RP-Department of Physical and Health Education

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Administration of first-aid and prevention of injuries in Kenyan soccer
(African Forum for Health Sciences, 1994) Njororai, W.W.S.
Appropriate scientific training demands the cooperation of the coach, player, doctor and physiotherapist. The training process involves the medical examination before a competitive season, the diagnosis and treatment of injuries when they occur, the prevention of injuries and the rehabilitation of the injured back into competitive play. It is in these respects that a coach requires the services of a doctor and/or a physiotherapist on the technical bench. This study therefore attempted to establish whether the soccer coaches were benefiting from the professional support of the doctors. The study sought the views of the Kenyan soccer coaches on the administration of first-aid and the preventive measures against injuries. Specifically, the study attempted to find out whether the Kenyan soccer clubs employed team doctors, whether the coaches had adequate knowledge in first-aid, the injury prevention measures that the coaches enforced, etc. A questionnaire was administered to 42 individual soccer coaches who were attending an advanced Confederation Africaine de Football (CAF) coaching course in Nairobi. Thirty-three (78.57%) were used in the study. The participants were drawn from all the provinces of Kenya except North Eastern. The findings were that 13 (39.4%) of the clubs represented did not have a qualified medical attendant; that in the absence of a team doctor, it is the coach who mostly administered first-aid (42.4%); that out of all the coaches only 15 (45.5%) were well versed in first-aid procedures, among others
Analysis of Post-graduate Research in the Department of Physical Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya
(African Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Sport Facilitation, 2004) Mwisukha, A.; Gitonga, E. L.; Njorarai, W. W. S.
This paper analyses post-graduate studies conducted in the department of physical education of Kenyatta University with a view to establishing their contribution to sports growth and development in Kenya. A total of 19 research studies conducted in the department between 1990 and 2002 were subjected to content analysis. Findings indicated that majority 6 (31.57%) of the studies centred on match analysis, 7 (36.84%) of the studies had derived their subjects from sports clubs, and soccer is the most 3 (30%) researched aspect sport. Questionnaires were extensively used for data collection. It is recommended that the department needs to focus on performance-oriented research, diversify areas of research and increase the enrollment of post-graduate students and teaching staff.
Assesment of Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods among Wrestlers, Boxers, and Bodybuilders in Kenya
(JASPE, 2023) Wanjiku, Agnes Mandu; Kiplamai, Festus; Mwisukha, Andaje; Waiganjo, Luka
Measuring prevalence of usage of performance enhancing drugs in Boxing, wrestling, and bodybuilding is difficult. However, to fit their initiatives, National Anti-Doping Organizations are interested in knowing the numbers so that their scarce resources are not wasted. The purpose of this study was to establish knowledge levels, attitudes towards the use of performance enhancing substances (PES), among athletes from boxing, wrestling, and bodybuilding federations in Kenya. The study utilized cross-sectional analytical research design. The study population comprised of 1900 athletes from the three sports disciplines with a sample size of 384 athletes. Close ended questionnaires were used as the data collection instrument. Data obtained from the respondents was coded and organized for analysis by use of SPSS version 25. Hypotheses were tested using one-way ANOVA and t-test at confidence level of 0.05. Post hoc analysis was carried out using Duncan Multiple Range Test where differences were found to be significant. Results on usage showed that majority of the respondents (74.2%) never used food supplements (FS) to improve sports performance. Many of the respondents (93.8%) had never used traditional herbs (TH) to improve sports performance. 91.9% never used PES to improve sports performance. Majority of the respondents (96.6%) indicated as never having been given food supplements by a coach, doctor, or physiotherapist to enhance performance. On supply of PES, 91.7% of the respondents had no information of if medical practitioner, local chemist, or sports agents supplied PES and methods. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the use of FS, TH, PES, and Methods by athletes from the three sports disciplines, [F (2, 381) = 24.050, p < 0.000]. In conclusion and in light of the limitations of this study generally majority of the respondents did not use PES and methods. There were also significant differences in use of PES and methods across the different sports. The study recommended that sports federation officials from boxing, wrestling and bodybuilding should have a put proper structures for imparting knowledge and proper attitude on use of performance enhancing substances among athletes
Association between Dietary Behaviours and Weight Status of School Children: Results from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) -Kenya
(Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group., 2020) Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Muthuri, Stella; Ochola, Sophie; Onywera, Vincent; Tremblay, Mark
Background: Sub-Saharan African countries are undergoing rapid urbanization resulting in vast changes in dietary habits. Dietary practices involving excess energy intake have been associated with overweight/obesity. We assessed the dietary behaviour of children and their relationships with weight status. Methods: Data was collected in Kenya, as part of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). The study recruited 563 children aged 9–11 years from 29 schools in Nairobi. A seven-day food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Dietary behaviours such as consumption of breakfast, school lunch, meals prepared/eaten away from home, emotional eating and snacking while watching television were also assessed. Body mass index (BMI-for-age and sex) was used as the indicator of weight status. Results: Of the sample, 53.5% were girls; 20.8% were classified as overweight/ obese; 72.9% ate meals out of home regularly; 55.2% ate lunch provided by the school; and only 76% had breakfast on all weekdays. Eating more when happy, eating fried foods while watching television, and consumption of vegetables were positively associated with BMI. Majority of overweight children were female (56.6%) and the type of school attended predicted BMI, F(6, 536) = 18.371, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.171. BMI was negatively associated with consumption of cakes/pastries (χ2 = 14.7, V = 0.165, p = 0.023), potato crisps (χ2 = 21.6, V = 0.197, p = 0.003), and fast foods (χ2 = 13.5, p = 0.036). ANOVA results revealed no significant differences in the consumption of foods with BMI except for vegetables (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Children have healthy diets rich in fruits and vegetables and low in energy-dense foods. Also, less healthy diets were observed in children with lower BMI. There is need for interventions targeting the overweight/obese children, particularly those of higher SES.
Association between Dietary Behaviours and Weight Status of School Children: Results from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) -Kenya
(Informa UK Limited, 2021) Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Muthuri, Stella; Ochola, Sophie; Onywera, Vincent; Tremblay, Mark
ABSTRACTBackground: Sub-Saharan African countries are undergoing rapid urbanization resulting in vast changes in dietary habits. Dietary practices involving excess energy intake have been associated with overweight/obesity. We assessed the dietary behaviour of children and their relationships with weight status.Methods: Data was collected in Kenya, as part of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). The study recruited 563 children aged 9–11 years from 29 schools in Nairobi. A seven-day food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Dietary behaviours such as consumption of breakfast, school lunch, meals prepared/eaten away from home, emotional eating and snacking while watching television were also assessed. Body mass index (BMI-for-age and sex) was used as the indicator of weight status.Results: Of the sample, 53.5% were girls; 20.8% were classified as overweight/ obese; 72.9% ate meals out of home regularly; 55.2% ate lunch provided by the school; and only 76% had breakfast on all weekdays. Eating more when happy, eating fried foods while watching television, and consumption of vegetables were positively associated with BMI. Majority of overweight children were female (56.6%) and the type of school attended predicted BMI, F(6, 536) = 18.371, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.171. BMI was negatively associated with consumption of cakes/pastries (χ2 = 14.7, V = 0.165, p = 0.023), potato crisps (χ2 = 21.6, V = 0.197, p = 0.003), and fast foods (χ2 = 13.5, p = 0.036). ANOVA results revealed no significant differences in the consumption of foods with BMI except for vegetables (p = 0.003).Conclusions: Children have healthy diets rich in fruits and vegetables and low in energy-dense foods. Also, less healthy diets were observed in children with lower BMI. There is need for interventions targeting the overweight/obese children, particularly those of higher SES
Association between Dietary Behaviours And Weight Status of School Children: Results from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) -Kenya
(Informa UK Limited, 2021) Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Muthuri, Stella; Ochola, Sophie; Onywera, Vincent; Tremblay, Mark
Background: Sub-Saharan African countries are undergoing rapid urbanization resulting in vast changes in dietary habits. Dietary practices involving excess energy intake have been associated with overweight/obesity. We assessed the dietary behaviour of children and their relationships with weight status. Methods: Data was collected in Kenya, as part of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). The study recruited 563 children aged 9–11 years from 29 schools in Nairobi. A seven-day food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Dietary behaviours such as consumption of breakfast, school lunch, meals prepared/eaten away from home, emotional eating and snacking while watching television were also assessed. Body mass index (BMI-for-age and sex) was used as the indicator of weight status. Results: Of the sample, 53.5% were girls; 20.8% were classified as overweight/ obese; 72.9% ate meals out of home regularly; 55.2% ate lunch provided by the school; and only 76% had breakfast on all weekdays. Eating more when happy, eating fried foods while watching television, and consumption of vegetables were positively associated with BMI. Majority of overweight children were female (56.6%) and the type of school attended predicted BMI, F(6, 536) = 18.371, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.171. BMI was negatively associated with consumption of cakes/pastries (χ2 = 14.7, V = 0.165, p = 0.023), potato crisps (χ2 = 21.6, V = 0.197, p = 0.003), and fast foods (χ2 = 13.5, p = 0.036). ANOVA results revealed no significant differences in the consumption of foods with BMI except for vegetables (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Children have healthy diets rich in fruits and vegetables and low in energy-dense foods. Also, less healthy diets were observed in children with lower BMI. There is need for interventions targeting the overweight/obese children, particularly those of higher SES.
The Association of Physical Activity and Diet with Metabolic Syndrome among University Students in Kenya
(International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre), 2020) Mbugua, Samuel Mungai; Munyoki, Gilbert; Kimani, Samuel Thuo
The occurrence of these lifestyle related practices and dietary habits at early age has been shown to increase the predisposition towards metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome refers to disorders occurring together resulting in an increase in the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Prevalence rate was established at 1.9% indicative of occurrence of predisposing risks of metabolic syndrome in university students. A cross-sectional, quantitative research design was used. 323 participants were sampled from a population of 40,000 students with stratification according to the various school sizes. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. 61.3% of the respondents did not exercise regularly, 72.3% snacked frequently, 60.6% of the subjects that were not diagnosed with metabolic syndrome were fit, 37.2% needed to work on their fitness while only 2.2% were out of shape. The relationship between sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor and metabolic syndrome was statistically significant, as was the relationship between dietary habits and metabolic syndrome. The study established that 85.4% of the subjects were not sure of the amount of calories they consumed in a day and 13.9% of the subjects reported they had weight issues that affected their academics. Modifications in lifestyle habits, physical activity and dietary composition can result in a positive impact on metabolic syndrome and its progression. A mandatory extra co-curricular program requiring students to participate in exercise and sports activities should be enforced to positively engage university students. Vulnerable groups such as the prehypertensive and obese should also be closely monitored.
Associations between Parental Perceptions of the Neighbourhood Environment and Childhood Physical Activity: Results from ISCOLE-Kenya
(Human Kinetics, 2015) Muthuri, Stella K.; Wachira, Lucy-Joy M.; Onywera, V.O.; Tremblay, Mark S.
BACKGROUND: A physical activity transition to declining activity levels, even among children, now poses a serious public health concern due to its contribution to a rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Childhood physical activity levels are associated with parental perceptions of the neighborhood; however, these relationships have not been explored in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The objective was to investigate relationships between parental perceptions of the neighbourhood, and physical activity indicators among Kenyan children. METHODS: Data were collected from children 9-11 years in Nairobi as part of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and Environment. Child physical activity was assessed by accelerometry, and information on obtaining sufficient physical activity, active transport, and parental perceptions of the neighborhood collected using questionnaires. RESULTS: Of 563 participating children, 45.7%, 12.6%, and 11.4% used active school transportation, met physical activity guidelines, and were sufficiently active respectively. Parental perception of positive neighbourhood social cohesion, positive environs and connectivity, and negative child safety concerns, were associated with child physical activity outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Aspects of parental perceptions of the neighbourhood were associated with child physical activity outcomes, and should be further explored to appropriately inform policy and practice in curbing declining physical activity levels among children in SSA
The asthma six-minute provocation test and mountain climbing in children
(Kenya Medical Association, 1994) Wekesa, M.; Langhof, H.; Sack, P.
We investigated the intensity of exercise in the asthma six-minute provocation test (ASMT) for asthmatic patients and mountain climbing. Six asthmatic boys with mean age 11.7 +/- 2.1 years and mean weight 44.5 +/- 13.2 kg participated in this study. HR, FEV1 and RR values were recorded. In both forms of exercise, the participants achieved intensities of over 160 beats/min. EIA was diagnosed in five of them after the SSMT. There was not much variability in the PEFR values observed during mountain climbing. The rise in systolic pressure was within normal. The echocardiogram (ECG) was not pathologic. Further investigations are required to establish the suitability of mountain climbing as an appropriate form of sport for asthmatics.
Character Changes Related To Sports Participation And Contextual Factors Among Secondary School Students
(European Journal of Sport Sciences www.ej-sport.org, 2023) Mwenda, Penninah W; Rintaugu, Elijah G; Mwangi, Francis M
Sports participation is hailed as one of the effective ways of nurturing positive character among the youth. However, some studies have also indicated that sports may lead to undesirable behavior when conducted under certain uncontrolled conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of selected contextual factors on character changes related to sports participation among secondary school students. The study focused on level of sports participation, gender, age, type of sport, school category, school status, school type, and class level of students as independent variables with potential to influence character changes related to sports participation. A Quasi-experimental research design was utilized, with the dependent variable of character traits assessed at the pre and post three months competitive games season. Purposive sampling was used to select 336 student-athletes from 24 (9.3%) of secondary schools in Nairobi city county. A close-ended questionnaire on character which was adapted from Individual and Team Character in Sport Questionnaire (ITCSQ) and Arizona Sport Summit Accord (ASSA) was utilized for data collection at the pre-and posttests. Matched Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank test showed significant negative change in honest /integrity character component scores between pre-test and post-test (p=0.006). Multinomial Logistic Regression Analyses showed that boarding status, school category and type of sport can significantly (p<0.05) influence character changes among competitive student-athletes. Therefore it is concluded that boarding status, school category and type of sport can influence outcomes of sports experiences leading to positive or negative character change. It is therefore recommended that curriculum developers and implementers should consider contextual factors to optimize sports experiences and outcomes to promote desirable character changes and development
Correlates of Sports Confidence among High School Athletes
(JSPES, 2023) Lusaga, Brian O.; Rintaugu, Elijah G.; Rintaugu, Elijah G.; Kipchumba, Kevin K.
The purpose of this study was to establish the correlates of sports confidence among high school athletes. The study examined Vealey’s (1986) nine sources of sports confidence in relation to contextual factors of gender, age, playing experience and type of sport. A descriptive survey design was used, and data were collected using Vealey’s Sources of sports confidence questionnaire (SSCQ) from high school athletes (n=175). Results showed that coaches’ leadership was the highest source of sports confidence, followed by mastery and physical and mental preparation, while situational favourableness appeared to be the weakest source of confidence amongst the athletes. There were significant differences in physical self-presentation (t=-2.14, df = 173, p =0.034) in favour of male athletes. Athletes participating in individual sports had superior scores in mastery, while coaches’ leadership was the most important source of sports confidence for athletes in team sports. There were significant differences in coaches’ leadership (t=-3.118, df = 175, p = 0.002) and social support (t= -2.236, df = 175, p = 0.027) in favour of athletes in a team sport. Athletes who did not engage in their current sport while in a primary school rated coaches’ leadership highly, while mastery of the skill was scored highly by athletes who did participate in the sport while in primary school. It is concluded that coaches’ leadership skills, mastery of skill execution and physical or mental preparedness were the major sources of sports confidence. High schools should utilize coaches who can be emulated by the athletes.
Demographic and Behavioral Traits of Coaches Preferred by Female Athletes in Teacher Training Colleges in Central Region of Kenya.
(International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 2013) Ndambiri, K.R.; Mwisukha, A.; Muniu, R. K.
The purpose of the study was to establish demographic and behavioural traits of coaches preferred by female athletes in teacher training colleges in central region of Kenya. This study investigated female athletes’ preference for male or female coaches, youthful or elderly coaches, coach leadership behavior, coaching experience, personal relationship with the coach, the coach ability to motivate, and feedback and encouragement from the coach. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The target population for the study comprised female athletes in certificate and diploma teacher training colleges. Stratified random sampling technique was used to obtain the sample size. The teacher training colleges were stratified into two strata; certificate teacher training colleges and diploma teacher training college. Simple random sampling technique was used to select50% certificate teacher training colleges. Since there was only one diploma teacher training college, it was purposively selected. The study selected 444 (21.6%) respondents from the two randomly selected certificate teacher colleges and the one diploma training college. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to code and analyze the data. The data were summarized into descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages. The results were presented in the form of tables. The hypotheses were tested using Wilcoxon signed ranks test at significance level of 0.05. The study results revealed that female athletes differ in their preference for male or female coaches and also youthful or elderly coaches. The coach leadership behaviour, coaching experience, personal relationship with the coach, the coach ability to motivate, feedback and encouragement of the coach were all found to be behavioural traits of coaches preferred by female athletes. As a result, the researcher has recommended having an assistant female coach when a male coach is coaching female athletes, coaches engaging in coaching behaviours to which female athlete is receptive, and the management of teacher training colleges addressing the demographic and behavioural traits of coaches preferred by female athletes.
Editorial: Addressing the Impact of Urbanization on Health and Well-Being in African and Asian Cities
(Frontiers in Public Health, 2023-06) Oyeyemi, Adewale L.; Mabry, Ruth; Wachira, Lucy-Joy; Gomes, Alexandra; De Siqueira, Gustavo
Effect of an Exercise Regimen on Blood Pressure in Grade 1 Hypertensive Adults
(International Peer Reviewed Journal and Book Publishers, 2020) Boit, Edwin Kiptolo; Theuri, Gitahi; Ogweno, Gordon
Purpose: The primary aim of the study was to assess the change in resting Blood Pressure (BP) following a 6 week exercise regimen in grade 1 hypertensive adults. The Secondary aim of the study was to assess the change in Resting Heart Rate (RHR) after a 6 week exercise regimen in grade I hypertensive adults. Methodology: This study employed an experimental research design because specific conditions were controlled and its effects observed. In this case, exercise was controlled by the researcher and the influences on resting BP and Resting Heart Rate (RHR) observed. A sample of 15 adults was used in this study. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 (IBM Limited, UK, 2017) and Microsoft Excel 2013 for Windows. The significance level was set at p<0.05. Data was tested for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test while the Levenes test was used to test for data normality. Data was determined to be parametric. A paired t-test was used to compare mean differences from baseline, mid-point and post-test within the group Results: There was no significant difference observed at baseline for mean Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) within the Exercise Group (EX) group (p>0.05). The EX group had a mean SBP and DBP of 142.3 ± 7.4 mmHg and 90.9 ± 3.9 mmHg at baseline. Following an exercise regimen conducted for 45 minutes 5 times a week the SBP and DBP reduced by -2.1 ± 4.2 mmHg and -1.1 ± 4.8 mmHg respectively after 3 weeks and reduced further by -4.6 ± 3.1 mmHg and -3.4 ± 3.9 mmHg after 6 weeks. These changes were not statistically significant (p>0.05) after 3 weeks for SBP and DBP respectively, however they were significant after 6 weeks for both SBP (p<0.001) and DBP (p<0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference observed at baseline for RHR within the EX group (p>0.05). The EX group had a RHR of 76.9 ± 12.6 bpm at baseline. Following an exercise regimen conducted for 45 minutes 5 times a week the RHR reduced by -3.9 ± 4.9 bpm after 3 weeks and reduced further by -6.9 ± 4.9 bpm after 6 weeks. The changes were statistically significant (p<0.05) after 3 weeks and 6 weeks respectively. Recommendations for further research: Since there is limited and conflicting research on the effects of combined aerobic and resistance training (concurrent training) on BP, future research needs to focus on determining whether it is superior to aerobic or resistance training. Future studies on hypertensive individuals could investigate safe methods of increasing exercise intensities in view of the fact that increased exercise intensities have been shown to increase the amount BP reduction. However individuals with hypertension are restricted to lower intensities
Effects of different arm kinematics on performance in long distance running
(2012-09-24) Mwangi, Francis M.; Wanderi, P. M.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Onywera, V.O.; Rintaugu, E.G.
Arm action should be efficient as it generates various components of running mechanics. While many authors recommend that the arms should be moved with elbows held at about 90 degrees, some distance running athletes have used different arms movements with varying degree of success and failure during competitions. The study investigated how different arm kinematics affected cardio-respiratory parameters and stride patterns during the steady phase of long distance running. Mean values of working heart rate (WHR), estimated percentage of maximum oxygen consumption (%VO2 max), ventilation rate (VR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to estimate energy cost of running with different arm actions. Ten elite Kenyan distance running athletes were tested in ten submaximal treadmill trial runs, each trial performed with different arm action for 15 minutes at a speed corresponding to individual’s 80% running effort. Repeated Measures ANOVA indicated significant difference in WHR, %VO2 max, RPE, and stride rate (SR) at p < .05. Medium effect size was observed; Omega Squared (ω2) = .20. Arm action consisting of about ±20 degrees oscillation of the hands around 90 degrees angle at the elbow is more efficient than running with arms held at 90 degrees angle at the elbows.
Efficacy of an Eight Week Soccer Training Programme on Cardiovascular Fitness: Case of Strathmore School, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(IJPESH, 2023) Abuto, Brian; Muthomi, Nkatha; Theuri, Gitahi
Muscular fitness and cardiovascular endurance training plays a key role in adding value to the overall performance of soccer players. However, in Kenya, few soccer players, especially those of high school age, have embraced muscular fitness and cardiovascular endurance training. The study assessed the efficacy of an eight-week soccer training program on the cardiovascular fitness of Kenyan high school soccer team players. The study aimed to find out the impact of cardiovascular fitness training on the physical performance of the high school soccer players. The respondents comprised of the Strathmore school soccer team with a sample size (n=30) who underwent a before training test, the training programme, and after the programme test. The program involved their regular skill work, muscular fitness, and cardiovascular endurance training routine. STATA version 16 (IBM limited, UK, 2016) was used for processing data. To obtain means, percentages, standard deviations, and frequencies, descriptive statistics were calculated to analyze the status of the athletes after the training period. A paired T-test was used to test the hypotheses. The pre-test score of the athletes was (38.9133±5.73102) V02max. When compared to the test norms, it is in the fair category. After passing through the workout program, there was a significant improvement (41.663±5.34199) V02 max. This was a statistically significant increase of 2.75 t (29) =4.093, and effect size d = 0.741. The significant improvement of the of the V02 max of the participants shows that the V02max can be improved through the cardiovascular fitness training that was implemented.
Enhance Kenya University Undergraduate Employability through Team Sports Participation: University Students Athletes
(CARI Journals, 2024-03) Gathoni, Benson; Wanjira, Janet; Mucheke, Charles
Purpose: Employability is a major issue worldwide, and Kenya is increasingly looking to universities to develop employable undergraduate students. A low undergraduate unemployment rate is considered as a sign of a thriving economy, while a high unemployment rate is seen as a waste of national resources. The aim of this study was to examine how undergraduate participating in team sports in Kenya university can enhance employ ability Methodology: The study used a desktop approach where literature was sought from different sources. The research was carried out with consideration given to previous theoretical literature, both published and unpublished. Findings: Most employers look for specific skills and attributes in job prospects in addition to academic requirements. These attributes, known as employability skills, aren't job-specific, yet they can boost undergraduate student athletes’ employability since they increase productivity and value at work also have an impact on ability to grow career wise. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Team sports has the potential to provide marginalized and underprivileged undergraduate athletes with adequate abilities, skills, and pathways to job or social enterprise-based possibilities. Participation in team sports can bring young people together in the pursuit of universal peace and a desire to improve themselves. Hence, university management should have good organization, facilitation, and oversight should be provided by university sports management.
Factors Affecting Accessibility and Use of Female Condom among Youths in Selected Tertiary Training Institutes in Migori County, Kenya
(International Journal of Midwifery and Nursing Practice, 2019) Boraya, Joshua Omwenga; Githae, Caroline Nyaguthie; Njuguna, Esther Wanjiku; Ombaka, Dickson; Gachau, Albert
The female condom is a dual protection tool for both prevention of HIV/ Aids transmission and unwanted or unplanned pregnancies. The study was done in Migori County among the youths attending selected tertiary training institutes, with specific objectives of identifying the extent in which access to the female condom and other social cultural factors affecting use of the device in Migori County. A cross-sectional descriptive study was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. A pre-test study was conducted in Msomi teachers training college to test the validity and reliability of the data collecting tools. The tertiary institutions were purposively selected while the research participants in the selected institutes were randomly and systematically selected and a sample size of n= 385 was chosen proportionately. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. It was evident from the research findings that majority of the youths 83.9% were single with 61.3% of the youths getting information about female condom use from media, 73.9% used it to prevent pregnancy than to prevent transmission or contracting HIV/Aids. Availability and cost of the female condom was significant at p≤0.001, attitude of the user and partner was also significant at p value of 0.024.
Hepatic Steatosis is Associated with Anthropometry, Cardio-Metabolic Disease Risk, Sex, Age and Urbanization, but not With Ethnicity in Adult Kenyans
(Wiley, 2021) Kastberg, Sophie E.; Lund, Helene S.; Lucia-Rolfe, Emanuella de; Kaduka, Lydia U.; Boit, Michael K.; Corpeleijn, Eva; Friis, Henrik; Bernard, Sophie; Paquette, Martine; Baas, Alexis; Rasmussen, Jon J.; Christensen, Dirk L.
Objectives We aimed to determine the associations of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with cardio-metabolic risk factors for diabetes in adult Kenyans. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken among rural and urban Kenyans of different ethnic origin. Ultrasonography scanning (USS) methods were used for the assessment of hepatic fat accumulation for NAFLD assessment and abdominal fat distribution, and simple anthropometry measurements were performed. All participants underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test, and biochemical, haemodynamic and lifestyle data were obtained. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess sex, age, residency and ethnic differences in the association between NAFLD and various metabolic parameters. Results In total, 743 individuals (59.1% women) with a mean age of 38.0 (range 18-68) years participated in the study. Overall, 118 individuals (15.9%) had NAFLD, of whom 94.1% had mild steatosis. Age >40 years was significantly associated with having NAFLD compared to <30 years of no difference found in NAFLD between ethnic groups (Luo, Kamba, Maasai). All body composition and clinical measurements were associated with NAFLD (p<0.045 for OR). Conclusions Finding lower odds for NAFLD in men was unexpected, as was the lack of differences in NAFLD among the ethnic groups, while higher odds for NAFLD with increasing age and in urban vs. rural populations was expected. Especially the sex-specific results warrant further studies in black African populations on biology of body composition for having NAFLD, and whether this translates into insulin resistance and higher risk of diabetes and consequently cardiovascular disease in black African women.
Impact of Financial Pressures on Procurement Fraud of Public National Referral Hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya
(IJRISS, 2024-10) Omata, Victor Ochieng; Gathoni, Benson; Musumba, George
Although public procurement is expected to play a central role in ensuring that hospitals deliver effective and efficient services, this objective has not always been met due to marauding fraudulent practices in the acquisition of medical supplies. The government of Kenya has since adopted a myriad of regulatory and legislative measures to counter public procurement fraud in the health sector, but the problem still persists. Only limited studies have attempted to examine the role of financial pressures in catalyzing procurement fraud among National Referral Hospitals (NRHs) in Kenya. Based on the Fraud Diamond Theory (FDT), this study assessed the effect of perceived financial pressure on procurement fraud in public NRHs. The specific objective of the study was to examine the impact of perceived financial pressures (personal financial strain, job security concerns, financial incentives for fraud, external financial pressures, and perceived unfair compensation) on procurement fraud of public NRHs. A quantitative approach and a cross-sectional descriptive survey design were employed. The sample size was made up of 101 procurement and supply chain management personnel drawn randomly across three public NRHs in Nairobi County, Kenya. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 29.0.2. The findings of the correlation and linear regression analysis reveal that perceived financial pressure significantly influences procurement fraud in public NRHs. Specifically, perceived financial pressure explains 26.6% (R² = .266) of the variance in procurement fraud. The study concludes that procurement and supply chain management officers under financial strain, whether due to personal or professional reasons, are more likely to engage in fraudulent activities as a means of alleviating their financial burdens. The study argues that there is a need for public NRHs to address the financial well-being of their procurement staff to mitigate the risk of fraud. Future research could explore other potential drivers of procurement fraud in different public sector contexts to further generalize these findings.

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