MST-Department of Environmental Education

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Adaptation Strategies to Adverse Effects of Climate Variability on Water and Sanitation Access in Mukuru Kwa Njenga Slum, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018-10) Kariuki, Philip Bundi
Climate variability is an environmental pressure to urban slum dwellers economic activities in most developing countries where households have been adapting to it for years. Slum dwellers are faced with inadequate access to water and proper sanitation. This problem is partly attributed to climate change. This research project aimed at exploring the adaptation and coping mechanisms of Mukuru Kwa Njenga slum community in Nairobi City, due to poor water supply and access to basic sanitation because of climate variability. The four objectives of the study were; to determine climate variability of Nairobi over the last 35yrs, to identify the community‟s adaptation and coping mechanism strategies to poor accessibility of portable water and basic sanitation due to climate variability; to determine the factors hampering the community access to adequate water supply and basic sanitation; and to assess how low accessibility to sufficient water supply and basic sanitation affect the achievement of sustainable development. Descriptive research design and sample size of 384 were formulated. Data analysis was done by use of statistical software known as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings reveal that majority of respondents at 94.2% agree unfavorable weather conditions contributes to sanitation issues now and possibly in the future. 59.5% of the residents in the study area experienced inadequate supply of water. Above 90% of residents store water by use of drums and jerry cans. It is also notable from the findings that the drainage systems in most parts of the study area are poor as indicated by 41% of the respondents. Implication of the findings suggests the populace should be guaranteed adequate supply of water and proper waste management by the county government and the citizenry working together to achieve a better living standard.
Adaptation to Climate Variability by Small-Scale Farmers in Jubek State, South Sudan
(Kenyatta University, 2024-02) Ananias, Diana Achuk
Agriculture provides nearly 80% of the world’s population livelihoods. This is heavily affected by climate variability. Climate variability affects agricultural production due to association with drought and floods. This effect had significant influence in South Sudan where nearly 83% of population relies on rain-fed agriculture. Hence, this has led to decline in about of 30-50% on staple crop production. Jubek State was selected for the study due to majority of the farmers’ dependency on rain-fed agriculture and over stayed there for more than eight years. Therefore, the current research aimed to examine farmers’ perception and level of awareness on the crop yield, analyze how socio-economic factors influence adaptation strategies to climate variability and evaluate suitable adaptation strategies against climate variability in Jubek State of South Sudan. The sample size was determined by Yamane formula to be 399. The study used simple random and stratified sampling, purposive sampling and multi-stage sampling procedures. Closed and open-ended questionnaires, interviews, field observations and taking notes. Secondary data and related information were obtained and reviewed from electronic depositories, libraries and institutional offices. The study adopted qualitative and quantitative analyses and the results were presented in tables and graphs. Test for significance was set at p≤0.05 for all hypotheses. The results on farmers perception and awareness showed that there was a reliable consistency of Cronbach’s Alpha (α)=0.63 with the six issues that were scrutinized and most of the farmers were aware with a weighing means scale ranging from 3.00-4.00. The descriptive statistics of socio-economic factors showed that 79% of male households head were using climate adaptation methods and females 21% only. Crop farming was the main farming practiced by the community with 47.6% total compared to pastoral farming 30.4% and mixed farming 22.0%. The majority of married households with 87.7% were using climate adaptation method compared to singles/widows with 68.8%. The majority of farmers with 57.5% work on their own farms while 42.5% had some alternatives. In the descriptive statistics of adoption to climate adaptation strategy, majority of respondents 68.8% used improved seeds as an adaptation method while 31.2% not. The study further established that, choice of farmers’ adaptive capacity to climatic variability and farmers’ socio-economic factors such gender, marital status, code of employment, size of the household and size of the farm were significantly affecting choice of adaptation to adopt p< 0.05. The study analysis deduced that climate was changing and would require adaptive methods to combat. The study recommended that; South Sudan Government should deploy more agricultural extension officers to create more awareness on climate information and to focus on awareness creation of farmers on better production techniques and climate change adaptation strategies. Also, the National Government and NGOs to promote crop insurance to farmers who are affected with floods to adapt to prone areas and establish more extension service centers for practicing good agricultural activities to increase productivity.
Adaptive Capacity and Socioeconomic Factors that Influence Small-Scale Maize Farmers Response to Climate Variability in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Busolo,Temina Arivitsa
The agriculture industry is at risk due to the worldwide challenge of climate variations. Given its excessive dependence on weather patterns, agriculture is quite susceptible to climate variability. Maize farming faces a threat due to its vulnerability to changes in climate. To lessen susceptibility and increase farmers' ability to adapt, intentional actions must therefore be pursued. The choice of adaptation strategies is paramount among other factors in cushioning maize farmers from adverse climate variability shocks. The study aimed to find out how socioeconomic variables affects small scale maize farmers selection of adaptation tactics, which in turn affects their ability to adjust to climate variability in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The objective of the study sought to examine rainfall and temperature trends from 1989–2019 in Uasin Gishu County. The study also identified the methods small-scale maize farmers employ to adapt to climate unpredictability in Uasin Gishu County. The study looked at the socioeconomic variables that affected farmers’ choices of adaptation strategies. Additionally, the determinants of the adaptive capacity of small-scale maize farmers were assessed. The study employed a descriptive survey design, collecting data through the use of questionnaires. There were 394 small-scale maize farmers in the study's sample. The Kenya Meteorological Department provided temperature and rainfall data from 1989 to 2019 to determine variability. Decadal rainfall (F = 1.994767, p = 0.155599), mean maximum temperature (F = 2.537521, p = 0.097758) and mean minimum temperature (F = 3.089715, p = 0.061899) varied, according to the findings of the ANOVA test. Linear regression indicated an increase in rainfall (R2 = +0.1417) and increased temperatures (R2 = +0.0484). The hypothesis that stated H01: There is no significant variation in rainfall and temperature from 1989–2019 was accepted since there was no statistically significant change in rainfall and temperature patterns. Agroforestry, dry planting, water harvesting, conservation of soil moisture, adjusting crop varieties and planting dates, among other adaptation strategies were employed by the respondents. Nonetheless, adjusting planting dates was the most chosen adaptation tactic. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed land size (p = 0.010), education (p = 0.05), gender (p = 0.003) and age (p = 0.006) having a statistical significance to the choice of adaptation strategies. The hypothesis that suggested H02: there was no significant association between socioeconomic status and the choice of climate variability adaption tactics was disproved. Gender (p = 0.036) and land size (p = 0.00) influenced the remittances received. Access to labour had a significant relationship with household size (p = 0.013) and income (p = 0.010). Education level (p = 0.002) was significantly related to the maize variety chosen. The area of land owned and the number of years spent on farming influenced access to disaster relief and aid. There was a notable weak institutional capacity where government subsidies and disaster relief were lacking. In order for small-scale farmers to effectively adjust to the consequences of climatic variability, investments in enhancing their adaptive capacity are required. To strengthen their ability and to give farmers appropriate institutional support, the study recommends more collaboration between relevant government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and community-based groups.
Adoption of Human Waste Biogas Technology by Rural Households in Kiganjo Division Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2017-11) Mumbi, Mugambi Rahab
Biogas can be produced from biological waste materials which include waste from humans. Human waste can be transformed to eco-friendly and sustainable fuels that can help to reduce deforestation and methane emissions through anaerobic digestion process. This study investigated the factors that influence adoption of human waste biogas technology among households in the rural areas of Kiganjo division, Kiambu County. The objectives of the study were: to assess the level of awareness on human waste biogas technology in the community, to determine community perception towards this technology and to identify socio-economic factors that influence the adoption of this technology in Kiganjo division. Descriptive research design targeting 2,323 households in Kiganjo division was employed. Systematic random sampling was used to select 130 household heads from three locations in Kiganjo division (Mundoro, Kiamwangi and Kiganjo). A structured questionnaire was administered to acquire data on awareness, perception and opinion on adoption of human waste biogas technology. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Statistical package for social sciences was used to statistically analyze the quantitative data where frequencies, correlation coefficients, percentages, measures of central tendency and Chi- square were obtained. Microsoft excel was used to display the results in tables and graphs. The study established that none of the households had adopted the human waste biogas technology. The major factors that hindered adoption of this technology were identified as; low level of awareness due to inadequate information (r=0.121, p=0.169, n=130), negative perception towards the technology (r= -0.776, p=0.000, n=130) and inadequate funds for installation due to low income (r=0.311, p=0.000, n=130) of the household heads. Factors identified to be of no hindrance to adoption included; education level, age and gender. The study further established that government institutions, Non-governmental organizations and other agencies that promote biogas technology had not engaged themselves in the promotion of human waste biogas technology. This had implications on the dissemination of information, motivation and credit accessibility to the household heads. Based on the finding of the study, the ministry of energy in collaboration with Non-governmental organizations and agencies that promote biogas should sensitize local community on human waste biogas technology by providing the required information, construction of demonstration centres in highly concentrated areas like schools and market places. Also the government in conjunction with financial institutions should assist local communities with funds at subsidized interest rate for the installation of the human waste biogas units, and this will help enabling use of the technology and enhance adoption of human waste biogas technology to save forests and clean up the environment.
Assessing the Contribution of Civil Society in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-07) Nyaundi,Crispus Michira
This study sought to assess the Contribution of Civil Society in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts in Nairobi City County, Kenya. It set out to assess the impact of Mobilization on the Contribution of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts. It examined the effect of Knowledge Sharing on Contribution of CSOs in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts. It also evaluated the effect of Policy Support on Contribution of CSOs in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts. Moreover, the study assessed the intervening role of Institutional Coordination on the association between the strategies utilized by CSOs in their contribution to climate change adaptation efforts. The descriptive survey design was adopted. The population comprised all 267 civil society organizations pertinent to climate change adaptation in Nairobi City County, Kenya. A total of 160 top administrative personnel were randomly sampled from among the civil society organizations. These included equivalents of executive directors, chairpersons, chief executive officers, program managers, policy advocacy leads and community liaison officers as per the respective civil society organizations’ organizational structures. Primary data was gathered using a standardized questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and a Chi-square test were performed in the data analysis. The study is significant as it informs policy formulation and best management practice in strengthening the Contribution of Civil Society in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts. Chi-square test results reveal that mobilization has a significant effect on the Contribution of CSOs in climate change adaptation efforts in Nairobi City County, Kenya (16, N=134) = 48.298, P = .000. Moreover, Knowledge Sharing significantly enhances the Contribution of CSOs (10, N=134) = 82.085, P = .000. Further, results indicate that Policy Support has a significant effect on the Contribution of CSOs in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts (12, N=134) = 154.906, P = .000. Institutional coordination was also found to have a significant intervening role on the association between the avenues utilized by CSOs and their Contribution in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts (14, N=134) = 119.821, P = .000. It is concluded that all four identified strategies including Mobilization, Knowledge Sharing, Policy Support and Institutional Coordination have a significant effect on the Contribution of CSOs in Climate Change Adaptation Efforts in Nairobi City County, Kenya. It is thus recommended that administrators of CSOs and policy makers involved in climate change adaptation efforts prioritize Mobilization, Knowledge Sharing, Policy Support and Institutional Coordination
Assessing Women Domestic Chores and Vulnerability to Climate Variability in Chepseon Sub location, Nakuru County, Kenya
(2014-02-19) Koskei, Nancy Chebet; Kerich, Richard Kimutai; Koske, James K.A.
Climate change is a major challenge of mankind in the 21st century. While climate change existed even in the pre-industrial era, recent trends exacerbated by human activities have raised global concern that climate change is threatening the achievement of sustainable development. While effects of climate change have been experienced all over the world, developing countries will be hardest hit because this is where millions of the world‟s poorest people are already being forced to cope with its impacts, yet they contributed less to historic GHG emissions. Kenya is vulnerable to climate change because most of her people‟s economic activities are dependent on climate sensitive natural resources. This study was done to assess women domestic chores and vulnerability to climate variability in Chepseon sub location, Nakuru County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to determine climate variability from 1982-2011, to find out if there was a relationship between climate variability awareness and women‟s level of education and to investigate adaptive strategies that women had in place to cushion them from climate variability in Chepseon Sub location, Nakuru County of Kenya. Descriptive survey was used to solicit data on women‟s domestic chores and their vulnerability to climate variability. A sample size of 90 households was selected through stratified random sampling. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Climate variability data spanning 1982 to 2011 were obtained from Kenya Meteorological Department. Results were discussed and presented as descriptive statistics in tables and graphs. Annual precipitation trend showed a general increase from 1071.5mm in the year 1982 to 1106.5mm in the year 2011. Five year moving averages also showed variability in the amounts of rainfall received, with the first five years rising from 900.54mm to 918.60mm in the next five years then decreasing to 797.96mm in the next five years that followed. Average rainfall then rose to 913.24mm in the next five year. The years 2002-2011 indicated a relative increase in the average annual precipitation from 1018.98mm to 1087.24mm. This trend showed variability of rainfall over the years which were also unpredictable. Temperature analysis also showed variability in both minimum and maximum temperatures. The mean monthly minimum temperature depicted a positive trend from 10.39˚C in the month of January to 10.64˚C in the month of December while the mean monthly maximum temperature depicted a negative trend from 27.3˚C in the month of January to 25.73˚C in the month of December over the 30 year period. Chi-square test results indicated that there was no significant relationship between the level of education and climate variability awareness among the respondents in Chepseon sub location (2 =2.595, df= 4, 89 and p=0.458). Majority (49%) of those that were aware of climate variability had only completed primary school level. The possible explanation for this was that they could not gain access to formal employment and could only carry out domestic chores which involved using natural resources that were at risk of climate variability. Climate variability was experienced in Chepseon sub location and women were not well adapted to changes in climatic conditions. Awareness on the causes and consequences of climate variability should be made in order to sensitize women on its‟ challenges and the possible ways of adapting to it.
An assessment of factors influencing adoption of improved mango varieties as an adaptation to climate variability in Kibwezi division, Kenya
(2014-09-08) Ngulu, James Kinyae
Farming in most sub-tropical Savannah regions in Africa is largely rain-fed. Literature review indicates that rainfall seasons have become irregular, long rains duration and intensity have decreased while temperatures have increased in the last two or more decades. Farmers need to adapt to climate variability by adopting agricultural technologies, such as improved crop varieties in order to maximise productivity. Farmers in Kibwezi have, for a long time, been growing local unimproved mango varieties that give low quality fruits instead of better quality and higher yielding improved varieties. There are multiple socio-economic and agroecological factors influencing farmers' adoption decisions, farm activities and hence crop yields. The aim of the study was to assess the factors influencing adoption of improved mango varieties as an adaptation to climate variability. Primary data was collected through a survey using simple stratified random sampling. The sample size of adopters and control group was determined by Cochran's formula. Kibwezi Division has about six hundred farmers of improved mango varieties out of which, 234 mango farmers (adopters) and 234 control group fanners (non-adopters) were sampled. Questionnaires were completed at farm level on socio-economic and agoecological factors influencing farmers' decision to adopt mangoes. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyse the data. Analyses used included descriptive statistics: frequency, percentages and mean. Associations of variables were tested using Chi square and r-test while relationships were done using correlation analysis. Results indicate that there was a significant association between adoption of the improved mango varieties and socio-economic factors including; the main occupation of the household head (X2=21.21, p=O.OOl),education level (X2 =65.64, p=O.OOl,membership to farmer associations (X2 =7.32, p=O.OOl),visit by - extension officers (X2 =7.32, p=O.OOl),source of information on improved mango varieties (l =2.64, p=O.OOl), age of the respondents (p=O.002), household size (p=O.024) and with size of land (p=O.002). Adoption of improved mango varieties was also influenced by agro ecological factors such as farmer's perception on rainfall fluctuations (X2 =2.21, p=O.OOl),farmer's perception of temperature variations (x: =2.21, p=O.OOI),awareness of availability of improved mango varieties (X2 =75.32, p=O.OOl)and availability of technical information on mangoes (X2 =2.11, p=O.OOl). Results also indicated that an increase in adoption of improved mango varieties leads to a significant increase in household incomes (r=O.336, p=O.OOl).The implication of this study is that the adoption of improved varieties is significantly influenced by both socio-economic activities and agro-ecological factors. The study recommends that there is need to put the above mentioned factors into consideration for successful adoption of improved mango varieties to take place which is anticipated to lead to an increase in food security as well as economic status of the households.
Assessment of Selected Trace Elements in Soil and Vegetable (Spinaca Oleracea) In Ruai, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-07) Nyandika, Hezekiah Okioma
Urban farming makes a substantial influence on the household economy of the urban poor especially in developing countries. Urban soil the hot spot of urban farming is a natural sink for contaminants especially the potentially toxic trace elements derived mainly from anthropogenic activities. The sources of trace elements include effluents from sewerage drainage system, unprocessed wastewater from neighboring manufacturing industries in addition to farming activities along polluted rivers and other streams. This study quantified the concentrations of selected potentially toxic trace elements (Cr, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in top (0-20 cm) and sub (21-50 cm) soils and selected vegetable (Spinaca oleracea) from gardens in Ruai sewage area, Nairobi City, County. Grid soil sampling method was used to collect soil samples while plant samples were sampled randomly in tandem and their total concentrations was determined using a portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. Data analysis was performed using R version 3.3.3. The study revealed that the topsoil had higher concentration of trace elements than sub soil. The topsoil concentration in mg/kg were; 61.62 ± 6.14, 4042.58 ± 380.45, 30.82 ± 1.21, 43.90 ± 12.05 and 456.43 ± 71.61 for Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn respectively. The subsoil concentration in mg/kg were; 54.67 ± 5.85, 3791.38 ± 572.11, 30.32 ± 1.37, 27.83 ± 12.54 and 370.32 ± 74.42 for Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn respectively. It also noted that concentration of the trace elements was higher during dry season than wet season but not significantly different (P ≥ .05) for all the elements. The study also revealed that hazard quotient for all the elements were below 1. Values for Wet season were 0.0012, 0.4929, 0.0552 and 0.1167 for Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn respectively whereas dry season had 0.0013, 0.3552, 0.0627 and 0.0914 for Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn respectively. Calculated Transfer Factor were below 1 for both seasons with a trend order of Zn>Cu>Cr>Mn. The elemental estimation of daily intake rates through consumption of the sampled Spinaca oleracea was within the WHO permissible maximum tolerable daily intake. Thus, there is no imminent health risk in consuming Spinaca oleracea from the study area. However, it recommended that there is need to monitor levels of trace elements in soil and Spinaca oleracea to ensure they do not exceed acceptable levels
Assessment of Stakeholder Participation in Water Resources Management in Machakos Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Ngile, M. R.
Stakeholder participation has been shown to be an effective approach in increasing access to safe water and sanitation in many parts of the world. This study investigated stakeholder participation in management of water resources in Machakos Sub-County of Machakos County, Kenya. Specifically, it sought to assess the level of community participation in water resources management, collaboration between stakeholders, stakeholder contribution in increasing access to reliable water resources and the challenges facing the participatory approach of water resources management in the Sub-County. The research design used was a descriptive survey. The sampling techniques entailed simple random sampling and purposive sampling. The research tools comprised household questionnaires, interview schedules, observation record sheets and photography. A total of 217 households were selected through simple random sampling technique. The data were analyzed statistically and findings presented using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that the key stakeholders in water resources management in the Sub- County were; WRMA, NEMA, CAAC, Tana- Athi WSB, SHGs, MWSCO, WRUAs, TARDA and private water service providers. The results of the study showed that the mean quantity of water available for domestic use from household constructed sources was significantly lower than the recommended BWR of 50 litres/ person/ day ( x =29.61 litres/ person/ day, σ=19.41, p 0.05, n= 217, df=2). Further, most of the household heads participated in community water resources management activities despite not belonging to community- based water associations(x2= 4.564, p= 0.205, n= 217,df= 3). The study also found that there was a significant relationship between training in water resources management and the impact one made in water resources management activities (r= 0.427, p= 0.001, n= 217, df= 1). Those who were trained made a greater impact. The study also established that there was a significant association between the level of awareness among household heads and their collaboration with water resource management institutions in the Sub-County (x2= 46.270, p= 0.001, n= 217, df= 2). Community participation through SHGs and WRUAs has a big potential in increasing access to reliable water resources in the Sub-County. The water supply projects initiated by the identified SHGs resulted to a high daily per capita water availability ( x = 37.85 litres, σ=8.807, p≤ 0.05, df=20). Although most of the WRUAs were in the formative stages, one (Itetani) had implemented water supply projects that raised the daily per capita water availability for people in its sub-catchment area ( x =37.09, p˂ 0.05, σ=4.13, df=10, n=11). Other stakeholder institutions which worked with communities and led to an increase in water availability were SCWO, MWSCO and WRMA. The main challenge facing the stakeholders was financial constraint. The results of this study show that for participatory water resources management to take root in Machakos Sub-County, various issues need to be addressed such as; strengthening community-based water SHGs financially and technically, WRMA to fast track capacity-building and SCMP development for WRUAs in the Sub-County, mainstreaming the private water service providers, integration of stakeholders with conflicting roles and awareness creation among the key stakeholders.
An assessment of the incorporation and the teaching of environmental studies in primary schools in Murang'a District
(1987) Mang'uriu, Daniel Gathuru
This study assessed the extent of incorporation and the teaching of Environmental studies in primary schools in Murang'a district. The upper primary syllabuses were examined to ,identify topics on Environmental studies included. Forty primary school teachers, eight from each of the five divisions in the district were selected using stratified random selection. Each teacher filled a questionnaire containing two parts. Part 1 assessed teachers' attitudes towards the environment and Environmental studies. Part II assessed the teaching of Environmental studies in 'primary schools. The findings of the study were quantified and expressed in percentages. The examination of the upper primary syllabuses revealed that, a multi-disciplinary approach is used to teach Environmental studies. The disciplines containing Environmental studies are: Combined course (Geography, History and Civics), Agriculture, Science and Horne Science. The findings of the study showed that teachers in Murang'a district are aware of the state of the Environment and have positive attitudes towards the x environment. The majority of teachers agreed that concern for the environment should be a duty for every' citizen. Most teachers agreed that environmental ed~cation should play the vital role of changing pupils' attitudes, values and behaviour with a view to making pupils respect, appreciate and protect the environment. The study revealed that most teachers in the district frequently used the environment as a teaching resource. No text book on environmental education was being used in primary schools visited. Most teachers had no training on how to incorporate environmental education into their instructional programmes. The problems faced by teachers included shortage of reference books, lack of finance to organize field trips and other problems. Recommendations to ensure that environmental studies are effective in promoting environmental awareness and solving environmental problems inc lude those- t.o:the inspectorate, curriculum developers, suppliers of teaching materials and the school community. Recommendations for further research include an assessment:of pupils attitudes towards the environment, research on whether pupils apply the knowledge acquired on environmental education after they graduate from primary schools and others.
Attitudes influencing adoption of biogas fuel among workers and learners in selected Christian based training institutions in Nandi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-09) Tarus, Risper Chelagat
Over-dependence on unsustainable wood fuel and other forms of biomass energy as the primary source of fuel to meet household energy needs has contributed to environmental drawbacks. Adoption of biogas as alternative source of energy has many advantages including conserving trees, being cheap and clean. Biomass energy contributes 68% of the national energy requirements and is expected to remain the main source of energy in the foreseeable future. The main purpose of the study was to assess attitudes influencing adoption of biogas fuel among workers and learners in selected Christian based training institutions in Nandi County. The specific objectives of the study were to compare the attitude of adopters and non-adopters of biogas towards adoption and utilization of the fuel as a source of sustainable energy in the training institutions, to determine factors influencing adoption and use of biogas fuel, and to establish the level of awareness and utilities of biogas fuel in the training institutions. The population of this study was made up of twelve tertiary institutions of middle level college. The sample comprised workers and learners of the two training institutions both located at Kapsabet town. Purposive sample selection (Census sampling) and descriptive case study research design were involved where 318 respondents participated in the study. The respondents were students, non-teaching staff, tutors and head teachers of the selected Christian based training institutions. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain data on respondents’ attitudes as well as opinion on adoption and use of biogas fuel as alternative source of energy. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20 and results presented in tables, graphs and charts. This research assessed the attitude of respondents including learners, cooks, tutors and head teachers of Christian Intermediate Technology Centre and St. Paul’s Theology College in Nandi County as well as factors that influences adoption of biogas fuel as alternative source of energy. Results show that a significant proportion of all respondents have not used or adopted biogas energy; tutors (χ2 =22.091, df=1, n=33, p-value=0.000), non-teaching staff (χ2 =5.261, df=1, n=23, p-value=0.022) and students (χ2 =100.8, df=1, n=260, p-value=0.000). Results also show that a significant proportion of the respondents (96.0%) had a negative attitude towards use of biogas fuel. In addition, there was significant difference in respondents’ attitude towards biogas fuel adoption (χ2 = 10.667, df = 1, p = 0.001). Further, the study results revealed that several factors including conservation of environment, being a clean energy and need for small space for installation influenced adoption of biogas fuel. In addition, there is availability of the common raw materials including animal, agricultural, human and kitchen waste. The findings of the study will be important to policy makers to turn around attitude towards biogas fuel use as alternative source of energy and save the environment.
Awareness and Sources of Climate Change Information among Secondary Students in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2014) Gichuki, Mutahi William
The study investigated the awareness and sources of climate change information among the secondary school students in Nairobi County. The objectives of the study were to find out whether students and teachers are aware of climate change and their sources of information on climate change. It also investigated the extent to which climate change information has been covered in the integrated environmental education. The study applied the descriptive survey design. The target population consisted of secondary schools students and teachers in Nairobi County and curriculum development officer from KIE. The sample consisted of 792 students, 198 teachers from 18 secondary schools and I officer from Kenya institute of education. The sample was drawn using stratified, purposive and simple random sampling techniques .The reliability of instruments was ensured by conducting three pilot surveys. The data was collected through the use of questionnaires for the students and the teachers and an interview schedule for the Kenya institute of education officer. Data was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Chi- square Test was used to determine relationship between variables (p
Barriers to Implementation of Environmental education in Secondary Schools in Molo, Nakuru County,Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Cheruiyot, Mutai Gilbert
Environmental degradation is among the world’s major threats to existence of humanity today. Policy meas ures have been put in place to curb degradation but the menace has escalated at an alarming rate. Due to th is, Environmental Education as a tool for environmental management and conservation cannot be overemphasized. The importance of Environmental Educati on is well kn own globally among societies. Environmental Education is gradually promoted as a sustainable tool in protection of the natural environment. To raise environmental literacy level among Kenyans, Environmental Education is taught using both inter disciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. However, research indicates that ef forts to effectively integrate Environmental Education in secondary schools in Kenya have not born e fruits. Arguments are rife that there are several barriers hindering succe ssful Environmental Education implementation . The core objective of this study was t o investigate barriers hindering successful Environmental Education implementation in Molo sub county in Kenya. To achi eve this, the study examined the effect of teachers’ and students’ attitude, administrative support and curriculum design on Environmental Education implementation. The main subjects consi dered in extraction the major Environmental Education thematic areas in secondary school syllabi include d Biology, Chemis try, Physics, Geography and Agriculture. The meth ods used to teach these subjects , the preparedness of teachers to handle them in terms of training, availability of teaching and learning resources was also investi gated. The target population was 16 secondar y schools out of a total of 41 secondary schools i n Molo sub county selected purposefully from the four wards of Molo, Elburgon, Marioshoni and Turi. The four schools selected had similar characteristics. They were all public mixed day schools, facing the same school based challenges. The study chose 4 schools from each ward. The principals were asked to select a teacher each teaching Physics, Biology, Geography, Chemistry and Agriculture to take part in filling the questionnaires. Two students, a boy and g irl, were randomly selected from form one to four in each school. A total of 128 students were involved in the study. The d escriptive survey design was used as it came in handy in describi ng the existing conditions. Data was collected using questionnaires , school environmental checklists and analysis of thematic areas covered in the Kenyan secondary s chool syllabi of the selected Environmental Education related subjects. Data was analysed using the Statistical Pa ckage for Social Sciences version 16 compute r package. The findings of the study were presented in tables. Correlation analysis to show the significance of the independent variables to the dependent variables was carried out. Findings indicated a positive relationship between independent and depende nt variables. Specifically, it was noted that there was a positive correlation between teacher attitude, r (.45), student attitude, r (.53), administration support, r (.62) and curriculum design, r (.58) and implementation of Environmental Education . This implies that teacher attitude, student attitude, administration support and curriculum design were barriers to implementation of Environmental Education in public day secondary schools in Molo sub county. The study recommended the strengthening and clarity of policy guidelines towards Environmental Education and enhancement of mechanisms to enable administration support.Training and empowerment of teachers in matters related to Environmental Education was also recommended. Teachers were to come up with mechanisms to change students’ attitude towards Environmental Education
Challenges and opportunities of teaching environmental education in secondary schools in Kenya: the case of Ruiru district
(2014-01-31) Ng'ang'a, Nancy N.; Kerich, Richard Kimutai; Koech, Michael K.
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the challenges faced and opportunities available in the teaching and learning of Environmental Education in secondary schools in Kenya using Ruiru District in Central Province as a case study. This was achieved by analysing the secondary school syllabi for selected environment related subjects, namely biology, chemistry, geography and agriculture to establish the elements of EE infused therein. The methods used to teach these elements, the preparedness of teachers to handle them, availability of teaching and learning resources as well as the attitudes of both teachers and students towards EE were also investigated. The target population was the 15 secondary schools in Ruiru district which was a division at the time of the study. A sample of ISO form three students was taken from five randomly selected schools in the division together with 20 teachers of environment related subjects making a total of 170 subjects. Data were collected using questionnaires, attitude scale tests and content analysis of the secondary school syllabi of the selected EE related subjects. Data from questionnaires and attitude scale tests were coded then scored for analysis while data from content analysis of the selected subject syllabi were summarised in tables to show the particular EE related topic and the EE objectives therein. The results are presented in text and tabular form and analysed by use of percentages, means and frequency tables. The findings of the study established that though EE is adequately incorporated in the secondary school syllabi of subjects studied; various challenges are faced by the teachers in the teaching of EE elements in these subjects. These challenges include, fragmentation of EE themes in the various subjects, inadequate instructional materials, inadequate training of teachers to handle EE related topics in their subject areas and over-reliance on the lecture method of teaching among others. However, attitudes of both teachers and students to EE were found to be highly positive with 90% of teachers and 98% scoring above the mean score in the attitude Scale tests. From the research findings, major recommendations such as adequate provision of instructional materials, a review of pre- and in-service EE programmes for teachers as well as regular monitoring oLEE programmes among others were made. The findings of the study and the accompanying recommendations will no doubt prove invaluable to curriculum developers and policy makers in the country.
Climate change awareness and policy implications among primary school teachers in Kisumu City, Kenya
(2014-08-28) Ochieng, Millicent
Climate change awareness is much needed for public support in its mitigation and adaptation. In this regard, public education is critical in raising levels of awareness on the subject. This research was designed to assess the level of climate change awareness among primary school teachers in Kisumu City. Objectives of the study were to: describe climate variability in Kisumu area during the period 1972-2011, assess teachers’ level of climate change awareness, identify factors influencing teachers’ level of awareness, determine teachers’ perception of climate change as a threat, and assess teachers’ opinion on inclusion of climate change knowledge into Kenya’s primary school curriculum. Descriptive survey design was adopted in which some 100 randomly selected respondents were drawn from 20 primary schools within Kisumu City. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain data on teachers’ knowledge and perception as well as opinion on inclusion of climate change into Kenya’s primary school curriculum. Climate variability was described using meteorological data on temperature and precipitation from Kenya Meteorological Department (Kisumu Weather Station No. 9034025). Data was statistically analysed and results displayed in tables, graphs and charts. Results show that Kisumu area recorded significant temperature (t = 8.475, df = 38, p = 0.0001) and precipitation (t = 9.806, df = 38, p = 0.0001) variability during the period 1972-2011. Monthly average temperature increased by 0.66 ± 0.24 °C while annual precipitation amounts increased by 111.82 ± 20.8 mm during that period. Results also show that the level of climate change awareness among primary school teachers in Kisumu City is not significantly low (χ2 = 62.818, n = 89, df = 2, p = 0.0001). Teachers registered a medium level of awareness albeit gaps in their knowledge. Factors such as age (r = 0.108, p = 0.318, n = 88), gender (r = -0.110, p = 0.308, n = 88), level of education (r = 0.149, p = 0.168, n = 87) and school location (r = 0.138, p = 0.201, n = 88) emerged influential on teachers’ level of awareness though their influence remained statistically weak and insignificant. Results further show that primary school teachers in Kisumu City perceive climate change as a threat (χ2 = 63.202, n = 89, df = 1, p = 0.0001) and support its inclusion into Kenya’s primary school curriculum (χ2 = 176.25, n = 96, df = 3, p = 0.0001). Key recommendations included: the Ministry of Education should undertake climate change capacity building among teachers through organising climate change workshops for teachers and circulating materials on climate change to primary school; and curriculum developers should work with teachers during revision of the primary school syllabus to ensure that climate change knowledge developed for primary schools is not only simple but is also one that teachers can comfortably deliver
Climate Change Effects on Food Security and Coping Strategies by Women Groups in Gikindu Division, Kiharu Sub County, Murang’a County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018-11) Gakuu, Kamau Joseph
The study sought to find out the climate change effects on food security, and the community coping strategies in Gikindu Division in Murang’a County. The study was in response to the profound climate change effects over the years leading to depressed rainfall and increased temperatures exposing the farmers to the risk of diminished returns from the production activities. Gikindu area sits on a low agro-ecological zone five and six which is prone to persistent crop failure attributed to the vagaries of climate change. It was established that climate change effects have been felt in the area, and the same had caused a negative effects on food security, coping strategies employed to mitigate it. A descriptive research design was employed to achieve the desired data in the area. The members of the women groups actively engaged in agricultural activities served as the target respondents. The women groups engaged in agricultural activities were eleven in number and had a total of one hundred and eighty members. Data was collected by use of questionnaires which were administered to group members, focus group discussions which were used to reach the group officials, an interview schedule for the Divisional Agricultural Officer, an observation checklist and a document analysis guide. Data was analyzed by use of quantitative analysis which entailed descriptive and inferential statistics and qualitative data was analyzed by use of content analysis. The analyzed data was presented in frequency tables, pie charts and bar graphs. The study found out that: most of the respondents perceived the difference in rainfall and temperature levels to be profound thus confirmation that over a period of time, there had been noticeable variation in terms of the rainfall amounts and the temperature levels. It was observed that majority (55%) of the respondents considered there to have been improvement of their agricultural production activities by virtue of participation in the group activities thus confirmation that membership in the women groups had impacted positively on the households’ economic mainstays. The climate change phenomenon had occasioned suffering to the farmers. Likewise, majority of the families in the area were entirely dependent on the rains for their agricultural production activities exposing them to risk at the advent of crop failure. The study concluded that the challenges faced by farmers in the area are to a great extent as a result of the climate change that has taken place over time. The study also concluded that a considerable number of the families in the area had since lost hope in agricultural production and instead relied upon governmental relief supplies as a way of life. Farmers in the area had adopted creative coping strategies to help them overcome the effect of climate change. The coping strategies were found to be effective as they helped improve on the situation of food security in their families. The study recommends that; legal provisions should be put in place to ensure that farmers have access to information on climate change as a measure of forestalling the event of losses accruing from the agricultural production activities in unmitigated situations, the county government should put in place an integrated approach as pertains to invoking the participation of women in the agricultural production activities with a view of engendering food production to assure security. The national government through the ministry of Agriculture should ensure that farmers have both the information and the drought tolerant crops which can withstand the harsh weather conditions, ensure that water as a resource is harvested and harnessed in the requisite manner alongside encouraging members of the area to participate in organized farming groups activities.
Climate Change Impacts on Water Use Strategies in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya
(2014-03-10) Muchiri, Leonard Munene; Koske, James K.A.; Manguriu, Daniel
Climate change and variability will severely effect agricultural development in tropical countries where the poor and most vulnerable population resides. Africa in particular, has poor irrigation infrastructure due to limited capital and technological development hence the continent depends mainly on rainfed agriculture. Therefore, it is crucial to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Mwea Irrigation Scheme (MIS), located in central part of Kenya, continuous upstream water development in the Thiba River Basin has resulted to decline in water availability downstream. Upstream water use if is not adjusted to reflect rainfall and temperature fluctuations, downstream farmers will be highly vulnerable to water supply shocks. The three objectives of the study were; evaluation of how farmers in MIS experience climate change and assessed effectiveness of the adaptation strategies adopted by farmers and National Irrigation Board. Finally, the study evaluated factors which contributed to the choice of adaptation strategies by the farmers. Data collection was done by use of structured questionnaires and direct observations of the rice fields. The number of farmers sampled was 141. Stratified random sampling was applied and stratification was based on the volume of water available in upstream and downstream of the main canal network. Data analysis was done by generating themes and categories using codes, which were assigned by use of computer software known as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results showed that 83% of respondents were in agreement that climate change has taken place. The relationship between rice production in bags per acre per year and location of the land along the main canal was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Chi-Square Tests of independence computed to test null hypothesis (Ha2) which stated that "There is no significant difference between effectiveness of the adaptation strategies adopted by upstream and downstream of the main canal network farmers of MIS" revealed values which were insignificant and hence null hypothesis was not rejected (p ~ 0.05). The Pearson correlation coefficient, r, computed to find relationship between paddy production and location of land resulted to value of - 0.348, which was statistically significant (p < 0.0 I) hence, there was a moderate, negative correlation which implied inverse relationship between the two variables. The study recommends implementation of policies that ensure land ownership in MIS, need for robust collaborative climate monitoring system and training farmers to enhance knowledge and skills. Finally, the study recommends extensive exploration of other sources of water and research on rice varieties which requires less amount of water. This study sheds light to all stakeholders on the importance of water scarcity resulting from climate change in optimizing rice production and boosting country's food security and livelihoods of the local community. Climate variability is evident in MIS and it is affecting rice production adversely and farmers are undertaking elaborate adaptation measures.
Climate variability and response strategies among the Gadamoji agro-pastoralists of Marsabit County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2013) Boru, Halkano Jillo; Koske, J. K.A.; Manguriu, Daniel
Climate is perceived to be changing thus calling for livelihood adaptation strategies and integrated understanding at local level to guide in developing climate-resilient livelihoods. The objective of this study was to assess perception of climate variability, impacts and household response strategies among agro-pastoralist in Gadamoji division. Saku District of Marsabit County in the periodI998-2012. Out of 1335 households, one hundred and thirty three (133) were randomly selected from four sub-locations that make up the division. Data was gathered using structured questionnaires and interviews administered to households as well as three Focused Group Discussion. The study data was statistically analyzed and results discussed and presented in graphs and tables. The results revealed that local people have noticed rainfall and temperature variability. The perceived changes include changes in various aspects of rainfall and increase in temperature. Indeed, they were able to link their livelihoods albeit subjectively to climate variability with79.3% of the respondents acknowledging that the changes have adversely and significantly impacted on their households' sources of income. Main impacts identified include repeated crop failure, reduced and/or loss of livestock holdings, increased households' poverty and rampant water shortage. Besides, most respondents anticipate that these effects will worsen in future with majority attributing the variability to destruction of natural forest. The study also found that most households have adjusted their crops farming and animal husbandry practices in response to climate variability effects over the last 15 years preceding the study. Direct nature-based livelihoods (livestock tending and crop cultivation) were reduced and alternative non-farm activities (casual and wage employment, sale of wood products and trade) increased. In fact, only 24 % and 2.1 % of the respondents consider livestock rearing and crop farming respectively as their main sources of income. The study, however, revealed that though climate was a key factor, other social factors also accelerated the changes in livelihoods strategies in the division. The study further revealed a number of innovative response strategies pursued by households. These are: diversification to off-farm incomes, switch to drought-resistant livestock types, saving of assets for lean seasons as well as kitchen gardening practices. These measures are however found inadequate and are manly selfadaptation practices pursued by households in a disorganized ways. In exploring desired livelihoods options to future climate effects, the study found that most households prefer to invest in small scale irrigation, engage in non-farm income activities, diversify herd composition, practice agro-forestry, invest in livestock insurance as well as undertake water harvesting. Further, the study revealed that both current and future strategies are challenged by poverty and lack of capital, climate uncertainty and unreliable climate information and inadequate knowledge on other livelihoods options. These constraints can be alleviated through awareness on climate variability, support to existing livelihoods strategies and assets, improve access to market information, enhance access to credit services and adoption of conflict management strategies. Otherwise, achieving livelihoods resilience and food security in the division will remain delusion for years to come.
Climate Variability Effects on Vector-Borne Livestock Diseases in Narok South Sub-County, Narok County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021) Onyango, Kennedy Bwire; Cecilia M. Gichuki; Evelyne Wemali
Variability in climate has in recent decades caused adverse impacts on natural and human systems all over the world. Based on the most recent available projections, Kenya will be severely threatened by the direct and indirect impact of climate variability, most of which is likely to accelerate in the coming decades. When such calamities occur, the livelihood of pastoral communities is negatively affected and their economies dwindle mainly because of loss of livestock which is their main source of income. The study assessed the effect of climate variability and the associated vector-borne diseases on livestock in Narok South Sub-County from 1980 to 2010. The study period was associated with high prevalence of vector-borne diseases hence the need to understand the cause and impacts. Objectives of the study were: to analyse the trends of droughts and floods in Narok County; to assess the relationship between rainfall patterns and vector-borne livestock diseases and to analyse the perceived impacts of climate variability by pastoral communities in Narok South Sub-County from 1980 to 2010. The study worked with the hypothesis that the cases of selected vector-borne diseases had no significant relationship with rainfall patterns over the study period. It adopted a descriptive research design and used stratified random sampling; Stratum 1 comprised of Segamian, Sagoo, Melelo and Ololunga Wards that are agro-pastoral zones and stratum 2, comprised of Loita and Maji moto Wards that are mainly pastoral zones. Structured questionnaires were administered to 397 households while 36 key informants from relevant institutions were interviewed. Data was statistically analysed and the correlation results showed that other than Heartwater (p= 0.402), r=0.011 and N=38), other vector-borne diseases had a weak relationship with the amount of rainfall received. Nonetheless, there was some small relationship between graphical plots with cases of diseases either decreasing or increasing with corresponding decrease or increase of rainfall. According to the Chi-square analysis, there was a strong statistically significant difference between the two strata on the impact of floods and rainfall (floods: χ2= 24.902, df=3, p=0.000 and rainfall χ2=41.230, df= 3, p=0.000). The study revealed an increase in cases of most of the vector-borne diseases over the study period and attributes the increase to climate variability. The study recommends that development institutions should partner with the county and national government to create awareness on climate variability, build capacity to appropriate adaptation interventions and put in place contingency plans to enhance pastoral communities’ preparedness for the reoccurrence of the excessively heavy rainfall and droughts. Integration of indigenous knowledge in development of policies and institutional frameworks is also recommended.
Conservation Status of East African Greenheart (Waburgia Ugandensis (Sprague)) in Katimok Forest Reserve, Baringo County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-01) Isacko, Dub
Forest ecosystems provides livelihood opportunities such as medicines, fuelwood, timber, cash income and reliable supply of ground water. However, encroachment of forests by human settlement adjacent to conservation areas is associated with overharvesting of forest resources and uncontrolled livestock grazing leading to destruction and disappearance of useful plant species in forest ecosystems which can significantly affect both biodiversity integrity and ecological functioning. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the conservation status and effects of threats on relative abundance of Warburgia ugandensis in Katimok Forest Reserve, Baringo County in Kenya. The study objectives were: to evaluate the relative abundance of Warburgia ugandensis in natural vegetation of Katimok Forest Reserve, to examine the ex-situ conservation measures of Warburgia ugandensis in Baringo County, to analyse the indicators of threat to Warburgia ugandensis in natural vegetation of Katimok Forest Reserve and to analyse the traditional uses of Warburgia ugandensis in Baringo County. The study area was divided into four strata based on proximity of the forest reserve to human settlements.; Namely, Ossen, Kabartonjo, Talai and Ossen blocks. Generally, primary data was collected using social survey questionnaires, transect lines and quadrats methods. The social data was conducted by randomly sampling 345 respondents to collect data on ex-situ conservation measures and traditional uses of Warburgia ugandensis. Among the respondents interviewed to gather social data were household heads, local herbalists and foresters who were selected through purposive sampling. On the other hand, ecological surveys entailed line transects and quadrats methods to collect data on relative abundance and indicators of threats. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings established that mean distribution of Warburgia ugandensis and indicators of threat was significantly influenced by distance from forest edge. Similarly, there was significant differences in the mean traditional uses and ex-situ conservation of Warburgia ugandensis. Moreover, pearson correlation results revealed that the mean of debarked trees significantly influenced the mean mature Warburgia ugandensis (r = 0.95; df=2, P=0.019), mean counts of cow dungs significantly affected mean number of seedlings/saplings (r = 0.96; df=2, P=0.017) and mean of other indicators of threats (stumps, defoliated leaves, broken twigs/branches) significantly influenced the abundance of Warburgia ugandensis (r = 0.97; df=2, p=0.015).All the statistics were considered at 95% confidence levels. Therefore, human and livestock activities negatively influenced the abundance of Warburgia ugandensis species. Thus, there is need to reduce anthropogenic activities in the forest so as to restore its biodiversity integrity and particularly put in place conservation plans of medicinal trees such Warburgia ugandensis.

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