MST-Department of Security and Correction Science

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Browsing MST-Department of Security and Correction Science by Author "Kibe, James Chege"

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    Evolution of Terror Attacks and Response by Kenya Security Forces from 1998 to 2020
    (Kenyatta University, 2024) Kibe, James Chege
    Over the last two decades, the manner in which terrorists have carried attacks in Kenya and beyond has evidently evolved. However, response by our security forces seems to have not evolved to match the ever-changing modus operandi of the terrorists. The attacks have evolved from simple bomb attacks, use of heavy mass bombs, missiles, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attacks (MTFAs), and many other forms. In most (if not all) of these incidents, the response by the Kenyan security has always left a lot to be desired. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine the gaps observed whenever the Kenyan security forces are responding to major terror incidents, find out the contributing factors (causes of the identified gaps), and then recommend measures that should be put in place to ensure security mishaps experienced while responding to terror incidents are not repeated in future. The specific objectives were to investigate changes in the nature of terror attacks in Kenya from 1998 to the present, to evaluate the responses by Kenya security forces from 1998 to the present and to establish alternative methods of response during terror attacks. The study employs a descriptive, quantitative and qualitative research design. The study’s target population was the Kenyan security agents, specifically from the Kenya Defence Forces, The National Police Service and also the private security entities. Structured interviews and focus group discussions were used to acquire qualitative data, while questionnaires were used to obtain numerical data. The study finds that there are indeed tremendous changes in the nature of terror attacks since 1998. These changes range from the weapons used to the effectiveness of measures put in place after terror attacks. The study also finds that various actions have been taken by the Kenya security forces in response to terror attacks since the 1998 US embassy bombing. These include enhanced communication and coordination during terror attacks, efficiency in responding to attacks, intelligence gathering and various counter terrorism strategies. The study further finds alternative methods of response including the Introduction of anti-terror unit on standby in high-risk areas, improving multi-agency communication and coordination and the incorporation of technology in terror attacks. The study thus concludes that the Kenyan government can work towards a peaceful future by learning from the past and building on the successes and failures of previous efforts. The study recommends that the Kenyan security forces should set up counter-terrorism policies which will help to curb terrorism. Other recommendations include; enhancing international cooperation, improving multi-agency communication and coordination, and community engagement.