uptake of private health insurance remains suboptimal, with significant portion of the people still relying on out-of-pocket expenditures for healthcare expenses. Statistics indicate that 83.3% of Kenyans are in the informal sector and only employees have subscribed to the government’s national hospital insurance fund and about 2% of all employees have public health insurance, mainly those in formal employment. Additionally, data indicates that only one in four Kenyans have some type of health cover, with Kenya’s health insurance coverage at 20%. Thus, the present investigation examined the effect of strategic decision on uptake of private health insurance services, specifically, the study examines the effect of level of coverage, cost and affordability, network of health providers and quality of services on uptake of private health insurance services in Nairobi City County. The study was anchored on the agency theory, dynamic capability theory and expected utility theory. The study used descriptive research design. The study took census of the sixteen private health insurance in Nairobi City County and the unit of observation was eighty managers. A questionnaire was implemented to acquire primary data. The reliability of the research tool was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, with a threshold of 0.7 or above been acceptable. The collected data was analyzed employing descriptive and inferential statistics. The response rate was sixty-six percent, which was adequate for drawing judgments and forming inferences from the data. Descriptive statistics were summarized using frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviations. The research findings found significant effect between level of coverage, cost and affordability, network of health providers and quality of services on uptake of private health insurance services. The study concluded that level of coverage, cost and affordability, network of health providers and quality of services affected uptake of private health insurance services in Nairobi, Kenya. The recommends that the Private health insurance service providers should continue to offer diverse plans that cater to different needs and income brackets by introducing tiered pricing models, where customers can choose from a range of premium options based on their financial capacity. Additionally, the network should cover both high-end facilities and more affordable options that would cater to various customer segments. Finally, the study recommended that service providers should focus on maintaining a strong commitment to service quality and continually refining their offerings.
Employees' training and organizational performance of Chinese companies in Nairobi City County Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Yudan, Jin
Chinese companies enter the Kenyan market as part of their international business strategy of expanding into new markets. These businesses engage in exporting product and services from China to the Kenyan market as well as manufacturing within the country. The Human Resources Management function has key responsibilities to fulfill in the performance of foreign based companies in their overseas markets especially through the design of training programs. The training programs can focus on business, the cultures in the foreign markets, technological skills, and languages. Chinese companies operating in Kenya have attracted negative perception on their commitment towards development of local personnel; knowledge transfer and capacity building for management succession There have been little empirical efforts to document training practices by Chinese companies and its effect on their organizational performance. The research examined the effect of employees training on the performance of Chinese companies in Nairobi City County. The three objectives that guides the study in this current survey were as follows: to investigate the effect of employees' technical skills training, language skills training, and apprenticeship training on the organization performance of Chinese enterprises in Nairobi city county. Arguments were obtained from five theories to support the research variables: human capital theory, Best HRM Practice Model, Theory of Reinforcement, Theory of Learning Types, and Adult Learning Theory. A pilot study was conducted using 12 companies to refine the research instrument and procedures. Validity and reliability were tested on the tools to confirm that they measured the intended construct consistently and accurately. The study employed an across-sectional descriptive design, on a population of 127 Chinese companies registered to do business in Nairobi, Kenya. A representative sample of 65 businesses were issued questionnaires to participate in the study from whom the respondents were drawn. Data was statistically processed and used to answer the research questions using descriptive and inferential analysis and cross tabulations were used to explain the data. To assess the predictive capabilities of the independent variables, regression analysis was conducted, revealing that technical skill training had a positive effect while language skill training had no significant effect on organization performance, but apprenticeship skill training showed a strong positive effect on performance of the companies. Informed from the findings the researcher proposes that Chinese Companies ought to improve and tailor training programs to address specific skill gaps and include practical activities, evaluate the language training needs to fit and accommodate communication at work, promote and formalize apprenticeship programs, establish partnerships with vocational institutions, and cultivate a culture of knowledge sharing by fostering mentorship initiatives
Operational risk management strategies and profitability of regulated non-withdrawable deposit taking savings and credit cooperative societies in Nairobi City County, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) wambisa, Conslata Adhiambo
Profitability is an important element in every organization’s financial productivity. As millions of people across Kenya continue to benefit both directly and indirectly from cooperatives, their dwindling financial profitability remains of great concern, especially the non-withdrawable deposit taking cooperatives. This project sought to establish influence of operational risk management on the profitability of non withdrawable cooperatives in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The following specific objectives were used; to evaluate influence of stakeholder engagement, internal audit, information technology systems, and external events on the profitability of these savings and credit cooperative societies. Research sought to provide answers as to whether stakeholder engagement, internal audit, information technology systems and adverse external events have influence on profitability of these cooperatives in Nairobi city county, Kenya. Scope of the study was taken from 2020 to 2024. Study was anchored on risk management theory, finance distress theory, market power theory together with behavioral theories of profitability. Descriptive study design was adopted on a population of thirty non - withdrawable deposit taking cooperatives regulated by Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies Regulatory Authority. Stratified sampling design was used to select the institutions. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires whereby secondary data was collected using data extraction table. These were then encrypted and slated into Statistical Package for Social Scientist computer software following data correction procedure Before the study being carried out, a reliability test was undertaken to evaluate the consistency of the research tools using Cronbach’s Alpha. Validity and reliability tests were used to test instruments that were used to gather data through a pilot study on non - withdrawable cooperatives in Kiambu County, Kenya. Relevant diagnostic test, that is normality test was performed to test reliability of data. Findings were analyzed using summary statistics, in particular mean and standard deviation and statistical inference analyzed by use of multiple correlation. Pearson correlation and simple linear regressions were used to assess significance of survey parameters. Results were presented in tables and a chart. Findings obtained by the study revealed that stakeholder engagement, effectively established internal audit, information technology systems and threats from external environment all had significance influence on the economic health of cooperatives that do not offer front office services in Nairobi City County, Kenya. To ensure adherence to ethical considerations an authorization letter was obtained from Kenyatta University together with grant to carry out research by National Commission for Science, Technology & Innovation. The study recommends that an interactive stakeholder relationship, especially employees involvement in decision making processes, effective internal audit measures and information technology systems together with proper contingency plans in place to mitigate external threats should be adopted in a bid to propel financial institutions’ economic performance to the next level

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