RP-School of Security, Diplomacy and Peace Studies

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Adoption of Community Security Initiatives against Protracted Insecurity in Laikipia North, Kenya. Journal of Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
(IISTE, 2021) Macharia, Hannah M.; Linnet, Hamasi; Makokha, Kibaba
This article interrogates the underlying factors that cause communities residing in areas affected by communal conflicts in Laikipia North, Kenya, to embrace community security initiatives as a way of addressing protracted insecurity. In the context of peripheral territories such as Laikipia North, security as a right is contested due to factors such as protraction of insecurity, civilian militarization, and overall absence of the state as a security provider. Critical to the study is the understanding that the state as a political entity is impacted by a myriad of geo-political, security and socio-economic forces. These geo-political, security and socio-economic forces may compromise the functionality of the state as far as fulfilling its mandate to the citizens is concerned. In this regard, the adoption of community security initiatives raises fundamental questions as to whether the state has failed to deliver on its mandate of providing security, given that Kenya is a functioning state. This phenomenological study aimed at examining the underlying forces that inform internal security experiences among communities in communal conflict regions. Specifically, the study explored the post-2010 factors in relation to state of (in)security in Laikipia County. The study used qualitative approach in which data was collected using FGDs, interviews and observation checklist. Data was analyzed thematically in line with the objectives of the study.
Africa Union’s Right to Intervene in Regional Conflicts: Case of South Sudan (2013-2019)
(Kenyatta University, 2023-04) Adiele, Becky Udochukwu
The right to intervene is one of the unique principles of the African Union (AU) as an international organization. This study is focused on advancing the discourse on the applicability of the African Union’s right to intervene in conflict situations. Specifically, the study sought to: first analyze the rationale behind the principle of the right to intervene, secondly, to examine the envisaged operation of AU intervention right, and thirdly, evaluate the challenges facing the operationalization of AU’s right to intervene when and where the instance of serious human rights and humanitarian crimes are present. The context of South Sudan conflict between 2013 and 2019 was chosen as case study to demonstrate this. The study was supported by emerging debate about the legality and applicability of the right to intervene. Other than the issue regarding applicability, the AU is yet to explicitly apply Article 4 (h) to conflict situations in Africa. The study reviewed scholarly works to shed light on the primary objectives stated in this research. The study was anchored on the theory of liberal institutionalism, which demonstrates how international cooperation between states and institutions such as the AU, is necessary to reduce conflict and competition. This study utilized the qualitative approach. The exploratory research design was used in tying all the aspect of this research. The area of study was the City of Addis Ababa which houses the headquarters of the African Union. This study relied on primary data from interviews conducted with peace and security experts along with AU and South Sudan’s Officials. Policy documents that are related to the subject matter were also consulted. Secondary data was derived from journal articles, theses, and books. Data was analyzed using documentary analysis by looking extensively at relevant documents such as the AU Constitutive Act, the Ezulwini Consensus, the AU Commission of Inquiry findings in South Sudan, UN charter and others. The findings of this thesis highlights that the right to intervene as envisioned by the drafters of the Constitutive Act was primarily a military intervention. However, with regards to recent practices by the AU and other relevant literature on the matter, the right to intervene is seen to encompass various forms and levels of intervention including military intervention; diplomatic peace processes; and sanctions, so long as the AU does not imitate the principle of noninterference like its predecessor, the OAU and watch as humanitarian crisis escalates in the continent. The study also found that there are various impediments to effective intervention which includes: its perceived contradiction with international law, the principle of subsidiarity and AU’s complex decision-making processes among others. Recommendations highlighted in the study focuses on employing a coordinated approach among the relevant stakeholders to resolve the many controversies associated with the right to intervene, starting with specific mechanisms in place to guide conceptualization and operationalization of the right to intervene. In general, this study sought to increase the level of awareness and knowledge of scholars and the international community regarding AU’s right to intervene on one hand, and on the other hand to consider necessary reforms regarding the approaches to conflict situations in Africa, with a goal of reducing the occurrence of war and its effects on the continent.
An Assessment of Community Based Organizations in Countering Violent Extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2024-10) Muriithi, Eva Makandi; Macharia, Hannah M.
The purpose of this study was to assess Community Based Organizations in countering violent extremism in Kenya, with focus on Isiolo County. The research investigated Community Based Organizations engagement in countering violent extremism in Isiolo County, Kenya, regarded as one of the vulnerable counties in Kenya, suffering high levels of insecurity ranging from cattle rustling, banditry and other threats. The study was guided by three specific objectives: to examine the community-based organizations involved in countering violent extremism in Isiolo County; to establish the forms of violent extremism in Isiolo County, and to assess strategies used by community-based organizations to counter violent extremism. The literature review was done according to the research objectives. The study was guided by social identity theory and theory of change. In terms of methodology, the study used mixed method approach. Descriptive survey research design was adopted that targeted 53,217 populations from which a sample size of 100 was determined using a sampling formula. Multistage sampling was adopted to select respondents from each of the sub locations in the three sub counties under which a systematic random sampling approach was used. Purpose sampling was used to select participants for qualitative data. Data analysis involved qualitative and quantitative methods. SPSS Version 26 was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Quantitative data was presented in tables while qualitative data was presented using narratives and quotes. There were more formal than informal CBOs operating in Isiolo County CVE efforts. These CBOs were focused on recruitment and radicalization of youth into VE since there were no reported or known cases of violent attacks in the county. Building awareness and trust in their communities was the frequent strategy used by CBOs in Isiolo County to countering VE efforts. The research recommends that informal CBOs should be supported so as to achieve formal status so as to enjoy more participation the policy formulation processes with county and national governments. Secondly, it is recommended for a multi-faceted method to counter and prevent VE in Isiolo County due to the changing nature of youth radicalization and recruitment that has moved to online platforms
An Assessment of Community Policing in Resolution of Disputes: Case of Kiambu County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2023) Muriungi, Mpinda Rosemary; Mung'ale, Andrew
Community policing is viewed as an initiative or a tool to curb crime in Kenya. As a result, studies have concentrated on community policing and crime management in society while disregarding the part it plays in resolving disputes between the police and the communities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess community policing in resolution of disputes in Kiambu County, Kenya. The findings from regression analysis shows that there was a significant and positive relationship between nature of Community Policing and dispute resolution (β=0.237, p≤0.05); there was a significant relationship between effectiveness of the community policing and dispute resolution, This in essence means that as Community Policing becomes more effective, dispute resolution becomes more effective (β=0.611, p≤0.05); Community Policing measures had a significant and positive relationship with dispute resolution (β=0.042, p≥0.05). The study concludes that community policing has a significant influence on dispute resolution in Kiambu County. The study recommends that the community should be sensitized on their role in dispute resolution, given incentives like airtime to communicate and provided with the information and abilities necessary to execute community policing
An Assessment of Police Culture on Career Progression of Female Police Officers in Nyeri County, Kenya
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2025-02) Kaari, Mugambi Dyna; Sirera, Merecia Ann
Women under-representation in the police service as well as their limited career progression opportunities is a global challenge. In Kenya, women make up a small percentage of the police service, and they face various challenges that may hinder their career advancement. This study sought to assess police culture and career progression of female police officers in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study was guided by Feminist theory and the theory of tokenism. A descriptive survey design was used in carrying out this study. The target population was 1,352 police officers working in Nyeri County, Kenya. To obtain the participants of the study, stratified, purposive and simple random sampling were used. Solvin’s Formula was used to determine a sample size of 93 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guides were the main tools for collection of data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study revealed that female officers were not given equal opportunity as their male counterparts in operational areas. The study concluded that police culture impinges on career progression of female police officers. The study recommended that the police organization reviews the gender-blind policies and regulations, that seem to encourage masculinity
An Analysis of the Impact of Kenya's Protectionist Laws on the Implementation of the East African Community (EAC) Common Market Protocol
(JAIS, 2023) Barasa, Masika Benjamin; Mulu, Francis; Kakai, Pius
Kenya, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, and South Sudan make up the East African Community (EAC), a regional economic union. Barriers to trade and investment within the EAC region were reduced by the signing of the Common Market Protocol (CMP) in 2010. Kenya and other EAC member nations have enacted protectionist policies that have hampered the CMP's full fulfillment. The term "protectionism" is used to describe measures taken to shield indigenous sectors from international competition by limiting trade and foreign direct investment. To shield its domestic sectors from international competition, Kenya has adopted protectionist policies similar to those of many other emerging nations. Import licensing restrictions and tariffs are two examples of protectionist policies. Unfortunate events have led to unforeseen implications for the region's economy, despite the region's best intentions. The region has seen a decline in foreign direct investment (FDI) because of protectionist policies that have raised trade barriers and stifled competitiveness. Kenya's restrictive trade policies have so prevented the full implementation of the EAC CMP. The purpose of this research was to analyze how Kenya's trade barriers have affected the progress of the EAC CMP. The results of the research shed light on how protectionist policies have impacted regional efforts to integrate their economies, such as company competitiveness, trade flows, and investment. Policymakers and other interested parties in the EAC region can use the study's findings to further economic integration and boost the region's competitiveness. In this study, an examination on how Kenya's protectionist legislation has affected the progress of the EAC CMP was undertaken. The purpose of this research was to analyze the impact that Kenya's protectionist policies have had on the implementation of the EAC CMP, which was established to facilitate the free flow of goods, services, capital, and people within the EAC. The study used a qualitative research approach, collecting information through document analysis and interviews with key participants in Kenya's commercial and industrial sectors. Using text analysis, this study provided light on the ways in which the protectionist policies of Kenya impact regional business competitiveness, trade, and investment. At the completion of the research, it was eminent that the high tariffs, non-tariff impediments, and import licensing procedures that enhance the cost of doing business are less competitive than those in other regions and Kenya can better integrate the country's economic protectionist policies with those of the EAC CMP. The study recommends that a modification of protectionist policies so that they are consistent with the goals of the EAC CMP. Tariffs and non-tariff barriers should be lowered, and import licensing made easier and encouraging free trade. Moreover, the EAC member states to create a dispute resolution body to address challenges on regional economic integration. In order for SMEs to participate in regional markets, the study suggests that EAC member states prioritize capacity building for SMEs.
Analysis Pf Policy Deliberative Argumentation Approach for Security Management in Kenya’s Kerio Valley
(International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2025-04) Yegon, Kibet B.; Muna, Wilson; Kipchumba, Heather
Purpose: This study examined the effectiveness of the Argumentation Approach as a deliberative policy framework in enhancing security management in the Kerio Valley, Kenya. The study aimed to assess how the use of structured, critical discussions and debates, as promoted by this approach, influences security outcomes in the region. Specifically, the research sought to determine the extent to which this approach, both independently and in combination with other deliberative frameworks, improves decision-making processes and addresses security challenges in the area. Through this investigation, the study aimed to provide contextspecific insights into the role of argumentative methods in security management, contributing to the development of more effective, adaptive, and sustainable security policies. Additionally, the study sought to inform future policy design by highlighting the benefits and limitations of using the Argumentation Approach in combination with other policy frameworks. Materials and Methods: A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative techniques was utilized to explore the relationship between the argumentative approach (independent variable) and security management (dependent variable). Data collection targeted conflict-prone areas in the Kerio Valley, focusing on counties such as Baringo, Turkana, Elgeyo Marakwet, and West Pokot, with a total target population of 59,908 stakeholders, including government officials, community leaders, and household heads. Systematic and random sampling methods were used to select a representative sample of 455 respondents, with data collected through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. A pilot test validated the research instruments, ensuring reliability through the Kaiser-MeyerOlkin measure and Cronbach's alpha. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS (v.25) through descriptive and inferential analyses, while qualitative data were thematically examined with NVivo software. Ethical standards, including informed consent and data confidentiality, were rigorously upheld, and data security was ensured throughout the research process. Finding: The study found that the Argumentation Approach, as a deliberative policy framework, has a significant positive impact on security management in the Kerio Valley. When used independently, the approach improves security outcomes by approximately 27%, promoting in-depth discussions and critical evaluations that lead to better-informed decisions and strategies. However, when combined with other deliberative frameworks, its effectiveness slightly diminishes to a 12.9% improvement, suggesting diminishing returns or overlapping benefits from multiple approaches. Despite this reduction, the Argumentation Approach remains beneficial, highlighting its importance in fostering open dialogue and addressing security issues comprehensively. These findings emphasize the value of the Argumentation Approach in security management while suggesting that its integration with other frameworks should be strategically considered to maximize its overall impact. Implication to Theory, Practice and Policy: The findings of this study have significant implications for theory, practice, and policy. From a theoretical perspective, the results support the value of structured communication frameworks, such as the Argumentation Approach, in enhancing decision-making and security management. The study reinforces existing theories on deliberative policy-making and structured communication, particularly in conflict-prone areas. Practically, the findings suggest that integrating the Argumentation Approach into security management can lead to more informed, comprehensive, and sustainable solutions, especially when used independently. However, its effectiveness may be reduced when combined with other frameworks, emphasizing the need for strategic integration. In terms of policy, the study highlights the importance of adopting deliberative methods in security management policies to ensure robust, culturally relevant, and context-specific interventions. Policymakers are encouraged to incorporate the Argumentation Approach alongside other frameworks, balancing their strengths to improve security outcomes in complex environments like the Kerio Valley.
Application of Joint Peace Committees in Management of Cattle Rustling among the Residents of Turkana and West Pokot Counties, Kenya
(Advances in Applied Sociology, 2025-06) Kipkorir, Koech; Omboto, John Onyango
Cattle rustlings remain a major cause of insecurity and conflict among the pastoralists in Turkana and West Pokot counties. As a result of the fatalities and loss of properties, the Kenyan government has made concerted efforts to control the vice by forced disarmament of communities living in Turkana and West Pokot counties, increased deployment of police reservists, increased patrols by the government, awareness creation and sensitization of the residents. However, these efforts have not succeeded to control the problem within Turkana and West Pokot counties as they have been more reactive than proactive. Therefore, the study sought to assess the influence of joint peace committees in management of cattle rustling among the residents of Turkana and West Pokot counties, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey in design. The target population were individuals from Turkana and Pokot ethnic group living within Turkana and West Pokot border area who have been affected by cattle rustling. Systematic random sampling, snowballing and purposive sampling were used in selecting respondents. The findings indicated that the joint peace committee agreement variable had a statistically significant positive influence on the management of cattle rustling, evidenced by a regression coefficient of t-value of 8.863, and a p-value of 0.000. The study concluded that joint peace committees are a critical and effective mechanism in the management of cattle rustling in Turkana and West Pokot counties. The components of inclusivity and trust, structured dialogue platforms, and training and capacity building were found to significantly influence outcomes. The study recommended that the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, in collaboration with county governments, should institutionalize joint peace committees by embedding them in local governance structures. These committees have proven effective in fostering dialogue, trust-building, and conflict resolution.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Intelligence Gathering and Sharing (IGS) in Countering
(IJIRAS, 2020) Wanderi, Simon Mwangi; Mwangi, Susan Waiyego; Wasonga, Joseph
Abstract: Despite Kenya’s continuous efforts to streamline intelligence gathering and sharing (IG & S) to help curb transnational terrorism, debates continue to range on its effectiveness within the context of increased global terror threats. The purpose of this paper is to appraise the effectiveness of intelligence gathering and sharing as a counterterrorism strategy in Kenya. The paper begins by identifying main types of intelligences applied to curb transnational terrorism in Kenya; progresses to assess the contribution of different types of intelligence in curbing transnational terrorism in Kenya; analyze the effectiveness and or ineffectiveness of intelligence gathering and sharing in curbing transnational terrorism in Kenya; and finally examines the challenges undermining the use of intelligence in curbing transnational terrorism. An exploratory research design was applied where data was collected and analyzed using the mixed methods approach from disciplined and civilian components. Findings revealed that most of Kenya’s Intelligence gathering and sharing (henceforth abbreviated as IG & S) use different types of intelligence. IG & S agencies largely handle human intelligence and signals intelligence to confront transnational terrorism. The use of IG & S is fundamentally contributing to the fight against terrorism in the country but it is confronted by several conspicuous challenges that need to be addressed. The study concludes by noting that while efforts at reinvigorating IG & S have borne fruits more needs to be done especially with regard to precision of the target of anticipated attack and timeliness of the intelligence gathered and dispatched to other security agencies.
Assessing the Effects of Terrorism on the Living Conditions of Residents in Garissa County, Kenya
(IJRISS, 2024-05) Mbindyo, Jedidah Ndinda; Masiga, Casper
Garissa County is prone to terrorism activities. Frequent terror attacks in Garissa County have had economic effects on the livelihoods of local people in Garissa County. The research sought to determine the effects of terrorism on the living conditions of Garissa County residents. The study targeted residents, chiefs, national police officers and women groups who have been in Garissa sub-county which is in close proximity to Garissa University College where a terror attack occurred in 2015. A sample size of 399 was obtained from 163,914 residents in Garissa sub-county. The survey utilized random and purposive sampling to select the study participants. Data was collected using questionnaires, scheduled interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data was analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in forms of means, percentages, and standard deviations. Qualitative data from the interviews and Focus Group Discussions was tape recorded, and analyzed qualitatively and presented in narratives. The study found that the effects of terrorism on residents are broad ranging from health issues to economic problems; terrorism diminishes the living conditions of the residents in Garissa County, Terrorism event diminishes the quality of life by creating anxiety and uncertainties, chasing away investors and entrepreneurs who create employment opportunities, hence reducing income levels. The study proves its value to a number of stakeholders such as, the government, Kenya police, residents and future researchers, by recommending on how to improve counterterrorism mitigation strategies and consequently reduce terrorist attacks leading to improved quality of life. The study particularly recommends the government to focus on intelligence led community policing, to improve information flow and sharing, create research platforms which checks for vulnerability and commit to improving security related technology
Assessing the Scope and Impact of Wildlife Trade and Poaching in Kenya: Conservation, Enforcement, and Socioeconomic Dimensions
(JAIS, 2023-09) Cheloti, Becky Mulemia; Mulu, Francis
The urgent need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to addressing the complex challenges of wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. Conservation efforts must be intensified to protect iconic species like elephants and rhinos, with a focus on enhanced anti-poaching measures and habitat preservation. The expansion of protected areas and the establishment of wildlife corridors are vital steps in safeguarding Kenya's rich biodiversity. Additionally, strengthening law enforcement agencies is imperative to combat wildlife trafficking effectively. This includes providing the necessary resources, training, and technology to law enforcement personnel while promoting transparency and accountability within these organizations. International collaboration is essential to address the transnational nature of wildlife crime networks. Socioeconomic dimensions cannot be overlooked, as poverty and limited alternative livelihoods were identified as significant drivers of poaching. Therefore, the study recommends the development of alternative income opportunities for communities living near wildlife habitats to reduce their reliance on illegal activities. Community engagement and the inclusion of local perspectives in conservation strategies are crucial for long-term success. In conclusion, the study's findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach that integrates conservation, enforcement, and socioeconomic development to effectively combat wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. By addressing the root causes of these issues and strengthening collaborative efforts, Kenya can better protect its biodiversity and improve the well-being of its communities. The study recommends on a comprehensive approach to address wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. It prioritizes increased investment in conservation, including anti-poaching efforts, habitat protection, and community programs to safeguard species like elephants and rhinos through the expansion of protected areas and wildlife corridors. Additionally, the study underscores the need to strengthen law enforcement with training and technology, emphasizing improved inter-agency communication and accountability to combat global wildlife trafficking networks. Moreover, it stresses poverty reduction and community engagement in economic development to discourage poaching, promoting community-based conservation to instill a sense of responsibility for wildlife preservation. This multifaceted strategy aims to tackle the complex challenges of wildlife conservation in Kenya.
Assessment of Climate Change Anxiety in High School Youths of Kwale County, Kenya
(EANSO, 2023-12) Mutua, Patrick M.; Kauti, Matheaus K.; Mwangangi, Leonard; Nzilani, Musyoka Sonnia
Climate change anxiety refers to negative cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and functional responses to experiences of climate change and has implications on mental health. The current study sought to determine how climate change anxiety relates to cognitive-emotional and functional impairments as well as with experience of climate change and behavioural engagement in youths. The study surveyed 388 youths (aged 13-24 years) in high schools in Kwale County, Kenya. Data were analysed in XLSTAT software usingPearson's correlation and considered significant for values of p ≤ 0.05. Over 60 % of the youths had more than "Sometimes" suffered cognitive-emotional impairment, while 63 % were more than "Sometimes" inflicted with functional impairment. Additionally, 61 % of the respondents more than "Sometimes" reported having had a climate change experience. However, 71 % of the youths were more than "Sometimes" engaged in climate change behavioural activities. There were no significant gender differences in the scores. Cognitive-emotional impairment (M = 2.507, SD = 1.267) was significantly (P = 0.0048) associated with behavioural engagement in climate change (M = 3.019, SD = 1.403). Youths attending day schools scored significantly (P = 0.022) higher in functional impairment (M = 2.897, SD = 1.182) than students in boarding schools (M = 2.535, SD = 1.395). Youths aged 13-17 years were substantially more affected by climate change anxiety than those aged 18-24 years. This study identifies a population at risk with highexposure and vulnerability to the health impacts of climate change. The study suggests the need for policies to address climate change anxiety in youths in schools and the use of the youths' pro-environmental behavioural engagements in climate change to improve their adaptive capacity.
Assessment of Banditry, Cattle Rustling and Insecurity Nexus in North West Kenya
(JAIS, 2023) Musau, Daniel Muange; Ichani, Xavier Francis; Mulu, Francis
Banditry and cattle rustling in North West Kenya pose a serious threat to security in the country. The negative impact of violent banditry and cattle rustling in North West Kenya is heavily felt in terms of social disorder and economic disruption especially loss of human life and property destruction. Vicious cycles of insecurity in the region coupled with the prolonged deployment of security forces are an area of concern Given the strong reluctance by scholars to publish works of banditry, this article will add to the existing literature. The paper posits that banditry and cattle rustling has evolved their methods and tactics to lethal militants reigning terror to the citizen and security personnel. The drivers of the modern banditry and cattle rustling in the region are unique together with the attendant causes since they continued fueling incessant insecurity with dire consequences. The study was anchored with a revisionist theory which is germane to the study due to its perspective on national security adopting a modern approach that is more human-centric than the traditional statecentric approach. With reference to banditry in North West Kenya, this article adopted a descriptive method to examine the connection between banditry and threat to security as well as describe the historical background of banditry, drivers of banditry, the threat posed by banditry to security, key raging debates concerning banditry and consequences of banditry. The paper suggests that a number of factors, including the lack of government control, high unemployment rates, poverty, a lack of social purpose (in the form of archaic cultural practices), political influence, illiteracy, competition for scarce resources, and the proliferation of small arms, are fueling the rise of banditry in Kenya's northwestern region. In the concluding reflections, the study strived to proffer academic recommendations and appropriate strategies for the governments, security agencies, and multi agencies to reduce the banditry problem in North West Kenya. From the general public, 120 respondents were chosen as the sample size. The study, which relied on secondary data, found that contemporary banditry constituted a serious threat to national security. The recommendations informed the conclusion of the study.
Assessment of Security Intelligence Analysis Impacts to Humanitarian Communities Safety and Security in Kenya
(IAJILE, 2024-10) Mburu, Amos Muiruri
Security intelligence analysis involves the systematic collection, evaluation, and interpretation of information to understand potential threats. For humanitarian communities, this means understanding the dynamics of criminal activities, political tensions, economic conditions, and other external factors that may disrupt their operations. Through crime analysis, NGOs identified patterns and trends that may indicate emerging threats, such as increased crime rates in areas where they operate or targeted attacks against humanitarian workers. The current study aimed to assess the security intelligence analysis impacts to humanitarian communities’ safety and security in Kenya. The study objectives were; to evaluate how humanitarian communities incorporate open-source information into their security assessments and decision-making processes related to safety and security and to explore the patterns and trends of criminal activities and how these dynamics impact the safety of humanitarian communities. The study was guided by PESTLE analysis theory and Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study consisted of includes program managers, IT personnel, and security officers. There are about 6,000 registered NGOs in the country. A combination of purposive and stratified sampling techniques was utilized to select participants for this study. The sample size included 200 respondents, which is adequate for achieving statistical significance and enabling in-depth analysis. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis involved quantitative methods. The quantitative data obtained from the structured questionnaires was analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages. Further, regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between information security practices and the safety and security of NGOs. The findings revealed that a significant relationship (r = 0.75) between crime hotspots and the presence of NGOs, indicating that NGOs operating in areas with higher crime rates face greater security challenges. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r = 0.68) was found between the regular use of open-source information and the effectiveness of security assessments, suggesting that organizations that actively integrate open-source intelligence are better equipped to anticipate and respond to emerging threats. The study concluded that NGOs face multiple security challenges, including crime, cyber threats, political unrest, and social disruptions, which significantly affect their operations. The use of security intelligence, specifically through crime and threat analysis, enables these organizations to anticipate risks, prepare for potential disruptions, and respond effectively to emerging threats. The study recommended that government should establish frameworks that encourage closer collaboration between security agencies and NGOs. Through sharing intelligence data, especially regarding crime patterns and emerging threats, the government may help NGOs stay informed and better prepare for potential security challenges. Regular engagement through workshops and training sessions will also foster trust and cooperation.
An Assessment of Strategic Corporate Communication Practice on the Service Delivery of Police in Kirinyaga County
(International Journal of Latest Research in Humanities and Social Science, 2021) Mutuma, Charles Baikanatha; Ngari, Lazarus. K.
The purpose of this study was to assess internal accountability strategies of the National Police Service and their impact on service delivery in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Specific objective of this study was to establish how strategic Corporate Communication Practices contribute towards service delivery in Kirinyaga County. The study was guided by the theory of functionalism championed by Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, and Robert K. Merton. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The sample population consisted of 220 consisting of two National Police Services (130 Administrative Police, 80 Kenya Police, and 10 Members of Police disciplinary team. These combined forces included 13 Senior Officers from the rank of Inspector and above and 207 other Ranks. Out of the target population, stratified and random sampling techniques were employed. Data collection was by Interview Guide and a questionnaire. Thematic approach was used to analyze data after sorting and coding. Presentation of findings was by narration. The findings revealed that accountability strategic management practices especially corporate communication had a significant positive impact on service delivery at National Police Service in Kirinyaga County. Despite this, a number of challenges still exist. The study is relevant to departmental needs especially equipping the Police Service as means of enhancing service delivery.
Availability of Prisoners Reformation Programmes and Uptake Determinants at Kitengela Prison in Kenya
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2024-12) Odhiambo, Dickson Osina; John, Onyango Omboto
Prisons world over are mandated to reform prisoners and rehabilitate them back into the society as law abiding citizens. This is accomplished through several reformation programmes. A study conducted at Kitengela prison in Kajiado County, Kenya, sought to analyse the available prisoners’ reformation programmes employed in rehabilitation at the prison. Specifically, the study analysed the implementation of the programmes, established the challenges faced in implementation, and found out possible control strategies for the challenges. The study was guided by Reformation Theory of punishment and adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised of convicts and the prison staff from which a sample size of 113 respondents were selected by simple random sampling method to participate in the study. Data was collected by questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGD) and Key Informants interview. Quantitative data was analysed and presented in percentages, tables, and diagrams while qualitative data was thematically narrated. The study established that for prisoners, carpentry was the most available at 100%, welding 97.5% and training in masonry 95%. While on the programmes that are operational, welding, carpentry, and horticulture had 77.50%, 74.68%, and 58.75% respectively. The most available psychological program was counselling services at 87.50%, while on education, Kenya Certificate of Primary Education and Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education levels were the most available, operational and successfully implemented. The determinants of a prisoner’s placement on specific programmes are income generation to the government, the need for post-release employment, need to reform, making incarceration bearable, and availability of infrastructures among others. This paper is an in-depth analysis of the available programs, and the factors influencing placement of prisoners in particular reformation programmes.
Barriers to Women’s Agency in Counter-Terrorism Efforts in Mandera County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2025-09) Omwakwe, Christine Kusa; Muiya, Bernard
The purpose of the study was to investigate the roles, challenges and contributions of women in counter-terrorism efforts in Mandera County, Kenya, from 2011 to 2023, highlighting barriers such as cultural norms, security threats and limited resources that hinder their agency. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach with a sample size of 384 women and stakeholders, the study assessed women's participation in community-based initiatives, intelligence gathering and peacebuilding, while identifying systemic barriers to their empowerment. Findings indicate that women's agency moderately enhances community resilience and counter-terrorism effectiveness, yet patriarchal structures and inadequate institutional support constrain their full involvement. The study advocates for gendersensitive policies, capacity-building and inclusive strategies to leverage women's contributions for sustainable security. The study contributes empirical insights to feminist international relations theory, emphasizing the need for intersectional approaches in counterterrorism frameworks.
Blue Economy Infrastructure Development and Security: A Case Study of Kenya’s Lake Victoria
(RJI, 2023-05) Lagat, Epapra Kipkemboi; Handa, Stephen
The blue economy is considered as sustainable utilization of oceanic resources for improved livelihood, economic growth, and job creation while ensuring that the health of oceanic systems has been preserved. In Kenya, the blue economy refers to all activities that relate to coasts, seas, and oceans. This study analyzed Kenya’s Lake Victoria and attempts by the Kenyan government to develop its blue economy through the establishment of the lake’s infrastructure. Lake Victoria’s shoreline is one of the most congested and highly populated regions in Africa content with complex security issues. Security problems such as terrorism, piracy, and insecurity continue to threaten the overall sustainability of Kenya’s ministry of tourism. Therefore, international cooperation is one of the ways that can help counter-terrorism. This paper reviewed some of the major challenges that Kenya is facing in its attempt to develop a blue economy in Lake Victoria. Light was also shed on the blue economy infrastructure development as well as security initiatives that were already in place around the lake region. Implications for the development of a blue economy in the area were also reviewed. Further analysis of the role of the private sector in necessitating the development of the blue economy was also covered. Finally, the paper offered insights on how the Kenyan government through its county governments in collaboration with businesses had implemented successful measures aimed at developing blue economies. The core finding was that the development, expansion, and establishment of Lake Victoria’s blue economy should be guided by economic capacity-building rationales and security measures. The region's blue economy should be strengthened to meet the needs of both the locals and the country as a whole.
Border Security Challenges: a Case Study of Kenya and Somalia Border Relations (1991-2017)
(path of science, 2022) Akenga Reuben; Morumbasi Kigen; Handa Stephen
The porous border of Kenya/ Somalia has always been problematic to the Kenyan government, ever since the Somali government’s fall in 1991. This study was based along the Kenya- Somalia boundary in Mandera County. The study examined border security challenges between Kenya- Somalia from 1991-to 2017. One specific objective guided it: to discuss challenges to border security strategies along with Kenya- Somalia border. The study was guided by descriptive survey research design and experimental research designs. This research used several sampling strategies: convenience, systematic, snowball, random sampling, and purposive techniques. The researcher selected a sample size of 398 that comprised heads of families. Further, 85 critical informants of private and public responders were chosen from the two case studies. Primary information was gathered using FGDs, survey tools such as questionnaires and observations and interviews. On the other hand, secondary data was retrieved through relevant articles and publication content analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics proved vital in analyzing preliminary information, while content analysis was utilized when analyzing qualitative data. Tables and figures present the data analyzed. The study established that 86 % of the respondents stated that regional politics, power politics and geopolitical conflicts were significant impediments to border management strategies. It was concluded that geopolitical disputes were the main challenge encountered in border management strategies. The study recommends that Kenya partner with likeminded stronger countries in Africa's horn, affected by the Somali problem like Ethiopia, and develop a common approach to learning from them on dealing with the border issue.
Border Security Management and State Security: a Case Study of Kenya and Somalia Border Relations (1991-2017)
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2021) Akenga, Reuben; Kigen, Morumbasi; Handa, Stephen
The porous border of Kenya-Somalia has always been problematic to the Kenyan government, ever since the Somali government’s fall in 1991. This study was based along the Kenya-Somalia boundary in Mandera County. The study examined border security management and state security between Kenya-Somalia from 1991- 2017. One specific objective guided it: To, identified cross-border security threats along with the Kenya-Somalia border. The study applied theories of structural realism and border security theory/ psychoanalytic theory. The study was guided by descriptive survey research design and experimental research designs. This research used several sampling strategies: convenience, systematic, snowball, random sampling, and purposive techniques. The researcher selected a sample size of 398 that comprised heads of families. Further, 85 critical informants of private and public responders were chosen from the two case studies. Primary information was gathered using FGDs, survey tools such as questionnaires and observations and interviews. On the other hand, secondary data is retrieved through relevant articles and publication content analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics proved vital in analyzing preliminary information, while content analysis was utilized when analyzing qualitative data. Tables and figures presented the data analyzed. The study established that 70% of the respondents stated that terrorism was a critical security threat along the KenyaSomalia border. The researcher was informed of a newly emerging strategy employed in terrorism, through which the beasts of burden( donkey) has made the war against terror more complex. The donkey, a domesticated animal, is used by man as a helper; however, the latest creative (mis) use of the beast of burden for terrorism has emerged as a critical concern to the security apparatus.

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