RP-Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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Item Serotype diversity of foot and mouth disease virus and molecular characterization of serotype O strains from 2019 and 2020 outbreaks in Kenya(Benha University, 2025-04) Josiah, Judith M.; Nyamache, Anthony K.; Woldemariyam, Fanos T.; Kariuki, Christopher K.; Paeshuyse, Jan; Kamau, JosephFoot and mouth disease (FMD) is a viral infection affecting ruminants and leads to great economic losses. Control and prevention have been a challenge despite the availability of vaccines. The causative agent exists in seven serotypes and is endemic in Kenya, with serotypes O, A, SAT (South African Territory) 1, and SAT 2 and having circulated in the recent past. This study was aimed at determining the current serotype diversity and serotype O variants during the study period. A cross-sectional study was conducted and a total of 267 epithelial samples were collected from animals during the disease outbreaks of 2019 and 2020. Antigen detection was performed using ELISA (Enyme-Linked Immunosorbed Assay). The negative samples were inoculated on LFBK(Line of Fetal Bovine Kidney) monolayer cells followed by a repeat ELISA for CPE(Cytopathic Effect) positive samples. The partial VP1 gene for serotype O samples was amplified and directly sequenced. The generated sequences were analyzed and compared with the vaccine strain. The prevalence of FMDV was 65.9% (176/267) and serotypes SAT 1, O, SAT 2, and A in the order of decreasing prevalence were circulating. Serotype O viruses analyzed belonged to the EA 2 against the EA 1 vaccine strain in use. For better control of the disease, this study recommends close monitoring of the circulating serotypes and topotypes, and, regular vaccine matching to ensure vaccine effectiveness.Item Cardioprotective and Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of Rhamnus Prinoides Extracts in Animal Models(The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2024-10-17) Mburu, Stephen Ngigi; Ngugi, Mathew Piero; Mwonjoria, John K.Rhamnus prinoides (R. prinoides) are small trees or shrubs which are rigid and branched. Its barks and roots are used for treatment of various ailments and diverse diseases. It is commonly distributed in rift valley and central provinces of Kenya. A little is known about its safety and antihyperlipidemic effects in management of atherosclerosis. 10% DMSO and normal saline was used to reconstitute the R. prinoides extracts because of its stability and reliable solvent for extraction in organic and inorganic application. Mature Albino Wistar rats three months old were fed with HCHF diet (10% egg York (5.6g/bw),10% lard (5.6g/bw),0.2% cholic acid (0.112g/bw) and 0.59% propylthiouracil (0.28g/bw), for 28 days. Onset of 28th day, the rats were euthanized and bioassays done. Both body weights and organ weights were recorded. For cardiotonic studies, 5 New Zealand male rabbits were used. They were injected with 1000 units of heparin to avoid clot formation. Chest was opened through cardiac thoracotomy and heart placed in a dish containing Tyrode solution. Langerdorff method was used using a kymograph in the study of ionotropic and chronotropic effects. In toxicity studies, male mice of age 6-7 weeks were given oral doses of plant extract inclusive of the control for 28 days of the experiment. On 29th day of the experiment, animals were sacrificed through cardiac puncture and the blood sample collected was used for hematological and biochemical assays. Mice were ruminated with rodent pellets and water without cease. OECD 407 precepts were followed when conducting toxicity studies. One way ANOVA was used in data analysis. This was followed by Tukey as post hoc and statistical significance at p<0.05. Extracts of R. prinoides showed presence of saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids and phenolics. R. prinoides plant extracts exhibited positive ionotropic and negative chronotropic effects. Significance reduction on low density lipoproteins and total cholesterol was exhibited by R. prinoides plant extracts, following a high cholesterol high fat dietItem Laboratory and Field Performance of Metarhizium anisopliae Isolate ICIPE 41 for Sustainable Control of the Invasive Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)(MDIP, 2022-10) Munywoki, Joseph; Omosa, Leonidah Kerubo; Subramanian,Sevgan; Mfuti, David Kupesa; Njeru, Ezekiel Mugendi; Nchiozem-Ngnitedem, Vaderament-A.; Akutse,Komivi SenyoTo overcome the negative impacts of invasive fall armyworm (FAW), this study assessed the laboratory and field efficacy of aqueous and oil-based formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 41 as an alternative source for FAW management. Three oil formulations, including canola, corn and olive oils and an aqueous formulation of ICIPE 41, were assessed against the second-instar larvae of FAW in the laboratory. Field experiments were also conducted at Mbita and Migori, Kenya, using the formulation that performed best in the lab, with four treatments: (a) A corn oil formulation of ICIPE 41; (b) Mazao Achieve® biopesticide, with the M. anisopliae ICIPE 78 strain as the active ingredient; (c) spinetoram-based synthetic pesticide; (d) a control (water + corn oil). FAW incidence, infestation, larval mortality and the effects on parasitoids and yield were evaluated. The laboratory results showed no significant differences in the efficacies among the oil-based formulations, with mortality rates of >70% and an LT50 of ~2 days compared to 15.15% in the controls with an LT50 of 8.11days. Under the field conditions, no significant differences in the FAW infestation were observed between ICIPE 41 and Mazao Achieve®, compared to the control treatments in both agro-ecological zones. From the field-collected samples, both fugal-based biopesticides exhibited high mortality and mycosis rates, with no negative impacts on Cotesia icipe compared to the spinetoram pesticide. There were significant differences in the total grain yields among the treatments in Mbita and Migori. Therefore, ICIPE 41 formulated with corn oil could be used for sustainable FAW management in maize cropping systems.Item Characterization of anopheles funestus larval habitats in Kenya: insights into malaria vector ecology and control(the University of Presov, 2023-02) Omondi,Clifton; Nonoh, James; Ntabo, ReginaThe breeding of malaria-spreading vectors such as Anopheles funestus is influenced by various environmental factors that contribute indirectly to the transmission of the Plasmodium parasite. However, there is limited knowledge of larval habitat ecology that hinder prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. This study aimed to characterize larval habitats based on physicochemical and habitat characteristics, considering the abundance of A. funestus. A cross-sectional survey method was used to collect data on the established transects. Physical parameters (water temperature, pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids) were measured using a 5-in-1 meter probe. Levels of chemical parameters (sulphate, COD, and BOD) were determined in the laboratory using standard methods. Observations were also made on habitat characteristics (including watercolor, habitat size, and canopy). There was significant effect (P.....Item Morpho-Physiological and Yield Traits for Selection of Drought Tolerant Urochloa Grass Ecotypes(AoB PLANTS, 2024-06) Ochola, Celestine Anyango; Ngugi, Mathew Pierro; Nyaboga, Evans N.; Njarui, Donald M. G.Drought has become more recurrent and causes a substantial decline in forage yields leading to strain on feed resources for livestock production. This has intensifed the search for drought-tolerant forages to promote sustainable livestock production. The objective of this study was to identify drought-tolerant Urochloa grasses and to discern their morpho-physiological and yield traits to water stress as well as the relationship between these traits and indices of drought resistance. The results showed that the ecotypes, water regimes and their interaction signifcantly infuenced all the studied morpho-physiological and yield traits. There was a signifcant decrease in plant height, number of leaves and tillers, dry matter yield, relative water content, photosystem II and effciency of photosystem II with an increase in non-photochemical quenching. The principal component analysis revealed that the performance of Urochloa grass ecotypes was different under water suffcient (WS) and water defcit conditions. Drought tolerance indicators (mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, tolerance index and stress tolerance index) were most effective in identifying Urochloa ecotypes with high biomass production under both water defcient and WS conditions. Ecotypes K17, K7, Kisii, Busia and Kakamega were the most drought tolerant, Basilisk, K6, K10, K19 and Toledo were moderately tolerant whereas, CIAT6385, CIAT16449, K13, K5 and K9 were drought sensitive. The fve drought-tolerant Urochloa ecotypes should be tested for sustainable biomass production under feld conditions and used in breeding programmes to develop high-yielding drought-tolerant varieties.Item Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Experimental Approaches of the Anti-Proliferative Effects of Rhamnus Prinoides Ethyl-Acetate Extract in Cervical Cancer Cells(Heliyon, 2024-09) Kamau, Sally Wambui; Ngugi, Mathew Piero; Mwikali, Peter Githaiga; Njeru, Sospeter NgociBackground: Cervical cancer, one of the lethal cancers among women, is a challenging disease to treat. The current therapies often come with severe side effects and the risk of resistance development. Traditional herbal medicine, with its potential to offer effective and less toxic options, is a promising avenue. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of Rhamnus prinoides (R. prinoides) root bark extracts in selectively inhibiting the proliferation of cervical cancer cells, using the HeLa cell line as an in vitro model. Methods: R. prinoides plant extracts were first screened at a fixed concentration of 200 μg/ml to determine the active extract. The selective anti-proliferative activity of the active extract was evaluated in a concentration dilution assay using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) MTT assay on cancerous (HeLa) cells and non-cancerous (Vero) cells to determine the half-maximal inhibitory (IC50) and half-cytotoxic concentrations (CC50), respectively. Functional assays on cell morphology (by microscopy), cell migration (wound healing assay) and cell cycle (by flow cytometry) were also conducted. The active extract was analyzed using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to determine any compounds it contained. Following identification of possible gene targets by network pharmacology, the genes were validated by molecular docking and Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: The ethyl acetate extract of R. prinoides (EARP), the most active extract, selectively inhibited the growth of cervical cancer cells, their migration and induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase. In silico analysis revealed that squalene, 3,3a,6,6-tetramethyl-4,5,5a,7,8,9-hexahydro-1Hcyclopenta[i]indene and Olean-12-en-3.beta.-ol, acetate showed acceptable drug-like characteristics and may be partly attributed to the bioactivity demonstrated and the deregulation of the mRNA expression of AKT1, NF-κB, p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and Er-b-B2. Conclusion: This study, for the first time, demonstrates the anti-proliferation effects of EARP and forms a firm foundation for further drug development studies.Item Mathematical Modelling Of Malaria Disease in Busia County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2024-02) Mogambi, Nyasuguta; Opondo, MaryBackground: Millions of people throughout the world die every year from malaria, an illness spread by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Busia, a county in Kenya, has been recorded to have the highest prevalent cases of 37% in Kenya. However, Busia has often been ignored in the mathematical modelling of malaria in Kenya. The SEIR model is widely used in mathematical simulations of malaria transmission. However, the paradigm is no longer relevant to malaria cases since asymptomatic Plasmodium parasites persist in the systems of persons who have recovered from malaria. In this study, the human subpopulation carrying the plasmodium parasites but are not suffering from malaria are included in the mathematical model. Therefore, this study presents SIRSp model to study the trend of malaria disease in BusiaCounty,Kenya. The mathematical model is analysed in the human population by assuming that the disease's infection rate is constant and is based not only on the number of people who are infected but also on the number of people who are susceptible to the disease. The reproduction number in human and in mosquitoes are obtained and the equilibrium point shows that the disease-free equilibrium point is always stable. This suggests the possibility of eradicating malaria in Busia County. From the numerical simulations, it is found out that the infected humans increase with the force of infection. Increase in the rate of recovery from malaria reduces the number of infected humans and the infectious mosquito subpopulation but increases the susceptible human subpopulation. Methodology: The stability of the system is established and it shows that the system is always stable when the subpopulations start in the neighbourhood of the disease-free equilibrium point. The numerical solution of the system is sought using an adaptive step-size Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF45) method. The parameter estimation was carried out by using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method and the optimal parameter values are obtained as;𝛬ℎ = 1, 𝛾 = 1, 𝛼 = 1, 𝑟 = 0.39195362, 𝛬𝑚 = 1, 𝛽 = 1, 𝜇𝑚 = 0, 𝑝 = 0.72426444, 𝑞 = 0.23809668. Optimisation of the parameters is done by comparing the numerical results with the real-world data. The optimal parameter values are obtained as;𝛬ℎ = 1, 𝛾 = 1, 𝛼 = 1, 𝑟 = 0.39195362, 𝛬𝑚 = 1, 𝛽 = 1, 𝜇𝑚 = 0.To show the fitting of the optimal values against the real-world data, we plotted the graphs. Results and Conclusions: In this model the parameters are optimised and predicted the rate of human infection, the rate at which mosquitoes get infected and the rate at which human beings recover. The results shows that an increase in the rat of recovery of an infected human reduces the infection in the human population The optimised model for the infected human subpopulation agrees well with the real-world data as time proceedsItem Production of Cellulases by Xylaria Sp. And Nemania Sp. Using Lignocellulose Substrates for Bioethanol Production from Maize Cobs(Heliyon, 2024-08) Kamande, Stephen M.; Omwenga, George I.; Ngugi, Mathew P.Two species of Xylaria (KM01, KM03) and Nemania sp.KM02 isolated from decaying plant biomass were evaluated for their ability to produce cellulases on maize cob, eucalyptus, and cypress substrates under solid-state fermentation. A total of 10 fungal samples from decaying plant biomass were collected from Karura forest based on morphological variations. The fungi isolated were screened for cellulase activity and positive isolates were selected for the study. ITS4 R and ITS86 F primers were used to identify the fungal isolates with accuracy ranging from 98 % to 100 %. The crude cellulases produced was assayed for FPase, exoglucanase, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase. Cellulases of Xylaria sp. KM01 produced higher FPase and exoglucanase (2.01 ± 0.13 IU/ml and 0.94 ± 0.08 IU/ml) on pretreated maize cobs with 0.1M HCl at 121o C, while that of Xylaria sp.KM03 produced higher β-glucosidase and endoglucanase (588.6 ± 64.2 IU/ml and 3.59 ± 0.02 IU/ml) on maize cobs pretreated with 0.1M NaOH at 121o C. However, cellulases of Xylaria sp. KM01 produced higher β-glucosidase and FPase (629.7 ± 20.2 IU/ml and 1.67 ± 0.03 IU/ml) on untreated maize cobs after the 9th day of incubation, whereas cellulases of Xylaria sp. KM03 and Nemania sp.KM02 produced higher endoglucanase and exoglucanase (2.80 ± 0.21 IU/ ml and 0.83 ± 0.02 IU/ml) on untreated maize cobs after the 3rd and 6th day of incubation. Saccharification of maize cobs by cellulase of Xylaria sp.KM03 produced the highest reducing sugars at 8 % substrate loading (10.17 ± 0.37 mg/ml) after 72 h of incubation. Simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of maize cobs by cellulase of Nemania sp.KM02 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded higher bioethanol (28.72 ± 3.82 mg/ml) after 96 h of fermentation. Maize cob is established as a suitable feedstock for cellulases and bioethanol production.Item Fungal spore air pollution in selected environments in Nairobi, Kenya(Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, 2024-07) Kiprop, Vincent; Nyamache, Anthony Kebira; Njerwana, Sally; Bii, Christine C.Fungal spores constitute major bioaerosols and are important indicators of bio-pollution. The rural–urban migration has increased human activity, causing air pollution concerns globally. This study explored the seasonal load, distribution, and diversity of fungal spores at different strategic sites in Nairobi, Kenya. The fungal air spores were systematically collected from markets, roads, and recreational, and dumping sites within Nairobi City County. Briefly, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plates were exposed on site for 5 minutes, and transported for incubation at 28°C for 7 days. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed data were recorded using the AccuWeather mobile app. Fungal cultures were identified using standard macro and micro-phenotypic features. The relationship between the fungal concentration and meteorological parameters was analyzed using multiple regression and PNiger. The wet season had the highest number of fungal spores (5318.88 CFU m− 3 ) compared to the dry season (1929.58 CFU m− 3 .) We identified 502 isolates across two seasons; 16 genera and 38 species comprising Ascomycota 426 (89.31%), Basidiomycota 21 (4.40%), Deuteromycota 17 (3.56%), Muromycota 7(1.47%) and Zycomycota 6(1.26%). The most isolated fungal genera included Candida (17.13%), followed by Penicillium 66 (13.15%), Fusarium 62 (12.35%), Aspergillus 61 (12.15%) and Cladosporium 60 (11.95%). Temperature, humidity and windspeed significantly affected airborne fungal concentration (p = .000), (p = .0280) and (p = .000), respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the temperature negatively correlated with the fungal concentration significantly (p = .000), humidity positively correlated with the fungal concentration significantly (p = .001), and wind speed negatively correlated with the fungal concentration significantly (p = .000). Our findings highlight the significance of fungal air pollution and the possible risks of human mycoses. The significance of fungal spore pollutants and human mycoses to climate change needs to be explored.Item Phytochemical Profile and Assessment of in VivoAnti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae) Extracts in Mice(Scientifica, 2025-08) Gitahi, Stephen Maina; Muthee, Eunice Wothaya; Ngugi, Mathew Piero; Machocho, Alex KingoriInfammation helps the immune system identify and eliminate disease-causing and foreign stimuli and initiate the healingprocess. Nonsteroidal anti-infammatory drugs have been often used in treating infammation. Synthetic drugs have been as-sociated with severe efects, necessitating the need for alternative medicinal agents. Herbal remedies have comparatively fewer sideefects, are widely available, and are arguably afordable, which makes them more attractive therapeutic agents. Ficus sycomorus isutilized by Kenya’s Mbeere community to treat infammation. However, the science-based data to support their claim werelacking. Te purpose of this study was to ascertain whether methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) leaf and stem barkextracts of F. sycomorus have anti-infammatory qualities in mice. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) andliquidchromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) were used in phytochemical analysis of the extracts. In anti-infammatory assays,6–7-week-old mice were randomly grouped into six clusters with fve mice each. Group one mice were administered normalsaline. Groups of two to four mice were injected with carrageenan to induce infammation and then received various treatments.Group two mice received the vehicle (normal saline), while group three mice received diclofenac (15 mg/kg body weight [bw]). Teextracts were administered to the remaining groups at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw. One-way analysis of variance was used to assessfor statistically signifcant diferences, followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests in case of statistical signifcance. Te signifcancethreshold was inferred at p < 0.05. Tis study revealed signifcant anti-edema efects of the extracts on carrageenan-induced pawinfammation in mice. Te GC–MS analysis identifed fatty acids, terpenoids, and terpenes, which have been associated with anti-edema efects. In conclusion, the fndings showed that the extracts have anti-edema efects and phytocompounds associated withthe efects. F. sycomorus extract is hence a novel candidate for developing efcacious anti-infammatory agentsItem Plant-based Edible Vaccines: Can Cholera Be the Case Study in Africa?(Elsevier Inc, 2025-06) Beenzu, Siamalube; Ehinmitan,Emmanuel; Kachenga,Lupupa; Runo, Steven; Maina, Ngotho; Onguso,JustusVaccines are employed as a sanitary approach that is implemented to lessen the hurdles caused by infectious diseases on the safety of public health. A vaccine is biologically made from inactive components of microbes, to enhance immunity and as a defense mechanism adverse to parasitic, bacterial and viral illnesses. Nonetheless, the mode of production that involves purification is quite costly, more so, to low and middle-income countries, especially in Africa. Conventional oral cholera vaccines, though commercially available, face logistical challenges to be transported and distributed to target populations such as Africa. Edible vaccines derived from plants, on the other hand, offer cost-effective and bio-friendly production cost, they are easily administered to all age groups and can be grown near-user-site. This article thoroughly assesses the capability of plant-based edible vaccines as an option for immunization against cholera with exclusive concentration on the African continentItem Contribution of Different Frass Fertilizer Products on Enhanced Growth, Yield and Nutrient Quality of Broccoli [Brassica Oleracea](Frontiers in Plant Science, 2025-08) Kagehi, Noella; Beesigamukama,Dennis; Tanga, Chrysantus M.; Ngugi, Mathew P.; Subramanian, Sevgan; Khamis, Fathiya M.Vegetables are crucial for food security and income, but in developing countries their production is hindered by low soil fertility. Although the insect frass fertilizer is a potential solution, its use is constrained by limited product choices. Unlike conventional fertilizers, which are available in different forms, the insect frass fertilizer is mostly available in solid form. Here, we evaluated the effects of different black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) products on broccoli [Brassica oleracea] growth, yield, and nutritional profiles. Solid, liquid BSFFF, chitin-fortified solid BSFFF, chitin-fortified liquid BSFFF, and commercial organic fertilizer (Safi) were applied at rates equivalent to 250 kg N ha-1 for two cropping seasons. The control treatment consisted of unfertilized soil. Results showed that solid and chitin-fortified solid BSFFF products significantly increased broccoli leaf growth and chlorophyll concentration by 54% and 11%, respectively, compared to the other BSFFF products. Soils amended with BSFFF products produced broccoli with higher number of heads (28 – 158%), fresh yield (26 – 138%), dry yield (17 – 60%), and aboveground biomass (7 – 117%) compared to Safi and control treatments. Broccoli grown in soil amended with BSFFF had higher nitrogen (84%), phosphorus (93%), potassium (51%) uptake, and agronomic use efficiency (4.6-fold) as compared to Safi and the control. Additionally, the application liquid BSFFF produced broccoli heads with higher levels of crude fat (61%), carbohydrates (16%), and calcium (38%) compared to other BSFFF products. Conversely, broccoli grown using chitin-fortified BSFFF exhibited the highest levels of crude protein, potassium, crush ash, and phosphorus. The net income and gross margin achieved with BSFFF treatments were 19 – 26-fold and 29 – 63-fold higher than values obtained Safi, respectively, with higher profitability achieved using chitin-fortified BSFFF formulations. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of different BSFFF formulations in supporting circular economy for safe vegetable production, and improved food and nutrition securityItem Epidemiology of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli among Children under Five Years in Kenya’s Urban Informal Settlement(Frontiers in Microbiology, 2025-08) Njuguna, Amos; Maingi, John M.; Mbae, Cecilia; Otieno, Phelgona; Kering, Kelvin; Mbithi, Winfred; Kioko, Christine; Osman, Rahma; Kibet, Evans; Kariuki, SamuelIntroduction: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a significant cause of diarrheal morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ETEC and associated risk factors among children under five presenting with diarrhea in health facilities in Mukuru slums of Nairobi, Kenya, where poor sanitation and hygiene practices are prevalent. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited 387 children under five years of age with acute diarrhea. Total nucleic acid (TNA) was extracted from stool samples and analyzed using a PCR-based customized TaqMan Array Card (TAC), which included three ETEC toxin genes (LT, STh, and STp) and six ETEC colonization factors (CFs). A structured questionnaire was employed to collect participants information. Findings: ETEC was detected in 148/387 samples, yielding a prevalence of 38.2% (95% CI: 34.2–42.2%). Both heat-labile and heat-stable (LT/ST) enterotoxin genes were the most common (43%) followed by heat-labile (30%), and heatstable (27%). Colonization factors (CF) were present in 52% (77/148) of ETECpositive samples with CS6 being the most frequently detected CF at 36.3% (28/77). Children aged 13–24 months had significantly elevated odds of infection (aOR = 2.48; 95% CI: 1.36–4.52, p = 0.003), as well as those aged 25–36 month (aOR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.10–4.10, p = 0.025), 37–48 months (aOR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.21–4.97, p = 0.013), and 49–59 months (aOR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.12–6.01, p = 0.027). Households lacking access to private flush toilets exhibited a tripled risk (aOR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.38–6.71, p = 0.006) of ETEC positivity. Conclusion: These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted public health interventions, including improved sanitation and hygiene practices and vaccine introduction, to mitigate the burden of ETEC-related diarrhea among high-risk populations in disease endemic settings.Item Engineering local Kenyan Irish potato varieties as carriers for edible cholera vaccines(Springer Nature, 2025-06-02) Siamalube, Beenzu; Ehinmitan,Emmanuel; Maina, Ngotho; Onguso,Justus; Runo,StevenCholera is a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in low-resource areas where vaccine access is limited. Plant-based production of antigens, like the cholera toxin B subunit, presents a promising supplement for oral immunization. This study reviews the efciency of Agrobacterium tumefaciens gene-mediated transformation method in expressing antigenic proteins in three farmer preferred Kenyan Irish potato varieties: Wanjiku, Sherekea, and Shangi. Aimed at maximizing gene expression, facilitating a scalable production platform for potential edible vaccines. Genetically engineered Irish potatoes represent a transformative innovation at the intersection of agriculture and biotechnology, ofering a sustainable and cost-efective platform for vaccine production. Acting as bioreactors, transgenic Irish potatoes provide scalable, safe, and stable solutions to the challenges of traditional vaccine manufacturing, such as high costs, infrastructure demands, and dependency on cold chain logistics. Despite challenges like regulatory hurdles, public perception of genetically modifed organisms, and technical barriers in antigen expression, ongoing research and development hold promise for overcoming these obstacles. By harnessing the power of molecular farming, scientists can produce vaccines and therapeutic proteins in potatoes, ofering a near-user-site alternative to traditional production methods.Item Response of micropropagated tissue culture banana (Musa spp.) to acclimatization using arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi(African Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2023-11-17) Wahome, C. N.; Ombori, O.; Maingi, J.; Njeru, E. M.; Nchore, S. B.; Kimiti, J. M.; Muthini, M.The production of banana seedlings through tissue culture provides a reliable source of numerous, disease free, quality plantlets. However, the micropropagation process is faced with a number of challenges. In this study we are focusing on the improvement of survival and growth of the resultant plantlets during the acclimatization process. The viability of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) symbiont in the acclimatization process was assessed. Tissue culture bananas (Kienyeji, Kiganda and Ng’ombe local cultivars) were inoculated with single species AMF Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae as well as commercial AMF Rhizatech. The survival rate was assessed and plant growth evaluated at a two week interval. Destructive harvesting was conducted followed by assessment of root, shoot and total biomass. The results demonstrated that Kiganda treated with Rhisophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mossae recorded better survival rates compared to treatments with NPK fertilizer and commercial AMF (Rhizatech). Kienyeji cultivar however had a better survival rate when treated with commercial AMF (Rhizatech). Ng’ombe cultivar was very resilient having 100 % survival rate when treated with indigenous AMF, commercial AMF (Rhizatech) and NPK. There were significant differences in the shoot dry weight, root dry weight and biomass in the three banana cultivars. Kiganda and Kienyeji cultivars had the highest biomass when treated with Funneliformis mossae of 0.52 g and 0.83 g respectively. The results in this study confirm that the use of AMF in the acclimatization process improves the overall seedling output of the micropropagation process during the nursery stage of production.Item Differential Responses of the Egg-Larval Parasitoid Chelonus Bifoveolatus To Fall Armyworm-Induced and Constitutive Volatiles of Diverse Maize Genotypes(International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, 2025-04-01) Onjura, Collins O.; Peter, Emmanuel; Asudi, George O.; Gicheru, Michael M.; Mohamed, Samira A.The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a serious invasive crop pest and threat to food security. Conventional pest control approaches using chemical pesticides can lead to adverse environmental and human health problems calling for safer alternative pest management options. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by plants constitutively and in response to herbivory have been shown to enhance ecologically benign biocontrol alternatives to chemical insecticides for pest management. However, genotypic variations in VOC emissions have also been reported for plant species including maize (Zea mays). Hence, a better insight into the variations in odor profiles of different maize varieties and their corresponding role in recruiting pests’ natural enemies are crucial for developing a sustainable biocontrol strategy. Our present study assessed the behavioral responses of the FAW egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus bifoveolatus (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), to constitutive and induced volatiles from different maize landraces (Jowi Red, Nyamula) and hybrids (SC Duma, DK 777) grown in Kenya and compared their volatile profiles. In a four-arm olfactometer, female parasitoid wasps were significantly attracted to FAW oviposition-induced VOCs from SC Duma and Nyamula. Chemical analysis of test plant volatiles revealed significant variation in the quantity and quality of key bioactive VOCs such as (E)-2-hexenal, α-pinene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, α-copaene, (E)-β-farnesene and (E, E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11- tridecatetraene. Our findings provide more insights into genetic variation in VOCs emission across maize genotypes and the corresponding differences in attraction of pest natural enemies that provide indirect defense. As such, these traits could be exploited to enhance ecologically sustainable pest management strategies.Item Phytochemical Analysis, Oral Toxicity, and in Vivo Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antipyretic Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Prunus Africana(Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 2025-07) Chumba, Careen Ihazano; Kefa, Kipngetich Bunei; Kingori, Daniel Gathuka; Ngugi, Mathew Piero; Njagi, Eliud Nyaga MwanikiIntroduction: Prunus africana is traditionally used in Kakamega against pain, fever, and inflammation. This research aimed to identify the phytochemicals, the antipyretic, antiinflammatory, and antinociceptive effects, and oral toxicity of the aqueous leaf extract of P. africana. Methods: The plant extract was screened for phytochemicals and minerals. The antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects were assessed using formalin-induced edema and pain models using Swiss-albino mice, while the antipyretic effect was evaluated through a turpentineinduced fever model using Wistar rats. Sub-acute toxicity was assessed by administering the extract orally to Wistar rats at doses of 150, 260, and 450 mg/kg for 28 days. The animals’ weekly weight and biochemical parameters were measured. Results: The extract reduced rectal temperature, edema, as well as pain in the initial and late phases (P < 0.05). The leaves contained carnosic acid, flavonoids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and thirteen minerals. Serum biochemistry indicated liver injury at doses of 260 and 450 mg/kg with alterations in total protein, globulin, glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and phosphorus levels compared to the normal control (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The extract of P. africana exhibits antipyretic, antinociceptive, and antiinflammatory effects; however, it can also cause liver damage. These findings establish a basis for additional investigation of P. africana for therapeutic useItem Warburgia Ugandensis and Croton Dichogamus: Possible Botanical Bullets against Callosobruchus Maculatus(A Multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal, 2025) Katoo, Athanas Alexander; Ngugi, Mathew; Gitahi, StephenBotanical pesticides, derived from plant products, have gained significant popularity as an alternative to conventional synthetic insecticides. These natural products often consist of various bioactive compounds that offer effective pest control and may reduce the chances of pest resistance. However, challenges such as variation in pest response, short residual activity, and difficulties in large-scale production hinder their widespread use. This paper explores different generations of botanical pesticides, focusing on their chemical composition, modes of action, and applications. First generation botanical pesticides, including nicotine, rotenone, essential oils, sabadilla, and pyrethrum, are discussed, along with their associated limitations. The second-generation botanical pesticides, such as Melia extracts, synthetic pyrethroids, and neem products, are presented as more specific and environmentally friendly alternatives. Furthermore, the insecticidal potential of Croton dichogamus and Warburgia ugandensis, two East African plants, is examined. Both plants possess promising phytochemical properties that show potential for controlling pests like Callosobruchus maculatus in stored grains. This review highlights the ecological and economic value of these plants in pest management strategies and the sustainable use of plant-based pesticides.Item Ficus Sycomorus: Ecological, Cultural, and Medicinal Insights into a Timeless Tree(A Multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal, 2025-02) Muthee, Eunice Wothaya; Ngugi, Mathew; Gitahi, StephenFicus sycomorus, commonly known as the sycamore fig, is a large deciduous tree native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. It plays a crucial ecological role in riparian zones, supporting biodiversity and preventing soil erosion. Historically, the tree has held significant cultural and spiritual importance, particularly in ancient Egypt and various African cultures, where it symbolizes fertility, protection, and nourishment. Medicinally, Ficus sycomorus has been utilized for centuries, with various parts of the tree—such as the fruit, leaves, bark, and latex—employed in the treatment of numerous ailments, including gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory issues, wounds, and diabetes. The medicinal properties of the tree are attributed to its rich phytochemical composition, which includes flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, responsible for its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities. The anti-inflammatory effects of Ficus sycomorus, in particular, have been highlighted in scientific studies, demonstrating its potential in managing chronic inflammatory diseases through mechanisms such as the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and oxidative stress. Despite threats from habitat destruction, the tree's resilience and ongoing cultural and medicinal relevance underscore the importance of its conservation and further research. This paper explores the ecological, cultural, and medicinal significance of Ficus sycomorus, highlighting its multifaceted contributions to both nature and human well-being.Item Cholera in Zambia: Explanatory Factors and Mid-term Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals(AJRID, 2024) Siamalube, Beenzu; Ehinmitan,Emmanuel; Ngotho,Maina; Onguso, Justus; Runo, StevenCholera, a highly contagious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, poses a severe public health threat, especially in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. Symptoms such as acute watery diarrhoea, vomiting, and muscle cramps can lead to rapid dehydration, and without timely treatment, cholera can be fatal. Globally, cholera incidence has increased significantly, with World Health Organisation data showing a rise from 223,370 cases in 2021 to 472,697 in 2022, with the number of affected countries growing from 35 to 47. In Zambia, cholera outbreaks are recurrent, particularly during the rainy season, with 30 outbreaks recorded between 1977 and 2018. Fishing camps in rural areas and densely populated peri-urban areas, particularly in the Copperbelt and Lusaka provinces, report the highest incidences, attributed to inadequate waste management and poor drainage. This study investigates the factors influencing cholera dynamics in Zambia, focusing on climate variability, population density, and water and sanitation infrastructure. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, analysing historical cholera records, climate data, and socioeconomic factors since 1977. The article seeks to identify correlations between environmental and socioeconomic variables and cholera incidence, to guide effective public health strategies. The findings aim to support Zambia’s efforts to eliminate cholera within its borders by 2025, aligned with the Multisectoral Cholera Elimination Plan and Vision 2030