MST-Department of Environmental Education
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Item Adaptive Capacity and Socioeconomic Factors that Influence Small-Scale Maize Farmers Response to Climate Variability in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Busolo,Temina ArivitsaThe agriculture industry is at risk due to the worldwide challenge of climate variations. Given its excessive dependence on weather patterns, agriculture is quite susceptible to climate variability. Maize farming faces a threat due to its vulnerability to changes in climate. To lessen susceptibility and increase farmers' ability to adapt, intentional actions must therefore be pursued. The choice of adaptation strategies is paramount among other factors in cushioning maize farmers from adverse climate variability shocks. The study aimed to find out how socioeconomic variables affects small scale maize farmers selection of adaptation tactics, which in turn affects their ability to adjust to climate variability in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The objective of the study sought to examine rainfall and temperature trends from 1989–2019 in Uasin Gishu County. The study also identified the methods small-scale maize farmers employ to adapt to climate unpredictability in Uasin Gishu County. The study looked at the socioeconomic variables that affected farmers’ choices of adaptation strategies. Additionally, the determinants of the adaptive capacity of small-scale maize farmers were assessed. The study employed a descriptive survey design, collecting data through the use of questionnaires. There were 394 small-scale maize farmers in the study's sample. The Kenya Meteorological Department provided temperature and rainfall data from 1989 to 2019 to determine variability. Decadal rainfall (F = 1.994767, p = 0.155599), mean maximum temperature (F = 2.537521, p = 0.097758) and mean minimum temperature (F = 3.089715, p = 0.061899) varied, according to the findings of the ANOVA test. Linear regression indicated an increase in rainfall (R2 = +0.1417) and increased temperatures (R2 = +0.0484). The hypothesis that stated H01: There is no significant variation in rainfall and temperature from 1989–2019 was accepted since there was no statistically significant change in rainfall and temperature patterns. Agroforestry, dry planting, water harvesting, conservation of soil moisture, adjusting crop varieties and planting dates, among other adaptation strategies were employed by the respondents. Nonetheless, adjusting planting dates was the most chosen adaptation tactic. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed land size (p = 0.010), education (p = 0.05), gender (p = 0.003) and age (p = 0.006) having a statistical significance to the choice of adaptation strategies. The hypothesis that suggested H02: there was no significant association between socioeconomic status and the choice of climate variability adaption tactics was disproved. Gender (p = 0.036) and land size (p = 0.00) influenced the remittances received. Access to labour had a significant relationship with household size (p = 0.013) and income (p = 0.010). Education level (p = 0.002) was significantly related to the maize variety chosen. The area of land owned and the number of years spent on farming influenced access to disaster relief and aid. There was a notable weak institutional capacity where government subsidies and disaster relief were lacking. In order for small-scale farmers to effectively adjust to the consequences of climatic variability, investments in enhancing their adaptive capacity are required. To strengthen their ability and to give farmers appropriate institutional support, the study recommends more collaboration between relevant government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and community-based groups.Item Conservation Status of East African Greenheart (Waburgia Ugandensis (Sprague)) in Katimok Forest Reserve, Baringo County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2024-01) Isacko, DubForest ecosystems provides livelihood opportunities such as medicines, fuelwood, timber, cash income and reliable supply of ground water. However, encroachment of forests by human settlement adjacent to conservation areas is associated with overharvesting of forest resources and uncontrolled livestock grazing leading to destruction and disappearance of useful plant species in forest ecosystems which can significantly affect both biodiversity integrity and ecological functioning. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the conservation status and effects of threats on relative abundance of Warburgia ugandensis in Katimok Forest Reserve, Baringo County in Kenya. The study objectives were: to evaluate the relative abundance of Warburgia ugandensis in natural vegetation of Katimok Forest Reserve, to examine the ex-situ conservation measures of Warburgia ugandensis in Baringo County, to analyse the indicators of threat to Warburgia ugandensis in natural vegetation of Katimok Forest Reserve and to analyse the traditional uses of Warburgia ugandensis in Baringo County. The study area was divided into four strata based on proximity of the forest reserve to human settlements.; Namely, Ossen, Kabartonjo, Talai and Ossen blocks. Generally, primary data was collected using social survey questionnaires, transect lines and quadrats methods. The social data was conducted by randomly sampling 345 respondents to collect data on ex-situ conservation measures and traditional uses of Warburgia ugandensis. Among the respondents interviewed to gather social data were household heads, local herbalists and foresters who were selected through purposive sampling. On the other hand, ecological surveys entailed line transects and quadrats methods to collect data on relative abundance and indicators of threats. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings established that mean distribution of Warburgia ugandensis and indicators of threat was significantly influenced by distance from forest edge. Similarly, there was significant differences in the mean traditional uses and ex-situ conservation of Warburgia ugandensis. Moreover, pearson correlation results revealed that the mean of debarked trees significantly influenced the mean mature Warburgia ugandensis (r = 0.95; df=2, P=0.019), mean counts of cow dungs significantly affected mean number of seedlings/saplings (r = 0.96; df=2, P=0.017) and mean of other indicators of threats (stumps, defoliated leaves, broken twigs/branches) significantly influenced the abundance of Warburgia ugandensis (r = 0.97; df=2, p=0.015).All the statistics were considered at 95% confidence levels. Therefore, human and livestock activities negatively influenced the abundance of Warburgia ugandensis species. Thus, there is need to reduce anthropogenic activities in the forest so as to restore its biodiversity integrity and particularly put in place conservation plans of medicinal trees such Warburgia ugandensis.Item Adaptation to Climate Variability by Small-Scale Farmers in Jubek State, South Sudan(Kenyatta University, 2024-02) Ananias, Diana AchukAgriculture provides nearly 80% of the world’s population livelihoods. This is heavily affected by climate variability. Climate variability affects agricultural production due to association with drought and floods. This effect had significant influence in South Sudan where nearly 83% of population relies on rain-fed agriculture. Hence, this has led to decline in about of 30-50% on staple crop production. Jubek State was selected for the study due to majority of the farmers’ dependency on rain-fed agriculture and over stayed there for more than eight years. Therefore, the current research aimed to examine farmers’ perception and level of awareness on the crop yield, analyze how socio-economic factors influence adaptation strategies to climate variability and evaluate suitable adaptation strategies against climate variability in Jubek State of South Sudan. The sample size was determined by Yamane formula to be 399. The study used simple random and stratified sampling, purposive sampling and multi-stage sampling procedures. Closed and open-ended questionnaires, interviews, field observations and taking notes. Secondary data and related information were obtained and reviewed from electronic depositories, libraries and institutional offices. The study adopted qualitative and quantitative analyses and the results were presented in tables and graphs. Test for significance was set at p≤0.05 for all hypotheses. The results on farmers perception and awareness showed that there was a reliable consistency of Cronbach’s Alpha (α)=0.63 with the six issues that were scrutinized and most of the farmers were aware with a weighing means scale ranging from 3.00-4.00. The descriptive statistics of socio-economic factors showed that 79% of male households head were using climate adaptation methods and females 21% only. Crop farming was the main farming practiced by the community with 47.6% total compared to pastoral farming 30.4% and mixed farming 22.0%. The majority of married households with 87.7% were using climate adaptation method compared to singles/widows with 68.8%. The majority of farmers with 57.5% work on their own farms while 42.5% had some alternatives. In the descriptive statistics of adoption to climate adaptation strategy, majority of respondents 68.8% used improved seeds as an adaptation method while 31.2% not. The study further established that, choice of farmers’ adaptive capacity to climatic variability and farmers’ socio-economic factors such gender, marital status, code of employment, size of the household and size of the farm were significantly affecting choice of adaptation to adopt p< 0.05. The study analysis deduced that climate was changing and would require adaptive methods to combat. The study recommended that; South Sudan Government should deploy more agricultural extension officers to create more awareness on climate information and to focus on awareness creation of farmers on better production techniques and climate change adaptation strategies. Also, the National Government and NGOs to promote crop insurance to farmers who are affected with floods to adapt to prone areas and establish more extension service centers for practicing good agricultural activities to increase productivity.Item Assessing the Contribution of Civil Society in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2024-07) Nyaundi,Crispus MichiraThis study sought to assess the Contribution of Civil Society in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts in Nairobi City County, Kenya. It set out to assess the impact of Mobilization on the Contribution of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts. It examined the effect of Knowledge Sharing on Contribution of CSOs in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts. It also evaluated the effect of Policy Support on Contribution of CSOs in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts. Moreover, the study assessed the intervening role of Institutional Coordination on the association between the strategies utilized by CSOs in their contribution to climate change adaptation efforts. The descriptive survey design was adopted. The population comprised all 267 civil society organizations pertinent to climate change adaptation in Nairobi City County, Kenya. A total of 160 top administrative personnel were randomly sampled from among the civil society organizations. These included equivalents of executive directors, chairpersons, chief executive officers, program managers, policy advocacy leads and community liaison officers as per the respective civil society organizations’ organizational structures. Primary data was gathered using a standardized questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and a Chi-square test were performed in the data analysis. The study is significant as it informs policy formulation and best management practice in strengthening the Contribution of Civil Society in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts. Chi-square test results reveal that mobilization has a significant effect on the Contribution of CSOs in climate change adaptation efforts in Nairobi City County, Kenya (16, N=134) = 48.298, P = .000. Moreover, Knowledge Sharing significantly enhances the Contribution of CSOs (10, N=134) = 82.085, P = .000. Further, results indicate that Policy Support has a significant effect on the Contribution of CSOs in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts (12, N=134) = 154.906, P = .000. Institutional coordination was also found to have a significant intervening role on the association between the avenues utilized by CSOs and their Contribution in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts (14, N=134) = 119.821, P = .000. It is concluded that all four identified strategies including Mobilization, Knowledge Sharing, Policy Support and Institutional Coordination have a significant effect on the Contribution of CSOs in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts in Nairobi City County, Kenya. It is thus recommended that administrators of CSOs and policy makers involved in climate change adaptation efforts prioritize Mobilization, Knowledge Sharing, Policy Support and Institutional CoordinationItem Evaluation of Occupational Health Practice in the Laundry and Linen Service at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Jebet, Sharon; Peterson Warutere; Judy MugoHealth facility laundry ensures provision of enough, dirt free and continuous provision of garments for medical use. Main activities involve: Arranging, thorough cleaning, disinfecting, packing and dispatch of blankets, uniforms, gowns, towels, bed sheets, clothing, and apparel for patients, drapes and scrub suits among others. Safety hazards are features in the workplace with a potential to cause harm. This study aimed at evaluating occupational health practice of laundry and linen services at Kenyatta National Hospital in the Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to ascertain potential hazards, determine adherence levels and establish wet bulb globe temperature of workers in the Laundry and Linen Service at Kenyatta National Hospital. Those employees of all cadres who consented and had worked for at least three months were included, while those who met the inclusion criteria but were unwell at the time of the study were excluded .Sample size was determined using Yamane’s(1967) formula. The study adopted a cross-sectional analytical design through a questionnaire that was structured. One-forty (140) participants were recruited for interviewing through a systematic random sampling technique. Data was cleaned and analysis was done by use of version 22.0 of SPSS software. A Chi-test was calculated to show associations between variables. The results revealed that respondent’s age was significantly associated with knowledge (x2(2) = 5.483, p = 0.045, p<0.05) as well as association between religion and knowledge of common hazards within the laundry department ((x2(1) = 4.172, p = 0.041, p<0.05). The analysis of association revealed that age (x2(2) = 9.091, p = 0.011, p<0.05), level of education attained (x2(1) = 10.76, p = 0.001, p<0.05) and marital status (x2(2) = 9.768, p = 0.008, p<0.05) were had a signification association with knowledge on environmental aspects in laundry and linen services. The study has provided a strong understanding on important aspects regarding occupational health and safety practices within the facility. There were various types of hazards identified, adherence to OSH protocols had gaps and there was an elevated WBGT in some areas of the laundry department. The hospital has made significant efforts in implementing various health and safety programs which can be adopted across different departments. This include programs such as safety and health audit, training committees on safety and health and Occupational health surveillance However there have been significant challenges regarding implementation and ensuring that there is high level of sustainability in terms of supplies, resources and available knowledge among employees within the hospital. The adoption of different programs within the hospital has been integral in maintaining strong focus on important changes which help in defining improved outcomes. The hospital management needs to ensure that workers are continuously trained on existing and emerging safety hazards, implementation of safety protocols and installation of AC system and improved ventilation within the laundry. The recommendations of this study need to be acted upon by the hospital management and policy makers in health in other facilities.Item Impacts of Climate Variability on Rice Farming in Mwea, Kirinyaga County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Mati, Simon Mutisya; James K. KoskeClimate variability threatens agriculture at local and global scales. Resilience to climate variability impacts calls for adequate preparedness among affected populations. Farmers who rely primarily on rain-fed agriculture appear to be more relatively prone to the accumulated effects of climate variability. The effects are relatively more pronounced in developing world. Rice is a crop of major concern since it is generally one of the most cultivated and consumed cereal crops in Africa and specifically in Kenya. Its productivity is on the decline for factors largely attributable to climate variability. Rice is primarily an irrigated crop. In Kenya, river volumes supplying irrigation water are rapidly dwindling and are no longer able to sustain rice farming as in the past. This study was set to investigate impacts of climate variability on rice farming in Mwea area of Kirinyaga County. The study looked into the area in particular 1990 and 2019 and evaluated effects of the variability on rice production in the same period. It also set out to assess climate variability adaptation strategies employed by rice farmers. To obtain primary data, 144 households were randomly selected from all the rice farmers in the area and the sample was assigned questionnaires. The households were given questionnaires with closed and open-ended items on the specified variables. Further, field observations were made and data recorded in observation sheets and photographs. Other forms of data were obtained from secondary sources including Kenya Meteorological Department, electronic repositories and farmer association offices. Data for each variable and combination of variables were statically analyzed p≤0.05) using “R” software and the results displayed in graphs, tables and pie charts. April recorded the highest mean rainfall of 242.8 mm. Conversely, the mean temperature of the research area over the period was found to be 28.360C. The highest maximal mean temperature of 29.94oC was recorded in 2019 while highest minimal mean temperature of 19.30oC was recorded in 2011. The results showed that there was a positive (r = .3152) significant (p < 0.01) between rainfall and the rice production (in tonnes) per hectare/year. The p-value at 0.39 shows a correlation coefficient of +0.16 between rice production and temperature. After a 30 years’ time series weather trend analysis, there was a high variation trend in annual rainfall and temperatures averages. The year 1992 was the wettest year while 1999 was found to be the driest year. From the findings, correlation between quantities of rice produced and weather variables showed that rice is adversely affected by increased temperatures and so reduced rice yields. Climate variability adaptation strategies employed by rice farmers in Mwea, indicated that majority (64%) apply chemical fertilizer to fasten the growth rate in the face of limited rain water, 22% of them do early planting while minority (12%) of the respondents prefer use of weeds and pest control. This research concluded that temperature increases with less rainfall reduced rice yields. The study recommended that there is need for the government, through the National Irrigation Authority (NIA), to construct a high-capacity central water storage reservoir upstream, more canals around all rice fields and establish dams for harvesting and storage of rainwater. Also, farmers need to get introduced to drip irrigation techniques and establish Kenyan rice- based farming systems and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for responding to climate variability effects.Item Role of Rendille Indigenous Environmental Knowledge in Conservation of Selected Tree Species in Laisamis, Marsabit County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Ekalo, Janet Ahatho; James K. Koske; Cecilia GichukiIndigenous knowledge remains a critical holistic approach for environmental conservation worldwide. The knowledge practiced by various communities interlinks their natural ecosystems and the services leveraged from them. This study assessed the role of Rendille Indigenous knowledge in the environmental conservation of Olea Africana, Terminalia brownii, Teclea nobilis, and Hyphaena compressa in Marsabit County. The specific objectives were: to find out the cultural use of the selected tree species in Marsabit County, to assess the role of the Rendille indigenous knowledge in the conservation of the selected tree species, to establish the challenges faced by the conservation of the selected tree species in Marsabit County, to determine the impacts of selected tree species on a sustainable livelihood in Marsabit County, and to assess the conservation status and tree species harvesting of the selected species towards ecosystem conservation in Marsabit County. The study employed a descriptive exploratory research design. Stratified sampling and probability sampling aided the rationale for sampling respondents. The data was coded and analyzed by the use of excel and SPSS, which generated tables, graphs, and charts to communicate the results. The study found that the Rendille community uses indigenous knowledge of Teclea nobilis to make bows and arrows that signify braveness. Despite the conservation measures, the trees are faced with challenges such as charcoal burning (84.4%), traditional medicine (77.3%), and change in climatic variability (73.4%). Other indigenous tree cultural uses included: Hyphaena compressa, which represented peace and was a sacred tree; Olea africana, which was used in weddings and milk preservation; and Terminalia brownii, which has a pleasant scent and represents purity, among others. The study recommends the following: creation of awareness, initiation of environmental management committee use of alternative fuel energy, litigation of conservation laws. Therefore, she finds that the indigenous knowledge (IK) of the Rendille community has a role in the conservation of the environmental ecosystems in Marsabit County and other indigenous communities in Kenya. The study recommends; Integration of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) with the formal education to enhance conservation of the mentioned tree species and localizing forest conservation laws and policies at communal set-up through participatory forest management where pastoral communities should act as key stakeholders.Item Impacts of Climate Variability on the Outbreak and Spread of Newcastle Disease in Poultry Farming in Kisii County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Sese, Henry Hodgeb Maringo; Cecilia GichukiNewcastle disease is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species caused by Avian Paramyxovirus Type 1 virus. A highly contagious and often-severe disease that occurs globally and causes devastating losses in both commercial and village chickens. The study sought to examine the impact of climate variability on the outbreak and spread of the Newcastle disease in Kisii County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were: to examine how climate has varied between 1990 and 2019 in Kitutu Chache South Constituency; establish farmers’ perception of the effects of climate variability on Free Range Indigenous Chicken in Kitutu Chache South; examine the relationship between climate variability and the occurrence of Newcastle disease as well as to assess the socio-economic costs of Newcastle disease on poultry farmers. Descriptive survey study design was selected and it included both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The research study targeted poultry farmers; thus, sampling size was determined to be 500 farmers and 10 Key informants from the County Departments. The research used simple random and purposive sampling methods. Primary data was collected from poultry farmers using questionnaires, and secondary data was collected from Kisii Meteorological Services from 1990-2019. The primary data was analyzed in STATA-14 and SPSS-20 using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s Correlation, and Linear regression models. Cronbach’s Alpha formula, weighted mean, and chi-square were used to identify farmers’ perceptions within six items. Secondary data was analyzed in R-Studio using the Mann-Kendall trend test with Sense slope estimators to determine trends in climatic variability. The results showed a significant increase in minimum and maximum temperatures at (p < 0.05); and a decreasing trend in the mean amount of rainfall. This study confirmed that poultry farmers from Kitutu Chache South were significantly aware of climate variability and its effects on chicken production (Ẍ2 = 68.17; df =5; p = 0.000) with Cronbach’s Alpha (α) of 0.712, which showed reliable consistency within the items. There was a significant and robust relationship between climatic variables and chicken death due to the Newcastle Disease virus (p < 0.001). It was determined that climate factors influence chicken productivity, and a slight change of climate variables could lead to an average loss of about KES.236.78 per chicken. The results further showed that poultry farmers are adapting strategic measures to mitigate the effects of climate change, such as vaccination, using the herbal medication, and consuming and selling chicken before infection. These adaptation strategies were found to be statistically increasing chicken productivity (p <0.05) with a marginal probability range of 1.4% to 27.3%. However, farmers are constrained by challenges such as inadequate funds, inadequate extension services, and erratic prediction of the seasonality of the Newcastle Disease outbreak. Therefore, from the study findings, the study recommends that the County and the National governments harmonize climate issues when drafting policies on Newcastle Disease.Item Effects of Climate Variability on Rural Road Infrastructure and Greenleaf Transportation in Kericho County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Koech, Nancy Chemutai; James K. Koske; Sammy LetemaClimate variability is a global phenomenon that is posing threat to roads infrastructure in agricultural sector. Like other parts of the world, African region is said to be vulnerable due to its geographical location and low adaptive capacity. Road infrastructure in Kenya has deteriorated due to varying temperatures and rainfall patterns. Intense precipitation may cause flooding and result to damage in road infrastructure. However, research on climate variability and how it affects rural road infrastructure received relatively less attention in research. Kericho County rainfall ranges from 1800mm to 2700mm, and temperature ranging from 17 ºC to 19 ºC which impacts on rural road infrastructure. Its effects have been manifested through frequent damage to rural roads. The study sought to examine rainfall and temperature trends in the county in the period 1989 to 2019. It also determined the extent to which climate variability has affected rural roads used for tea transport. It also assessed tea farmer’s perception on climate variability effects on rural roads infrastructure and greenleaf transportation. By use of Yamane’s 1967 formula, 398 farmers were obtained. Tea farmers were randomly selected and questionnaires administered. Structured interview was administered transport managers. In order to understand budgets and expenditures, a separate interview was administered to managers of Tea Board of Kenya. Data was statistically analyzed (p<0.05). Rainfall and temperature data from 1989 to 2019 was obtained from Kenya Meteorological Department to determine rainfall and temperature variability. Results showed that there was significant variation annual rainfall (p<0.005). There was a varsity variation in mean maximum temperatures (p꞊ 0.009), and mean minimum temperature (p꞊ 0.000). Linear regression analysis showed rainfall had slightly increased (y ꞊ 2.5476x - 40.778) and temperature had significantly increased (y ꞊ 0.028x - 0.4473). Pearson product moment of correlation showed weak positive correlations between the rainfall amounts and cost of repairs and maintenances for Momul (r ꞊122, p ꞊ 0.691), Tegat (r ꞊ +.029, p꞊ .936), Litein (r ꞊.255, p ꞊ .449) and Tebesonik (r ꞊.046, p ꞊.922). However, Toror was negatively correlated (r ꞊-.261, p ꞊.466). This implies that as cost of repairs decrease, green-leaf amounts tend to increase (p꞊ 0.000). The study found that climate significantly varied between 1989-2019. Heavy rains occur periodically that damage rural tea roads thus impacting negatively on tea transportation. Rural roads should continuously be maintained to address uncertainties. There is need, therefore, for heavy investment of emergency funds for repair and maintenance of rural tea roads based on climate variability and heavy rain return period pattern. A comparative study should be done in other counties to understand climate variability on rural road infrastructure within those counties.Item The Status of Drinking Water at Gachagi Informal Settlement in Thika Sub-County, Kiambu County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Mwangi, Ruth Wangari; Cecilia M. Gichuki; Daniel G. ManguriuAs a result of rapid urbanization in developing countries, majority of urban residents live in slums often characterized by lack of basic services, such as water and sanitation. The urban poor often use shallow pit latrines and at the same time may draw water from the nearby wells which is often polluted. This study explored the perception and status of drinking water in Gachagi informal settlement in Thika Municipality, Kiambu County. The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative research design to collect data. This cross-sectional study involved one hundred and forty (140) respondents. The respondents age ranged from 18 years to 68 years, the mode was 29 years, median 38 years and the mean age were 40.9 ± 3.40. Twenty water (20) samples were collected from various water sources used by the respondents and used for laboratory analysis. Of these twenty, ten were from shallow ponds and rocks (aquifers), five from the municipal water-tap and five from borehole. Multiple tube fermentation technique was used to enumerate coliform bacteria. The collected data was statistically analyzed with qualitative data undergoing thematic analysis and results discussed and presented in graphs, charts, frequency tables and pie-charts. The common sources of water were municipal-taps (n=59), shallow wells (n=35), water-ponds (n=33), River Chania (n=7), boreholes (n=3), rain water and (n=84) transported water using open buckets with no lids. Age (p=0.011), gender (p=0.020) and level of education (p=0.046) of respondents had significant association with method of water transportation. At least (n=30) of females and (n=11) of respondents with tertiary education perceived the water is contaminated with all water samples tested indicated presence of coliforms bacteria. Fecal Coliforms bacteria were present in all the tested water with sites indicating high risk. Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were also found to be present except in municipal tap water. Majority (n=91) of respondents were aware of water treatment methods with boiling of water (n=46) and chlorination (n=19) being commonly used method. More than three-quarter of the respondents (n=111) disclosed that they had suffered a waterborne disease especially diarrhea and there was average significant level of awareness of water-borne diseases associated with unsafe drinking water. The drinking water sources were contaminated and therefore, water projects should be up-scaled in slums. From the study it has been established that water in slums is not safe for drinking. The government and other development agencies should therefore strive to enhance the availability of safe water in the slums.Item Factors Influencing Knowledge Levels of Climate Variability Adaptation Strategies among Small-Scale Farmers in Kitui County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2019) MULYUNGI, LENAH MUTINDI; James Koske; Daniel Mang'uriuClimate variability poses as a major challenge for small holder rain fed agricultural production with a relatively greater impact on small scale farmers worldwide. Despite this, adoption of climate variability coping strategies remain low. Strategies such as water harvesting techniques through use of terraces, Zai pits, drip irrigation, agroforestry and conservation tillage continue to be fronted as possible climate adaptation options for small holder farmers. However, research into levels of knowledge of these strategies among farmers is relatively scarce. Kitui County, Kenya, particularly remains relatively less focused on climate change and fanner understanding of climate variability response strategies. This study sought to assess variability of climatic factors of rainfall and temperature in Kitui County from 1980-2012 and assess influence of household socio-economic factors on fanner's level of knowledge on climate variability adaptation techniques. The study also investigated the challenges faced by farmers in applying climate variability adaptation techniques. To achieve the objectives outlined above, a survey design was employed and a sample of 387 respondents selected. Majority of the respondents were small scale farmers in Kitui County. Questionnaires were designed and administered to the selected subjects to solicit data on climate adaptation techniques and socioeconomic factors influencing farmers' knowledge levels on climate variability adaptation techniques. Rainfall and temperature data were collected from the Kenya Meteorological department (number 9137089) and analysed to establish variation patterns in temperature and rainfall parameters. Data were statistically analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and results discussed and presented in tables, charts and graphs. The study found that climate has over the years varied with temperatures having increased by 2°C in the 1980s and early 1990s. The rainfall has reduced to less than 600mm with the lowest rainfall (226mm) being recorded in 2006. This implies that the Kitui County is increasingly becoming drier and hotter. These findings were further ascertained by majority of the respondents (91.1%)!fwho agreed that rainfall patterns had varied in the last ten years and that were warmer ~ignificantly over the past ten years. The study however found that there were no significant differences on how local farmers adapted to the changes in climate with regard to income, age and even ownership of land. An exception however, was on education levels with the study finding significant statistical differences (p<0.005) on how farmers with different levels of education adapted to climatic variability and change. Highly educated farmers adapted more coping strategies than those who had very little education. The study noted lack of information on how to mitigate against effects of climatic change, lack of good eqLifpment, high cost of adopting some strategies among others pose serious challenges that hinder adoption of climate coping strategies. To enable farmers effectively mitigate and adapt to the adverse effects of change of climate, the study recommends that farmers be sensitised .and informed on climatic change and coping mechanisms through agricultural extension services and capacity building programmes.Item Effects of Human Encroachment on Natural Regeneration of Indigenous Trees Seedlings in Kimakia Forest, Murang’a County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Muriithi, Michere Florence; James Kung’u; Benson Mburu.Degradation of the world's forests has been increasing due to human induced activities. As the world population continues to increase so is degradation. Natural regeneration of indigenous trees seedlings is the most effective way of rehabilitating degraded forests. The main objective of the study was to assess the effects of human encroachment on natural regeneration of indigenous trees seedlings in Kimakia Forest. A descriptive research design was used while mixed research method was used to collect the data in the field. By use of photography, human encroachment was identified inside Kimakia Forest. Ecological data were obtained from twenty quadrats with an inter-quadrant spacing of 40 Meters that were laid systematically in ten (10) transects, each measuring 800 Meters long and laid perpendicular to the forest edge at an inter-transect spacing of 500 Meters. Indigenous trees seedlings in each quadrat were counted and recorded respectively. To determine the extent of human activities by the members of the community in the forest, questionnaires were administered to a sample of 218 households through stratified random sampling technique. Interviews were conducted on key informants selected through purposive sampling technique. Ecological data was analyzed using Shannon Wiener Diversity Index while quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Qualitative data was grouped into themes and was later used to back up quantitative data. Species diversity was established to be moderately good with an index of 2.01. Regression analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between the total regeneration of indigenous seedlings counts and the distance from the forest edge with a P-value of 0.076. The study rejected the hypothesis that the diversity of indigenous tree seedlings in Kimakia Forest is significantly affected by the distance from the forest edge with a P-value of 0.675. Land scarcity and readily available market for forest products were major factors leading to human encroachment. Other factors included unemployment and low income per month. The study concluded that human activities in Kimakia Forest affect natural regeneration of indigenous trees seedlings. Market availability for forest products and population pressure will continue causing negative impacts in Kimakia Forest if there is no proper forest management. This study recommends Kenya Forest Service to map out regeneration curves of indigenous trees seedlings in the forest into various categories; for example, good, average and poor so as to monitor sustainability through natural regeneration. This will also enhance viable track of the various reasons attributed to low and high counts of indigenous trees seedlings in the forest.Item Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change Management on Rice Production Farmers in Bugarama Wetland, Rwanda(Kenyatta University, 2021) Nyirandorimana, Esther; Ezekiel Ndunda; Muriuki JohnRice production is mainly carried out in wetlands, and which are a major source of livelihood for many people practicing farming globally, Africa and specifically in Rwanda. Presently, there is limited literature on the impacts of climate change on rice production in wetlands. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the socio-economic factors that determine the effects of climate change on rice production and consequently how level of farmers‟ perceptions and awareness determined their choice of adaptations strategies. Specifically, the study analyzed climate trend of Bugarama from 1981-2017, assessed the extent of awareness among rice farmers about climate change, identify the climate-change adaptation strategies adopted by rice farmers, and determined the factors that influence the adoption of adaptation strategies in rice production, finally the study calculated the marginal cost for farmers‟ rice production. The study was conducted in Bugarama Wetland, Rwanda and stratified sampling technique was employed. The Bugarama area was stratified into administrative villages and farmers were non-randomly chosen regardless of their scale of farming where the Rice agriculture production cooperative of 1600 farmers operating their agro-business with a sampling size calculated of 320 farmers; the Descriptive survey design was used in this study with quantitative and qualitative based on primary data; A stratified sampling technique was employed to systematically select farmers during data collection. Secondary data of temperature and precipitation were collected from Rwanda Meteorology Department. Climate data were analyzed in a modified Mann-Kendall trend test (mkttest), farmers‟ awareness and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) in Likert scale, determinants of adaptation strategies among farmers were analyzed in Hackman step-two model and lastly margins were calculated from total revenue over total cost. The results showed that there were no significant statistical trends (p > 0.05) in the amount of rainfall during 1981-2017, though there was a small decrease in the amount of rainfall. Generally, there were increasing temperatures in Bugarama (p<0.05) during 1981-2017, the study realized that 38% and 34% of the farmers were aware and perceived climate change respectively in respect to 5 level of Likert scale. The results deduced that the level of education (p =0.019) extension access (p=0.001), market distance (p=0.002) and rice income (p < 0.001) had a high probability of influencing farmers‟ perceptions about climate change thus the need to adapt. Based on outcome model, results showed that extension access (p < 0.001), household size (p= 0.098), market distance (p= 0.047), rice income (p =0.032), farmers-to-farmers (p < 0.001) and effects of climate change on rice (p=0.038) had a greater probability of influencing farmer‟s choice of adaptation method used to improve rice yields. The results showed that farmers a profit margin 0.296. To conclude, the study found that access to informational facilities, rice income, influenced farmers‟ perceptions while extension access, rice income, market distance, farmers-to-farmers contact and effects of climate change on rice yield strongly had a probability of determining farmers‟ choice of adaptation. This study recommends that government and local administrators need to develop a strategy that would allow farmers to access information facilities about new technology to adapt climate change thus improves rice production yields.Item Impact of Damming River Tana on Floodplain Livelihoods of the Pokomo Community in Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Uruji, Rose Mkyangwena; James K. Koske; Daniel G. Mang’uriuGlobally, there are over 45,000 large dams with Africa having more than 1,300 dams constructed mainly to generate hydroelectric power, facilitate irrigation and supply water to municipalities. However, dams are associated with numerous adverse negative impacts on the environment and livelihoods of communities living downstream. The dams in the upper catchment area of River Tana in Kenya have resulted to drying up of the fragile floodplain ecosystem leading to several undesirable effects on the Pokomo community’s living downstream. Recession agriculture has become redundant with reduced fishing activities and harvesting of wildlife products. The main objective of the study was to establish the impact of damming River Tana on the floodplain livelihoods of the Pokomo community. The specific objectives were to: analyze the effects of flood on the floodplain livelihoods of the Pokomo community; explore the Pokomo community’s pattern of livelihood change before and after 1989 when the last of the Seven Forks dams was commissioned; examine the indigenous knowledge that was being used by the Pokomo community in the management of the floodplain natural resources; and establish how damming has affected the socio-economic status of the Pokomo community. The study area encompasses the delta with its fan-shaped floodplain of River Tana covering an area of about 1,300km2 which coincides with the Tana Delta RAMSAR conservation site. The methods used for this study included a household survey, focus group discussions and observation in the field survey design adopted. A household survey on 17 purposively selected villages with a sample size of 369 out of 4717 households was used. A questionnaire was used to collect data for the household survey while two checklists and a camera were used to collect data for both the focus group discussion and observation methods. The quantitative data collected from the household survey was analyzed and summarized using descriptive statistical methods to capture their significance relationship, central tendencies, degree of variability or dispersal while the qualitative data derived from the FGDs and structured observation was organised into themes and concepts from which generalizations were formulated. The data captured was presented in the form of tables, figures, notes and photographs. The Pearson’s correlation results for the first objective, flood water for crop farming was correlated with mainly three variables and the results are: fish abundance (p=0.012), wildlife products (p=0.003) and flood benefits (p=0.000). For the second objective, recession farming was correlated with four variables and the results are: wildlife products (p=0.045), fish availability (p=0.021), global warming (p=0.024) and crop yields (p=0.000). For the third objective, indigenous knowledge/forest was correlated with five variables and the results are: recession farming (p=0.000), firewood (p=0.032), animal/crop symbol (p=0.000), rotational fishing (p=0.047) and crop/season (p=0.018). For the fourth objective, low crop yields/crop species disappearance was correlated with five variables and the results are: crop yields/poverty (p=0.000), charcoal sell (p=0.000), recession farming (p=0.001), fish availability (p=0.000) and immorality/livelihood (p=0.000). The study has established that the Pokomo community perceives damming of River Tana upstream to have had adverse negative impacts on their livelihoods when the natural bi-annual flooding phenomenon was disrupted. The study recommends that the Ministry of Agriculture should revive the stalled village irrigation projects and engage the Pokomo community in agro-business activities that will generate income and guarantee food security to elevate the socio-economic status as well as their well being.Item Climate Variability Effects on Vector-Borne Livestock Diseases in Narok South Sub-County, Narok County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Onyango, Kennedy Bwire; Cecilia M. Gichuki; Evelyne WemaliVariability in climate has in recent decades caused adverse impacts on natural and human systems all over the world. Based on the most recent available projections, Kenya will be severely threatened by the direct and indirect impact of climate variability, most of which is likely to accelerate in the coming decades. When such calamities occur, the livelihood of pastoral communities is negatively affected and their economies dwindle mainly because of loss of livestock which is their main source of income. The study assessed the effect of climate variability and the associated vector-borne diseases on livestock in Narok South Sub-County from 1980 to 2010. The study period was associated with high prevalence of vector-borne diseases hence the need to understand the cause and impacts. Objectives of the study were: to analyse the trends of droughts and floods in Narok County; to assess the relationship between rainfall patterns and vector-borne livestock diseases and to analyse the perceived impacts of climate variability by pastoral communities in Narok South Sub-County from 1980 to 2010. The study worked with the hypothesis that the cases of selected vector-borne diseases had no significant relationship with rainfall patterns over the study period. It adopted a descriptive research design and used stratified random sampling; Stratum 1 comprised of Segamian, Sagoo, Melelo and Ololunga Wards that are agro-pastoral zones and stratum 2, comprised of Loita and Maji moto Wards that are mainly pastoral zones. Structured questionnaires were administered to 397 households while 36 key informants from relevant institutions were interviewed. Data was statistically analysed and the correlation results showed that other than Heartwater (p= 0.402), r=0.011 and N=38), other vector-borne diseases had a weak relationship with the amount of rainfall received. Nonetheless, there was some small relationship between graphical plots with cases of diseases either decreasing or increasing with corresponding decrease or increase of rainfall. According to the Chi-square analysis, there was a strong statistically significant difference between the two strata on the impact of floods and rainfall (floods: χ2= 24.902, df=3, p=0.000 and rainfall χ2=41.230, df= 3, p=0.000). The study revealed an increase in cases of most of the vector-borne diseases over the study period and attributes the increase to climate variability. The study recommends that development institutions should partner with the county and national government to create awareness on climate variability, build capacity to appropriate adaptation interventions and put in place contingency plans to enhance pastoral communities’ preparedness for the reoccurrence of the excessively heavy rainfall and droughts. Integration of indigenous knowledge in development of policies and institutional frameworks is also recommended.Item Utilization of Agricultural Food Waste Products for Bioethanol Generation, Kiambu County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Osei, Janet Appiah; Shyam Manohar; Esther Lesan KiturIncrease in food supply has led to the generation of high quantities of wastes from agricultural products. Globally, 40-50% of food wastes arise from fruits, cereals and vegetables. Wastes from agricultural food products are easily degraded and difficult to separate from the whole quantity of wastes. There are also difficulties in handling and storage because of their high water and rich organic compositions. The study employed rare incubation techniques which are not yet utilized by researchers to produce bioethanol. The main objective was to utilize agricultural food wastes to generate bioethanol. The specific objectives were: i) To determine the amount of bioethanol that can be generated from different types of selected agricultural waste products (cereals, vegetables, fruits) under different incubation conditions and durations. ii) To optimise different incubation techniques at different temperatures for bioethanol production from selected agricultural food waste products. iii)To optimise different fermentation durations for bioethanol production from the selected agricultural food waste products. Food wastes were collected and subjected to physical pre-treatment and then enzymatic hydrolysis by the use of commercial enzyme cellulase from Aspergillus niger and finally anaerobic fermentation to convert the produced sugars into ethanol. The different incubation techniques used for fermentation took place in an incubator set at 30oC, in the dark room at temperature 21oC and under the soil at temperature 19oC with different fermentation durations of 48 hours, 96 hours and 144 hours. All collected data were entered in excel before being subjected to analysis of variance using Genstat statistical package (Discovery version 4) at 5% level of probability (P<0.05). Ethanol productivity, concentration and yield were the three parameters used to determine the amount of bioethanol produced from each wastes. The highest bioethanol yield of 240.6 ml/kg was recorded from cereal wastes followed by fruits (156.0 ml/kg) and vegetables (63.5 ml/kg). There was decrease in bioethanol concentration and yield with increasing fermentation time in fruits and vegetables but for the cereals, there were gradual increases. In all the substrates used, there were decreases in bioethanol productivity with time. There were slight decreases in bioethanol concentration and yield from 19oC to 21oC and sharp increase from 21oC to 30oC in cereal substrates. In vegetable substrate, there were slight increases in bioethanol concentration and yield from 19oC to 21oC but sharp decrease at temperature 30oC whilst in fruit substrates, there were slight decreases from 19oC to 21oC but sharp decrease at temperature 30oC. Results showed that the optimum temperatures for cereals, fruits and vegetables were 30oC, 19oC and 21oC respectively. The findings of this work suggest that agricultural food waste products are rich in fermentable sugars and can be used effectively for bioethanol production. This will be beneficial to the Ministry of Environment in Kenya in solving waste management issues confronting the nation. Also the use of incubators for fermentation especially in vegetable and fruit substrates can be replaced with dark room and under soil which are more economically feasible.Item Effects of Human Activities on Utilization and Conservation of Kerisoi Forest Station, Nakuru County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Joyce, Chelangat Langat; Paul Obade; Kamau MburuForests in the world have immense importance ranging from productive to ecological services. Ecologically, forests are the world's largest water towers. They regulate hydrological cycles, pollution, and contribute to climate change mitigation. Despite these vital roles played by forests, deforestation and forest degradation continues, and this has reduced forest cover in the world from 4,128 billion ha in 1994 to 3,999 billion ha in 2015. Kenya’s closed canopy forest cover currently stands at about 7.4% of the total land area compared to 12.3% in Africa and 30.8% globally. Mau forest, which is the largest water tower in Kenya, has been destroyed and reduced by more than 25% since 1963. The study assessed the effects of human activities on the utilization and conservation of Kerisoi forest station, which is part of Mau forest. It was conducted in Kiptororo ward, Nakuru County. The objectives of the study were; i) to analyse the relationship between human activities and the loss of Kerisoi forest station vegetation cover over the period of 1989 to 2018, ii) to determine the effects of logging on the diversity of tree species in Kerisoi forest station reserve and iii) to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing conservation and protection measures in Kerisoi forest station reserve. The research applied a mixed-method research design which involved both descriptive and ecological surveys. In the descriptive survey, the sample size was 381 respondents; interviews were conducted only with the key informants. In the ecological survey, 10m by 10m quadrats were laid along 10 transect lines in the forest. In each quadrat, tree species were identified and recorded. Observation and photography were also made on various forest disturbances. Landsat images of 1989, 2002, 2010, and 2019 were used to compare land-use land-cover change. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS software. Qualitative data was analysed using structural techniques, establishing themes, patterns, relationships, and categories. The Shannon Wiener index of diversity was used to obtain the diversity of tree species in the forest. Landsat images were pre-processed and classified to come up with maps for comparison followed by accuracy assessment. The human activities identified in Kerisoi forest station included; logging, cattle grazing, and herbal medicine collection. Land use land cover change showed that natural forest was the most dominant land cover despite a reduction of 55.66 ha between 1989 and 2018 and an increase in the area under cropland by 1509.33 ha. 20 tree species belonging to 16 families were found in this study. The most abundant species was Podocarpus latifolia and the least was Cassipourea malosana, Olea capensis, and Teclea simplicifolia. The overall Shannon Wiener diversity index for Kerisoi forest station was 1.58. Conservation measures in place and known to the Kerisoi forest station respondents were plantation forest, law enforcement initiative, CFAs initiative, and public awareness. However, 34.9% of the respondents stated that they were not effective, contrary to 28.9% who stated that the conservation measures were very effective. The study concluded that the natural forest cover has reduced while cropland cover increased. The low diversity can be attributed to the effect of human activities besides non-effective conservation and protection measures. Consequently, measures such as fencing, forest restrictions, and banning all activities in the forest should be put in place to allow forest regeneration and recoveryItem Assessment of Selected Trace Elements in Soil and Vegetable (Spinaca Oleracea) In Ruai, Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2020-07) Nyandika, Hezekiah OkiomaUrban farming makes a substantial influence on the household economy of the urban poor especially in developing countries. Urban soil the hot spot of urban farming is a natural sink for contaminants especially the potentially toxic trace elements derived mainly from anthropogenic activities. The sources of trace elements include effluents from sewerage drainage system, unprocessed wastewater from neighboring manufacturing industries in addition to farming activities along polluted rivers and other streams. This study quantified the concentrations of selected potentially toxic trace elements (Cr, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in top (0-20 cm) and sub (21-50 cm) soils and selected vegetable (Spinaca oleracea) from gardens in Ruai sewage area, Nairobi City, County. Grid soil sampling method was used to collect soil samples while plant samples were sampled randomly in tandem and their total concentrations was determined using a portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. Data analysis was performed using R version 3.3.3. The study revealed that the topsoil had higher concentration of trace elements than sub soil. The topsoil concentration in mg/kg were; 61.62 ± 6.14, 4042.58 ± 380.45, 30.82 ± 1.21, 43.90 ± 12.05 and 456.43 ± 71.61 for Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn respectively. The subsoil concentration in mg/kg were; 54.67 ± 5.85, 3791.38 ± 572.11, 30.32 ± 1.37, 27.83 ± 12.54 and 370.32 ± 74.42 for Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn respectively. It also noted that concentration of the trace elements was higher during dry season than wet season but not significantly different (P ≥ .05) for all the elements. The study also revealed that hazard quotient for all the elements were below 1. Values for Wet season were 0.0012, 0.4929, 0.0552 and 0.1167 for Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn respectively whereas dry season had 0.0013, 0.3552, 0.0627 and 0.0914 for Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn respectively. Calculated Transfer Factor were below 1 for both seasons with a trend order of Zn>Cu>Cr>Mn. The elemental estimation of daily intake rates through consumption of the sampled Spinaca oleracea was within the WHO permissible maximum tolerable daily intake. Thus, there is no imminent health risk in consuming Spinaca oleracea from the study area. However, it recommended that there is need to monitor levels of trace elements in soil and Spinaca oleracea to ensure they do not exceed acceptable levelsItem Role of Education for Sustainable Development in Enhancing Sustainability Awareness Among Learners in Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2019-04) Ngota, VeronicaSustainable development is a critical undertaking that requires the support and commitment of everyone in making it a reality. The role of schools in sustainable development is significant. Being places of teaching and learning, they are eminently suited to help students understand the impact they have on earth. Schools can promote good practices and serve as centres in which young people as well as the local communities learn to appreciate sustainable living and working. This study sought to establish the role of education for sustainable development in enhancing sustainability awareness among secondary school learners in Lang’ata sub county, Nairobi, Kenya. The broad objective of the research was to find out the effectiveness of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in enhancing awareness of environmental sustainability among secondary school learners in Lang’ata Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya. More specifically, the study sought to evaluate the level of ESD implementation in secondary schools; to determine the environmental, social and economic activities among Lang’ata secondary school learners that point to environmental, social and economic sustainability and to find out the factors that hinder effective implementation of ESD programmes in secondary schools in Lang’ata Sub-County. The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional design and employed quantitative method of data collection. It utilized simple random sampling to choose respondents who comprised students from different secondary schools in Lang’ata Sub-County. Structured questionnaires were, therefore, administered to students to obtain quantitative data. Data analysis was conducted using the quantitative program for social and market research alongside the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). The level of significance was set at P ≤0.05. Descriptive statistics was conducted to determine relative frequencies, percentages and means of variables; while measures of central tendency were used to summarize and interpret the research findings. The presentation of quantitative data is done in tables, figures and graphs, while the qualitative data is presented through text. The findings of the study indicated that education for sustainable development was carried out in schools. However, this knowledge was not utilized in environmental sustainability. Students felt that environmental sustainability was important but were indifferent towards activities geared towards the same. Income generating activities carried out to a low extent included poultry keeping, vegetable farming and rabbit keeping since these activities can be done in limited space. Factors cited as hindering effective implementation of ESD programmes included lack of interest among teachers and students, lack of funds, lack of information and busy schools’ schedules. The study recommends a change in the curriculum design to enhance uptake for education for sustainable development. The study also recommends design of environment sustainable programmes that involve both the students and local community. Local environmental leaders should create more awareness by coming up with different environmental programmes and schools should assist students to initiate income generating activities.Item Impact of Fuelwood Consumption by Three Tea Factories on Environment and On-Farm Tree Production in Kangema Sub-County, Murang’a County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2019-07) Kahare, Samson GithinjiThe tropical forest loss is increasing by 2,101 km2 per year. The factors causing the increasing tropical forest loss include agro-industrial development and exploitation of fuelwood by many countries. The role of human involvement in the deforestation situation in Africa cannot be understated. Studies carried out in Kenya show that most of the Tea factories rely on fuelwood for their energy requirements. This forces them to heavily contribute to the felling down of trees in the quest of meeting energy demands. The study sought to determine the impact of fuelwood demand by three tea factories on On-farm tree production and the environment in Kangema Sub-county. The objectives that guided the study were to assess the fuelwood consumption rate by the three tea factories, to determine the effects of fuelwood consumption by the three tea factories on the environment and on-farm tree production, examine the efforts by the three tea factories to meet their fuelwood demand and to determine farmers’ awareness level on the need to for on-farm tree production. The study employed a descriptive research design. The study target population was the Tea farmers in Kangema Sub-county, and the sample size was determined by simple random sampling method. The study had a sample size of two hundred and ninety farmers and six key informants. Data were collected using interview schedules, observation sheets and interview guides for key informants who included the factory section heads, area Environment Officer, the Agricultural Extension Officer and the area administrative Chief. Data were analyzed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics for the quantitative data while the qualitative data was analyzed by way of understanding the meaning of the answers brought forth by the respondents and relating it to the previous studies undertaken in the field of fuelwood demand and its impact on the tree cover requirements. The research findings indicated that the consumption rate of on-farm trees was significantly high. A correlation between the type of trees planted by the farmers and the preference to support a continuous supply of fuelwood to tea factories yielded an r = -0.459 and a p-value of 0.000 at a significant level of 0.05. The increased consumption of on-farm trees had serious effects on environment. A correlation test between exploitation of on-farm tree production and and the approximate portion of land with trees returned an r = 0.016 and a p-value of 0.792 at a significance level of 0.05. Tea factories had instituted a number of strategies and efforts to ensure continuous supply of fuelwood for their factory. This was proven by the correlation test between factories efforts to provide farmers with quality, fast growing seedlings which returned an r = 0.08 and a p-value of 0.901. Awareness of the need for on-farm tree production and to the environment was significantly high. The farmers’ levels of awareness on the need for on-farm tree production and how they fared in attaining the 10% tree cover policy on their farms was studied by correlating the two. The result showed an r = -0.176 at a p-value of 0.003. The study recommended that tea factories should be regulated and forced by way of the statute to diversify their energy sources. The tea factories should equally be forced by the county governments to grow trees as a replacement measure in the harvested areas. This would positively impact on the tree replacement rates by the tea factories. Sensitization by the statutory environmental organs on the need to practice on-farm tree production to attain the requisite ten percent tree cover should be done.