RP-Department of Environmental Science

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Climate Variability and Livelihood Vulnerability of Maasai Pastoralists in Amboseli Ecosystem, Kajiado County, Kenya
(Journal of the KenyaNational Commission for UNESCO, 2024) Oloitipitip, Faith R.; Ndunda, Ezekiel; Gichuki, Cecilia M.
The pastoral Maasai community living in Amboseli Ecosystem are facing serious challenges originating from climate variability. The ecosystem has been made fragile by climate related challenges causing household vulnerability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of climate variability on livelihood vulnerability at the household level. The study used a mixed method, which focused on descriptive and correlational research designs. It targeted a population of 47, 058 residents from which a sample of 374 households was selected. Cluster and convenient sampling were used for quantitative and qualitative data respectively. A questionnaire with open and closed ended questions and with Likert scale format were used to collect quantitative data while interview schedules were used for qualitative data. In addition, secondary data were collected from different sources, including Kenya Meteorological Department and Kenya Wildlife Services. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse qualitative data while quantitative data were analysed using inferential statistics.. Results showed that climate variability is indeed causing livelihood vulnerability and therefore policy intervention in needed at the national and county levels. Majority of households were found to moderately vulnerable with female headed households being mostly vulnerable. This study therefore recommends that adaptation strategies at the household level to community level should be put in place so as to reduce vulnerability such as crop farming, livestock diversification, small scale businesses and employment In addition there is need to empower women through education, offering of small loans and grants for businesses as well as involvement in decision making on matters pasture and water management.
Factors Influencing Agroforestry Practices Adoption in the Central River Region Of the Gambia
(Elsevier, 2024-08-10) Muthee, Kennnedy; Wainaina, Priscilla; Duguma, Lalisa; Mucheru-Muna, Monica; Mutune, Jane; Foundjem-Tita, Divine; Bah, Alagie; Minang, Peter; Majale , Christine
The world’s multiple landscape crises have placed agroforestry among the cost-effective nature-based solutions with numerous ecological, social, and economic benefits. This study examined the farmer and land factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry practices in the Gambia’s Central River Region. Stratified random sampling was used to collect primary data from 377 households using semi-structured questionnaires and farmlevel walkabout observations. The study used purposive and snowball sampling methods to engage different key informants. The results indicated that the agroforestry adoption rate in the study area was 52.3 %. Significant differences between the means of agroforestry adopters and non-adopters were observed. Adopters held more land size 0.66ha vs. 0.55ha, owned more livelihood assets (private land and livestock), and had significantly more fenced lands. The binary regression model established that livelihood assets, land size, land fencing, and gender were positively associated with agroforestry adoption in the study area. Conclusively, land-related factors emerged as more predictable determinants of agroforestry adoption than farmer-related factors. Notably, age and education, though important socioeconomic attributes, remained relatively the same between adopters and nonadopters, and were not statistically significant. The study recommends cross-cutting farmer and land-related policies, as well as other interventions to boost agroforestry adoption. It further suggests a follow-up study to quantify the actual cost and benefits associated with agroforestry adoption in the area.
The Effects of Integrated Soil Fertility Management and Cropping Systems onSoil Water Content on Sorghum and Cowpea Production in Central Highlands of Kenya
(Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 2024-09-07) Njeru, Peterson Newton; Mugwe, Jayne; Mucheru-Muna, Monicah; Kimani, Stephen
Background: Soil fertility degradation remains the major biophysical cause of declining per capita crop production on smallholder farmers in Central Kenya highlands. The study was carried out for 3 consecutive seasons in Embu County classified as semi-arid lands in Kenya. Objectives: To determine the effect of Soil Water Harvesting (SWH), cropping systems and Integrated Soil Fertility Management technologies on sorghum and cowpea production in Mbeere South Sub-County, Kenya. Methodology: The treatments were arranged in a factorial structure with 3 levels of SWH, 2 cropping systems and 6 soil fertility management options laid out in a partially balanced incomplete block design. The SWC was measured after 2 weeks after planting interval stages in the whole season. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significant means separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 95% Confidence Interval. Results: There was a two way interactions effect between SWH*Fertility management options on sorghum grain yields was significant (p=0.0027, p=0.0008 and p=0.0057) during long rains (LR) of 2011 and 2012, and short rains (SR) of 2011, respectively. Additionally, SWH methods significantly affected sorghum grain yields in a similar trend (p=0.002, p=0.0005 and p=0.0003) in their respective seasons. In SR 2011 and LR 2012, soil fertility options also produced significant effects (p=0.0047 and p=0.0024) on cowpea grain yields, respectively. The results further indicated that there were significant higher SWC measurements at initial stages of 2 WAP, 4 WAP and 6 WAP intervals as compared to the late stages of the season. However, sole cropping systems had significantly more SWC measurement than those in intercropping systems in both seasons. Implications: Manure added treatments positively affected SWC conservation and this could be as a result of increased soil organic carbon which improved soil fertility. The available SWC played a great role in drought effect mitigation by availing moisture to sorghum and cowpea productivity especially when prolonged dry spells coincide with crop’s sensitive phenological growing stages. Conclusions: Water harvesting methods cropping systems and soil fertility management options had positive influence on soil moisture conservation and crop yields production in Central Kenya Highland.
Closing the Crop Yield Gap between Organic and Conventional Farming Systems in Kenya: Long-term Trial Research Indicates Agronomic Viability
(Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2024-11-04) Bautze, David; Karanja, Edward; Musyoka, Martha; Rüegg , Johanna; Goldmann, Eva; Kibo, Milka; Kampermann, Ivonne; Cotter, Marc; Muriuki, Anne; Ndung’u, Samuel; Mucheru-Muna, Monicah
The production gap between current and attainable yields is highest on Africa's smallholder farms, and some studies indicate that they might not benefit from the yield gains offered by conventional farming. Simultaneously, alternative farming systems like organic provide biodiversity and soil fertility advantages, but their ability to produce sufficient food is still under debate. Additionally, comparative data on the productivity of organic versus conventional in tropical regions are scarce or short-term. We investigated the crop productivity of organic and conventional farming systems using 15 years in two long-term systems comparison trials in Kenya. The trials were established in 2007 at two sites in the Central Highlands of Kenya. At each site, conventional and organic systems were compared at high input levels. The trial involved a three-year crop rotation cycle of maize, vegetables, legumes, and potatoes, repeated five times since its establishment. Management practices were kept similar in the first four rotations and revised in the fifth to improve systems representing best practices. Our results showed that while maize and baby corn had relatively low yield gaps (−13 to +12 %) between organic and conventional systems, cabbage, French beans, and potato had high yield gaps (−50 to −30 %). We attributed this to nutrient limitations and higher pest and disease damage. The yield gap could partially be closed by adopting best practices in the organic system, including system diversification and effective soil fertility, nutrient, and integrated pest management.
Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Climate Change Perception of the Farmers in the Hiran Region of Somalia
(African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability, 2024-12-10) Odawa, Abdiwali Abdulle; Mucheru-Muna, Monicah; Mburu, Benson Kamau; Mutambu, Dominic; Omari, Erick Nyaboga
The accomplishment of sustainable development goals in Somalia remains severely hampered by changes in the climate, particularly when it comes to food security. It jeopardizes national food security by threatening agricultural productivity. Designing practical strategies and policies for agricultural development and food security requires an understanding of farmers’ perceptions and the factors that influence their perception of climate change. Therefore, this study was designed to, (i) Evaluate farmers' perceptions of climate change, and (ii) identify the socioeconomic factors that influence farmers' perceptions of climate change in the Hiran region of Somalia. The study encompassed 222 respondents from six villages within two districts in the Hiran region.Gender, family size, farm size, and ownership of communication devices, significantly influenced farmers' perception of climate change. Therefore, the study recommended that the federal government of Somalia, and local/international NGOs, should design and implement intervention strategies for climate change cognizance of these factors.
Modeling integrated soil fertility management for maize production in Kenya using a Bayesian calibration of the DayCent model
(European Geosciences Union, 2024-08-22) Laub, Moritz; Necpalova, Magdalena; Broek, Marijn Van de; Corbeel, Marc; Ndungu, Samuel Mathu; Mucheru-Muna, Monicah Wanjiku; Mugendi, Daniel; Yegon, Rebecca; Waswa, Wycliffe; Vanlauwe, Bernard; Six, Johan
Sustainable intensification schemes such as integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) are a proposed strategy to close yield gaps, increase soil fertility, and achieve food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Biogeochemical models such as DayCent can assess their potential at larger scales, but these models need to be calibrated to new environments and rigorously tested for accuracy. Here, we present a Bayesian calibration of DayCent, using data from four long-term field experiments in Kenya in a leave-one-site-out cross-validation approach. The experimental treatments consisted of the addition of low- to high-quality organic resources, with and without mineral nitrogen fertilizer. We assessed the potential of DayCent to accurately simulate the key elements of sustainable intensification, including (1) yield, (2) the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), and (3) the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of CO2 and N2O combined. Compared to the initial parameters, the cross-validation showed improved DayCent simulations of maize grain yield (with the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (EF) increasing from 0.36 to 0.50) and of SOC stock changes (with EF increasing from 0.36 to 0.55). The simulations of maize yield and those of SOC stock changes also improved by site (with site-specific EF ranging between 0.15 and 0.38 for maize yield and between −0.9 and 0.58 for SOC stock changes). The four cross-validation-derived posterior parameter distributions (leaving out one site each) were similar in all but one parameter. Together with the model performance for the different sites in cross-validation, this indicated the robustness of the DayCent model parameterization and its reliability for the conditions in Kenya. While DayCent poorly reproduced daily N2O emissions (with EF ranging between −0.44 and −0.03 by site), cumulative seasonal N2O emissions were simulated more accurately (EF ranging between 0.06 and 0.69 by site). The simulated yield-scaled GHG balance was highest in control treatments without N addition (between 0.8 and 1.8 kg CO2 equivalent per kg grain yield across sites) and was about 30 % to 40 % lower in the treatment that combined the application of mineral N and of manure at a rate of 1.2 t C ha−1 yr−1. In conclusion, our results indicate that DayCent is well suited for estimating the impact of ISFM on maize yield and SOC changes. They also indicate that the trade-off between maize yield and GHG balance is stronger in low-fertility sites and that preventing SOC losses, while difficult to achieve through the addition of external organic resources, is a priority for the sustainable intensification of maize production in Kenya.
Strategic Research in the Domain of Secondary Nutrients, Micronutrients, Liming and 4R Stewardship in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review
(Environmental Challenges, 2024-06) Otieno, E.O; Mucheru-Muna, M,W; Kifuko-Koech, M.N; Kamau, C.N; Ndung'u-Magiroi; Mogaka, H.; Mugwe, J.N
Low levels of secondary and micronutrients, and soil acidity strongly challenge the attainment of two critical pillars of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA); 1) secured food through increased productivity and (2) increased resilience to adapt to climate change. Despite this soil fertility trend, empirical and review studies on secondary and micronutrients, and soil acidity remain scanty few. This review is thus timely and imperative as it aims to; 1) piece together different strategic empirical research in the domain of secondary nutrients, micro nutrients, liming and 4R stewardship, and 2) give a snapshot of challenges in soil fertility research in sub-Saharan Africa. The review adopted multi-engine search including; Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. Key findings of the review are; i) response of yield to application of secondary and micro-nutrients denotes hidden hunger of these nutrients; ii) Combination of lime and fertilizers has a better effect on yield than sole applications; iii) scarce lime markets in areas with profound acidic soils, iv) developing lime supply chain in areas with no assisting supply chains is expensive, and v) lack of robust policy, legal framework and political goodwill on fertility input markets. We propose a responsive soil-specific balanced nutrition framework supported by robust policy and legal frameworks in fertilizer and lime markets to address soil acidity, macro, micro and secondary nutrients. Next generation soil fertility management researchers and other stakeholders, supported by high-end assessment technologies, should conduct more secondary and micro-nutrient-specific empirical studies that involve different forms and rates to validate the framework on different soil types
Shifting Focus from External to in Situ Organic Resources – The Redesign of Four Tropical Long-Term Experiments
(European Journal of Agronomy, 2024-04) Laub, Moritz; Corbeels, Marc; Ndungu, Samuel Mathu; Mucheru-Muna, Monicah Wanjiku; Mugenda, Daniel; Rebecca, Yegon; Waswa, Wyclife; Vanlauwe, Bernard; Six, Johan
Long-term experiments (LTEs) are critical for evaluating strategies that can maintain or increase crop yields, soil fertility and soil organic carbon (SOC), and help adapt to climate change. Yet, scientific knowledge is advancing and research questions are evolving. Therefore, it is important to review the objectives of LTEs over time. A change in their design may be necessary to keep the experimental treatments scientifically interesting, innovative, and relevant in the context of evolving agricultural challenges. Here, we describe the process of redesigning four LTEs in Kenya. These LTEs are unique in that they represent four different pedoclimatic conditions but with identical experimental treatments across sites. Initially, they focused on investigating how to maintain or increase SOC and maize yields over time by applying a combination of mineral nitrogen (N) and external organic resources. Specifically, the experimental treatments consisted of maize monoculture with different rates (1.2 and 4 t C ha− 1 yr− 1 ) and qualities of organic resources, either with or without mineral N fertilizer input. After about 20 years, it became clear that SOC was lost in most treatments. Therefore, continuing with the current experimental design was not an option. Taking advantage of the fact that the different former treatments led to different levels of soil degradation, we redesigned the LTEs to study the effectiveness of regenerative cropping strategies in rebuilding SOC and increasing crop yields starting from the different levels of soil degradation. The focus shifted from external to in situ organic inputs by increasing the root biomass of the cultivated crops. The newly established cropping system treatments are maize-legume rotation, maize-legume intercropping (double row configuration) and relay intercropping of maize with forage grass. A key finding from the previous phase of the experiments, namely, that external organic inputs with low C:N ratios are most efficient in building SOC, has been incorporated into the redesign. The relative contribution of external versus in situ organic resources is tested by splitting the cropping system treatments into those receiving either farmyard manure or green manure in the form of Tithonia diversifolia prunings and those receiving no external inputs. Splitplot treatments with and without mineral N were retained. The overall objective of studying mechanisms of tropical soil fertility maintenance and, more specifically, SOC formation, remained unchanged. However, the redesign aligned the LTEs with the current state of knowledge and pressing research questions, specifically focusing on the relative effectiveness of in-situ versus external organic inputs in SOC formation
Effects of Temperature Changes in Kamburu Dam Reservoir between 2000 – 2023
(Journal of environmental sciences and technology, 2025-07) Kioko, Nicholas David; Ndinda, Getrude Kitivi; Nthenya, Julian Athanus; Mwendwa, Philip K.
This study aimed to determine the effects of temperature changes in Kamburu dam reservoir between 2000 and 2023. Kamburu reservoir has been experiencing low volumes of water with high evaporation rates, hence affecting its hydropower output. This study primarily utilised temperature and Kamburu reservoir data, as well as field survey data collected through questionnaires. Primary data was collected using Questionnaires, checklists, and observation guides. Secondary data sources included Kengen and meteorological department annual reports. The study used simple stratified sampling. The four villages of the Kivaa sub-location were sampled into 20 households, making a total of 80 households; Kengen and meteorological stations sampled every 10 respondents to make a total of 100 respondents. Data from the questionnaires were coded and analysed using SPSS 29. The results of this research showed that the area experiences increasing temperatures of 0.044 every year. The research forecasted a decadal increase in temperature of 0.44 and a century increase of 4.4. The research also showed a decadal decrease in reservoir volume of 92.2M, translating to a century decrease of 922M. The research concluded that climate change has greatly affected the Kamburu reservoir volume and, subsequently, hydropower output in the Kamburu power plant. The research recommends putting rules and regulations for watershed management, greenhouse emission control, upgrading the Kamburu dam infrastructure to be climate-resilient and expanding the capacity of the dam.
Correlation between Location of Illegal Activities and Infrastructure (Roads, Ranger Posts and Fence) in the Aberdare Ranges
(African Journal of Emerging Issues, 2025-01) Nduguta, Redempta Njeri; Kung’u, James Biu; Kinyanjui, Mwangi
Purpose of the Study: To determine the correlation between the location of illegal activities and infrastructure (roads, ranger posts, and fences) in the Aberdare Ranges. Statement of the Problem: Forest loss in mountain ecosystems, driven by factors such as agriculture, forest fires, and commercialization of forest products, is rapidly increasing. The impact of infrastructure, specifically roads, ranger posts, and fences, on illegal activities in the Aberdare Ranges remains inadequately understood, despite the area’s ecological importance. Methodology: The study utilized routine ecological monitoring data collected by the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and Aberdare Joint Surveillance Unit (AJSU). KWS collected data during elephant surveys in 2017 and 2021, while AJSU continuously collected data on illegal activities from 2017 to 2021. A total of 955 records were collated from 2015 to 2021 to form a dataset for analysis. Data was analyzed using ArcMap 10.8 and R software to assess the relationship between infrastructure (roads, fences, guard posts) and illegal activities. Findings: The study found a significant correlation between the proximity of illegal activities and various types of infrastructure (road, fence, KFS station, and KWS park gates). Most illegal activities occurred closer to roads and fences compared to KWS and KFS stations. This proximity suggests that infrastructure may facilitate illegal activities in protected areas. Recommendations: The study recommends that infrastructure development in protected areas should consider diverse factors, including environmental, social, and economic implications in both the short and long term.
Transforming Kenya’s Addressing Landscape: Use Case Models Approach to a Responsive National Addressing System
(Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 2025-04) Kipkemoi, Isaac; Ngare, Innocent Osoro
The rapid urbanization and population growth in Kenya highlight the need to revive the National Addressing System (NAS). This study aims to examine address systems across the globe, focusing on countries known for their efficient addressing infrastructures, such as the USA, UK, Japan, Switzerland, and Germany, and compare them to the currently used system in Kenya. Additionally, we critique the format proposed by NAS and use this knowledge to build conceptual models of a responsive NAS. Beyond conducting a simple survey of best practices, our objective is to extract the underlying principles and intricacies that lead to the success of these models. Drawing on this extensive global knowledge, our research aims to propose a detailed conceptual framework specifically designed to address the unique attributes and challenges that characterize Kenya’s dynamic addressing landscape. By combining global insights with local needs, this paper advocates for a NAS that goes beyond traditional boundaries, aligning with international standards while promoting adaptability and resilience in response to the ever-changing urban fabric of Kenya.
Climate Change Awareness among Kenyatta University Undergraduates, Kenya
(AJEST, 2024-12) Umwigama,Belha; Koske,James
Climate change necessitates collective efforts to mitigate its effects. Public understanding of climate change is crucial for meaningful action. Youths play a vital role in climate action, but their knowledge of climate change remains limited. University students are a critical population that should be enlightened and empowered to drive the desired action. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of climate change awareness among Kenyatta University undergraduates. The study was conducted at Kenyatta University between November and December 2021. A quasi-experimental research design was employed, utilizing environmental courses as the treatment variable with four intensity levels, spanning from the first year to the fourth year. Purposive sampling was used to select three schools: the School of Environmental Studies (SES), the School of Business (SB), and the School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS). Stratified random sampling was then applied to select respondents from the four years of study (year 1-year 4). A sample size of 375 students (n=375) was obtained, comprising 177 females and 198 males across the three schools. The School of Environmental Studies formed the experimental group, while the School of Business and the School of Humanities and Social Sciences formed the control group. A questionnaire was administered to participants drawn from each year level within the three schools. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA with a significance level of 0.05. The study found that study discipline, year of study, gender, and geographical location are key determinants of climate change awareness among Kenyatta University undergraduates. Access to media plays a significant role in enhancing knowledge acquisition, thereby accelerating action. Similar research should be conducted in other institutions of higher learning to further explore the determinants of climate change awareness among university students
Mapping Vegetation Types and Land Use Dynamics in Kanyabaha Wetland from 1990 to 2021
(Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, 2024-07) Walakira, Paul; Gichuki, Cecilia; Muriuki, John; Kasoma, Pantaleon M. B.; Ndunda, Ezekiel
Wetlands are crucial ecosystems providing essential ecological services, yet they face increasing threats from human activities. This study focuses on Kanyabaha Wetland in Uganda, examining its vegetation dynamics over three decades (1990-2021) using Landsat satellite imagery. The research characterizes land use and cover types including papyrus, grasslands, farmlands, tree plantations, built-up areas, and woodlands. Remote sensing data was processed and classified using ArcMap software, validated through field verification, resulting in high overall accuracy (>75%) across all study years. The images were analyzed using a hybrid of unsupervised (ISO data) and supervised (Maximum Likelihood) classification techniques. Findings reveal significant shifts in vegetation cover, with papyrus dominating initially but declining over time due to expansion in farmlands and settlements. Grasslands also decreased, while areas under farming and built-up structures expanded. Transition matrices illustrate these changes, highlighting stable and shifting landscape dynamics. Statistical analyses indicate a decrease in papyrus cover from 51.5% in 1990 to 39.1% in 2021, while farmland and built-up areas increased from 3.0% to 31.6% and 3.2% to 5.1%, respectively. This study highlights the vulnerability of Kanyabaha Wetland to anthropogenic impacts, necessitating targeted conservation strategies to sustain its ecological integrity amid ongoing land use changes
Best Practices for Acceptability of GM Crops Field Trials Conclusions: Lessons for Africa: lessons for Africa
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2024-07) Chege, Paul; Njagi, Julia; Komen, John; Ngure, Godfrey; Muriuki, John; Karembu, Margaret
The ability to transfer information about the performance, safety, and environmental impacts of a genetically modified (GM) crop from confined field trials (CFTs) conducted in one location to another is increasingly gaining importance in biosafety regulatory assessment and decision- making. The CFT process can be expensive, time-consuming, and logistically challenging. Data transportability can help overcome these challenges by allowing the use of data obtained from CFTs conducted in one country to inform regulatory decision-making in another country. Applicability of transported CFT data would be particularly beneficial to the public sector product developers and small enterprises that develop innovative GM events but cannot afford to replicate redundant CFTs, as well as regulatory authorities seeking to improve the deployment of limited resources. This review investigates case studies where transported CFT data have successfully been applied in biosafety assessment and decision-making, with an outlook of how African countries could benefit from a similar approach.
Spatial Ramifications of Dodder Infestation on Urban Ornamentals in Mombasa, Kenya
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2020-08) Ngare, Innocent Osoro; Koske, James Kibii; Muriuki, John Njagi; Gathuku, George Njagi; Adiel, Ruth Kangai
Dodders are cosmopolitan generalist holoparasites that forage on a commu nity of plant species ranging from shrubs, trees and herbaceous. In this study, we employ mixed method research design that involved use of questionnaires and dodder host sampling matrix. Host identification and naming was car ried out by ecological Android PlantNet Plant App version 3.0.5. Respon dents sample size was determined by Krejcie and Morgan sampling formula. Results show that dodder was fast spreading through spatial retrospective sat ellite Landsat imagery analysis. Dodder was known by the majority of re spondents (97.1%) where the exploratory analysis score shows that respon dents’ constituency of residence influenced their understanding of dodder (F(5, 361) = 5.329, P = 0.000). The mode of parasitism between dodder & the hosts varied as some ornamental trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants were either affected moderately or extremely. The study recommends use of bio technological dodder control approaches through transgenic plants biotech nology and plant breeding to develop resistance towards dodder plant para sites.
Value-Addition in Biomass for enhanced Household Energy Security in Navakholo Sub-County, Kenya
(The Journal of Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, 2024-01-15) Waudo, Stacey; Waswa, Fuchaka
Although firewood is still the dominant source of energy in the majority of rural households in Navakholo, its sustainable availability is threatened by a steady decline in tree cover as much land gets converted to agricultural use. Opportunities for expanding energy security in such places reside in previously untapped potential for value addition on biomass energy sources. The broad objective of this research was to enhance availability and access to biomass energy while at the same time conserving tree cover for posterity. The specific objective was to assess opportunities for energy security through value-addition on available biomass energy sources. Data was collected using a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions in each of the five Wards of the Sub-County. Descriptive statistics and content analysis of responses were used to analyse the data and generate knowledge to inform future decision-making. Although Navakholo sub county is a maize and sugarcane zone, results showed that value-addition practices on these two biomass energy sources such as through briquetting are non-existent. Much of the maize cobs are directly used as low energy fuel or simply left to rot away. Cow dung, which has a potential for energy provision through conversion into energy balls is usually used as manure in the farm. In addition, investment in biogas production is untapped because of the high initial costs. Only rudimentary approaches such as use of saw dust in cook stoves, and extinguishing firewood and charcoal after the day’s cooking are used to ease the pressure on available firewood. Although charcoal is a value-added product on wood fuel, respondents did not see it from that perspective. It was instead viewed as an energy alternative for those who could afford it. Opportunities for other value-added products like briquettes from charcoal, dust, saw dust and sugarcane cutting singly or in blended form remains unexploited. With appropriate exposure and capacity building on binder material and supply of press equipment, availability of biomass energy can be increased through the conversion of readily available maize cobs into briquettes. Secondary feedstock like cow dung, charcoal dust and saw dust may also be converted or used as binder material.
Consumer Willingness to Pay for Energy Efficient Refrigerators in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2023) Wahome, Alvin Kabingu; Ndunda, Ezekiel; Kirubi, Gathu
In Kenya, consumer choices regarding home energy appliances, such as refrigerators, are crucial for enhancing energy efficiency and environmental conservation efforts. This study examined the influence of the Kenya Energy Star Rating Label on consumer preferences for refrigerators. Using stratified random sampling, 330 respondents from five constituencies in Nairobi County, Kenya, were surveyed. The research employed a combination of conditional and mixed logit models to analyse the data. The results revealed a significant positive correlation (P = .05) between the Kenyan Energy Star Rating label and consumer preference for energy-efficient refrigerators across all models. Consumers demonstrated a willingness to pay an average premium of 28,708.5 Kenyan shillings for refrigerators displaying the Kenyan Energy Star Rating label, indicating their recognition of the label's value. There was no significant relationship between consumer environmental concern and their willingness to pay for energy labelled refrigerators. These findings have notable policy implications, emphasizing the importance of educating Kenyan consumers about the environmental advantages of energy-efficient appliances. Specifically, the results underscore the effectiveness of the Kenyan Energy Star Rating Label in guiding consumer choices toward more sustainable appliance options.
Socioeconomic factors influencing the uptake of tissue culture banana technology in Kisii County, Kenya
(Enviromental Challenges, 2024) Omari, Erick Nyaboga; Mucheru-Muna, Monicah; Mburu, Benson Kamau
Many nations have worked hard over the years to provide food security for there entire country, albeit with various degrees of success. The intensification of agriculture has been significant in order to feed the growing population. The banana tissue culture technology is one of the technologies used to aid the process of agricultural intensification. Due to its long history of food production, including the cultivation of bananas, the Kisii region is a significant contributor to Kenya’s food security. However, because of issues brought on by social and economic considerations, the region’s food output has been declining. Despite efforts to distribute this technology to small scale farmers, majority of research studies in Kisii County show poor rates of technology adoption. The objective of this study was to examine the socioeconomic factors affecting implementing tissue culture bananas in Kisii County. The research used a descriptive study design. Two hundred respondents were chosen at random from the sample to participate in the study. Survey forms, interview schedules, and observation checklists were used for data collection. The means between adoption categories were declared at p < 0.05 in t-tests between tissue culture banana adoption and numerical factors. Chi-square tests were performed between adoption and cate gorical factors, and p < 0.05 was used to determine whether there were significant connections between the variables. The study adopted a logistic regression model with maximum likelihood estimation to calculate the likelihood that farmers will adopt tissue culture bananas as impacted by various socioeconomic factors. Results showed that the availability of extension services (p = 0.000), cost of seedlings (p = 0.000, x2 =79.1), ability to purchase land (p = 0.006, x2 =16.3), access to financing (p = 0.007, x2 =7.468), education level (p = 0.015), ability to afford seedlings (p = 0.000, x2 =17.6), labour availability (p = 0.005, x2 =10.735), availability of farm inputs (p = 0.000, x2 =35.9) and the size of household (p = 0.05, Std=1.8) were significant to tissue culture banana adoption. Socio-economic factors ought to be taken into account in order to assist a number of stake holders in boosting banana output and enhancing food security
Spatial Patterns of Solar Photovoltaic System Diffusion Kisumu County, Kenya
(IPRJB, 2023-10) Mwangia, Joyce; Obade, Paul
Purpose:This research aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 7, contributing to the progress outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the commitments of the Paris Climate Agreement. Specifically, thisstudy focuses on the spatial analysis of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, offering valuable insights for academic exploration and informing public policy decisions related to the widespread adoption of this increasingly vital renewable energy technology. Theoutcomes of this project transcend academic significance, extending to practical applications for energy practitioners, policymakers, academics, and future researchers. The meticulous tracking of solar PV system spatial patterns in Kisumu County yields data that not only benefits its residents but also serves as a valuable resource for the entire nation. This information will be instrumental for current energy practitioners, policymakers, academicians, and prospective researchers seeking to advance the collective knowledge in this field.Methodology:The study adopted a Quasi-Experimental research design to explore various social phenomena, aiming to identify key facts. Utilizing statistical evidence, we conducted numerical comparisons and statistical inferences to validate or refute the research questions. Locational information on households utilizing small home systems was extracted from a secondary Solar Database. This data underwent georeferencing, enhancing our comprehension of the actual geographical distribution of households and facilitating the achievement of our research objectives. Inthe process of data analysis, we employed inferential statistics, specifically regression analysis, conducted using ArcGIS PRO powered by ESRI. The utilization of ArcGIS Pro extended to the creation of an empirical model. This model was designed to probe into the factors influencing the observed spatial diffusion patterns, providing a robust analytical framework for our investigation.Findings:In the initial objective, cluster and outlier analysis unveiled a distinct low-high cluster pattern for solar home systems (SHS). The optimized hotspot analysis consistently identified SHShotspots and cold spots within the region, particularly aligning with urban areas, notably Kisumu. The second objective exposed factors influencing diffusion, revealing negative correlations with population density, household density, and poverty rate, indicating diminished adoption in densely populated and impoverished areas. Conversely, positive correlations with income, education, and electrification rates signaled heightened adoption in wealthier, educated communities. Despite consistent diffusion trends, an empirical model underscored the substantial impact of income and electricity on SHS diffusion. The third objective disclosed that between 2016-2021, SHS diffusion contributed to the mitigation of 268,581.6 metric tons of carbon emissions.Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy:This research makes a distinctive contribution to theory by delving into the impact of solar home systems (SHS) in Kenya, particularly within the context of the country's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The theoretical foundation lies in addressing the existing gap in understanding the spatial distribution and diffusion patterns of SHS and their role in GHG reduction, aligning with Kenya's focus on renewable energy adoption
Social Economic Challenges of Adaptation to Climate Change in Masinga Sub-County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-09) Bosire, Douglas; Kamau, Benso; Muriuki, John
Climate in Masinga sub-county has been changing at a momentum which is unprecedented in the recent human history. This area consists mainly smallscale farmers who depend on rain to carry out their farming activities. Coping strategies to the changing climate in the area has faced various challenges ranging from high poverty, low levels of education, age, gender among others. This study investigated how social-economic challenges affecting adaptation strategies on climate change among the households living in Masinga subcounty, in Kenya. The main objectives of the study included; 1) To examine the adaptation strategies employed by households in Masinga sub-county 2) To determine the main factors that affect household in adaptation to climate change in Masinga sub-county 3) To investigate the environmental implications of adaptation to climate change in Masinga sub-county. Essentially, variables such as education levels, age, gender, were assessed. In order to gain an understanding on adaptation strategies used by households in Masinga subcounty, the study was conducted in all six divisions. Various methods of sampling were used in the survey which included stratified random sampling based on the number of households proportionately in the six divisions. In essence, 384 household heads were sampled through stratified random sampling. The study employed specific data collection tools in order acquire data from the six divisions; structured questionnaires, interviews schedules, Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and direct observation were used. Qualitative data was collected through; interviews, Desk research, Focus Group Discussions comprising six to eight sampled through stratified random sampling and purposive sampling. The households coping strategies, influence of adaptation strategy to climate change and environmental implications of household adaptation was analyzed through both qualitative and quantitative interpretation. Data from survey was organized and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results were subjected to statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to determine their reliability. When applying descriptive statistics, the results were presented in tables, bar graphs, and charts. In this study Chi-squire was used because it was easier to compare the results from a two dimensional perspective. These results after analysis by chi-square test, the p-value was found to be .001, thus, smaller than the significance level (α = .05). Using Chi-square tests, this study established that there is strong evidence of an association between the education level and the implementation of green-house farming (Χ2 (3) = 1.064, p = 0.001). Further analysis by chi-square test indicated that the p-value was found to be .008, thus, less than the significance level (α = .05). This study established that early warning as a strategy to adaptation to climate change was not common amongst households in the area. Further research is suggested on impact of charcoal burning on climate change adaptation and cost implications in semi- arid areas. The study findings will enable the government and other relevant stakeholders to ensure that early warning system information is able to reach the local residents at all times.

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