PHD-Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies

Permanent URI for this collection

https://repository.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/605

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 36

Absentee landlords and land utilization in Uganda: the case of Kibaale District, 1894 – 1995
(2015) Magezi, James Wilson
This research focuses on absentee landlords and land utilization in Uganda, taking the case of Kibaale District in present-day Bunyoro Kingdom. It covers the period between 1894-1995. The study covers the economic history of Kibaale District during the colonial and post-independence period up to 1995.The objectives of this study were to identify the origins of absentee landlords, the commoditization of the land resource and its impact on land use between the landlords and the tenants. The study also examines how land policies of the colonial and post-independence governments tackled the issue of absentee landlords. The significance of this study is to add to the existing knowledge about the land tenure system in Kibaale District especially in relation to the politics of land allocation and utilization during both the colonial and post-independence periods. The study employed a number of theories including the theories of the articulation of the modes of production, neo-patrimonialism, conflict and relative-deprivation. The study adopted an historical approach in data collection and interpretation. Both primary and secondary data were collected. The study employed both the qualitative and quantitative methods of research to analyze and interpret the data. Both primary and secondary methods of data collection were used. A variety of informants were interviewed namely civil servants, peasants, teachers, landlords, landowners, politicians, and Kingdom leadership. The Uganda national archive in Entebbe was also a major source of information especially on correspondences of the colonial administrators. The research established that absentee Baganda landlords disrupted land use in Kibaale District during both the colonial and post-independence period. They were the holders of the land titles, and yet they were always absent which created insecure land-tenure among their Banyoro tenants. This research, therefore, recommends that the government should effect a land legislation that will solve the land question in Kibaale District.
The agricultural changes in the Kipsigis land, C.1894-1963: an historical inquiry
(2012-02-14) Omwoyo, Samson Moenga
The study focuses on the organization, and transformation of agriculture among the Kipgisis of Western Kenya in the period proceeding and during colonialism. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources and subjected to corroborative analysis using the historical method. An eclectic approach borrowing certain paradigms from the underdevelopment and dependency and articulation of modes of production theories were employed as the major tools of analysis. From the beginning it is demonstrated that the pre-colonial agriculture in the Kipsigisland was dynamic, innovative, diverse, efficient, self-reliant and suited to the needs of the Kipsigis people. It is argued that the Kipsigis agricultural organization was sound and rational and based on the people's knowledge of their environment. The colonial penetration set a chain of events in motion, which systematically modified, marginalized and subordinated the Kipsigis indigenous agriculture. Animal husbandry fell prey to the colonial maneuvers of depleting the Kipsigis stock. The Kipsigis farmers were peasantised and their role as commodity producers was articulated and firmly enforced. Part of the Kipsigis labour was proletarianised as migrant and resident workers in settler farms, and later as a semi proletariat in the Kipsigisland. The Kipsigis local industry was marginalized by the incoming merchant capital and as more and more Kipsigisland was alienated for European settler farming activities, the Kipsigis indigenous land tenure systems was gradually changed and tended to forms of privatization. However, it is argued, indigenous agricultural organization did not disappear; it kept readjusting was articulated and co-existed with the colonial capitalist sector in a contradictory manner of ''destruction/preservation'' or ''conservation/dissolution''. It emerges more clearly from the study that although agricultural land, animal husbandry, labour, and trade policies were aimed at achieving maximum benefits for the white settlers and the colonial state, the Kipsigis seem to have reacted in their own ways to exploit such policies for their own economic advantages. The Kipsigis were definitely not passive to the new colonial agricultural policies-they perceived them correctly accepting those that were of benefit to them while rejecting the undesirable ones, even if for a while as was the case of maize. The dependency theoretical formulations are replete in the study as the Kipsigis households suffered from insufficient labour and traditional chores were gradually changed, resulting in food shortages and the intensification of female labour. Extensive cultivation of maize for export led to soil degradation and erosion besides exploiting African labour through unequal exchange and differential pricing of their agricultural products. The introduction of cash crops severely affected food production and led to new systems of land tenure. Colonial capitalism also provided for unequal and uneven development throughout the Kipsigisland as Bureti and Belgut emerged as magnets of development and Sotik and Chepalungu relegated to the backwaters of economic development. It is also argued that while colonial capitalism provided new opportunities for some Kipsigis to accumulate wealth and expand agricultural output, it also pauperized part of the population. The notion of accumulation is intricately related to and engendered the processes of class formation. That by independence the Kipsigis were not a mass of undifferentiated and unstratified class is easily defended in the study. The emergence of stratified social categories invariably led to the ubiquitous aspect of class struggles. Thus, the new mode of production hindered and ruined some indigenous patterns of social formations by effecting changes in the agricultural sector of the Kipsigisland. During World War 11, agricultural production was intensified to produce enough food for war purposes. But in the post war period, emphasis shifted to the production of cash crops, and little attention was paid to the subsistence food needs of the Kipsigis. But more than ever before as the colonialists started giving recognition to African agricultural activities, aspects of class differentiation, unequal exchange, uneven development, wealth accumulation were even more amplified, as was the proletarianisation of the Kipsigis population and its dependency on the capitalist structures and institutions. By independence, therefore, the Kipsigis agriculture had been fundamentally transformed and integrated into the Kenyan colonial economy as part of the world capitalist system.
An Analysis of Grand Corruption and Anti-Corruption Institutions in Nigeria and Kenya; 1960-2015
(Kenyatta University, 2019-04) Adelabu, Nenpomingyi Sarah Gowon
Unlike in the past when it was perceived as a political issue, corruption is now considered as a global threat and a major obstacle to development. While corruption is a global problem, it is one of the greatest challenges that Africa is grappling with. With ratings as the most corrupt country in 1996, 1997, and 2000, Nigeria has been infamously popular for corruption. Although Kenya has not been rated as the most corrupt country like Nigeria, it has equally performed dismissably on global corruption perception surveys. Owing to international and local demands for national governments to take punitive actions in fighting corruption, the two countries like their African counterparts have established arrays of national anti-corruption institutions as antidotes to tackling the problem of corruption. In spite of the foregoing, new corruption scandals are continually reported. The study seeks to interrogate the role of anti-corruption institutions Nigeria and Kenya in fighting grand corruption with particular focus on the EFCC of Nigeria and Kenya’s EACC. The parliament in Nigeria and Kenya passed the anti-graft laws in 2003 thereby justifying the basis for the comparison. Apart from being both multi ethnic ex-colonies of Britain that gained independence during the 1960's, Nigeria and Kenya also occupy strategic socio-economic positions in their respective regions. The utility of this study is to unravel how the institutional frameworks in both countries have curbed grand corruption and identify lessons that could be learnt from their experiences. The study examines the manifestations of grand corruption in Nigeria and Kenya and political forces that abate the perpetuation of corrupt practices in both countries. It interrogates the measures that have been put in place by EFCC and EACC to tackle grand corruption and the challenges encountered by the institutions. The Study was guided by the Neopatrimonialism Theory and the Structural Functionalist Theory. Both primary and secondary data were used in the survey with a qualitative approach. An analytical research design was applied in the study. Purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were used in selecting the research participants. The findings indicate that Nigeria and Kenya manifest similar forms of corruption by government officials using similar rent-seeking and money-laundering practices. While the range of opportunities for corruption is broader in Nigeria than in Kenya because Nigeria’s main economic asset petroleum is state-owned, the processes of converting public to private assets are largely the same. The findings also maintain that donor pressure and the need for international funding was central to the establishment of anti-corruption institutions in post-colonial Kenya and Nigeria’s present democratic dispensation. The public awareness and education initiatives of the institutions have the most significant impact as a large segment of the society is now aware of the bane of corruption. It concludes that the EFCC has been able to achieve more in prosecution because of its prosecutorial power, broader mandate and political support in its early years of establishment. This led to an improvement in Nigeria’s profile in the corruption perception index. However, prosecution of senior public officials is minimal. Both commissions are faced with challenges that include poor funding, weak legal framework, lack of independence and low political will in fighting corruption. The study thus recommends the development of strong and independent institutions such as the judiciary, and courts, a vibrant civil society, political commitment and ethical change in attitude towards corruption.
Changes in traditional Islamic higher education at the Kenyan coast from 1850-1978
(Kenyatta University, 2016-10) Nabende, Julius Simiyu
This study traces the origins, growth and transformation of traditional Islamic higher education in the coastal region of Kenya from 1850 to 1978. The study was guided by the following objectives; to examine the arrival of Islam and its contribution to the emergence of traditional higher Islamic education in the coastal region in Kenya in the period 1850-1900; interogate the social, economic, religious and political factors that led to the growth of non-formal and formal Islamic education in the coastal region from 1850-1978 , examine institutions which offered traditional higher Islamic education in coastal towns, assess the curriculum of this education from 1850-1978,examine the impact of British colonial rule on the development of traditional higher Islamic education in coastal Kenya in the period 1900-1963 and demonstrate the impact of Independence on the growth of Islamic higher education in coastal towns of Kenya from 1963 to 1978. The study employed John Dewey‟s egalitarian/problem solving theory, Emile Durkheim‟s theory of moral and sociology of education, Al-Ghazali‟s and Al-afendi”s theory of Islamic education. The study adopted a descriptive research design and used the historical method in the collection of data. Oral interviews, Archival material and library research were used in identifying, collecting and collation of data for this study. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively using historical techniques of narration, description, inference and logical explanation. The study findings were presented as a critical narrative of the rise, growth and decline of traditional higher Islamic education in coastal Kenya from 1850-1978. The study established that traditional higher Islamic education in Kenya emerged as a non-formal system of education conducted in mosques and informal lessons conducted in private houses of Islamic scholars who came to visit Lamu, Malindi, Mombasa, Zanzibar and the Comoro islands in the 19th century A.D. Traditional higher Islamic education was in three levels: basic education, primary education and higher education. In 20th century traditional Islamic higher education changed from non-formal to a formal education with a comprehensive curriculum.This system of education was offered in specific institutions established in the towns of Lamu, Malindi, Mombasa and Zanzibar. The study also found out that the achievement of independence in Kenya led to establishment of secular education, which marginalized Islamic systems of basic, primary and traditional higher education. Muslims who wanted to access traditional higher Islamic education had to seek admission in Islamic universities in North Africa, Middle East and South Asia.
Chiefs and Local Government Administration in West Budama County in Uganda During The Colonial Period, 1900-1962
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Ogola, Y.
This study is about the role of chiefs in colonial local government administration in Padhola County in Uganda, 1900-1962. Very little had been done on this aspect of Padhola history, the part played by local government chiefs in colonial local government administration therefore, needed a serious scholarly attention. Chiefs were indeed instrumental in facilitating local government administration, a situation that put them in prestigious positions which they guarded jealously. The Jupadhola were chosen for this study because they arrived in that ecological zone way back around 1650, they constituted a large population in the former Bukedi district and had absorbed a good number of people from neighboring ethnic communities. How their chiefs were identified and recruited, the kind of duties they performed, challenges they faced and the overall impact of their activities on Padhola communities constituted a problem that this study investigated. The main objective was therefore, to establish the role of Padhola chiefs in local government and resultant legacy. Qualitative methodology was used in data collection and analysis. Instruments used included library, archival and oral interviews, mindful of reliability, validity and ethical concerns. Several theories were used to inform the study, depending on specific chapters. However, the main theories included: Lugard‟s theory of indirect rule (1922), Ehiedu‟s theory on colonialism and indirect rule (2002), Heldring and Robinson‟s arguments on Colonialism and Development in Africa (2013) and Mamdani‟s arguments on Decentralized Despotism (1996). It is established that chiefs indeed played significant roles in colonial local administration, they were highly privileged and protected but they were extremely constrained by the ambivalent and contradictory positions they occupied. Besides, through their activities as collaborators, chiefs set the pace for the systematic development of underdevelopment in Padhola. This was established from their roles in enforcing cotton production, forced labour, tax payment and maintaining peace, law and order. This study is significant as it contributes to the existing body of knowledge and widens the horizon of African history in general and Uganda‟s history in particular.
Chinese Special Economic Zone and Influence on Industrial Development in Nigeria, 1971-2014.
(Kenyatta University, 2023-09) Akuandna, Iliya Felix; Wasonga O. Joseph; Edwin A. Gimode
ABSTRACT The study investigates the influence of the Chinese Special Economic Zone and brings into question the prospects for industrial development in Nigeria. Over the years (1971–2014), Nigeria and China witnessed robust political and economic engagement, leading to the deployment of the Chinese-prescribed development model. These highlights are made against the background of China's growing influence in Africa, as well as the realities of the post-SAP era that shaped and defined the Nigeria-China bilateral relationship. To achieve the aim of this study, I examine the determining evolutionary development of Chinese economic zones for industrial development in Nigeria. The study also examines the practice of zone-defining actors and the nature of the economic zones in Nigeria. These highlights defined the zone's development as a product of Chinese-African policy and economic diplomacy. The study is guided by Modernization Theory and World Systems Theory as the appropriate lenses to study the Chinese special zone model in Nigeria. It offers a new perspective on interrogating the role and influence of the Chinese economic zone on industrial development in an African context. The study approaches the Chinese economic zones model based on certain assumptions in Africa for the purposes of attracting large-scale FDI projects for industrial growth and development. This is particularly the case in Africa, where economic development-driven models have produced few sustainable outcomes because the context-specific conditions and elements in these countries have been ignored. This study argues that the CSEZ projects in Nigeria are conceived as industrial models that operate on certain assumptions found in industrial production structures. The study used descriptive research design and employed a qualitative research approach. Further, the study made use of both primary and secondary sources of data. Sampling was done using purposive and snowballing techniques. The primary sources included key informants for in-depth interviews, document analysis, and direct observation. Secondary sources that were utilized comprised of books, journal articles, newspapers, and internet sources. The data that was gathered in this study was analyzed using contextual analysis and thematic analysis methods. The general objective of the study was to examine the Chinese special economic zone and its influence on industrial development in Nigeria. This study's findings reveal that the above assumptions are not accurate. The economic zones are a product of China’s economic diplomacy to protect its economic interests. The Chinese economic zone project, as it is currently conceived and practiced in Nigeria, is ill-suited to support industrial growth and development. This is because the role of the Nigerian state and its agencies are weak in comparative terms between Nigeria and China. This weakness led to the failure to customize the economic zone model with the industrial policy objective. This erodes the developmental prospects of the Chinese special economic zones in Nigeria. The study demonstrates that the Chinese economic zone practice entangled Nigeria and internationalized China’s economic objectives.
Civil Society and Socioeconomic Development of Isiolo County, Kenya 1963-2015
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Makhanu, Agatha; Joseph Wasonga; Edwin Gimode
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) generally have been promoted by the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and the international donor community in the developing countries from the early 1980s because of the assumption that they might help resolve the socioeconomic crisis. This study interrogates the role of International Civil Society Organizations (ICSOs) in socioeconomic advancement of Isiolo County in Kenya between 1963 and 2015. The objectives of this study were to evaluate Kenya’s socioeconomic policies in relation to Isiolo County from 1963-2015, to assess operations of ICSOs in Isiolo County from 1963 to 2015 and to propose a developmental framework that can synergize roles of both the state and CSOs for sustainable socioeconomic development in Isiolo County. The study used the Developmental State theory and the Social Exclusion theory to discuss the research findings. This study was premised on the assumption that state-led policies contributed to the marginalization of Isiolo County. This in turn led to the proliferation of developmental CSOs as the main engine of socioeconomic development because of the need of the locals. The study justification was based on the argument that although funding for CSO programs has increased alongside their explosion, effect of their work has remained marginal. Again, focus on socioeconomic development enables people to live long and meaningful lives. Therefore, an empirical study to explore the policies and practices of CSOs championing socioeconomic development in Isiolo County examines efforts made so far and identifies challenges. The significance of this study is to demonstrate that inequality and poverty are structural issues, which CSOs on their own cannot resolve without involving the state. This study used a descriptive and exploratory methodological design. It employed primary and secondary sources of data. Snowball and purposeful non-probability sampling approaches were utilized. To find ICSO officials involved in socioeconomic development, snowball and purposeful selection were used. Beneficiaries of ICSO programs and Key Informants were found using purposive sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted with ICSO representatives, while a semi structured questionnaire was administered on Focused Group Discussions (FGD). Both open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires were used to gather qualitative and quantitative data. The study respondents were 298 in total. The researcher observed the necessary ethical considerations. In terms of findings, this study revealed that the Kenyan state had developed several policies to address marginalization in Isiolo County. Some policies applied to the entire country, while others were tailor-made to suit the unique ASAL biophysical features. However, some entrenched marginalization, while some were unsuccessful. The ICSOs therefore came in to mitigate the circumstances and have contributed to socioeconomic development of Isiolo County. Despite their large and prolonged presence, socioeconomic indicators remain low compared to other regions in the country. Also, the current complementarity strategies, where the state and CSOs are engaged in different approaches to socioeconomic development have not borne fruit. Therefore, this study advocates for state-CSO collaboration as the way forward in addressing socioeconomic transformation in Isiolo County sustainably.
Continuity and Change in Indigenous Beer Entrepreneurial Activity of Women in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria: 1909-1995
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Menmak, Nimlan Rabi
Studies on women entrepreneurship in Jos focused on women in tomatoes enterprise and on the challenges of women entrepreneurs. Therefore, there is little knowledge on women in indigenous beer enterprise. This study examined the continuity and change that occurred in indigenous beer enterprise of women in Jos metropolis from 1909 to 1995. The study discussed the factors that led to the entry of women in burkutu enterprise and its transformation during the colonial period. It also focused on ho w developments like Nigeria’s independence, Biafra war, United Nations Women Conference of 1975 and Structural Adjustment Programme, influenced continuity and change in burkutu enterprise during the post-independence period. The changes that happened in the process of brewing and marketing burkutu by women in Jos were examined. The theories used in this study were the Women Agency and Social Capital theory. Qualitative design based on historical approach was adopted for this study. The data was collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources included archival materials and oral-interviews. Secondary sources comprised articles, books, and theses. The data was analysed qualitatively. It was presented based on themes and chronology according to the objectives of the study. This study revealed that burkutu was an indigenous beer that was brewed by women mainly for socio- cultural purposes during the pre-colonial period. However, during the colonial era, it was transformed to an article of trade due to monetization of the economy. Burkutu which was used for religious rite became a source of relaxation for tin labourers. Restriction on the consumption of burkutu diminished. This was because burkutu consumption was tied to purchasing power. In the post-independence period, it continued to thrive because it was a source of employment and income for women that participated in it. It also provided inexpensive alcohol for the urban low income earner particularly during the Structural Adjustment Programme era in Nigeria. The traditional brewing tools were replaced by grinding machine and aluminum pots for efficiency.
Creative arts and cultural dynamism: a study of music and dance among the Abagusii of Kenya, 1904-2002
(2012-04-12) Nyamwaka, Evans Omosa
This study was set out to trace the historical development of music and dance among the Abagusii of Kenya in a period extending from 1904 to 2002. It further investigated the dynamism of these cultural aspects and how music and dance changed the cultural history of the Abagusii community overtime. The study was guided by diffusion, structural functionalism, theory of musical change and syncretism theories. Diffusion theory facilitated the identification and analysis of Gusii music and dance cultures which compare favourably with those of other parts of the world gained through the process of diffusion. Functionalism theory was applied in the study of the functionality of music and dance among the Abagusii. The theory of music change was used in the study of changes that took place in Gusii music and dance due to their contacts with other peoples. The theory of syncretism was used to study the relationship between Gusii musical instruments with those of other parts of Africa and outside Africa.It was found out that music and dance has a direct role in the understanding of the cultural history of the Abagusii and those of other African communities. This was especially so in the traditional societies where other forms of communication such as written word had not fully developed. It was also evident that traditional music and dance among Abagusii transformed immensely as a result of the community's contact with other African communities and the Europeans. Most of these transformations came with missionary education, Western policies and cultural practices, World Wars,World Economic order among other events. After independence,Gusii music and dance seem to have undergone major changes as a result of emergent cultures both in Gusiiland and Kenyan society. Purposive sampling procedure was used to obtain a total of 61 informants from whom data was collected, analysed and documented. Both primary and secondary sources were utilized in data collection. Primary sources involved filed interviews while secondary sources included published works. Data analysis was done using descriptive as well as inferential statistics. Findings from this study provide useful information which adds value to the repertoire of African art of music and dance. Further, it will provide reference material and theoretical approach for music and dance analysis to researchers of African creative and performing arts. Teachers and students in schools and colleges where subjects such as poetry, music, dance and creative arts in general will find this work valuable in the promotion and preservation of Gusii music and dance and those of other African societies.
Cultural Continuity and Change: A Historical Study on Music and Dance among the Bukusu of Bungoma County, Kenya, Circa 1900 – 2012
(Kenyatta University, 2015-09) Barasa, Maurice Wekesa
Traditional Bukusu music and dance have suffered an authenticity crisis since the 20th century. This, we found out, has been as a result of globalization that has seen the adaptation and appropriation of Bukusu folk melodies and dance styles. Of significant influence on Bukusu music and dance have been the activities of colonialists, acculturation and the post- colonial socio-economic, political and cultural dynamics. Innovation and advances in media technology have also greatly impacted on Bukusu music and dance. This research established that blending of Bukusu traditional music and dance with foreign musical cultures has had profound effect on the former giving rise to a new genre of music and dance in the community. This study was necessitated by the fact that previous research works on Bukusu music and dance were anthropological and not historical. Through the use of in-depth interviews, content analysis of recorded music and observation of dance and music activities among Babukusu, we show how, when and why the function, form, presentation and performance of Bukusu birth, circumcision, marriage and death music and dance have been changing in the period 1900- 2012. The interviewees included local musicians, funeral orators, teachers of Oral Literature and Music, Bungoma County Director of Culture and Bukusu music programmes producers on radio. The period 1900 to 2012 was appropriate for this study because it was characterized by varying socio-cultural, political, economic and technological environments, all of which have influenced Bukusu music and dance. Continuity in aspects of Bukusu music and dance from 1900 to 2012 is discussed as well as the abandonment of some musical practices in the community. This study was guided by three theories: - diffusion, social learning and syncretism. Diffusionists believe that cultural traits move from one society to another through migration, trade, war or other contacts. The social learning theory acknowledges that people learn from one another through observation, imitation and modelling. It was used to explain the imitation of other music cultures by some Bukusu musicians. This study found out that indeed Bukusu music and dance have been changing over time due to the community’s interaction with and learning from foreigners. Syncretism was used to explain the impact of blending Bukusu musical traditions with exogenous ones. Change in Bukusu musical culture, we established, has also been due to the dynamism in the socio-political environments in which it is performed. However, some aspects of it were found not to have changed.
Development Aid Relations between the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Republic of India, 1960-2007
(Kenyatta University, 2023-10) Usman, Ugboga Koku; Isaiah Oduor Otieno; Edward Kisiang’ani
ABSTRACT Development aid has its roots from the Post-World War II Marshall Plan of 1948, European Recovery Programs (ERP), to provide economic assistance in rebuilding Europe after the Second World War. The success of Marshall Plan in war torn Europe convinced the many leaders of developed countries that the newly independent countries including Nigeria should get similar assistance. In 1960 Nigeria after her independence embarked on various developmental policies, plans and programs which required development aid support from the donor countries such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Japan. However, the western aid failed to stimulate economic development, but rather it created dependency and debt trap. This informed the Nigeria- India development aid relations. It is against the aforementioned disquiet that this research study traces and evaluates development aid relations between Nigeria and India from 1960 to 2007. The research is based on the following objectives: to analyze the problems of donor funding in development aid relations to developing countries, assess the main features and trends of India’s development aid to Nigeria between 1960-1998, to examine the dynamics of India’s aid to Nigeria between 1999-2007, and finally, to evaluate the impacts of Nigeria-India aid relations on both countries. The study was guided by two theoretical perspectives: realism and dependency and underdevelopment. The realists’ perspective assisted to evaluate the political self- interest of India in the interactions. On the other hand, dependency and underdevelopment theory enables us to assess the actual beneficiary on Nigeria- India relationship. This study used descriptive research design. This involves reviewing of various literature, documents and oral information obtained through in-depth interviews. The study adopts the purposive sampling technique. Both primary and secondary sources of data have been used to extract data. The data are systematically analyzed and critically evaluated, in line with the objectives of the study. The study is based on the assumptions that the Indian’s development aid to Nigeria has favoured India. It also assumes that, Nigeria is getting more and more undeveloped because of India’s development aid, and also that India’s development aid to Nigeria has been misused by Nigeria. The study reveals that, both Nigeria and India have had development aid relations for many years. It has been demonstrated that India’s development aid to Nigeria is driven by its enlightened self-interest. The current pattern of development aid relations between Nigeria and India is inherently asymmetric. The asymmetry is manifested in the import of raw materials and export of manufactured goods by India to Nigeria, and it is a threat to economic development of Nigeria. Therefore the present skewed nature of trade and investment relations between India and Nigeria is capable of undermining Nigeria’s developmental efforts, if it continues. Therefore the relationship has to be restructured to allow for transparency and equal opportunity.
Development Assistance in Kenya: An Evaluation Of German Donor Aid in Post Independent Kenya, 1963-2003
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Imbisi, Mukilima Joel
This study traces, analyses and accounts for German and Kenyan development bilateralism from 1963 to 2003. It highlights the origins, characteristics and development of Germany's development assistance programme to Kenya. It demonstrates the evolution of the major features of the German foreign policy and donor assistance to Kenya. Moreover, it seeks to analyse the trends in the German-Kenya bilateral relations over the period under study and to evaluate and account for the impact of German development assistance on Kenya's development. These highlights are made against a background of the Cold War politics and contexts in which Kenya-German bilateral relations were developed and thrived. The study seeks to identify the various capitalist beliefs and practices that inform the German economic policy towards Kenya and analyses the nature of its development assistance programme. The significance of the study is embedded in the fact that Germany is one of the major industrial countries of the world today, the third largest economy in the world after America and Japan, whose bilateral relations call for historical analysis. An account of Germany‘s major transformations is made within the Habermarsian theory as well as the dependency theory. These enable us to account for how that nation which had experienced great political and economic turmoil in the first half of the twentieth century became so successful in its socio-economic reconstruction. These processes are posed within the communicative action theory as well as the purposive dialogue theory of Habermas in an integrated way with the dependency perspectives. This work is, therefore, largely a historiographical and documentary review based study in its research design. The various literature, documents and harnessed oral information are subjected to historical analysis, interpretation as well as historical explanation within the Habermasian communicative action and purposive dialogue theories as well as the dependency conceptual framework. It has been demonstrated that in order to solve problems of diplomacy and national interest, Germany operationalized her foreign aid policy and donor assistance within official policy frameworks identified as Hallstein, economic self-interest and Friedenpolitik doctrines and other reports that spelled out official aid policies and practices for the country. The study has demonstrated how these policy frameworks have determined German development aid policy over the years. Finally, the study highlights the Cold War ideological setting in which Kenya-German bilateral relations emerged and blossomed. The study is based on the primary assumption that Kenya's development strategy of partnering with Germany was a product of the Cold War context of world politics. It also assumes that Germany‘s economic development has enhanced its capacity as a development assistance donor to Kenya and that Germany's donor assistance programme with Kenya began at independence in 1963, and was part of Germany's general foreign aid policy to Africa. Moreover, it argues that Germany's foreign aid policy enhanced Kenya's development in the modernization and neo-classical sense while in our view it has entangled Kenya further in a dependency relationship. An interdependence relationship has also been fostered between the two nations.
Dynamics in Party Politics in Kenya, 1963-2013; Beyond the Neoliberal Paradigm
(Kenyatta University, 2016-06) Otieno, Isaiah Oduor
Kenya attained independence in 1963 under a multi-party system. Within a year of independence party pluralism was abandoned for a single-party regime that was heralded for enhancing unity among the ethnically fragmented population. With the fall of communism in the late 1980s there emerged a new trajectory in world politics that ushered in multi-party politics in the African continent. With the re-introduction of multi-party politics in Kenya beginning 1991 it was highly expected that the transition to multi-party politics and regular elections would over time lead to qualitatively improved political institutions. To the disappointment of many citizens the return of party pluralism only resulted in the proliferation of a number of political parties. There seem to be a missing link between party pluralism and good governance. This study made a historical analysis of political party politics in Kenya between 1963 and 2013. To begin with, a historical reconstruction of the evolution of political parties in Kenya between 1919 and 1963 was undertaken. .The nature and character of party politics in the single party regime has been examined. The impact of the re-introduction of multi-party politics on party politics was also evaluated. With specific focus on KANU and ODM this study examined issues that dominate the operations of political parties in Kenya notably; structure, organization and management. Finally this study questioned the relevance of western neo-Iiberal thinking in the analysis of political parties in Africa. Anchored on the post-colonial theory, this study argued that political parties in Africa should be examined in the context of the African state as a colonial construct. This study did note that although political parties in Kenya emerged as colonial liberation movements the ruling elite in the post-independent period have used them to monopolize and maintain control of state power. The study also revealed that the re-introduction of party pluralism in Kenya never resulted in any substantial change in party politics, but only in the proliferation of political parties which were regional and ethnic in composition. It was further revealed that the political elite in Kenya continue to patronize and use political parties as tools of mobilization in their quest for the capture of state power.
Environment and settlement in the lower Tana during the holocene
(2012-04-12) Ndiiri, Washington
This study is an interrogation of the role of environment on settlement on the lower Tana. Data recovered was filtered through an interdisplinary prism to show that there were a multiplicity of variables at play in the environmental matrix formation. The net process ultimately impacted on settlement configuration on the lower Tana. There were a number of f' research questions whose answers addressed the thrust of the research. An inquiry was undertaken on the impact of climatic variability through time,the impact of the changes in the subsistence base and the consequences of the Elnino phenomenon in the quest for settlement. The research took recourse to various methodological approaches viz oral interviews,excavations and ethnoarchaeological approaches that were used in tandem with written sources. Excavation of the sites of MuyuwaKae ,Kijiuni and Chikamba was done with a discriminative approach in order to address environmental questions in relation to their settlements during the Holocene. The process resulted in the recovery of zoo archaeological material which included the remains of animals, insects, human, fish, and bird bones especially the former may sufficiently be used in explanation of the kind of environment the animals thrived in. This faunal material was also used in the interpretation of environmental variability qver time. On the other band palynological evidence was.crucial for conclusions on the past vegetation and by implication past climate. In this connection pollen investigation executed in this research was crucial. The study is about environmental variability and the capacity of man to meet the challenge of the change. The work was encased in the theoretical underpinning of cultural ecology. Aspects of systems theory and human ecology were useful in, their subsidiary support in the concretization of the theoretical thrust. This study has shown that while the role of the environment cannot be underestimated there were other factors at play when it came to the choice for areas for settlement in the Lower Tana .
An Environmental History of Machakos County, Kenya, C. 1895-1999
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Muendo, Lydia Kanini; Edwin Gimode; Pius Kakai Wanyonyi
This study examines the intersection of environmental change, government policy and the response of indigenous populations in Machakos County from around 1895 to 1999. The concern of this study is that there is a dearth of knowledge in the field of environmental change, policy and people response in spite abundance of studies carried out on Machakos County. This is the gap that the study has sought to fill. The main objective of the study was to analyse the relationship between the people of Machakos County and their environment in relation to government policy in the period between 1895 and 1999, although environmental history rarely falls into neat and specific dates. The first objective evolved from the pre-colonial period in an attempt to lay a foundation for assessing the interplay of colonial policies and the response of the indigenes on the environmental history of Machakos County up to 1963. The period after independence, up to the eve of the new millennium, examines the post-independence politics, policies and environmental change as played out in Machakos County. Political ecology as a perspective guided the study to explain the relationship between the expansion of colonial capitalism and the over-exploitation of resources and disorganisation of pre-colonial socio-economic relations that led to the environmental problems experienced in Machakos as elsewhere in Africa. The study demonstrates that government intervention in the environment did not stop at independence. Rather the government was increasingly involved in the environmental history of Machakos County. Hence, political ecology was found suitable for examining the extent to which the environment was politically conceptualised and handled in both the colonial and independence eras. The study was limited to the area occupied by the Akamba and historically known as Machakos from the pre-colonial era, through colonialism, to the post-independence time. Over this long stretch of time, its name and extent has been severally changed at the dictation of the politics of the day. Presently, the area goes by the name of Machakos County. Data for the study was drawn from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources included archival records at the Kenya National Archives and oral interviews. Secondary data was obtained from both published and unpublished works. Descriptive data analysis using qualitative methods of content analysis followed immediately after data collection. The data was categorised according to themes in relation to the objectives of the study which formed the ultimate chapters of the final thesis write up. The findings of the study should be useful to policy makers who shall formulate informed policy decisions in environmental conservation and management as well as land use. It should also be useful to the residents of Machakos County who will, based on historical research, make better decisions concerning natural resource utilisation and rural development. It will add to the historiography of environmental change and policy-making laying the ground for further research for the twin but dialectical processes of environmental degradation and conservation.
Gender relations and food crop production: a case of Kiambu district Kenya, 1920-1985
(2011-08-09) Musalia, Wangari Martha
The study examined gender relations and on food crop production in Kiambu district between 1920 and 1985. The socialeconomic relations between females and males are characterised often by different assignments to labour tasks, control over decision-making and differential access to and control over resourses has changed over time. These relations of production has been influenced by the social-political and economic transformation that has taken place over the period of the study. The study employed gender analysis to analyse the alterations of gender relations and food crop production since if focuses on the systems which determines gender roles/ responsibilities, access to and control over resourses and decision-making and not on the individuals women and men. Gender analysis was significant in the identification and understanding of the inequalities, challenges and responses of Kiambu women and men in their endeavour to produce food during the period of study. The study was done in three locations, namely, Limuru, Kiganjo, and Komathai of Kiambu District, using both primary and secondary data. A total of 56 informants both men and women of varying ages were interviewed. The study established that changes in land tenure, labour provision as well as promotion of cash crops had affected production of food crops. The alienation of kikuyu land and later consolidation and registration on an individual basis were major in affecting people's access to productive land. This was, however, gendered with women being the most affeted because of the existence partriarchal system which undermined women's ownership rights. Gender division labour had also changed over the years and was particularly enhanced by migrant labour system. Change in both land and labour organisation affected the decision-making on the type of food crops that were grown in the district. There was shift from the dependence on indigenous crops like millet, sorgum cassava yams, and traditional maize to more market-oriented horticultural crops like irish potatoes, carrots, kale, spinach and cauliflower, and cabbage among others. In effect, the district was producing less staple food crops by mid-1980s than it did by the beginning of the 20th century. But women continued to dominate in food crop production. Nevertheless, the study noted that though women continued to provide most labour, they did not remain passive victims of patriarchial control but they engage productive activities for instance, food - related trades to make of their own money.
The genesis, development and impact of cattle rustling in Teso sub-region, 1600-2001: a case of Katakwi district, Uganda.
(Kenyatta University, 2016-06) Okoboi, John Amodoi
This study examined the genesis, development and impact of cattle rustling in Teso sub-region in the period 1600-2001. It analysed the early history of the Iteso, origins of cattle rustling, the causes of cattle rustling, the changing dimensions of cattle rustling and the impact of cattle rustling on the people of Katakwi district. A case of Katakwi district was taken because of its proximity to Karamoja sub-region where the rustlers came from. In analysing the genesis, development and impact of cattle rustling in Teso sub-region, the theories of social conflict, ecological and materialist paradigms were applicable. The study considered cattle rustling as a form of conflict brought about by ecological factors and materialist gains. The descriptive survey research design was applicable in the study because the information collected from respondents, archives and secondary sources was analysed as regards the genesis, development and impact of cattle rustling in Teso sub-region. The study revealed that the Iteso and the Karimojong originated from South West Abbyssinia (Ethiopia) where they had once lived together as pastoralists. The two communities migrated into Karamoja where they separated in about 1620s. The study found that the separation of the Iteso and Karimojong partly contributed to stealing of Teso cattle by the Karimojong because the Iteso had moved with the cattle from Karamoja. The burning of the carcasses of the Karimojong captured cattle in 1952 largely sparked cattle rustling in Katakwi district as a wayof revenge.The acquisition of modern weapons ( machine guns) escalated cattle rustling especially in the 1980s. This changing dimension from using traditional weapons (spears, bows and arrows, clubs) to modern ones adversely affected the socio-economic and political development in the area of study. Though cattle rustling had been brought about by ecological disparities between Teso and Karamoja sub-regions thereby leading to conflict, this was overshadowed by materialist gain in the post-independence period. The study is significant as it contributes to the growing historiography of cattle rustling within the East African region and Uganda specifically. The study is also significant to the policy makers who cherish the value of peace and living in harmony in North-Eastern Uganda, Uganda as a whole and East Africa in general.
Governance Mechanisms and Security Service Delivery in National Police Service, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kaviku, Kimolo Benjamin; Jane Njoroge; David Minja
Governance and security service delivery have been subjects of discourse in both academic and non-academic perspectives. Several legislations and policies by the Kenyan government have been established to improve the capability and performance of security services delivered by the National Police Service (NPS). The terrain of empirical studies, reports and statistics, however, depicts a persistent trend of citizens losing their lives and properties daily due to poor security services provided by the NPS. This study investigated the influence of governance mechanisms on the security services delivered by NPS in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study included; assessing the influence of administrative decisions, determining the influence of checks and balances, evaluating the influence of coordination; establishing the influence of policy formulation, establishing whether political influence has a moderating influence on the relationship; and determining whether police culture has a mediating influence on the relationship between governance mechanisms and security services delivered by the National Police Service in Kenya. The principal agency, regulatory capture, stewardship and new public management theories guided the study. The study adopted a pragmatic research philosophy that allowed combining both explanatory and descriptive survey research designs of a cross-sectional nature. The targeted study population is comprised of NPS officers (Kenya Police Service and Administrative Police Service), Director of Criminal Investigation (DCI) officers based at the headquarters in Nairobi City County, two sub-counties, and non-NPS entities that work closely with the NPS. The study had a population of 742 respondents, from which a sample size of 260 respondents was sampled using Yamane (1973) formulae. The study adopted stratified, purposive and random sampling techniques, utilizing primary and secondary data, which generated quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data analysis incorporated both descriptive and inferential statistics, which was facilitated by SPSS software version 21.The findings were presented in the form of charts, tables, graphs and pictorial evidence. Qualitative data analysis used content, narrative and framework analysis approaches and was presented thematically. The findings indicated that, administrative decisions, checks and balances, coordination and policy formulation significantly influenced the quality of services delivered by NPS. Political influence and police culture had complete moderation and mediation effects, respectively on the direct association between mechanisms of governance and the quality of security services delivered by NPS. In total, the study's four governance mechanisms, moderating and mediating variables contributed 81.23 percent of the variation in NPS security services. This study contributes largely to policy, theory and practice in the body of knowledge. The study recommends that governance mechanisms are key drivers in delivering security services in NPS. Therefore, there is a need to ameliorate the current governance mechanisms in NPS. Therefore, both non-police agencies and NPS services should be revamped to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of their security services. Finally, this study recommends further study be done on replicating the same study in other security service providers, especially Kenya's defense forces and private security service provider.
The history of community relations across the Kenya-Uganda boarder; the case of the Babukusu and the Bagisu, C. 1884-1997
(2011-11-04) Wekesa, Peter Wafula
This study examines the history of community relations across the Kenya-Uganda border using the case of the Babukusu of Western Kenya and the Bagisu of Eastern Uganda from 1884 to 1997. From this microcosmic level, the study explores forms of transborder social, economic and political relations that have evolved between the two communities since the pre-colonial period. The study is justified on the reality that despite the increasing importance that borders continue to generate globally, the African and specifically East African context has not been given a systematic and sufficient analysis by historians. Border regions, or specifically borderlands, as sub-national areas whose social, economic and political life is directly and significantly affected by proximity to international boundaries, remain the centre at which questions of territoriality and citizenship are negotiated and settled the world over. More specifically, in regard to the community relations across borders, this study contends that these have historically functioned as catalysts and compelling influences on the quality of communication in the respective regions. As barometers for testing good neighbourliness, national peace and regional integration, Babukusu-Bagisu border relations are studied within the diverse historical context defining their evolution and transformation. The study utilizes a variety of both primary and secondary sources to analyze the context within which border relations between the Babukusu and the Bagisu emerge and are transformed before and after the colonial configuration of the Kenya-Uganda border. It delves into the history of relations between the two peoples that had long developed in the region before the European political and economic activities that finally culminated in the evolution of the border. The latter activities, as the study observes, not only ignored African interests, but were also generally conceived within western notions of the border that contradicted African conceptions of space. These European activities were further augmented by colonial and independent government policies to freeze the historical solidarities between the two communities. As the study demonstrates however, both colonial and independent government policies generated contradictions over the BukusuBugisu borderland area that made the control of interactions between the two communities with distinct geopolitical spaces problematic. Both formal and informal social, economic and political dynamics made the common Bukusu-Bugisu borderland a site of numerous state and community permutations. In examining the diverse dynamics informing the Babukusu-Bagisu relations across the Kenya-Uganda border, the study traverses through two theoretical traditions generally categorised into statecentric and borderlands perspectives. This study reveals that the two theoretical perspectives offer connected but contradictory perspectives on borders and border community relations in general and on Babukusu-Bagisu relations specifically. While statecentric perspectives conceptualise borders as tools of separation and control, borderland perspectives see borders as instruments that impede the free movement of capital, people, goods and services. This study adopts an integrative approach to critique the overwhelming top-down emphasis on state power and also borrow some useful insights that complement the bottom-up processes that uncover complex mechanisms operating at the local , national and regional levels.
History of socio-economic adaptation of the Turkana of Kenya, 1850-1963
(2012-02-14) Nyanchoga, Samuel Alfayo
This is a study of the history of social and economic adaptation of the Turkana of Kenya from 1850 to 1963. The study is based on primary and secondary sources in archives and libraries in Kenya and on oral interviews with some informants. The study is set in the context of pre-colonial and colonial Kenya. The study set to investigate the impact of ecology and colonialism on the social and economic activities of the Turkana as well as how the Turkana people responded to the varied situations confronting them. The study uses the following theoretical framework; ecological and articulation of modes of production. The theories have been brought into the study with a view of analysing the role of ecology in shaping human social and economic institutions. The study demonstrates the centrality of the interactions between physical environment and human population as crucial in understanding the dynamics of Turkana social and economic activities. In the process of interaction between the physical environment and human population as crucial in understanding the dynamics of Turkana social and economic activities. In the process of interaction between the physical environment and human population, there evolved viable, social and economic institutions among the Turkana. Among some of the social and economic institutions discussed are pastoralism, hunting, garthering, agriculture, fishing, age-set system, stock associateship and traditional legal system. The study therefore underscores the importance of both the physical environment and the Turkana, given that they (Turkana) did play a critical role in shaping the outcome of their social and economic organisation. Articulations theory has been applied in the study to demonstrate the impact of the capitalist mode of production on the pre-capitalist modes of production once incorporated into the capitalist mode of production resulted in historical relationship which tends to dissolve undesired elements while conserving useful elements in the former. The process of intergration of the Turkana pre-colonial economy with colonial capitalist economy involved the use of coercive and non-coercive powers. Coercive powers involved unleashing violence on the people by the military personnel, seizure of livestock and punitive taxation. While non-coercive powers involved establishing institutions of chifdom as instrument of co-optation and local control. The process of integration led to the dissolution or distortion of certain features of Turkana pre-capitalist social and economic set-ups while conserving desirable institutions for the purpose of enhancing the functionality of capitalist activities in the region. The colonial capitalist policies introduced in the Turkanaland resulted in social and economic changes among the Turkana. The study concludes that despite the destructive nature of the colonial state and capitalist structure through depastoralisation programmes and anti-raiding policies, forced labour and taxation, the Turkana were able to evolve various adaptive strategies. The Turkana people developed profitable and adaptive linkages between agriculture, wage labour and pastoralism as this study demonstrates.

Browse

Browsing PHD-Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies by Title

Results Per Page

Sort Options