RP-School of Security, Diplomacy and Peace Studies

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Adoption of Community Security Initiatives against Protracted Insecurity in Laikipia North, Kenya. Journal of Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
(IISTE, 2021) Macharia, Hannah M.; Linnet, Hamasi; Makokha, Kibaba
This article interrogates the underlying factors that cause communities residing in areas affected by communal conflicts in Laikipia North, Kenya, to embrace community security initiatives as a way of addressing protracted insecurity. In the context of peripheral territories such as Laikipia North, security as a right is contested due to factors such as protraction of insecurity, civilian militarization, and overall absence of the state as a security provider. Critical to the study is the understanding that the state as a political entity is impacted by a myriad of geo-political, security and socio-economic forces. These geo-political, security and socio-economic forces may compromise the functionality of the state as far as fulfilling its mandate to the citizens is concerned. In this regard, the adoption of community security initiatives raises fundamental questions as to whether the state has failed to deliver on its mandate of providing security, given that Kenya is a functioning state. This phenomenological study aimed at examining the underlying forces that inform internal security experiences among communities in communal conflict regions. Specifically, the study explored the post-2010 factors in relation to state of (in)security in Laikipia County. The study used qualitative approach in which data was collected using FGDs, interviews and observation checklist. Data was analyzed thematically in line with the objectives of the study.
An Analysis of the Impact of Kenya's Protectionist Laws on the Implementation of the East African Community (EAC) Common Market Protocol
(JAIS, 2023) Barasa, Masika Benjamin; Mulu, Francis; Kakai, Pius
Kenya, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, and South Sudan make up the East African Community (EAC), a regional economic union. Barriers to trade and investment within the EAC region were reduced by the signing of the Common Market Protocol (CMP) in 2010. Kenya and other EAC member nations have enacted protectionist policies that have hampered the CMP's full fulfillment. The term "protectionism" is used to describe measures taken to shield indigenous sectors from international competition by limiting trade and foreign direct investment. To shield its domestic sectors from international competition, Kenya has adopted protectionist policies similar to those of many other emerging nations. Import licensing restrictions and tariffs are two examples of protectionist policies. Unfortunate events have led to unforeseen implications for the region's economy, despite the region's best intentions. The region has seen a decline in foreign direct investment (FDI) because of protectionist policies that have raised trade barriers and stifled competitiveness. Kenya's restrictive trade policies have so prevented the full implementation of the EAC CMP. The purpose of this research was to analyze how Kenya's trade barriers have affected the progress of the EAC CMP. The results of the research shed light on how protectionist policies have impacted regional efforts to integrate their economies, such as company competitiveness, trade flows, and investment. Policymakers and other interested parties in the EAC region can use the study's findings to further economic integration and boost the region's competitiveness. In this study, an examination on how Kenya's protectionist legislation has affected the progress of the EAC CMP was undertaken. The purpose of this research was to analyze the impact that Kenya's protectionist policies have had on the implementation of the EAC CMP, which was established to facilitate the free flow of goods, services, capital, and people within the EAC. The study used a qualitative research approach, collecting information through document analysis and interviews with key participants in Kenya's commercial and industrial sectors. Using text analysis, this study provided light on the ways in which the protectionist policies of Kenya impact regional business competitiveness, trade, and investment. At the completion of the research, it was eminent that the high tariffs, non-tariff impediments, and import licensing procedures that enhance the cost of doing business are less competitive than those in other regions and Kenya can better integrate the country's economic protectionist policies with those of the EAC CMP. The study recommends that a modification of protectionist policies so that they are consistent with the goals of the EAC CMP. Tariffs and non-tariff barriers should be lowered, and import licensing made easier and encouraging free trade. Moreover, the EAC member states to create a dispute resolution body to address challenges on regional economic integration. In order for SMEs to participate in regional markets, the study suggests that EAC member states prioritize capacity building for SMEs.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Intelligence Gathering and Sharing (IGS) in Countering
(IJIRAS, 2020) Wanderi, Simon Mwangi; Mwangi, Susan Waiyego; Wasonga, Joseph
Abstract: Despite Kenya’s continuous efforts to streamline intelligence gathering and sharing (IG & S) to help curb transnational terrorism, debates continue to range on its effectiveness within the context of increased global terror threats. The purpose of this paper is to appraise the effectiveness of intelligence gathering and sharing as a counterterrorism strategy in Kenya. The paper begins by identifying main types of intelligences applied to curb transnational terrorism in Kenya; progresses to assess the contribution of different types of intelligence in curbing transnational terrorism in Kenya; analyze the effectiveness and or ineffectiveness of intelligence gathering and sharing in curbing transnational terrorism in Kenya; and finally examines the challenges undermining the use of intelligence in curbing transnational terrorism. An exploratory research design was applied where data was collected and analyzed using the mixed methods approach from disciplined and civilian components. Findings revealed that most of Kenya’s Intelligence gathering and sharing (henceforth abbreviated as IG & S) use different types of intelligence. IG & S agencies largely handle human intelligence and signals intelligence to confront transnational terrorism. The use of IG & S is fundamentally contributing to the fight against terrorism in the country but it is confronted by several conspicuous challenges that need to be addressed. The study concludes by noting that while efforts at reinvigorating IG & S have borne fruits more needs to be done especially with regard to precision of the target of anticipated attack and timeliness of the intelligence gathered and dispatched to other security agencies.
Assessing the Effects of Terrorism on the Living Conditions of Residents in Garissa County, Kenya
(IJRISS, 2024-05) Mbindyo, Jedidah Ndinda; Masiga, Casper
Garissa County is prone to terrorism activities. Frequent terror attacks in Garissa County have had economic effects on the livelihoods of local people in Garissa County. The research sought to determine the effects of terrorism on the living conditions of Garissa County residents. The study targeted residents, chiefs, national police officers and women groups who have been in Garissa sub-county which is in close proximity to Garissa University College where a terror attack occurred in 2015. A sample size of 399 was obtained from 163,914 residents in Garissa sub-county. The survey utilized random and purposive sampling to select the study participants. Data was collected using questionnaires, scheduled interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data was analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in forms of means, percentages, and standard deviations. Qualitative data from the interviews and Focus Group Discussions was tape recorded, and analyzed qualitatively and presented in narratives. The study found that the effects of terrorism on residents are broad ranging from health issues to economic problems; terrorism diminishes the living conditions of the residents in Garissa County, Terrorism event diminishes the quality of life by creating anxiety and uncertainties, chasing away investors and entrepreneurs who create employment opportunities, hence reducing income levels. The study proves its value to a number of stakeholders such as, the government, Kenya police, residents and future researchers, by recommending on how to improve counterterrorism mitigation strategies and consequently reduce terrorist attacks leading to improved quality of life. The study particularly recommends the government to focus on intelligence led community policing, to improve information flow and sharing, create research platforms which checks for vulnerability and commit to improving security related technology
Assessing the Scope and Impact of Wildlife Trade and Poaching in Kenya: Conservation, Enforcement, and Socioeconomic Dimensions
(JAIS, 2023-09) Cheloti, Becky Mulemia; Mulu, Francis
The urgent need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to addressing the complex challenges of wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. Conservation efforts must be intensified to protect iconic species like elephants and rhinos, with a focus on enhanced anti-poaching measures and habitat preservation. The expansion of protected areas and the establishment of wildlife corridors are vital steps in safeguarding Kenya's rich biodiversity. Additionally, strengthening law enforcement agencies is imperative to combat wildlife trafficking effectively. This includes providing the necessary resources, training, and technology to law enforcement personnel while promoting transparency and accountability within these organizations. International collaboration is essential to address the transnational nature of wildlife crime networks. Socioeconomic dimensions cannot be overlooked, as poverty and limited alternative livelihoods were identified as significant drivers of poaching. Therefore, the study recommends the development of alternative income opportunities for communities living near wildlife habitats to reduce their reliance on illegal activities. Community engagement and the inclusion of local perspectives in conservation strategies are crucial for long-term success. In conclusion, the study's findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach that integrates conservation, enforcement, and socioeconomic development to effectively combat wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. By addressing the root causes of these issues and strengthening collaborative efforts, Kenya can better protect its biodiversity and improve the well-being of its communities. The study recommends on a comprehensive approach to address wildlife trade and poaching in Kenya. It prioritizes increased investment in conservation, including anti-poaching efforts, habitat protection, and community programs to safeguard species like elephants and rhinos through the expansion of protected areas and wildlife corridors. Additionally, the study underscores the need to strengthen law enforcement with training and technology, emphasizing improved inter-agency communication and accountability to combat global wildlife trafficking networks. Moreover, it stresses poverty reduction and community engagement in economic development to discourage poaching, promoting community-based conservation to instill a sense of responsibility for wildlife preservation. This multifaceted strategy aims to tackle the complex challenges of wildlife conservation in Kenya.
Assessment of Climate Change Anxiety in High School Youths of Kwale County, Kenya
(EANSO, 2023-12) Mutua, Patrick M.; Kauti, Matheaus K.; Mwangangi, Leonard; Nzilani, Musyoka Sonnia
Climate change anxiety refers to negative cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and functional responses to experiences of climate change and has implications on mental health. The current study sought to determine how climate change anxiety relates to cognitive-emotional and functional impairments as well as with experience of climate change and behavioural engagement in youths. The study surveyed 388 youths (aged 13-24 years) in high schools in Kwale County, Kenya. Data were analysed in XLSTAT software usingPearson's correlation and considered significant for values of p ≤ 0.05. Over 60 % of the youths had more than "Sometimes" suffered cognitive-emotional impairment, while 63 % were more than "Sometimes" inflicted with functional impairment. Additionally, 61 % of the respondents more than "Sometimes" reported having had a climate change experience. However, 71 % of the youths were more than "Sometimes" engaged in climate change behavioural activities. There were no significant gender differences in the scores. Cognitive-emotional impairment (M = 2.507, SD = 1.267) was significantly (P = 0.0048) associated with behavioural engagement in climate change (M = 3.019, SD = 1.403). Youths attending day schools scored significantly (P = 0.022) higher in functional impairment (M = 2.897, SD = 1.182) than students in boarding schools (M = 2.535, SD = 1.395). Youths aged 13-17 years were substantially more affected by climate change anxiety than those aged 18-24 years. This study identifies a population at risk with highexposure and vulnerability to the health impacts of climate change. The study suggests the need for policies to address climate change anxiety in youths in schools and the use of the youths' pro-environmental behavioural engagements in climate change to improve their adaptive capacity.
Assessment of Banditry, Cattle Rustling and Insecurity Nexus in North West Kenya
(JAIS, 2023) Musau, Daniel Muange; Ichani, Xavier Francis; Mulu, Francis
Banditry and cattle rustling in North West Kenya pose a serious threat to security in the country. The negative impact of violent banditry and cattle rustling in North West Kenya is heavily felt in terms of social disorder and economic disruption especially loss of human life and property destruction. Vicious cycles of insecurity in the region coupled with the prolonged deployment of security forces are an area of concern Given the strong reluctance by scholars to publish works of banditry, this article will add to the existing literature. The paper posits that banditry and cattle rustling has evolved their methods and tactics to lethal militants reigning terror to the citizen and security personnel. The drivers of the modern banditry and cattle rustling in the region are unique together with the attendant causes since they continued fueling incessant insecurity with dire consequences. The study was anchored with a revisionist theory which is germane to the study due to its perspective on national security adopting a modern approach that is more human-centric than the traditional statecentric approach. With reference to banditry in North West Kenya, this article adopted a descriptive method to examine the connection between banditry and threat to security as well as describe the historical background of banditry, drivers of banditry, the threat posed by banditry to security, key raging debates concerning banditry and consequences of banditry. The paper suggests that a number of factors, including the lack of government control, high unemployment rates, poverty, a lack of social purpose (in the form of archaic cultural practices), political influence, illiteracy, competition for scarce resources, and the proliferation of small arms, are fueling the rise of banditry in Kenya's northwestern region. In the concluding reflections, the study strived to proffer academic recommendations and appropriate strategies for the governments, security agencies, and multi agencies to reduce the banditry problem in North West Kenya. From the general public, 120 respondents were chosen as the sample size. The study, which relied on secondary data, found that contemporary banditry constituted a serious threat to national security. The recommendations informed the conclusion of the study.
Assessment of Security Intelligence Analysis Impacts to Humanitarian Communities Safety and Security in Kenya
(IAJILE, 2024-10) Mburu, Amos Muiruri
Security intelligence analysis involves the systematic collection, evaluation, and interpretation of information to understand potential threats. For humanitarian communities, this means understanding the dynamics of criminal activities, political tensions, economic conditions, and other external factors that may disrupt their operations. Through crime analysis, NGOs identified patterns and trends that may indicate emerging threats, such as increased crime rates in areas where they operate or targeted attacks against humanitarian workers. The current study aimed to assess the security intelligence analysis impacts to humanitarian communities’ safety and security in Kenya. The study objectives were; to evaluate how humanitarian communities incorporate open-source information into their security assessments and decision-making processes related to safety and security and to explore the patterns and trends of criminal activities and how these dynamics impact the safety of humanitarian communities. The study was guided by PESTLE analysis theory and Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study consisted of includes program managers, IT personnel, and security officers. There are about 6,000 registered NGOs in the country. A combination of purposive and stratified sampling techniques was utilized to select participants for this study. The sample size included 200 respondents, which is adequate for achieving statistical significance and enabling in-depth analysis. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis involved quantitative methods. The quantitative data obtained from the structured questionnaires was analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages. Further, regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between information security practices and the safety and security of NGOs. The findings revealed that a significant relationship (r = 0.75) between crime hotspots and the presence of NGOs, indicating that NGOs operating in areas with higher crime rates face greater security challenges. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r = 0.68) was found between the regular use of open-source information and the effectiveness of security assessments, suggesting that organizations that actively integrate open-source intelligence are better equipped to anticipate and respond to emerging threats. The study concluded that NGOs face multiple security challenges, including crime, cyber threats, political unrest, and social disruptions, which significantly affect their operations. The use of security intelligence, specifically through crime and threat analysis, enables these organizations to anticipate risks, prepare for potential disruptions, and respond effectively to emerging threats. The study recommended that government should establish frameworks that encourage closer collaboration between security agencies and NGOs. Through sharing intelligence data, especially regarding crime patterns and emerging threats, the government may help NGOs stay informed and better prepare for potential security challenges. Regular engagement through workshops and training sessions will also foster trust and cooperation.
An Assessment of Strategic Corporate Communication Practice on the Service Delivery of Police in Kirinyaga County
(International Journal of Latest Research in Humanities and Social Science, 2021) Mutuma, Charles Baikanatha; Ngari, Lazarus. K.
The purpose of this study was to assess internal accountability strategies of the National Police Service and their impact on service delivery in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Specific objective of this study was to establish how strategic Corporate Communication Practices contribute towards service delivery in Kirinyaga County. The study was guided by the theory of functionalism championed by Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, and Robert K. Merton. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The sample population consisted of 220 consisting of two National Police Services (130 Administrative Police, 80 Kenya Police, and 10 Members of Police disciplinary team. These combined forces included 13 Senior Officers from the rank of Inspector and above and 207 other Ranks. Out of the target population, stratified and random sampling techniques were employed. Data collection was by Interview Guide and a questionnaire. Thematic approach was used to analyze data after sorting and coding. Presentation of findings was by narration. The findings revealed that accountability strategic management practices especially corporate communication had a significant positive impact on service delivery at National Police Service in Kirinyaga County. Despite this, a number of challenges still exist. The study is relevant to departmental needs especially equipping the Police Service as means of enhancing service delivery.
Blue Economy Infrastructure Development and Security: A Case Study of Kenya’s Lake Victoria
(RJI, 2023-05) Lagat, Epapra Kipkemboi; Handa, Stephen
The blue economy is considered as sustainable utilization of oceanic resources for improved livelihood, economic growth, and job creation while ensuring that the health of oceanic systems has been preserved. In Kenya, the blue economy refers to all activities that relate to coasts, seas, and oceans. This study analyzed Kenya’s Lake Victoria and attempts by the Kenyan government to develop its blue economy through the establishment of the lake’s infrastructure. Lake Victoria’s shoreline is one of the most congested and highly populated regions in Africa content with complex security issues. Security problems such as terrorism, piracy, and insecurity continue to threaten the overall sustainability of Kenya’s ministry of tourism. Therefore, international cooperation is one of the ways that can help counter-terrorism. This paper reviewed some of the major challenges that Kenya is facing in its attempt to develop a blue economy in Lake Victoria. Light was also shed on the blue economy infrastructure development as well as security initiatives that were already in place around the lake region. Implications for the development of a blue economy in the area were also reviewed. Further analysis of the role of the private sector in necessitating the development of the blue economy was also covered. Finally, the paper offered insights on how the Kenyan government through its county governments in collaboration with businesses had implemented successful measures aimed at developing blue economies. The core finding was that the development, expansion, and establishment of Lake Victoria’s blue economy should be guided by economic capacity-building rationales and security measures. The region's blue economy should be strengthened to meet the needs of both the locals and the country as a whole.
Border Security Management and State Security: a Case Study of Kenya and Somalia Border Relations (1991-2017)
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2021) Akenga, Reuben; Kigen, Morumbasi; Handa, Stephen
The porous border of Kenya-Somalia has always been problematic to the Kenyan government, ever since the Somali government’s fall in 1991. This study was based along the Kenya-Somalia boundary in Mandera County. The study examined border security management and state security between Kenya-Somalia from 1991- 2017. One specific objective guided it: To, identified cross-border security threats along with the Kenya-Somalia border. The study applied theories of structural realism and border security theory/ psychoanalytic theory. The study was guided by descriptive survey research design and experimental research designs. This research used several sampling strategies: convenience, systematic, snowball, random sampling, and purposive techniques. The researcher selected a sample size of 398 that comprised heads of families. Further, 85 critical informants of private and public responders were chosen from the two case studies. Primary information was gathered using FGDs, survey tools such as questionnaires and observations and interviews. On the other hand, secondary data is retrieved through relevant articles and publication content analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics proved vital in analyzing preliminary information, while content analysis was utilized when analyzing qualitative data. Tables and figures presented the data analyzed. The study established that 70% of the respondents stated that terrorism was a critical security threat along the KenyaSomalia border. The researcher was informed of a newly emerging strategy employed in terrorism, through which the beasts of burden( donkey) has made the war against terror more complex. The donkey, a domesticated animal, is used by man as a helper; however, the latest creative (mis) use of the beast of burden for terrorism has emerged as a critical concern to the security apparatus.
Business level strategies and performance of selected supermarkets in Nairobi city county, Kenya
(iajournals.org, 2023) Kadenyeka., Joan; Mwasiaji, Evans
Commercial entities operating in a globalized and competitive business environment must adopt a market posture that allows them to effectively use their strengths, resources and innovations to take advantage of available opportunities in line with organizational objectives, while simultaneously hedging against potential threats. The chosen market posturing is made possible through effective implementation of appropriate strategies at the corporate, business, functional and operational levels. In Kenya, ten supermarkets in the retail trade sector within the last decade have had to close their business leading to job losses and negative impact on the national economy. This study anchored on dynamic capability theory, therefore sought to examine business level strategies and their effect on the performance of selected supermarkets in Nairobi City County in Kenya. Descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The unit of analysis was nine supermarkets, while the unit of observation selected using census method was sixty three managerial staff including senior executives in the areas of Finance, Human Resources, Marketing, Information Technology, Business Development, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. A self-administered semistructured questionnaire was used in collecting both qualitative and quantitative data in line with the specific objectives of the study. SPSS software was used to compute descriptive statistics to depict the characteristics of the study variables through tables and graphs. This study with a 65.07% response rate, established that there is a positive link between the supermarket’s performance and the three business level strategies of cost leaderships (β=0.240 and p=0.007); differentiation (β=0.629 and p=0.000) and focus (β=0.212 and p=0.037). Analysis of data showed that higher levels of strategy implementation led to enhanced performance, and vice versa. The position taken by this study therefore is that business level strategies are critical in facilitating the realization of supermarkets’ performance in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study therefore recommends that the Government of Kenya ought to review relevant policies to lower the cost of doing business including improvement in infrastructure, while the supermarket’s strategies should target minimization of operational costs, offer lower cost commodities, invest in product innovations, adopt modern technology and undertake market focused research. The expected study output upon successful implementation of the given recommendations is enhanced performance of supermarkets in Nairobi City County.
Challenges Facing Multi-Agency Security Management in Violence Prone West Pokot County, Kenya
(Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 2024-11) Maratani, Nambande Rachel; Omboto, John Onyango
The North Rift Region of Kenya which includes West Pokot County has for a long-time experienced incidences of insecurity brought about by pastoralist militias. Therefore, the Kenyan government has adopted multi-agency security management approach to control the menace. A study conducted at West Pokot County examined the relationship between the multi-agency approach and security management. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the following: multi-agency institutions’ involvement in security management, multi-agency security command structure and coordination of security formations, challenges faced by multi-agency security personnel, and mechanisms of improving multi-agency security management approaches in the County. The study which was a descriptive survey in design was guided by the Systems Theory, and Securitization Theory. The study participants included security personnel from the Military, National Police Service, National Intelligence Service, Civil Society Organizations, NGOs, Chiefs and their assistant, and the village leaders. The sample size comprised of302 respondents drawn from the Military, National Police Service, and National Intelligence Service. On the challenges faced in multi-agency security management in West Pokot County,72% of the respondents indicated that lack of adequate resources and equipment was a serious problem,75% inadequate technical capacity, and 54% lack of a unified framework in security management which sometimes leads to clashes among the teams. The study recommends that community policing should be brought to the centre of multiagency approaches to security management as this will help in creating synergy between the multiagency security teams and civilians, and prior to commencement of the multiagency security operations, a thorough assessment of the needs of the security teams in terms of equipment and resources should be done in order to ensure that they are motivated enough to carry out the security operation successfully. This paper presents the study findings on multi-agency security institutions’ involvement in West Pokot, the challenges faced by the personnel, and the mechanisms of improving multi-agency security engagement in the county.
Challenges in Using Closed-Circuit Television in Police Operations in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Strategic Journals of Business & Change Management, 2023) Kirui, G; Muiya, B; Ochieng, D; Waithaka, S
Despite the police-operated closed-circuit television (CCTV) system in Nairobi City County being operational since mid-2015, insecurity remains a big problem. Hence, this study endeavored to establish the challenges hindering its effective use. The study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, integrating data from surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews. The study sample was obtained from police officers operating CCTV and those attached to police stations in Nairobi County using cluster sampling and purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Findings showed that the most significant challenges confronting the CCTV system were inadequate funding, surveillance evasion, CCTV vandalism, and unrealistic public expectations. The study concluded that the system was underperforming and risked collapsing. It recommended increased and timely funding for the system, quick responses and harsher penalties for CCTV vandalism, and public awareness of CCTV.
Challenges of Integrating Surveillance Technologies and Security Management by Private Security Providers in Nakuru County, Kenya
(RJI, 2024-03) Ngure, Anthony Rebo; Handa, Stephen
The study determined challenges of integrating surveillance technologies and security management by private security providers in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study utilized the Integrated System Theory of managing security information. The study adopted a descriptive research design which employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches in collecting and analyzing data which was then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study targeted private security providers in Nakuru County as unit of analysis. It also employed purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques to select 30 respondents from ten (10) private security providers from the three sub counties distributed among the five sectors of the economy. Interviews and FGDs as well questionnaire were used in the collecting data. Findings indicated that inadequate networks and infrastructure presented additional difficulties for private security companies. Additionally, private security companies faced challenges such improper outcome analysis, corruption, and police intervention during investigations, which made it difficult to find the offenders and resulted in criminals operating freely on the streets. Similarly, security providers encounter technical difficulties such as complex security system installations carried out by unqualified individuals who lack the necessary knowledge and skills; frequent equipment breakdowns, blackouts, malfunctioning equipment, and shortage of qualified technicians. The study concluded that private security companies should use surveillance technologies to suit changing customer demands and keep up with changing crime trends; customers are satisfied with the functionalities of the surveillance technologies and that integrating surveillance technologies is not free of challenges. The study recommended that the police and private security personnel work together to respond to criminal activities and improve the use of surveillance technologies in incident response coordination.
Civil-Military Cooperation of African Mission in Somalia as Tool of Peace-building in Kismayo District, Lower Jubbaland, Somalia (2011-2020)
(RSIS, 2021) Muchemi, Moses Kamau; Ichani, Xavier Francis
The conflict in Somalia presents a typical example of crisis where sometimes the international response is at odd with the wishes of local administration and community. Whereas debate on the most appropriate and sustainable approach to resolving complex conflict like the one in Somalia continues, Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) has emerged as a key determinant of successful peacekeeping operation. Whereas the scope of activities under the rubric of CIMIC is this article analyzed SSR carried out by AMISOM troops in Kismayo District of Somalia from year 2011 to 2020 as a thematic area of security enhancement. The study was anchored on liberal peacebuilding, state building and democratization theories. The target population of the study included residents of Kismayo district entailing community leaders, humanitarian workers, civil society, Jubbaland Security Forces (JSF) and AMISOM troops operating in the district. Onwuegbuzie and Collins (2007) typology of determining sample size in social science research was used to arrive at a sample size of 200 respondents. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires, interviews guide and Focused Group Discussions guide. Secondary data was sourced from published books, e-books, journals, reports, newsletters and conference papers. Collected data was grouped, corroborated, and presented using both quantitative and the qualitative research techniques in themes corresponding the objectives of the study. The study found out that 97% of Kismayo residents felt that AMISOM CIMIC program had reduced conflicts in the district, 83% felt that the security sector was effective in ensuring security and safety of the population. The study also found that demobilization, disarmament and reintegration CIMIC program had reduced chances of violent clashes in Kismayo by 89% chance. AlShabaab terror gang continued to threaten the peace efforts in Kismayo. The study recommends that more donor funding be channeled to Federal Governments of Somalia so that they develop strong security sector capable of defeating peace spoilers such as Al-Shabaab.
Commercial Security’s’ Effect on Security of Kenyans in Private Venues
(Emerging Science Journal, 2018) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Sirera, Ann
The strategic interplay between the Commercial security industry and security is complex. The realists view the provision of security as a fundamental obligation of the state. But to the liberalists, the pursuance of security can be achieved with the involvement of other actors offering the same. The question of whether the growing recognition of commercial security industry has marked an important shift in the norm of the state monopoly on violence in Africa needs answers. Despite this development, few studies have evaluated the effect of commercial security on security in Private Venues. Using Situational crime prevention theory, this study sort to demonstrate the effect of commercial security on security of Kenyans in Private Venues. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design, and was carried out in Nairobi with the target population of the adult residents in Nairobi. Customers and management of the commercial security industry were purposively sampled, whereas the general public and the security guards were systematically sampled. Questionnaire, interviews and structured observation were used to collect data. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. While quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics like percentages, average and mean, and pie charts. There is an accepted positive effect on security of Kenyans in private functions and venues where commercial security present. But efficiency would be achieved if, the commercial security personnel provide indiscriminate security responses where there is a breach. Grey area needing legal backing were identified as: arming of the commercial security personnel, proper uniforms and kitting, and training and skills. It is expected that the findings of this study will be of great significance to the commercial security industry stakeholders in their quest to provide security to their customers. The findings will also be used to inform policy and practice that can beneficial to national security in Kenya. It is also hoped to stimulate the academic community and the government of Kenya towards more research in the field, and for the formulation of policies that will improve the general security of the citizens.
Commercialized Security and Its Role in Selected Countries’ National Security
(Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 2020) Mutonyi, Gerald Peter; Masiga, Casper; Kilongosi, Happi
The complexity of the contemporary world has dictated the commercial security to supplement the supply of security in states. This is for the varied security needs of the citizens to be fulfilled. Hence this study embarked to illustrate the various roles of commercialized security in the national security of selected countries: the USA, Britain, Australia, Israel, South Africa, DRC, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. The study has shown that the scope of commercialized security has expanded, thereby taking up some roles that require and some that do not require to be carried out by the state security agencies. This is partly due to its embracing of technology and enormous numbers of personnel than the state security agencies. But realistically, the state will not be losing its monopoly of violence, but distributing it to the commercialized security through a network of governance and partnership. This trend will continue and will be of direct benefit to the state’s ability to influence its security. Based on the findings, the study recommends effective regularization of commercial security as well as collaboration between state security agents.
Community Policing Strategies in Counter-terrorism Initiatives in Garissa County, Kenya, the Significance of Community Intelligence
(JAIS, 2023) Mutugi, Fredrick Kimathi
Garissa County, located in northeastern Kenya, has experienced a significant number of terrorist attacks in recent years. The most notable of these attacks occurred in 2015 when AlShabaab militants attacked Garissa University College, killing 148 people, most of whom were students. These attacks caused significant damage to the region's social and economic fabric, undermining development and social cohesion efforts. In response to these attacks, the Kenyan government implemented various counter-terrorism initiatives, including deploying security forces and implementing policies and legislation. However, these efforts have limited success in preventing future attacks, primarily due to a lack of community involvement. Community policing strategies have emerged as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. Community policing involves building partnerships between law enforcement agencies and the community to prevent crime and address community concerns. In the context of counter-terrorism, community policing strategies involve working with community members to identify and report suspicious activities, promoting community resilience, and enhancing trust and communication between law enforcement and the community. Community intelligence plays a vital role in community policing strategies. This is because community members are often the first to observe suspicious activities and report them to law enforcement agencies. Additionally, community intelligence provides valuable information to law enforcement agencies in preventing terrorist attacks and identifying the individuals involved. Garissa County has implemented various community policing strategies in its counter-terrorism initiatives, including establishing community policing units, conducting community sensitization programs, and partnering with civil society organizations. However, there is a need to enhance these strategies to ensure greater community involvement and the effective use of community intelligence in preventing future attacks. Community policing strategies emerge as an effective approach to enhancing community involvement in counter-terrorism efforts. This study examines the role of community policing strategies in counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County, focusing on the significance of community intelligence in identifying and preventing terrorist activities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The study's findings indicated that community intelligence plays a significant role in countering terrorism, contributing to the literature on community policing strategies and counterterrorism initiatives and provide policymakers and practitioners with evidence-based recommendations for enhancing counter-terrorism initiatives in Garissa County and other regions facing similar challenges. Ultimately, this research improves on community policing strategies to enhance the effectiveness of counter-terrorism initiatives and prevent future attacks in Garissa County, Kenya through investing in technology and human resource to gather intelligence.
Community-Based Strategies of Controlling Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in West Pokot County, Kenya
(CEDRED, 2022) Nyamohangah, Matiko Chris; Hamasi, Linnet
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of community-based strategies of curbing small arms and light weapons proliferation in West Pokot County, Kenya. The study’s motivation was based on the current prevalence of SALW among marginalized communities in Kenya, which has led to widespread insecurity. The study is guided by the following objectives; to evaluate the effectiveness of community-based strategies on curbing of SALW and to assess the challenges facing approaches of curbing SALWs within West Pokot County. Social Conflict Theory and System Theory of Conflict guide this study. This study employed mixed methods research design. The study utilized both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Data was collected using questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The quantitative data was then analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software while qualitative data was coded and analysed by doing an analytic induction using the theories. The Study findings were then presented in tabular format using percentages, frequencies and pie chart. Qualitative data was presented using graphic and interactive timelines that helped in tracking how the SALW has unfolded over time. Findings of this research showed that there is a problem in SALW in Pokot and surrounding communities. The study also established that economic marginalisation, historical rivalries, rites of passage and ethnic stereotypes all contributed to SALW. The study further affirmed that, sporting activities such as football, racing among other activities could act as alternative ways of sustaining security in west Pokot. The study concluded that Consistent access to small arms and light weapons has created intermittent conflicts and insecurity in pastoral regions in Kenya and, more specifically. The easy availability of SALW has greatly contributed to the levels of death and destruction wrought by the raids and conflicts in the region. Violent raid and conflicts have negatively impacted these communities, not only through the loss of human lives and destruction of property but also by limiting freedom of movement, contributing to the ineffective utilization of resources necessitating community-based strategies like nyumba kumi, public intelligence gathering in a bid to curb the menace.

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