PHD-Department of Recreation Management & Exercise Science
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Item Relationship Between Behavioural Profiles and Demographic Characteristics of Elite Distance Runners at High Altitude Training Centres in Nandi County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Mse, ElizabethBehavioural profiling (DISC) is a new invention which has recently began to be used in sporting contexts. However, there is scanty information on quantitative data to support conclusions and recommendations. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between behavioural profiles and demographic characteristics of Kenyan elite middle and long-distance runners. The study hypothesized that there is no significant difference in behavioural profiles and demographic characteristics of age, gender, type of race and marital status of elite distance runners. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study targeted a population of 600 elite middle- and long-distance Kenyan runners ranging from 800m to 10,000m races. Stratified random sampling placed athletes in respective races while simple random sampling was used to obtain the representative sample of 235 study participants with a return rate of 98.7%. A validated DiSC® Classic instrument that consisted of a five 5 - point Likert scale was used to collect data. Results revealed that majority of the athletes were aged between 22-30 years. The male distance runners were more than their female counterparts. The type of race recorded more athletes during training for 10,000m. Majority of the participants were single. Participants scored higher mean values in the dominance behavioural profile than the other influence, steadiness and compliance. A paired sample t – test examined behavioural profiles in relation to gender and marital status, results indicated a statistically significant difference in behavioural profiles of male and female distance runners as well as marital status. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) examined behavioural profiles in relation to age categories and type of race. Results showed no statistically significant difference in behavioural profiles across age categories and the type of race. In conclusion, gender and marital status are likely to have an impact on the DISC. However, age and type of race are not likely to have an impact on the DISC. Overall, this study recommends that AK should put strategies in place for potential athletes based on age categories, female, type of races and marital status to enrol and train for elite distance running. The study also recommends that athletic coaches, trainers and administrators need to incorporate behavioural profiling in order to help predict psychological orientations in relation to their demographic characteristics.Item Effect of Exercise and Magnesium on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Hypertensive Adults in Nairobi and Kiambu Counties, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Boit, Edwin KiptoloPhysical exercise and magnesium have both been shown to independently cause reductions in blood pressure (BP). The primary objective of this study was to investigate the combined effect of exercise and magnesium on blood pressure. The secondary objective was to investigate the effects on resting heart rate (RHR) over a 6 week period. Forty seven (47) hypertensive adults (25 males and 22 females) who were recruited from Kenyatta University and Thika Level 5 hospital, were randomly assigned to an exercise only group (EX; n=15), magnesium only group (MGS; n=18), and a combination of exercise and magnesium (EMG, n=14). The EX and EMG group performed moderate intensity circuit training (40≥60 VO2max) for 45 minutes, 5 times a week, with intensities being monitored using a heart rate monitor (Garmin, Olathe, Kansas, US). The EMG group also took magnesium citrate supplements (Now, Bloomingdale, IL, US) (500 mg/day) concurrently with the MGS group. This was a pretest-posttest experimental study where Brachial BP (using a Mercury Sphygmomanometer: Rudolf Reister GmbH, Bruckstr, Jungingen, Germany), RHR, and anthropometric measurements (Height, weight, hip circumference and waist circumference) were taken at baseline, mid-point and posttest. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and Microsoft Excel 2013 for Windows. The significance levels were set at p<0.05. Data were tested for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test while the Levenes test were used to test for data normality, which classified all the data as parametric. A paired t-test was used to compare mean differences within the groups, while a two-way ANOVA were used to compare mean differences from baseline, mid-point and post-test between the groups. If the differences between pretest and posttest were statistically significant, the Bonferroni post-hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. A linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between BP and RHR. The EMG group had the largest reduction in SBP (-7.1 ± 2.2 mmHg, p<0.001) followed by the EX group (-4.6 ± 3.1 mmHg, p<0.001) and then the MGS group (-2.3 ± 2.7 mmHg, p<0.05). At midpoint (3 week), the EMG group were the only group to have a significant (p<0.05) reduction (-3.57 ± 3.2 mmHg) in SBP. There were reductions in DBP within the EMG group (-4.9 ± 4.4 mmHg, p<0.001) and EX group (-3.4 ± 3.9 mmHg, p<0.05) however none differed significantly between the two groups (p>0.05). They were however higher than the reductions in DBP in the MGS group (- 1.0 ± 5.2 mmHg, p>0.05). The reduction in RHR were the highest in the EMG (-10.9 ± 4.0 bpm, p<0.05) followed by the EX (-6.0 ± 4.9 bpm, p<0.001), while the MGS (- 2.9 ± 6.1 bpm, p>0.05) group did not have a significant reduction. At the end of the study 19 individuals had achieved pre-hypertension status (SBP 120-139 mmHg and DBP 80-90 mmHg) (EMG; n=7, EX; n=7 and MGS; n=5) from grade 1 hypertension status. Our findings suggest that a combination of exercise and magnesium causes a larger reduction in SBP than exercise or magnesium alone. This combined method also enhances the speed with which this BP reduction occurs. This study suggests that individuals with hypertension can get an enhanced BP lowering effect by combining exercise and magnesium rather than using either one of the methods independently. Secondly, a combination of magnesium and exercise is more effective at reducing RHR than exercise alone, while magnesium supplements do not cause any significant reduction. The study recommends implementation of a combined exercise and magnesium regimen as part of the treatment plan for individuals with Grade 1 hypertension within lower and middle income countries.Item Perceptions of Stakeholders on the Contribution of Selected Community-Based Sport Organizations to Three Millennium Development Goals in Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2017-03) Gitau, Florence W.The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of stakeholders on the contribution of two purposively selected Community-Based Sport Organizations towards the realization of three Millennium Development Goals in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were; to determine the perceptions of stakeholders on the contribution of these selected Community-Based Sport Organizations in Kenya towards eradication of poverty, promoting education and development of global partnerships in development. Descriptive survey research design was adopted. Purposive sampling was adapted to select the two CBSOs then stratified sampling to select the athletes/participants and convenience sampling to select the community members. Research instruments included a self-administered questionnaire and document analysis. Questionnaires were administered to 143 participants of Mathare Youth Sports Association (MYSA), 69 of Moving The Goalposts (MTG), 58 officials of MYSA, 22 of MTG. Data were coded and organized for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version17.0. Data were organized and described using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Independent t-test was conducted to find out whether the means for male and female respondents were significantly different in their ratings to the contribution of CBSOs towards poverty reduction, promotion of education and Development of partnerships. There was no significant differences between the ratings of the respondents of the contribution of CBSOs towards poverty reduction based on gender (t = 0.802, df = 259, p = 0.423). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed on age categories, level of education, duration and frequency of involvement and poverty reduction, promotion of education and development of partnerships to establish if the means were statistically different. There were no significant differences between the ratings of the respondents on the contribution of CBSOs towards poverty reduction based on age (F 8,252 = .967, p= .463), level of education (F 1,164 = .1.242, p= .267), duration of involvement (F7,632,=.378, p=.730) and frequency of involvement in the activities of CBSOs (F 5,254 = .860,P=.509). There were no significant differences between the ratings on the contribution of CBSO towards promotion of education based on gender (t= .122, df= 262, p= .307), level of education, (F= 5,254, = .860, P=.509), age (F= 1.788, (8,255 P= 0.80), duration of involvement (F 3,262 = 1.678, P= .172,) and frequency of involvement (F5, 254 = .860, P=.509). There were no significant differences on the ratings of the contribution of CBSOs towards the promotion of partnerships for development based on gender (t=-1.58, df=260, p=1.33), age ((F 1.527, = 8,243, P= .148.), level of education (F 1,165 =0.45, P=0.832), duration of involvement (F 1.860, =3,260, P= 0.137) and frequency of involvement (F34, 226 = 0.93 p >0.58). Perceptions of stakeholders were that Community-based sport organizations contributed to poverty reduction, promotion of education and development of partnerships for development. Study recommends that CBSOs should give more skills that can help the youth become employable. Education should be improved through increased enrolment, reduction of dropouts and increased transition to higher levels. More local and international partnerships should be encouraged.Item Analysis of demographic factors affecting achievement goal orientation and satisfaction among Kenya volleyball league players(Kenyatta University, 2008-11) Mugalla, Hannington BulindaThis study sought to investigate relationship between demographic factors, goal orientation and satisfaction of Kenya's volleyball league players. It was guided by the hypothesis that demographic factors of Kenya volleyball league players have no significant difference on goal orientation and satisfaction. Demographic factors under study-included age, gender, participation status, level, and experience. Demographic questionnaire, the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and the Athletic Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ) were the instruments for data collection. A total of 134 volleyball players from twelve National Volleyball League division one and two teams participated in the study. The players were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-ratios and Chi square test of independence (X2) (p,.05). Findings of the study showed that 72(53.7%) of Kenya volleyball league players were below 25 years of age. It was also found that task oriented players were more satisfied than ego oriented players. Additionally, the study found that younger players were more satisfied than older players despite both categories being task oriented (X2=1.925>.165), while female players were found to be more task oriented (X2=1.925>.165) and satisfied than their male counterparts. Division 1 and 2 players were found to be task oriented (X2=1.424>.233) with division 2 players being more satisfied. Starters and non-starters were both found to be task oriented (X2= 0.508>.476) with non-starters being more satisfied on all satisfaction components on the ASQ. Lastly, experienced and non-experienced players were both found to be task oriented (X2=0.560>.454), with inexperienced players being more satisfied. The study showed that task oriented players were more satisfied than ego oriented players with majority of the players being task oriented. Also, it was found that apart from gender, other demographic factors under study do not influence players' goal orientation. However, it was found that goal orientation and demographic factors influence players' satisfaction. The study recommended goal orientation assessment on players to help determine satisfaction components to be enhanced, separate training tactics and techniques for men and women, emphasis on non-starters' role on the team, increase of provisions to division one teams and recruitment of players to the teams to include both younger and older players. Talent spotting of players was also recommended to commence at a youthful age. Also, more attention needs to be laid on experienced players to help them raise their low satisfaction levels. It was further recommended that studies on goal orientation and satisfaction using different levels of players participation from those used in this study be carried out. Also, a study on goal orientation and cultural differences was recommended.Item Analysis of the Mental Skills Status of Volleyball and Field Hockey Players in National League Clubs in Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2018-11) Muasya, VincentMental skills as applied in sports are psychological profiles/attributes that athletes use to achieve excellent performance in sports. Mental and physical agility combine forces to enhance athletic performance. The purpose of the study was to assess the mental skills status of volleyball and field hockey players in national league clubs in Kenya. The study sought to determine the relationship between gender, type of sport, level of participation and mental skills status of the respondents. The study used a survey research design and targeted a total of 159 volleyball and 171 field hockey players using the Ottawa Mental skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3). The mental skills included foundation mental skills (that is goal-setting, self-confidence and commitment), psychomotor mental skills (that is fear control, relaxation control, activation control and stress reaction) and cognitive mental skills (that is focusing attention, refocusing attention, imagery ability, mental practice ability and competition planning). Simple random sampling was used to get a sample of 330 athletes; 207 (62.7%) males and 123 (37.3%) females playing in the Kenyan national leagues of volleyball and field hockey. Independent t-test and one way ANOVA were used to compare differences in the means of the variables. Significance was set at p<.05. Results indicated that there were more male volleyball and field hockey players than female players participating in the national league. A higher percentage of participants were aged between 19 and 21 years (33.3%) while the elite population of participants formed the largest sample of the study (45.2%). T-test results revealed that the mean differences between volleyball and hockey players were significant in foundation (t=7.85, df=2, p<.001) and psychomotor mental skills (t= -4.99, df=2, p<.001) and not significant in cognitive mental skills (t=-0.3.87, df=2, p=0.699). There was no significant difference between males and females in foundation and cognitive mental skills. However, there was significant differences between male and female players in psychomotor mental skills in relaxation control (t=-4.21, df=328, p<.001). Based on composite means, male and female players’ mental skills status was found to significantly differ (t=-4.4, df=328, p<.001) in favour of male athletes. Elite players had the highest mean score (3.43±.51) in all the twelve mental skills. However, there was no significant difference in the means between elite, pre-elite and non-elite volleyball and field hockey players (F=1.69, df=2, p<-0.19). Conclusions drawn on foundation, psychomotor and cognitive mental skills among Kenyan volleyball and field hockey players show that foundation mental skills are the basic skills that form the base for other mental skills and volleyball players had a better grounding than their field hockey counterparts. Secondly, mental skill status does not differ based on level of competition and exposure of volleyball and field hockey players in national league clubs in Kenya. This shows that Mental Skills Training (MST) is not prioritised in training. The study recommends that Kenya Hockey Union (KHU) and Kenya Volleyball Federation (KVF) should champion the recruitment and inclusion of more female teams in order to bridge the participation gap that currently exists. Attention could be given to expanding the league so that there are more non-elite and pre-elite players. The finding that foundation mental skills were the most developed can be used by KVF and KHU to prioritise equipping volleyball and field hockey players through offering MST that is geared towards enhancing goal setting, self-confidence and commitment. More studies comparing the mental skills of elite and non-elite athletes in different sports and the influence of gender on mental skills in varying sport disciplines are recommended.Item The African running phenomenon: the role of genetics, nutrition and demographic factors in explaining the success of East African runners in international distance running(Kenyatta University, 2006) Onywera, V.O.Kenyan athletes have dominated international distance running in recent years. Explanations for their success include favourable physiological characteristics, which may include favourable genetic endowment and advantageous environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyse the genetic, nutritional and demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners. Questionnaires were administered to elite Kenyan runners specializing in distances ranging from the 800 m to the marathon and Kenyan control subjects (C)(n=87). The questionnaires sought information on place of birth, language, motivation for becoming athletes, distance and method of travel to school. Diet logbooks were used to assess the athletes' dietary habits during training. The training regime of the runners was monitored using a training diary. Athletes were separated into two groups according to athletic success: International level athletes (I)(n=97) and national level athletes (N)(n=307). DNA samples were collected from the subjects using buccal swabs. Both qualitative and quantitative research designs were used in this study. Data were presented in bar charts, pie charts, line graphs and tables. Chisquares were used to establish any significant differences within and between the groups. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Athletes differed from controls in regional distribution, language, and distance and method of travel to school; athletes also differed from each other with the exception of method of travel to school. Most national and international athletes came from the Rift Valley province (C: 20 %, N: 65 %, I: 82 %) (C: n=17: N: n=200: I: n=80), of those who belonged to the Kalenjin ethnic group (C: 8 %, N: 49 %, I: 76 %) (C: n=7: N: n=150:l: n=74) and Nandi sub-tribe (C: 5 %, N: 25 %, I: 45 %) (C: n=4: N: n=77: I: n=44) and who spoke languages of Nil otic origin (C: 20 %, N: 59 %, I: 80 %) (C: n=17: N: n=181: I: n=78). A higher proportion of all athletes ran to school each day (C: 22 %, N: 73 %, I: 83 %) and covered greater distances. Kenyan runners are from a distinctive environmental background in terms of geographical distribution, ethnicity, and also having travelled further to school, mostly by running. Estimated energy intake (El: 2987 ±293 kcal; mean ±standard deviation) was lower than energy expenditure (EE: 3605 ±119 kcal; p <0.001) and body mass (BM: 58.9 ±2.7 kg vs.58.3 ±2.6 kg; P <0.001) was reduced over the 7-d intense training period. Diet was high in carbohydrate (76.5%, 10.4 g/kg BM per day) and low in fat (13.4%). Protein intake (10.1%; 1.3 g/kg BM per day) matched recommendations for protein intake. Fluid intake was modest and mainly in the form of water (1113 ±269 mL;O. 34 ±0.16 ml/kcal) and tea (1243 ±348 ml). Although the diet met most recommendations for endurance athletes for macronutrient intake, it remains to be determined if modifying energy balance and fluid intake will enhance the performance of elite Kenyan runners. IID genotype was not associated with elite endurance athlete status (df= 4, i=3.5, P = 0.47) with no over-representation of the I allele among N (0.42) or I (0.39) athletes relative to controls (0.38). The absence of an association between the IID polymorphism with elite Kenyan athlete status suggests that the ACE gene does not contribute significantly to the phenomenal success of Kenyan endurance runners in international distance running. These results do not support the hypothesis that ACE gene variation is associated with elite endurance performance.Item Performance of Kenyan Athletes With Physical Impairments on Classification Activity Limitation Tests For Running Events and Related Influencing Contextual Factors(Kenyatta University, 2015) Thangu, E. K.Numerous benefits have been associated with participation in sports by persons with a disability. Classification in Paralympic sport is aimed at increasing participation by reducing the impact that impairment has on the outcome of competition. Eligible impairments are classified according to how much activity limitation they cause in a sport. The observed activity limitation also gives an indication of an athlete‟s level of training in that sport. In an effort towards evidence-based classification research, an activity limitation test battery was developed by an expert panel for use in Paralympic classification for running events. It was found valid and reliable on a non-disabled sample. Besides activity limitation evaluation, other contextual factors may influence how an athlete with an impairment participates in sport activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and predictive validity of five impairment specific tests of activity limitation in participants who have impaired coordination (hypertonia, ataxia, and athetosis), impaired range of movement and impaired muscle power. In addition, personal and environmental factors that could influence performance and participation in sport were also investigated. The study used a descriptive research design. 67 male and female athletes who had been purposively sampled participated in the study. The athletes performed physical activities in an activity limitation test battery and filled a questionnaire related to the contextual factors. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages) were used to summarize the subjects‟ characteristics. Reliability was evaluated using Intraclass Correlation (ICC). Independent t-tests were used to compare means of two independent groups with continuous data (gender). One-Way ANOVA was used to test differences where there were more than two means (age groups). To evaluate the strength of association between the criterion activity and the 5 supplementary tests, Pearson Product- Moment correlations was computed. Predictive validity of the 5 tests were evaluated for the running activity. Multiple regressions was done to examine which combination of tests would explain the most variance in performance on the criterion activity. Significance was set at p< 0.05. Results indicated that there were significant difference between the male and female mean scores in 30 m sprint (female, t(64) = -2.86, p = 0.006), standing broad jump (male, t (67) = 3.48, p = 0.001), 4 bounds for distance (male, t(66) = 3.99, p = 0.001) and 10 m speed skip with female scoring higher (t(50) = -3.53, p = 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between the criterion activity and performing the 4 bounds, r = -.641 and Broad jumps, r = -.581 as well as a moderate positive (direct) association with the speed skip, r = .467. Standing broad jump/H, 4 bounds for distance/H and 10 m speed skip statistically significantly predicted the performance measure of the 30 m sprint, F (3, 46) = 10.153, p < .05. Both male and female participants were differently intrinsically motivated. The male (mean=4.38, SD= .61) participated to experience stimulation while the female (mean=4.30, SD= .66), engaged to learn more of the sports available to them. 52.2% of the athletes did not have access to other sport training facilities while 82.6% did not have appropriate equipment to facilitate serious training in their sport. It can be concluded that some of the variables in the supplementary tests in the Activity Limitation Battery can be validly employed in decision making during the classification process. However, research using more competitive athletes is recommended. The findings on contextual factors can be used by disability sports associations to inform and enhance the pedagogical and training practices in athletes with physical impairments. The Ministry of Sports should formulate policies to promote and further enhance inclusive participation in sport and physical activity by individuals with disabilities in Kenya.Item The female athlete triad profile of elite Kenyan runners and its future health implications(North-West University, 2014-09) Goodwin, Y.; Monyeki, M.A.; Boit, Michael K.The female athlete triad (FAT or the TRIAD) is a complex syndrome arising from associations among the trio of energy availability (EA), menstrual function (MF) and bone mineral density (BMD) along their respective continuums from health to disease state. It has been recognized that women whose energy intake (EI) does not meet the energy requirements for physiological functions subsequent to participation in exercise and physical activity could have low EA. In the TRIAD, low EA, an initiator in menstrual dysfunction (MD) and concomitant hypoestrogenism, indirectly results in low BMD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to: (i) establish the status of EA, MF and BMD among elite Kenyan female athletes and non-athletes, (ii) explore associations between EA and MF in elite Kenyan female athletes and non-athletes, (iii) determine the relationships of EA and MF to BMD in elite Kenyan female athletes and non-athletes, and (iv) to determine the profile of the female athlete triad in elite Kenyan distance athletes and in non-athletes. Measurements of EA, MF and BMD were undertaken in 39 female participants (Middle distance athletes =12, Long distance athletes=13, Non-athletes=14). Energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and the remnant normalized to fat free mass (FFM) determined EA. Energy availability was determined through weight of all food and liquid consumed over three consecutive days. Exercise energy expenditure was determined after isolating and deducting energy expended in exercise or physical activity above lifestyle level from the total energy expenditure output as measured by Actigraph GT3X+. Fat free mass and BMD were assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A nine-month daily temperature-menstrual diary was used to evaluate menstrual status. In addition, since psychological eating behaviour practice (EBP) contributes to low EA, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) was used to determine presence of such practice among the participants and their relationship to EA. Overall, EA below 45 kcal.kgFFM-1.d-1 was found in 61.53% of the participants (athletes=28.07±11.45kcal.kgFFM-1.d-1, non-athletes=56.97±21.38kcal.kgFMM-1.d-1). The ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.001) in EA among the long and middle distance runners and non-athletes; and the Tukey‘s HSD revealed that the source of the difference were the non-athletes. Results of the EDE-Q showed almost negligible presence of psychopathological eating behaviour practice among the Kenyan participants. None of the TRIAD components showed significant relationship with EBP. Results of MF showed that whereas none of the athletes presented with amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea was present among 40% athletes and 14.3% non-athletes, and amenorrhea vii among 14.3% non-athletes. However, there was no significant difference between athletes and non-athletes in MF. Low BMD was seen in 76% of the athletes and among 86% of the non-athletes. The analysis did not show significant difference in BMD Z-scores between athletes and non-athletes. The analysis did not show any significant association between EA and MF among the participants. The only significant relation of EA to any BMD dimension measured was between EA and total BMD in the long distance runners (r=0.560; p=.046). Significant relationship (rho=0.497; p=.001) was found between MF and BMD Z-scores among the athletes with middle distance highlighting the relationship further (rho=0.632; p=.027). Overall, the binary logistic regression revealed that MF did not predict BMD (OR=4.07, 95% CI, 0.8-20.7, p=.091). Overall, 10% of the participants (athletes=4, long distance athletes =3, middle distance athletes=1, non-athletes=0) showed simultaneous presence of all three components of the TRIAD. The independent sample t-test showed a significant difference (t=5.860; p=<.001) in the prevalence of the TRIAD between athletes and non-athletes.Item Influence of sports diciplines and demographics of Kenya’s colleges athletes on their awareness, perception and attitude to performance-enhancing substances use(2014) Wanjiru, Janet KamenjuSports competition has increasingly attracted a huge number of participants both at amateur and professional level. In attempt to win huge prize money, trophies and fame, some athletes do not hesitate to use whatever means at their disposal to meet their goal to improve performance. While anti-doping regulations have been established by WADA, cases of illegal substances and methods continued to be reported. Kenyan athletes implicated with doping have claimed lack of knowledge or awareness on the illegal substances. This study therefore purposed to establish the influence of demographics on Kenya teachers colleges athletes‟ awareness, perception and attitude to performance-enhancing substance use in sports. A cross-sectional survey design was used, where dependent variables were awareness, perception and attitude to doping and independent variables included experience in competition, gender, and type of sport. The study was carried out in three randomly selected competition zones of Kenya Teachers Colleges Sports Association (KTCSA).These were coast, Central and Rift Valley. The study sample comprised 696 athletes participating at the 2012 national ball games and track and field athletics of which 480 were ballgames players(male240male and240 female) and 216 track and field athletes (108 males and 108 females) A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was organized and described using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Chi-square was used test for the association between athletes‟ awareness and perception of Performance-enhancing substance use and gender, competition experience and type of sport while independent t-test was computed to establish the differences in athletes‟ attitude to doping by gender. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed to test for the difference in attitude to doping among athletes with varying competition experience and in types of sport. There was no significant relationship between athletes awareness and perception to doping based on gender χ2=1.55,P=0.21, competition experience χ2=4.59,p=0.20 and type of sport χ2=7.15, p=0.03.There was no significant association between perception of doping and genderχ2=0.20, p=0.66, competition experienceχ2=2.08,p=0.56 but there was association by type of sportχ2=12.66, p=0.01.There were no significant differences in attitudes based on gender t=0.10 p=0.32. No differences in attitude amongst athletes based on competition experience F=0.20, p=0.89 Significant differences were established amongst athletes in different sports F =12.60, p=0.01.Scheffe test showed difference in attitudes between track and field athletes and ballgames players. College athletes‟ awareness of doping was not adequate, perception was wrong by track and field and attitude to performance–enhancing substance use positive. College athletes should be educated on doping in order to create awareness, change perceptions and their attitudes to PES use in sports at all levels of competitions.Item Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practices of doping among elite middle and long distance runners in Kenya(2014) Chebet, SelinaThe purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of doping among elite middle and long distance runners in Kenya. The main objectives were to establish the athletes’ level of awareness with regard to doping information disseminated by World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA), to determine their attitude towards doping and to establish the occurrence of anti-doping rule violations among the athletes. The study also investigated the most common sources of doping information used by the athletes and the association between gender, age, experience and doping knowledge. The target population was Kenyan elite middle and long distance runners. A stratified sample of 432 male and female athletes in middle and long distance running was selected from the population of Kenyan elite athletes. A total of 327 athletes successfully completed the questionnaires. The study was a cross sectional survey based on self-reported questionnaires. Data generated was analyzed using SPSS computer software version 17.0. Overall mean score on knowledge of doping by Kenyan athletes was established to be 46.4%, with male scoring slightly higher than females (47.7% and 44.7%) respectively. Assessment of attitude revealed that majority (82.3%) of Kenyan athletes had a negative attitude towards doping with varying degrees. Only 17.7% indicated a positive attitude. On assessment of prevalence of doping among Kenyan athletes, majority of the athletes (96%) denied having ever used Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs), only 4% admitted having used it. But asked whether they knew anyone using it, 38% admitted it while 62% did not. Twenty one point four (21.4%) of the athletes also admitted using herbal and nutritional supplements of which 54% indicated medium to low knowledge of the supplements. The most common source of doping information used by Kenya athletes was established to be Athletics Kenya (30.6%), followed by IAAF (19.4%). The most preferred website was AK, at 41.3%, followed by WADA at 12.3%. In conclusion, Kenyan runners have slightly below average knowledge on doping issues and a strong negative attitude towards the practice. Actual practice of doping is low. Pearson chi square indicated a significant association between age and knowledge of doping (χ2 value 31.6, p = .002). Pearson correlation indicated a weak correlation between gender and knowledge (Pearson correlation = .008 and p = .147) while experience did not have a significant association with knowledge (χ2 = 8.03, p = .531). There is need to enhance doping education to improve on knowledge of doping issues and to establish proper structures and policies of doping control in order to comprehensively curb the problem of doping.Item Physical and psycho-social benefits of parental involvement in organized physical activities for children with intellectual disabilities in Nairobi: county, Kenya(2014-07-24) Wairimu, Mwangi JaneInvolving parents in organized developmental programmes for children with Intellectual Disability (ID) would provide with information and skills to enable them respond to the needs of their children in early years. The purpose of this study will be to evaluate the physical and psycho-social benefits of parental involvement in an organized Physical Activity (PA) programme for their children with ID of age 4-6 years. The study aims at determining whether parental involvement in an organized PA programme for their children with ID will have influence on their physical and psycho-social status. Quasi experimental research design will be adopted for the study. The study will involve a control and an experimental group in a three - month organized PA programme. The experimental group will comprise parents who will participate in organized PA programme jointly with their children with ID of age 4-6 years under the guidance of a trained coach in Special Olympics young athletes' programme under a similarly trained coach while parents will not be involved in organized PA in the control group. The study targets parents and their children with ID learning in the four inclusive Early Childhood Development (BCD) centres in Nairobi, County. Purposive sampling procedure will be used to select two ECD centres that have the highest number of leaners with ID. In this case, the two centres are Little-Rock, Ayani which has a total of 25 learners of age 4-6 years, 50 parents and Christ the King, Embakasi 21 learners and 42 parents respectively making a sample size of 138(92%) out of the 150 total targeted population. A pre-test will be conducted to determine validity and reliability of research instrument. Parents' responses will be collected using a self-administered questionnaire while a modified Young Athlete Motor Checklist (YAMC) will be used to record the observed performance of the children and an attendance checklist will be used to collect information on parents' frequency of attendance. Data will then be coded and organized for analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Null hypothesis to measure differences in scores on motor skill performance of children with ID participating in the organized PA will be tested using t-test, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to measure group mean differences with respect to parental involvement and gender, age, level of education, marital status as well as parents' ratings of the motor abilities of their children with ID before and after participating in organized PA. The Hypotheses will be tested at a 0.05 level of significance. Responses from focus group discussions on psychosocial benefits will be summarised into themes.Item Assessment of Pulmonary Function of Kenyan Elite Distance Runners during Rest, Sub-Maximal and Maximal Endurance Exercise(2014-02-22) Mwangi, Francis Mundia; Onywera, V.O.; Boit, Michael K.; Sheel, W.Kenyan middle and long distance runners have performed extraordinarily well, dominating the world over the past four decades. The factors that contribute to their prowess in endurance races are not yet determined. Pulmonary limitations to endurance performance have been reported among non-Kenyan runners but the extent Kenyan runners experience or overcome these limitations had not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess pulmonary function parameters of Kenyan elite runners in relation to endurance exercise performance and compare with predicted values. Fifteen (10 male, 5 female) purposively selected elite Kenyan runners were instrumented in baseline spirometry and an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion at a moderate altitude (1,600 m.a.s.l.). Spirometric variables measured included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in one second as a proportion of forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) and maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP). Respiratory measures obtained during treadmill test included tidal volume (Vt), breathing frequency (Fb), minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Arterial blood gases (ABG) data; arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), alveolar to arterial oxygen partial pressure difference (A-aDO2) and acidosis (pH) were obtained from blood samples taken from radial artery at the end of every exercise stage via indwelling cannula. Repeated measures ANOVA and t tests were run to examine the various measurements at different exercise intensities using statistical package for social sciences. One sample t test on participants’ spirometric variables’ percentage of predicted values showed that they were not significantly different from commonly used predicted values (p >.05). Absolute VO2 peak values for males (3.50±.26) and females (2.26±.26) [L/min] were significantly higher than the predicted values (p = .001). Relative VO2 max formales (64.4±4.9) and females (48.1±4.9) [ml/kg/min] rated superior and excellent respectively on cardio-respiratory fitness classification norms. ABG data showed that the runners experienced only moderate levels of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) (SaO2 = 89.4±4.6%[male], 91.5±2.2%[female], 89.9±4.1[total]% and A-aDO2 = 24.5±4.7[male], 20.1±10.7[female], 23.39±6.39[total] mmHg) at maximal endurance exercise. Respiratory compensation (partial) for metabolic acidosis was evident (PaCO2 = 34.15±3.44 mmHg, pH = 7.30±.08[total]). Bicarbonate ions (HCO3) recorded the most consistent decline and highest effect size (Eta sqd = .724) while change in oxygen content in the blood (CaO2) recoded the least (Eta sqd = .072). Stepwise regression showed that VE was the most significant predictor of VO2 and speed at sub-maximal exercise level. The study concluded that most Kenyan distance runners’ baseline pulmonary function values are comparable to commonly used reference values. However, the runners’ respiratory system is able to cope with demands of superior oxygen consumption during endurance running. The runners experience moderate level hypoxemia during sub-maximal and maximal endurance exercise. Strategies to alleviate excessive acidosis are recommended for improving performance during endurance training and competitions. Further investigations are needed to determine the source of the differences in pulmonary function among distance runners, and the effects on endurance race performances.Item Diffrerences in cardiovascular disease,biochemical risk markers,physical activity and nutrition between an urban and pastoral sample in Kenya(2012-04-19) Theuri, G.The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in blood pressure, cardiovascular disease bio-chemical risk markers, physical activity and nutrition, between an Urban (US) and Pastoral (PS) sample, in the context of the global epidemiological transition taking place globally causing a shift in mortality and morbidity from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases. A total of 133 adults from both samples meeting the inclusion criteria, were randomly recruited from clusters in sub-locations, villages and homesteads from available demographic data available from Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) on Kirisia and Kibera divisions in Samburu and Nairobi, in Kenya. Data was collected using questionnaires, venipuncture, blood pressure measurement and anthropometric measurements. Resulting data was stratified and analyzed by locality, gender and age-category using SPSS V 11.5 and computed in terms of percentages and frequencies. Chi-square test was used to test for differences in proportions. Student t-test and ANOV A were used to compare means where applicable and in cases where there were more than two means being compared. The level of significance at 0.05 was used for the statistical tests. In case of significant F-ratio, post-hoc analysis was done using DMRT. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors of cardiovascular disease, p-values <0.05 were considered significant. There was no difference in proportions between the two groups. Means for SBP, apoB, apoA, apoB/A ratio, Co-QlO, were significantly different at p<.019, p<.OOl, p<.OOl, p<.OOl and p<.OOl respectively, between these two samples. Means for lifestyle factors: MET mins/week (physical activity), Lymphocytes, BMI and MUAC (nutrition status markers) were significantly different at p<.OOl, p<.027, p<.OOl and p<.OOl respectively. Mean nutrient intake was significantly different at p<.030, p<.039, p<.OOl, p<.009, p<.025, p<.049 and p<.OOl, for protein, carbohydrates, dietary cholesterol, SAF A, MUF A, ORA and Folic acid between the two samples. Mean %B. Fat and WC were significantly different at p<.OOl and p<.OOl in the two samples respectively. MUAC in both samples could be used to predict Systolic BP. Lymphocytes count could be used to predict Co-QlO in the US while derived % B. Fat could be used to predict ApoB/ A ratio in the PS. The Urban sample had a higher CVD risk than the Pastoral sample therefore perhaps at a more advanced stage of the epidemiological transition.Item Prevalence of type II diabetes and it's risk factors among the Luo and the Kipsigis of the Lake Victoria basin(2012-04-19) Kiplamai, Festus Kaino; Judith Waudo; Mike BoitThe prevalence of Type II Diabetes (T2D) in developing countries is increasing at a high rate. The purpose of this study was to assess the modifiable predictors of T2D and variations in predisposing factors among the people living around Lake Victoria region, and in particular to describe variations in dietary factors, physical activity, socio-economic status and prevalence of T2D among two rural communities in the lake Victoria basin. A cross-sectional survey design was used for randomized selection of the subjects from the two rural populations. The total number of subjects recruited was 304 (134 males and 170 females) to fulfill the 95% confidence level required for comparisons. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and T-test, where applicable, for comparison of means between groups and chi square to show associations between variables. There was no significant difference in the mean age of the two populations thus age was not a confounding factor. The overall prevalence of T2D in the rural areas represented by the sample was found to be 2.3% of the population (3.0% and 1.8% among males and females respectively). The overall prevalence ofIGT in the rural areas was at 8.1% (CI: 5.0-11.2) of the total population {3.1% (CI: 0.2-6.0) and 11.3% (CI: 6.3-15.7) among the males and females respectively}. There was significant differences in the BMI between the males and females (pItem An analysis of technical and tactical performance of national soccer teams of Kenya, Germany and Argentina(2012-02-14) Njororai, W.W.S.This study set out to identify the differences in technical and tactical performance of the national soccer in matches involving Germany, Argentina and Kenya at International level. Additionally, the study sought to identify the variables that characterize the respective winning and losing teams and to establish the level of accuracy of each of the technical and tactical variables in matches. A total of 27 unedited and pre-recorded matches were observed on a play back video machine. The matches involved were nine for Kenya, nine for Argentina and nine for Germany. The matches were selected on a stratified random sampling basis. The data obtained were analysed both descriptively and inferentially. The statistical analysis techniques used included the one-way analysis of variance and the independent t-test, where the rejection of the null the hypothesis was set at p<. 05. A post hoc comparison Newmankeuls test was used to confirm significant findings on the F ratio. The ANOVA findings revealed that whereas there was a significant difference in the performance of the off sides, corner kicks, throw-ins, headings, free kicks, and goal kicks, in the matches involving the national soccer teams of Germany, Argentina and Kenya, that on passes, goals, shots at goal, crosses, tackles, attacking movements, fouls and injuries was not significant. It was also established that the winners tended to have more passes, free kicks, offside, fewer corners, more throw-ins, more shots at goal, more headings, goal kicks and fewer fouls. However, differences existed between the matches involving Kenya, Germany and Argentina pertaining to the throw ins, crosses, fouls and attacking play. Regarding the effectiveness in the execution of the technical variables, Kenya had a higher ratio of unsuccessful throw ins, shots at goal, free kicks, crosses, corners and passes. However, Kenya had a higher ratio of successful headings and goal kicks compared to Germany and Argentina. Argentina players were the most effective in tackling. It was recommended that efforts be initiated to start a research studies focusing on management of Kenyan national soccer teams; conduct similar studies using the Kenya premier league teams, and in comparing the different regions of Africa.Item Traditional games of the people of mount Kenya region: a cultural education appraisal(2012-02-06) Wanderi, P. M.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Patel, M. M.The researcher was prompted into this study by two factors. These are, first, the continued disappearance of the traditional games in Kenya, and secondly, the apparent lack of their documented references for use in education. These were activities that existed and were highly educative in traditional Kenyan communities prior to colonial incursion. However, following the arrival of the Europeans, as well as the subsequent imposition of the Western lifestyles and their hegemony, these activities have ever since suffered a slow demise. The aim of this research therefore, was to avail these activities in written form as a cultural and an educational appraisal. Due to the detailed analyses and presentation of the activities required, it was however not possible to cover the entire country. Consequently, the study was confined to the Mount Kenya communities, namely, the Kikuyu, the Embu and the Meru. The data collection instruments in their order of usefulness to this study were, (a) interviews, (b) documentary analyses, and (c) questionnaires. The information obtained was subjected to thorough internal and external criticisms through which facts were systematically analysed, compared, and classified. Accordingly, most of the data presented in chapter four of this study originated from primary sources of information while the bulk of the data from secondary sources was presented in chapter two. The findings of this study include the establishment of a detailed written record of thirty nine (39) traditional games of Mount Kenya region. An analysis of each game is made in terms of its participants, facility and equipment, rules and procedure, as well as its cultural-educational value to the indigenous community. The games presented are categorized in a progressive continuum under three sub-headings ranging from the simplest to the most complex. The presentation is eventually summed up by discussions on, classifications of traditional games of Mount Kenya region, differences and similarities between traditional and modern games as well as on a scientific analysis of traditional games. In its recommendations, the study calls for the formalization of the games so availed. Possible approaches to be followed in the formalization of traditional games and the benefits of such an effort are also highlighted. This shall enhance promotion of Kenya's cultural heritage through the educational programme as stated in the pedagogical objectives of Physical Education. Finally, it was conclusively hoped that this research would herald a new commitment in games development in Kenya. Besides, the results of this study should inspire future researchers to focus their attention on other Kenyan communities and accomplish a similar task before their traditional games are forgotten and lost forever.Item Socialization of secondary school athletes into sport in Kenya(2012-01-11) Rintaugu, E.G.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Simiyu, N.W.W.; Mwangi, Peter WanderiThe purpose of this was to investigate the extent of influence of significant others (parents, siblings, peers, P.E. teachers and coaches) and socializing situations (school and mass media) in socialization into sport of secondary school athletes in Kenya. The study was guided by the hypothesis that "significant others and socializing situations to not influence socialization into sport of secondary school athletes in Kenya". Alongside, factors such as the boarding status of school, school category, gender and parental education and occupation and occupation were examined to determine how they interact with significant others and socializing situations in the socialization into sport of secondary school athletes. Random sampling was used to select four provinces using the criteria of participation in the inter-provincial ball games championships. From each province 12 schools were proposively selected using the criteria of representation of the province during the inter-province ball games championships. A total of 636 purposively selected athletes took part in the study. Questionaires were used to collect data. The resulting data was analyzed using chi-square, student t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 05 level of significance. Post hoc Tukey HSD was utilized to test the strength of the resulting significant differences. Findings indicated that significant others and socializing situations influence the socialization into sport of secondary school athletes in Kenya. Indeed, the socialization into sport of secondary school athletes is contributed mostly by the coash, peers, P.E. teachers, brothers, fathers, sisters and mothers without gender differences (p >.05). On the other hand, the influence of socializing situations wanes from the school, television, sport magazines, newspapers to internet without gender differences. Findings also showed that the effects of boarding status of school were significant (p >.05) for all significant others except for the P.E. teachers, while the effect of school category was also significant (p >.05) with the exception of peers. Findings also showed that the parental social economic status were significant (p >.05) for fathers' education, mothers' education, fathers' occupation while P.E. teachers influence on the socialization into sport of secondary school athletes is not affected by the level of their mothers occupation. From the findings of the study, it is recommended that parents and especially the mother need to play a crucial role in the socialization into sport of the secondary school athletes. Secondly, schools need to contribute much more in socialization into sport of secondary school athletes. Further studies should be done encompassing athletes in other sports in secondary schools, primary schools and elite athletes to establish the divergences in their socialization into sport.Item The African running phenomenon: the role of genetism, nutrition and demographic factors in explaining the success of East African runners in international distance running(2011-12-15) Onywera, V.O.Kenyan athletes have dominated international distance running in recent years. Explanations for their success include favourable physiological characteristics, which may include favourable genetic endowment and advantageous environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyse the genetic, nutritional and demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners. Questionnaires were administered to elite Kenyan runners specializing in distances ranging from the 800 m to the marathon and Kenyan control subjects (C)(n=87). The questionnaires sought information on place of birth, language, motivation for becoming athletes, distance and method of travel to school. Diet logbooks were used to assess the athletes' dietary habits during training. The training regime of the runners was monitored using a training diary. Athletes were separated into two groups according to athletic success: International level athletes (l)(n=97) and national level athletes (N)(n=307). DNA samples were collected from the subjects using buccal swabs. Both qualitative and quantitative research designs were used in this study. Data were presented in bar charts, pie charts, line graphs and tables. Chisquares were used to establish any significant differences within and between the groups. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Athletes differed from controls in regional distribution, language, and distance and method of travel to school; athletes also differed from each other with the exception of method of travel to school. Most national and international athletes came from the Rift Valley province (C: 20 %, N: 65 %, I: 82 %) (C: n=17: N: n=200: I: n=80), of those who belonged to the Kalenjin ethnic group (C: 8 %, N: 49 %, I: 76 %) (C: n=7: N: n=150:1: n=74) and Nandi sub-tribe (C: 5 %, N: 25 %, I: 45 %) (C: n=4: N: n=77:1: n=44) and who spoke languages of Nilotic origin (C: 20 %, N: 59 %, I: 80 %) (C: n=17: N: n=181: I: n=78). A higher proportion of all athletes ran to school each day (C: 22 %, N: 73 %, 1: 83 %) and covered greater distances. Kenyan runners are from a distinctive environmental background in terms of geographical distribution, ethnicity, and also having travelled further to school, mostly by running. Estimated energy intake (EI: 2987 ±293 kcal; mean ±standard deviation) was lower than energy expenditure (EE: 3605 ±119 kcal; p <0.001) and body mass (BM: 58.9 ±2.7 kg vs.58.3 ±2.6 kg; p <0.001) was reduced over the 7-d intense training period. Diet was high in carbohydrate (76.5%, 10.4 g/kg BM per day) and low in fat (13.4%). Protein intake (10.1%; 1.3 g/kg BM per day) matched recommendations for protein intake. Fluid intake was modest and mainly in the form of water (1113 ±269 mL;O. 34 ±0.16 ml/kcal) and tea (1243 ±348 ml). Although the diet met most recommendations for endurance athletes for macronutrient intake, it remains to be determined if modifying energy balance and fluid intake will enhance the performance of elite Kenyan runners. I/D genotype was not associated with elite endurance athlete status (df = 4, )?= 3.5, p = 0.47) with no over-representation of the I allele among N (0.42) or I (0.39) athletes relative to controls (0.38). The absence of an association between the I/D polymorphism with elite Kenyan athlete status suggests that the ACE gene does not contribute significantly to the phenomenal success of Kenyan endurance runners in international distance running. These results do not support the hypothesis that ACE gene variation is associated with elite endurance performance.Item Evaluation of the professional preparation and certificate of athletics coaches in Kenya(2011-12-07) Mwisukha, A.; Simiyu, N.W.W.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Boit, Michael K.The present study evaluated the professional preparation and certification of athletics coaches in Kenya. The variables of the study included scrutiny of the coaches' gender, age, marital status, level of education, other employment; areas of coaching, nature and level of training, course content, duration of courses, competency of coaches' instructors, assessment of trainee coaches, frequency of refresher courses and availability of coaching literature. Other variables included the adequacy of athletics coaches' education, their level of effectiveness, professional training needs and problems. Data were gathered from 229 respondents who included provincial and national executive officials of Athletics Kenya, government sports officers and coaches. Questionnaires were used to gather data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while hypotheses were tested using Chi-square test and Spearman rank order correlation coefficient. The results indicated that majority of the coaches were males, and were married. The largest proportion of the coaches possessed ordinary level of education, and had other regular permanent occupations besides their coaching roles. The coaches for middle and distance runners outnumbered those for sprints and field events. The International Association of Athletics Federations trained most of the athletics coaches. The main content area of the coaches' courses was Theory and Practice of Athletic Techniques and Tactics, but sport psychology received least attention. A larger fraction of the coaches indicated that the duration of the courses was adequate. Most coaches acknowledged that theory and practical examinations were administered during their coaching courses. Although many coaches viewed their course instructors as competent, the analysis of their views on the basis of their academic qualifications yielded a X2 of 76.94 (p< 0.05). The coaches indicated that their access to coaching literature was infrequent as their ratings on this variable on the basis of their academic qualifications produced a X2 of 8.10 (p> 0.05). In spite of the finding that many of the coaches, government sports officers and Athletics Kenya (AK) officials indicated that coaching and in-service courses were infrequent, their views yielded a x2 of 18.34 (p<0.05). Majority of the three groups of respondents indicated the need to train more coaches in sprints, middle and long distance races, and field events, with their views producing X2 values of 3.21 (p>0.05), 5.45 (p>0.05) and 2.32 (p>0.05) respectively. There were significantly positive correlations, rs = 0.72 (p<0.05) and rs = 0.57 (p=<0.05) between the coaches' and managers' views with regard to the training needs and problems of athletics coaches, respectively. Their main need and problem is regular in-service courses and inadequate finances, respectively. On the overall, the three groups of respondents indicated that the training of the coaches was inadequate, as their views yielded a X2 of 9.37 (p>0.05. The inadequacy of training was attributed to insufficient course content, limited access to in-service courses and coaching literature. It was therefore, recommended that AK and the Ministry of Gender, Sports, Culture and Social Services should establish a centralized institution to standardize and conduct frequent athletics coaching and in-service courses to meet coaching personnel needs in the country. AK and the government should set up learning resource centres across the country where coaches can access recent coaching literature. An athletics coaches' licensing board should be formed to ensure high standards in coaching and offer licenses to qualified coaches only. AK and the government should find alternate ways of raising funds to cater for the training of coaches.Item Management of elite middle and long distance runners in Kenya(2011-11-02) Nyaga, Ramsey Lewis KThe purpose of the current study was to establish how effective elite middle and long distance athletes are managed in Kenva. The study took place at Nyayo National Stadium where provincial athletics teams together with their coaches had converged for the 2007 Provincial Championships. Athletics Kenya officials and government sports officers were accessed at their respective offices in provincial branches. The target population comprised of 355 middle and long distance athletes, 107 athletics coaches, 42 Athletics Kenya officials and 24 government sports officers. Random sampling method was used to sample 185 (52%) athletes. 49 (46%) athletic coaches, 34 (80%) Athletics Kenya officials and 12 (50%) government sports officers for the study. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. The questionnaire sought information on managerial practices of motivation. Kenyan coaches' adequacy and qualification, adequacy of equipment and facilities,,atliletes' selection procedures, uniform program-drawing, and effectiveness of guidance and counseling services offered to the Kenyan athletes. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data. One- way ANOVA was used to establish relationships between athletes', coaches' government sports officers' and AK officials' responses. The alpha level ,vas set at 0.05. The results were then presented in tables, charts and graphs. rile responses on ways used to motivate Kenyan athletes, extent of motivation given to athletes, provision of adequate funds for training and competition, drawing of uniform training programs and provision of guidance and counseling services showed a significant difference (.040, .003, .000, .012 and .000 respectively). On the other hand. the responses on adequacy and qualification of Kenyan coaches. provision of adequate facilities and equipment and methods used to select Kenyan athletes for international competition did not show any significant difference (.204, .317 and .737 respectively).