RP-Department of Physical and Health Education

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Impact of Financial Pressures on Procurement Fraud of Public National Referral Hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya
(IJRISS, 2024-10) Omata, Victor Ochieng; Gathoni, Benson; Musumba, George
Although public procurement is expected to play a central role in ensuring that hospitals deliver effective and efficient services, this objective has not always been met due to marauding fraudulent practices in the acquisition of medical supplies. The government of Kenya has since adopted a myriad of regulatory and legislative measures to counter public procurement fraud in the health sector, but the problem still persists. Only limited studies have attempted to examine the role of financial pressures in catalyzing procurement fraud among National Referral Hospitals (NRHs) in Kenya. Based on the Fraud Diamond Theory (FDT), this study assessed the effect of perceived financial pressure on procurement fraud in public NRHs. The specific objective of the study was to examine the impact of perceived financial pressures (personal financial strain, job security concerns, financial incentives for fraud, external financial pressures, and perceived unfair compensation) on procurement fraud of public NRHs. A quantitative approach and a cross-sectional descriptive survey design were employed. The sample size was made up of 101 procurement and supply chain management personnel drawn randomly across three public NRHs in Nairobi County, Kenya. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 29.0.2. The findings of the correlation and linear regression analysis reveal that perceived financial pressure significantly influences procurement fraud in public NRHs. Specifically, perceived financial pressure explains 26.6% (R² = .266) of the variance in procurement fraud. The study concludes that procurement and supply chain management officers under financial strain, whether due to personal or professional reasons, are more likely to engage in fraudulent activities as a means of alleviating their financial burdens. The study argues that there is a need for public NRHs to address the financial well-being of their procurement staff to mitigate the risk of fraud. Future research could explore other potential drivers of procurement fraud in different public sector contexts to further generalize these findings.
Low Back Pain and the Severity amongst Bank Personnel within Nairobi City County
(International Journal of Physiology, Health and Physical Education, 2023-12) Mutua, Mary M; Waiganjo, Luka; Boit, Edwin
Pain occurring in the lumber part of the back is one of the major world health concerns. It is one of the causes of activity limitation thus leading to low productivity among various organizations. Depending on the nature of work or rather work environment, some individuals are at serious risk of developing LBP as compared to others. Exposure to physical inactivity which contributes to sedentariness can predispose individual to low back pain. Occupations requiring prolonged sitting and computer use, like banking, increase the risk of LBP. This is as a result of long working hours which exposes them to awkward postures such as stooping positions. This study therefore adopted a cross-sectional survey design that sought to investigate the impact of sedentary lifestyle, work-related and socio-demographics on pain occurring in the lumber region of the back among bank workers in Nairobi County, Kenya. The research worked towards establishing the prevalence and severity of LBP among bank employees within Nairobi County, Kenya. All bank employees with an experience of working in the banking sector within Nairobi County for a period of over twelve months stood a chance to be part of the study. An amount to 211 bank employees were selected and took part in the study. LBP intensity was assessed using the Pain Intensity Numeric Scale, its prevalence was gauged with the modified Nordic, and the Oswestry Disability Index Questionnaire evaluated the disability level caused by LBP.
Rivers of Resilience: Assessing Hydrological Baseline Data for Nature-Based Conservation in the Yala River Watershed
(OALIB, 2024-02) Wanjala, Wamalwa Stella Namusia; Olutende, Oloo Micky; Rose, Wamalwa; Obam, Joab; Omuterema, Oluchiri Stanley; Steve, Ogallo
The Yala River Watershed, like many other catchment areas worldwide, faces a multitude of environmental challenges that threaten its ecological integrity and the sustainability of the communities it supports. The “Yala River Watershed Catchment Protection Project” aims to implement nature-based conservation measures to preserve the ecological integrity of the Yala River watershed. This research publication presents the methodology and results of a hydrological and water quality assessment carried out at six monitoring points strategically located at sub-catchment confluences within the watershed. The data collected from these monitoring points provide valuable insights into the current state of the hydrological regime and water quality parameters in the region. To establish the baseline hydrological conditions, discharge measurements were conducted using an Acoustic Doppler Current Velocimeter (ADV) at each monitoring point. The results revealed substantial variations in discharge rates across the points. The Cheplelachbei monitoring point showed a discharge of 0.5687 cubic meters per second, Kesses recorded 0.864 cubic meters per second, Kiutany had 0.297 cubic meters per second, Kipgorgot exhibited 1.240 cubic meters per second, Yala at Tindinyo had 18.750 cubic meters per second, and Chepkumia displayed 0.4361 cubic meters per second. Water quality analysis was also conducted at these monitoring points, including pH levels, turbidity, and nitrate concentrations. Cheplelachbei and Kiutany rivers showed acceptable pH levels, falling within the range of 5.5 - 9.5, indicating a relatively balanced aquatic environment. However, Cheplelachbei exhibited elevated turbidity levels at 40.5 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (N.T.U), surpassing the standard maximum limit of 25 N.T.U, while Kiutany displayed turbidity of 100 N.T.U. Kiutany’s nitrate concentration of 10 mg NO3 − L−1 was well below the standard maximum limit of 45 mgNO3 - L−1 , implying a positive sign for human health and aquatic life. In conclusion, the findings indicated alarming levels of sedimentation, increased soil erosion, and declining water quality, attributing these issues to human activities. Based on the results, one recommendation is to implement targeted afforestation and reforestation programs in erosion-prone areas to minimize soil erosion and sedimentation. Such measures can effectively reduce the sediment load entering water bodies, thereby improving water quality and supporting biodiversity. The findings from this study serve as a crucial baseline for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed nature-based conservation measures. By establishing the current hydrological and water quality conditions, this research provides essential data to assess the impact of future conservation efforts on the Yala River watershed. The results will aid in the formulation of targeted conservation strategies, ensuring the sustainable management of water resources and the protection of aquatic ecosystems in the region. As the “Yala Water Fund” project progresses, these research-based findings will play a pivotal role in guiding evidencebased decisions for the preservation of this vital watershed.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of COVID-19: A Case Study of Navakholo Sub-County, Kakamega, Kenya
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2024-02) Wanzala, Maximilla; Omukunda, Elizabeth; Wanjala, Stella; Oloo, Micky Olutende
A viral illness called COVID-19 can be spread from one person to another. 2019 saw the first case of the virus reported in Wuhan, China, while 2020 saw Kenya record the first COVID-19 infection in Sub-Saharan Africa. To stop the virus from spreading, it is crucial to have the proper information, attitudes, and behaviors. There has been increased research on the impact COVID-19 had on the normal lives of people, however, studies of this effect on rural communities are scarce. Hence, the study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice, among residents of Navakholo sub-county, Kakamega, Kenya towards COVID-19. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study and Quantitative methods were adopted. The study was carried out in Kakamega County in Kenya. The respondents were community-dwelling household members 18 years and above (n = 278). Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, chi-square test of independence, and independent t-test which was used to check differences in knowledge and attitude between groups. Findings were considered significant at p < 0.05. The main outcome measures included knowledge, attitudes, and practices. From the analysis, 47% had a high level of knowledge of COVID-19. Almost three-quarters 74.2% reported that COVID-19 is transmitted through droplets from sneezing or coughing followed by through air 70.2%. Regarding who is at risk of contracting COVID-19, the elderly were reported by the majority to be at risk from COVID-19 94.4% followed by those with other underlying conditions 59.5%. The overall attitude was positive (65.6%). The majority of the respondents 82.5% were willing to do a voluntary COVID-19 test and 94.8% reported that COVID-19 is preventable with 65% reporting that it can be treated at home. Over three quarters 79.5% reported that they have confidence that we can win the battle against the COVID-19 virus. With regards to practices, the majority of the respondents 89% reported that it is crucial to report a suspected case to health authorities, go for testing if they have fever and dry cough (79%), worn a mask when leaving home in recent days (99%) and avoided going to any crowded place including religious events in recent days (80%). An Independent t-test was conducted to establish whether mean age varied significantly by level of knowledge on COVID-19. Results indicated that there was a significant difference in mean age by level of knowledge on COVID-19 (F = 13.19, p < 0.001). A significant relationship was observed between religion, education level, marital status, employment status, and level of knowledge of COVID-19. Results indicated that there was no significant relationship between demographic characteristics and attitude toward COVID-19 (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, the overall computation revealed that generally majority of the respondents had high knowledge of COVID-19. The majority of the respondents showed positive attitudes and had good practices. The study recommends that the government should collaborate with telecom operators to disseminate COVID-19 messages promptly to their subscribers. Social media companies should enhance their fact-checking operations while search engines should limit information about COVID-19 from unverified websites.
Influence of Taekwondo Training as a Martial Art Sport on Enhancing Mental Wellness of Security Officers in Kenya
(CARI Journals, 2024-03) Gathoni, Benson; Munayi, Simon; Kimatai, Rotich Jonathan
Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate whether or not training in taekwondo as a martial art sport has a positive impact on the mental health of Kenyan security officers. Methodology: The study used a desk top approach where literature was sought from different sources. The research was carried out with consideration given to previous theoretical literature, both published and unpublished. Findings: Problems with mental wellness is a serious societal and work related issue that has numerous ramifications, including far-reaching social and economic impact in Kenyan security officers. However, a significant number of security officers do not seek help when they are experiencing issues with their mental wellness. Research in this area is scant, but there are suggestions that training in Taekwondo as martial arts sport may be an effective sports-based intervention for mental wellness, and that it may provide an affordable alternative to psychological therapy to security officers both public and private. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Uncertainty regarding the validity and trustworthiness of previous research is unfortunately caused by the limited number of studies that are relevant to the topic at hand, in addition to other methodological issues.
Enhance Kenya University Undergraduate Employability through Team Sports Participation: University Students Athletes
(CARI Journals, 2024-03) Gathoni, Benson; Wanjira, Janet; Mucheke, Charles
Purpose: Employability is a major issue worldwide, and Kenya is increasingly looking to universities to develop employable undergraduate students. A low undergraduate unemployment rate is considered as a sign of a thriving economy, while a high unemployment rate is seen as a waste of national resources. The aim of this study was to examine how undergraduate participating in team sports in Kenya university can enhance employ ability Methodology: The study used a desktop approach where literature was sought from different sources. The research was carried out with consideration given to previous theoretical literature, both published and unpublished. Findings: Most employers look for specific skills and attributes in job prospects in addition to academic requirements. These attributes, known as employability skills, aren't job-specific, yet they can boost undergraduate student athletes’ employability since they increase productivity and value at work also have an impact on ability to grow career wise. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Team sports has the potential to provide marginalized and underprivileged undergraduate athletes with adequate abilities, skills, and pathways to job or social enterprise-based possibilities. Participation in team sports can bring young people together in the pursuit of universal peace and a desire to improve themselves. Hence, university management should have good organization, facilitation, and oversight should be provided by university sports management.
The Role of Community Awareness in River/Wetland Conservation: A Case of Upper Yala River Watershed
(SCIRP, 2024-02) Wanjala, Wamalwa Stella Namusia; Olutende, Oloo Micky; Joab, Obam; Omuterema, Oluchiri Stanley; Steve, Ogallo; Rose, Wamalwa
Introduction: Nandi County, situated in the North Rift region of Kenya, encompasses a vast and ecologically diverse landscape. The county’s river/wetland systems play a crucial role in supporting local livelihoods, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. However, rapid socio-economic changes, coupled with environmental pressures, have raised concerns about the sustainability of these water systems and the communities they support. Despite the significance of the river/wetland systems, there is limited understanding of the community’s awareness, interaction, and land usage practices in relation to these water bodies. This knowledge gap hinders the formulation of effective conservation and management strategies tailored to the local context. Objective: This study aimed to assess the sociodemographic characteristics of the Nandi County residents, their level of community awareness, land usage practices, and interaction with the river/wetland. Research Design and Methodology: The study employed a descriptive cross sectional study design. Utilizing a multi-stage sampling technique, the upper Yala catchment was stratified based on ecological and topographical characteristics. From these strata, sub-catchments were randomly selected, followed by systematic random sampling of households within each sub-catchment. A total of 400 households were surveyed. Data collection involved both quantitative and qualitative methods, with the latter encompassing Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 27, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis using NVIVO-10 software. Results: The population exhibited a balanced age distribution with 54.6% aged 44 years and below. Males constituted 55.0% of household heads. A significant 70.9% of household heads were married, and 29.4% had completed secondary education. Farming was the primary occupation for 74.6% of households. In terms of community awareness, notably, 97.0% of respondents correctly identified the river/wetland as natural. Qualitative findings highlighted varying levels of understanding regarding the seasonality of the water resource, with some households demonstrating accurate knowledge, while others held misconceptions (KIIs: Department of Agriculture Nandi, Water Resource Association). On land Usage and Ownership, a majority, 86.3%, owned their land, with 93.0% using it primarily for agriculture. Qualitative insights revealed diverse land tenure arrangements and the significance of farming in the region (KIIs: Department of Agriculture Nandi, Water Resource Association). With regards to interaction with River/Wetland, 64.2% reported their land stretching into the wetland area, with flooding identified as the primary hazard by 62.4% of respondents. Qualitative data emphasized the challenges faced by households in their interaction with the river/wetland, including waterborne diseases and encounters with wildlife (KIIs: Green Belt Movement, Kenya Forest Service). Conclusion: The river/wetland systems in Nandi County are integral to the community’s socio-economic and cultural fabric. While there is a commendable level of awareness and interaction with these systems, challenges such as flooding and land usage conflicts underscore the need for integrated management approaches. Recommendation: Policymakers and stakeholders must prioritize community-based conservation initiatives, taking into account the local socio-demographic dynamics. Collaborative efforts, encompassing local communities, government agencies, and NGOs, can foster sustainable land usage practices and enhance the resilience of the river/wetland systems in Nandi County. Subject Areas Environmental Sciences
Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants as A Sustainable Health Model
(CBU, 2023-12) Mwangi, Nicholas; mundia, Francis; Muasya, Vincent
Health benefits of being physically active are well documented and accepted as a remedy for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Yet many people are reluctant to make lifestyle adjustments to adopt available fitness programs sustainably. The study assessed Physical Activity Status (PAS) among young adults in Nairobi County who participate in Gym Based Group Fitness Programs (GBGFPs) and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Programs (OBGFPs) to a sustainable health model guided by the 3rd SDG. The objective was to assess PAS between GBGFP and OBGFP participants and across socio-demographic characteristics. The study used a cross-sectional analytical survey research design and a GPAQ questionnaire. Tools used were; descriptive statistics, Cross tabulations, independent T-test and chi-square. The findings were gender distribution was 37.6% male and 62.4% female with 45.6% outdoor and 54.4% gym participants. PAS (Activity at work t(240)=-7.562,p<.000, Travel/cycle t(313)=-6.176,p<.000 and Recreational activity t(295)=-6.273,p<.000 showed a significant difference where outdoor had more participants than gym. However, Sedentary behavior t(338)=-109,p<.913 had more gym participants and showed no significant difference. There was a significant relationship between the mode of training and the social-demographic status age and marital status unlike gender. The conclusion of this study informed and advocated for more efficacious sustainable fitness programs and brought more knowledge to the different social classes on the need to indulge and sustain fitness for good health. They findings greatly assist design more appropriate programs in the world of fitness harnessing the benefits of outdoor and gym based programs.
Sociocultural Dimensions of Children’s Physical Activity in Contemporary Pastoralist Maasai Society
(mdip, 2021-08) Tian, Xiaojie; Kidokoro, Tetsuhiro; Mwangi, Francis Mundia
Children’s physical activity (CPA) in low- and middle-income regions has received increasing attention, but research is still very limited. This study explores the CPA in contemporary pastoralist Maasai society in rural Kenya by considering its sociocultural dimensions. The physical activity of 25 children (15 girls and 10 boys) was documented with mixed methods, including an epidemiological assessment of the CPA and semi-structured interviews with the targeted children regarding their daily activities. These methods were integrated with the ethnographic data on children’s socialization in the same area. Results showed a very high level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of these children with significant gender differences especially outside school. Children reported their continued social participation in local gender–age labor divisions outside of school. As their activities outside school strongly contributed to their empirical learning of local knowledge and skills, a high MVPA plays an active role in enhancing the children’s ability to access and manage livestock and different natural resources. Findings from this study first show that the CPA is not merely physical, but also has significant sociocultural meanings in the process of in situ learning of local wisdom. We call more attention to children’s social roles in future investigations of CPA among less examined populations.
Association between Dietary Behaviours and Weight Status of School Children: Results from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) -Kenya
(Informa UK Limited, 2021) Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Muthuri, Stella; Ochola, Sophie; Onywera, Vincent; Tremblay, Mark
ABSTRACTBackground: Sub-Saharan African countries are undergoing rapid urbanization resulting in vast changes in dietary habits. Dietary practices involving excess energy intake have been associated with overweight/obesity. We assessed the dietary behaviour of children and their relationships with weight status.Methods: Data was collected in Kenya, as part of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). The study recruited 563 children aged 9–11 years from 29 schools in Nairobi. A seven-day food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Dietary behaviours such as consumption of breakfast, school lunch, meals prepared/eaten away from home, emotional eating and snacking while watching television were also assessed. Body mass index (BMI-for-age and sex) was used as the indicator of weight status.Results: Of the sample, 53.5% were girls; 20.8% were classified as overweight/ obese; 72.9% ate meals out of home regularly; 55.2% ate lunch provided by the school; and only 76% had breakfast on all weekdays. Eating more when happy, eating fried foods while watching television, and consumption of vegetables were positively associated with BMI. Majority of overweight children were female (56.6%) and the type of school attended predicted BMI, F(6, 536) = 18.371, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.171. BMI was negatively associated with consumption of cakes/pastries (χ2 = 14.7, V = 0.165, p = 0.023), potato crisps (χ2 = 21.6, V = 0.197, p = 0.003), and fast foods (χ2 = 13.5, p = 0.036). ANOVA results revealed no significant differences in the consumption of foods with BMI except for vegetables (p = 0.003).Conclusions: Children have healthy diets rich in fruits and vegetables and low in energy-dense foods. Also, less healthy diets were observed in children with lower BMI. There is need for interventions targeting the overweight/obese children, particularly those of higher SES
Editorial: Addressing the Impact of Urbanization on Health and Well-Being in African and Asian Cities
(Frontiers in Public Health, 2023-06) Oyeyemi, Adewale L.; Mabry, Ruth; Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Gomes, Alexandra; De Siqueira, Gustavo
Knowledge of Non-Communicable Diseases Among Adolescents in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
(ahs, 2023) Kiplagat, Sharon Jemutai; Steyl, Tania; Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Phillips, Joliana
Introduction: Exposure to risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) begins early especially during adolescence while morbidity and mortality occurs mainly in adulthood. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge of major NCDs (cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes) and risk factors among adolescents in a semi-urban setting. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used to collect data. The study targeted students attending mixed secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County in Kenya. An adapted knowledge assessment questionnaire relating to chronic diseases of lifestyle was used for data collection. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25. Results: A total of 1,281 students participated in the study. The results revealed that most of the participants (62.1%) had low levels of knowledge about NCD risk factors. Very few students in the present study recognized the role of family history and genetic predisposition as potential risk factors of hypertension (18%) and diabetes (24.7%) as well as the normal blood pressure (35.9%) and blood glucose levels (20.5%). Although most of the students identified alcohol and smoking as risk factors for cancer, half (51.6%) of them did not have the knowledge that regular physical activity reduces the risk of getting cancer. Conclusion: Many of the adolescents in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya had low level of knowledge regarding NCDs and their risk factors. The findings of this study highlight the need for a school-based intervention programme to raise awareness of non-communicable disease risk factors among adolescents.
Prevalence and Correlates of Compliance with 24-H Movement Guidelines among Children from Urban and Rural Kenya—the Kenya-LINX Project
(plos one, 2022) Swindell, Nils; Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Okoth, Victor; Kagunda, Stanley; Owino, George; Ochola, Sophie; Brophy, Sinead; Summers, Huw; Richards, Amie; Fairclough, Stuart J.; Onywera, Vincent; Stratton, Gareth
Background Like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya has experienced rapid urbanization in recent years. Despite the distinct socioeconomic and environmental differences, few studies have examined the adherence to movement guidelines in urban and rural areas. This crosssectional study aimed at examining compliance to the 24-hour movement guidelines and their correlates among children from urban and rural Kenya. Method Children (n = 539) aged 11.1 ± 0.8 years (52% female) were recruited from 8 urban and 8 rural private and public schools in Kenya. Physical activity (PA) and sleep duration were estimated using 24-h raw data from wrist-worn accelerometers. Screen time (ST) and potential correlates were self- reported. Multi-level logistic regression was applied to identify correlates of adherence to combined and individual movement guidelines. Results Compliance with the combined movement guidelines was low overall (7%), and higher among rural (10%) than urban (5%) children. Seventy-six percent of rural children met the individual PA guidelines compared to 60% urban children while more rural children also met sleep guidelines (27% vs 14%). The odds of meeting the combined movement guidelines reduced with age (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35–0.87, p = 0.01), was greater among those who could swim (OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.09–9.83, p = 0.04), and among those who did not engage in ST before school (OR = 4.40, 95% CI = 1.81–10.68, p<0.01). The odds of meeting PA guidelines increased with the number of weekly physical education sessions provided at school (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.36–3.21, p<0.01) and was greater among children who spent their lunch break walking (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.15–5.55, p = 0.02) or running relative to those who spent it sitting (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.27–4.27, p = 0.01). Conclusions Prevalence of meeting movement guidelines among Kenyan children is low and of greatest concern in urban areas. Several correlates were identified, particularly influential were features of the school day, School is thus a significant setting to promote a healthy balance between sleep, sedentary time, and PA.
Association between Dietary Behaviours And Weight Status of School Children: Results from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) -Kenya
(Informa UK Limited, 2021) Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Muthuri, Stella; Ochola, Sophie; Onywera, Vincent; Tremblay, Mark
Background: Sub-Saharan African countries are undergoing rapid urbanization resulting in vast changes in dietary habits. Dietary practices involving excess energy intake have been associated with overweight/obesity. We assessed the dietary behaviour of children and their relationships with weight status. Methods: Data was collected in Kenya, as part of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). The study recruited 563 children aged 9–11 years from 29 schools in Nairobi. A seven-day food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Dietary behaviours such as consumption of breakfast, school lunch, meals prepared/eaten away from home, emotional eating and snacking while watching television were also assessed. Body mass index (BMI-for-age and sex) was used as the indicator of weight status. Results: Of the sample, 53.5% were girls; 20.8% were classified as overweight/ obese; 72.9% ate meals out of home regularly; 55.2% ate lunch provided by the school; and only 76% had breakfast on all weekdays. Eating more when happy, eating fried foods while watching television, and consumption of vegetables were positively associated with BMI. Majority of overweight children were female (56.6%) and the type of school attended predicted BMI, F(6, 536) = 18.371, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.171. BMI was negatively associated with consumption of cakes/pastries (χ2 = 14.7, V = 0.165, p = 0.023), potato crisps (χ2 = 21.6, V = 0.197, p = 0.003), and fast foods (χ2 = 13.5, p = 0.036). ANOVA results revealed no significant differences in the consumption of foods with BMI except for vegetables (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Children have healthy diets rich in fruits and vegetables and low in energy-dense foods. Also, less healthy diets were observed in children with lower BMI. There is need for interventions targeting the overweight/obese children, particularly those of higher SES.
Outdoor Adventure Practice in Kenya: Injuries, Illnesses, Non- Medical Concerns, and Evacuation Profiles on Mt. Kenya
(Purdue University, 2021-01) Wachira, Lucy Joy; Muthomi, Helen Nkatha; Ooko, Willy Shikuku
Background: Outdooradventureisinevitablylinkedtorisksthatleadtoinjuries,psychologicaldistress,illnesses,andevenfatalities. Gathering detailedinformationonsuchoccurrencesandtheircontributingfactorsisavaluablecomponentofriskmanagementinoutdoor programs. Thisstudyinvestigatedtheoccurrenceofinjuries,illnesses,evacuationprofiles,non-medicalconcerns,andnear-misseventsin outdoor adventurepracticeinKenya. Methods: Amixed-methodsapproachinvolvingquantitativeandqualitativemethodswasusedtocollectdatafrom136outdoor adventure practitionersinKenya.Questionnaires,keyinformantinterviews,focusgroupdiscussions,anddeskreviewswereemployedto collect data. Results: Themajorityofinjuriesandillnessesoccurduringmountaineering(39%)andhikingandnavigation(25.7%)events.Themost reported incidentsweremountainsickness(25%)andmusculoskeletalinjuriesconsistingoffractures(30%),cutsandwounds(14.7%), blisters (12.5%),sprainsanddislocations(12.5%),andmusclestrainsandpulls(8.8%).Outofthe128reportedevacuationincidenceson Mt. Kenya,95wereduetomountainsicknessand10duetofalls.Combinedageandsexoftheclimbersandthelocation/altitudeonthe mountain arepredictorsoftheoccurrenceandthetypeofinjury/illnessonthemountain(x2 (10, n 5128) 5 63.32, P , 0.001). However, only altitudesignificantlycontributestothemodel(P , 0.001). Reportednear-missincidencesincludedflashfloods,aggressive encounter withwildlife,gettinglostforextendedperiod,nearfallsandslips,androlling-rockfalls.Non-medicalconcernsreported included extremeanxiety,intoxicationfromdrugandalcoholuse,confrontationandfights,anddisorientation. Conclusions: Thereisevidentincidenceofinjuriesandillnessesofvaryingseverity,withage,sex,andaltitudereachedbeingkey predicting factors.Mitigatingeffortsandpreventivemeasuresshouldbeemployedaswellasriskassessmentandmanagementtopromote safety. ThefindingsarevitaltoadvisepolicyandpracticeandenhanceawarenessamongpractitionersandinterestedpartiesinKenyaand also inotherdestinationswithsimilarconditions,terrains,andchallenges.
Effect of an Exercise Regimen on Blood Pressure in Grade 1 Hypertensive Adults
(International Peer Reviewed Journal and Book Publishers, 2020) Boit, Edwin Kiptolo; Theuri, Gitahi; Ogweno, Gordon
Purpose: The primary aim of the study was to assess the change in resting Blood Pressure (BP) following a 6 week exercise regimen in grade 1 hypertensive adults. The Secondary aim of the study was to assess the change in Resting Heart Rate (RHR) after a 6 week exercise regimen in grade I hypertensive adults. Methodology: This study employed an experimental research design because specific conditions were controlled and its effects observed. In this case, exercise was controlled by the researcher and the influences on resting BP and Resting Heart Rate (RHR) observed. A sample of 15 adults was used in this study. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 (IBM Limited, UK, 2017) and Microsoft Excel 2013 for Windows. The significance level was set at p<0.05. Data was tested for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test while the Levenes test was used to test for data normality. Data was determined to be parametric. A paired t-test was used to compare mean differences from baseline, mid-point and post-test within the group Results: There was no significant difference observed at baseline for mean Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) within the Exercise Group (EX) group (p>0.05). The EX group had a mean SBP and DBP of 142.3 ± 7.4 mmHg and 90.9 ± 3.9 mmHg at baseline. Following an exercise regimen conducted for 45 minutes 5 times a week the SBP and DBP reduced by -2.1 ± 4.2 mmHg and -1.1 ± 4.8 mmHg respectively after 3 weeks and reduced further by -4.6 ± 3.1 mmHg and -3.4 ± 3.9 mmHg after 6 weeks. These changes were not statistically significant (p>0.05) after 3 weeks for SBP and DBP respectively, however they were significant after 6 weeks for both SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference observed at baseline for RHR within the EX group (p>0.05). The EX group had a RHR of 76.9 ± 12.6 bpm at baseline. Following an exercise regimen conducted for 45 minutes 5 times a week the RHR reduced by -3.9 ± 4.9 bpm after 3 weeks and reduced further by -6.9 ± 4.9 bpm after 6 weeks. The changes were statistically significant (p<0.05) after 3 weeks and 6 weeks respectively. Recommendations for further research: Since there is limited and conflicting research on the effects of combined aerobic and resistance training (concurrent training) on BP, future research needs to focus on determining whether it is superior to aerobic or resistance training. Future studies on hypertensive individuals could investigate safe methods of increasing exercise intensities in view of the fact that increased exercise intensities have been shown to increase the amount BP reduction. However individuals with hypertension are restricted to lower intensities
Relationships between Anthropometric, Spirometric, Cardio-Respiratory and Endurance Performance Values among Male Kenyan Runners
(Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего~…, 2020) Mwangi, Francis Mundia
Anthropometric measures such as height and age are used in equations for estimating spirometric values for various populations, while some studies have reported significant relationships between some spirometric, cardio-respiratory and endurance performance. Equations for evaluating spirometric values are usually based on data derived from samples of certain groups of people which may not be representative of the world’s diverse population. This study therefore sought to determine the relationships between anthropometric, spirometric and cardio-respiratory values of Kenyan elite endurance runners. Methods. Ten (10) male purposively selected elite Kenyan runners volunteered to take part in the study. They were instrumented in anthropometric assessments, spirometry assessments, and an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion coupled with cardio-respiratory assessments. Results. Pearson correlation analyses show significant relationships between subjects’ body height and peak expiratory flow (PEF) (r=.741; p=.002), forced vital capacity (FVC) (r=.640; p=.010) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (r=.587; p=.021). The runners’ FVC and minute ventilation (VE) had significant correlation with volume of oxygen consumption (VO2) both at submaximal (p<.01) and maximal levels (p<.05). Sitting height recorded a stronger positive association with VO2 (r=.667; p=.009) than body height (r=.564; p=.029), while the latter has a stronger positive association with submaximal endurance speed (r=.668; p=.009) than the former (r=.617; p=.019). Dependent sample t test showed that spirometric values are not significantly different from predicted values (p>.05), but maximum heart rate was significantly lower than predicted (p=.001). Conclusion. Current spirometric prediction equations that use anthropometric variables are fairly accurate. However, more studies are needed to improve prediction and reference values for cardio-respiratory parameters
Knowledge and Attitude towards Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods among Wrestlers, Boxers, and Bodybuilders in Kenya
(Scholars Middle East Publishers, 2023) Wanjiku, Agnes Mandu; Kiplamai, Festus; Mwisukha, Andaje; Waiganjo, Luka
Boxing, wrestling, and bodybuilding are sports that require athletes to be highly conditioned from both endurance and strength perspective. Hence, the temptation to use performance enhancing substance has become rampant among athletes from these sports. Some of the athletes have tested positive for inadvertent doping after use of performance enhancing substances. This can be blamed on lack of knowledge, as well as attitudes developed by athletes. The purpose of this study was to establish knowledge levels, attitudes towards the use of performance enhancing substances (PES), among athletes from boxing, wrestling, and bodybuilding federations in Kenya. The study utilized cross-sectional analytical research design. The study population comprised of 1900 athletes from the three sports disciplines with a sample size of 384 athletes. Close ended questionnaires were used as the data collection instrument. Data obtained from the respondents was coded and organized for analysis by use of SPSS version 25. Hypotheses were tested using one-way ANOVA and ttest at confidence level of 0.05. Post hoc analysis was carried out using Duncan Multiple Range Test where differences were found to be significant. Results on knowledge indicated that 44.8% of respondents reported that ADAK can advise them on which performance enhancing substances were safe to use. 14.3% reported that they thought PES bought from a pharmacy (over the counter) was safe. In addition, 90% reported that an athlete can be sanctioned for testing positive after taking a performance enhancing substance which they thought was safe. With regards to attitudes, 61.5% of the respondents disagreed that athletes are pressured to take performance enhancing substances. Majority of the respondents (81.5%) disagreed that performance enhancing substances and food supplements should be legalized. Many respondents (95.8%) disagreed that athletes have no alternative career choices except sports, which was a positive attitude. Inferential results on one way ANOVA indicated significant differences in knowledge levels at F (2, 381) = 19.631, p<0.001 and attitudes at F (2, 381) = 25.605, p<0.001 three sports disciplines. In conclusion, knowledge and attitudes of athletes from the three sports disciplines were significantly different. The study recommended that sports federation officials from boxing, wrestling and bodybuilding should have a put proper structures for imparting knowledge and proper attitude on use of performance enhancing substances among athletes.
Assesment of Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods among Wrestlers, Boxers, and Bodybuilders in Kenya
(JASPE, 2023) Wanjiku, Agnes Mandu; Kiplamai, Festus; Mwisukha, Andaje; Waiganjo, Luka
Measuring prevalence of usage of performance enhancing drugs in Boxing, wrestling, and bodybuilding is difficult. However, to fit their initiatives, National Anti-Doping Organizations are interested in knowing the numbers so that their scarce resources are not wasted. The purpose of this study was to establish knowledge levels, attitudes towards the use of performance enhancing substances (PES), among athletes from boxing, wrestling, and bodybuilding federations in Kenya. The study utilized cross-sectional analytical research design. The study population comprised of 1900 athletes from the three sports disciplines with a sample size of 384 athletes. Close ended questionnaires were used as the data collection instrument. Data obtained from the respondents was coded and organized for analysis by use of SPSS version 25. Hypotheses were tested using one-way ANOVA and t-test at confidence level of 0.05. Post hoc analysis was carried out using Duncan Multiple Range Test where differences were found to be significant. Results on usage showed that majority of the respondents (74.2%) never used food supplements (FS) to improve sports performance. Many of the respondents (93.8%) had never used traditional herbs (TH) to improve sports performance. 91.9% never used PES to improve sports performance. Majority of the respondents (96.6%) indicated as never having been given food supplements by a coach, doctor, or physiotherapist to enhance performance. On supply of PES, 91.7% of the respondents had no information of if medical practitioner, local chemist, or sports agents supplied PES and methods. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the use of FS, TH, PES, and Methods by athletes from the three sports disciplines, [F (2, 381) = 24.050, p < 0.000]. In conclusion and in light of the limitations of this study generally majority of the respondents did not use PES and methods. There were also significant differences in use of PES and methods across the different sports. The study recommended that sports federation officials from boxing, wrestling and bodybuilding should have a put proper structures for imparting knowledge and proper attitude on use of performance enhancing substances among athletes
Status of Participation in Physical Activity by Employees in Kenyan Universities at Onsite Fitness Centers in Kenya
(ajest, 2020) Mukaro, Matilda; Kamau, Jayne W.; Mwangi, Francis M.; Wanderi, Peter M.; Onyango, Elvis O.
Physical activity plays a critical role in preventing and reducing risks of many diseases while at the same time maintaining physical and mental health. On the contrary, physical inactivity has been found to be one of the four modifiable risk factors that potentially predispose individuals to Non-communicable diseases (NCDs). To curb the negative social and financial implications associated with NCDs, many corporate organizations, as well as universities, are offering furnished wellness centers to their employees. This paper is based on a study that aimed at establishing the status of participation in physical activity (PA) at onsite fitness centers among Kenyan university employees. A cross-sectional analytical design was used to examine 499 employees from two institutions (a private and public university) that were purposefully selected on the basis of their well-equipped physical fitness facilities. University employees were randomly stratified according to their, age, gender, type of university and designation (non-teaching, teaching and management staff), while respondents in each stratum were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire which was administered to respondents in both universities. The employees’ level of participation in PA was summarised using descriptive statistics. Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to analyse differences in percentages of maximum possible scores with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. It was found that 25% of the employees were physically active while 75% were physically inactive (Mean = 38.20) in relation to use of onsite fitness centres. The most active group were employees below the age of 30 years. Both male and female employees recorded a similar status in participation in PA which was low. There was a significant difference in the status of participation in PA between the two universities (p < .001). This paper recommends that university employees need to take up the opportunity provided by their employers to use the available fitness facilities so as to accumulate the desired daily physical activity amount of at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA. This is meant to support their physical and mental health needed for their work performance. By the same token, the paper recommends that university administrators should look into strategies that would promote use of onsite fitness centres by the employees so as to increase participation in PA and consequently prevent occurrence of NCDs while promoting productivity at work.

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