MST-Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies

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Transformation of Sara-Suka Gang in Bauchi State, Nigeria; 1960-2015
(Kenyatta University, 2023-01) Aliyu, Mohammed Malami
Abstract
Political Impediments to Regional Integration Process: The Case of Kenya in the East African Community Common Market Protocol 2000-2018
(Kenyatta University, 2023-05) Masika, Benjamin Barasa
he FAC has been fronted as a vital integration arrangement with the potential of addressing the development challenges in the region. To achieve these expectations, partner states have established brilliant provisions in the EAC common market protocol aimed at deepening integration in the region. Despite the brilliant provisions of the protocol, over cight years since its ratification not much could be celebrated. The common market has not been fully actualized and partner states have continued to implement protectionist laws that have hindered the free movement of goods, services, persons, capital and the enjoyment of the right of residence and establishment. Since EAC regional integration operates in a political environment, political factors have become push factors that have driven states to reluctantly implement the EAC Common Market Protocol. This study generally attempted 108 the Political Impediments to Regional Integration Process in East Africa with focus on Kenya in the EACCMP in the period between 2000-2018. The study was guided by the following objectives; first the study sought to evaluate the level of awareness of the EAC Common Market Protocol in Kenya. It then examined the divergent protectionist laws implemented by Kenya that affected the full realization of the EAC Common Market Protocol in Kenya and finally it sought to determine the political factors that motivated Kenya to implement divergent protectionist laws that contravened the provisions of the FAC Common Market Protocol in Kenya. The study was guided by two main theories; the inter-governmentalism theory of integration and new institutional theory. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design and the locations of the study were; EAC one stop border posts of Namanga and Busia, and in the City of Nairobi. Purposive sampling was employed for the study and out of the 400 targeted population 40 informants were selected for the study. The findings of the study revealed a number of political impediments affected the full implementation of the EACCMP in Kenya, amongst them were: the fear of loss of sovereignty, prioritization of national interest, the quest for nationalism and national pride, divided loyalty to other regional communities and lack of political will. The study among others recommends; the need to address all the political impediments affecting the EACCMP and allow law and policy reforms to be undertaken smoothly for the EACCMP to flourish. Develop good will towards its implementation by amending all divergent protectionist laws that contravene the EACCMP.
Evolution and Growth of Katagum Emirate of Bauchi, Northern Nigeria; 18041960
(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) Dahuwa, Sale
Abstract
A History of the Waata People of Kilifi County, Kenya, 18952010
(kenyatta University, 2023-04) Wambua, Cyprian Kioko
Absract
A History of the Waata People of Kilifi County, Kenya, 1895-2010.
(Kenyatta University, 2023-04) Wambua, Cyprian Kioko
Throughout history communities have been known to have specific and distinct patterns of economic, social and political organization. These socio-economic and political institutions are dynamic from one community and generation to another}ri Waata community is among the indigenous Kenyan communities whose social, polmca! and economic organization has not been adequately studied. This study focused on the history of the Waata people living in Kilifi County. The study was guided by the following objectives: to trace the traditional institutions which shaped the history of the Waata people up to 1895. The study examined the impact of the colonial policies on the political, social and economic history of the Waata people between 1895 and 1963. Lastly, the study investigated the impacts of post-colonial policies on the Waata from 1963 to 2010. There are many theories which could have been used to explain the history of the Waata but most of them had several weaknesses. The most relevant and applicable theory which guided this study was the cultural interaction and identity formation theory. This theory focused on how individual defend their shared cultural identities and relationships in particular situations....
Change and Continuity in Marriage among the Abagusii of kenya during the Colonial Period (1895-1963)
(Kenyatta university, 2024-04) Nahashon, Onkwani Orera
Marriage in many communities is attributed to the numerous fundamental social and individual roles that it plays, such as sexual fulfillment and regulation, sex-based divisions of labor, economic production, as well as personal longing for affection, prestige, and companionship. With the advent of colonialism, significant socioeconomic developments in Africa led to shifts in marriage demographics with an increase in the age of marriage, a decline in the number of official cultural marriages, and more unauthorized unions. Though this was so, early decades of colonial encounters witnessed the resilience of Africans to change. A catastrophic shift away from traditional marriage began on the eve of the 1930s. There had been reports of wives abandoning their husbands, some of whom fled with other men, fathers forcing their girls to marry, and a category of desperate men abandoned by their wives. This study will investigate how the colonial period influenced and shaped marriage customs over time. It will shed light on issues such as social and economic influences on marriage during the colonial era, connections between social and economic life and the institution of marriage, and the nature of marriage customs among the Abagusii of Kisii County between 1895 and 1963. The choice of change and continuity of marriage practices among the Abagusii is crucial because it clarifies what transpired in Gusii's marriage during a time when gender conflict and the marriage traditions' growing dynamic nature made change inevitable. The objectives of the study were to: Examine the key characteristics and functions of the Gusii marriage institution in the pre-colonial period up to 1895, Characterize the encounter between Christianity and western culture on the Gusii institution of marriage in the early colonial period (1895-1930), Establish change and continuity in the Gusii marriage institution in the period between (1930-1963). The study used modernization and social constructivism theories. A descriptive research design was used for the investigation. This project's primary data collection instruments included interviews and questionnaires, and archival data from Kenya. Secondary data came from public documents, magazines, journals, and national archives. Data in the historical form was analyzed qualitatively. The ethics of research was closely scrutinized. The research found out that marriage among the Abagusii of Kenya had amenable history consisting of changes and continuities in its various aspects.
Participation of Women in Politics in Meru, C.1880-2013
(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Mworia, Stella Kananu
Women comprise more than half of the total population in many countries in the world, and they play major social and economic roles. Despite this, women are constrained in political participation., especially in Kenya. Against this background, the current study sought to examine the participation of women in politics in South Imenti in Kenya‟s Meru County, focusing on the period 1890-2013. The study sought to answer three questions. First, how did women engage in the political processes of the Ameru in the pre-colonial period? Second, how did the colonial order affect women‟s participation in politics among the Ameru? And third, what trends may be discerned in women‟s participation in the politics of South Imenti during the post colonial period? The study acknowledges that the Ameru society has been predominantly patriarchal since the pre-colonial period to the present, with little upward mobility of women in the public space. Further, despite the colonial system of administration generally marginalizing women from public spaces, women from South Imenti transcended these constraints and have played prominent political roles in post-independence Kenya. In spite of this, the women have performed dismally in elective politics. In seeking to understand this reality, this study was guided by the Social-Cultural Patriarchal Theory, complemented by a broad understanding of gender ideologies. These were used to explain the inability of women representatives to attain the 30 percent global threshold, something that derives from residual cultural barriers that militate against progressive socialization that assign specific tasks to particular genders. For instance, household tasks such as cooking, childcare and farming are assigned to women and girls, thus preconditioning them to domestic spaces. Regarding methodology, the study employed mixed methods that combined qualitative and quantitative approaches of collecting and analysing primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through in-depth oral interviews, questionnaires, and archival material, while secondary data was collected from published journal articles, books and book chapters, newspapers, theses, internet resources, and periodicals. For fieldwork, the researcher used stratified sampling techniques to categorize wards in South Imenti Constituency where the research was based. There was also purposive sampling, particularly snowballing technique, in selecting respondents. Snowballing was appropriate because after each interview, respondents would recommend other potentially informative respondents. In total, 72 respondents participated in the study; six (6) from each of the six wards in South Imenti Constituency, three (3) focus group discussions, and twelve (12) Key Informant Interviewees. The data obtained was analysed qualitatively. The findings of this study reveal that women in South Imenti Constituency continue to suffer various challenges in their pursuit of political leadership. The challenges relate to economic, social and political impediments that women regularly encounter. Ultimately, the challenges contribute to the continued marginalization of women from political leadership, a reality that can be traced across the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. This calls for urgent intervention strategies to enable women to achieve greater successes in their political aspirations.
Inter-Ethnic Conflicts In Turbo Sub-County, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya (1895-2010).
(Kenyatta University, 2024-09) Were, Emmanuel Mbogo
Kenya is a multi-ethnic society whose people have overtime co-existed, traded and intermarried. These cordial inter-ethnic relations have resulted in the country’s social development, economic growth as well as political stability. However, efforts to promote perpetual peaceful co-existence remains a mirage despite decades of restructuring. This is partly because of the failure by the political elite to de-ethnicize politics, a development that is frequently connected with intermittent conflicts experienced in various parts of the country. Such conflicts have threatened the very bases of social order and cohesion, caused hatred, death, destruction of property and collapse of thriving economy. Against this bedrock, and guided by Dahrendorf’s Conflict theory, this study investigated Inter-ethnic Conflicts in Turbo sub-county, Uasin Gishu County Kenya between 1895 to 2010.It explored the localized processes of identity production and negotiation in the area. The following objectives guided the study; tracing the evolution of the multi-ethnic community in the study area, analyzing the nexus between politicized ethnicity and inter-ethnic conflicts and examining the heightened inter-ethnic conflicts and intervention measures to mitigate the conflicts in Turbo Sub-county. The study targeted a population of people who had knowledge of the history and surrounding terrain plus those conversant with early inter-ethnic contacts and conflicts in the study area. In its methodology purposive and snowballing sampling method were employed and the data collected and analyzed qualitatively. Primary data was gathered by conducting questionnaires, interviews and by examining government official reports and archival documents whereas secondary data was sourced from theses, books, articles in newspapers and journals from libraries. The study’s findings indicate that the demands of the colonial economy resulted in the formation of a multi-ethnic community in Turbo area. The settled people had a peaceful and harmonious co-existence as they mutually engaged in economic and social activities. However, since politics in the country falls short of the best practices and ideals of a democratic political system, politicization of ethnicity through balkanization of the residents into rigid ethnic enclaves and poor governance through resource mal-distribution heightens perceptions of exclusion which consequently provokes conflicts. These conflicts have amplified ethnic differences making citizens to consciously identify more with their ethnic groups than being Kenyan citizens. Even though various stakeholders such as the religious community and non-governmental organizations have taken measures to mitigate such conflicts, the approach has not been integrated. The study faults government efforts for its top down approach to peace building and recommends bottom up approaches including resourcing the institution of elderhood and granting it authority to manage conflicts. The recommendations are aimed to inform the policy makers and other stakeholders on how to resolve inter-ethnic conflicts and thus promote peaceful coexistence among different ethnic groups.
Ethnic Land Issues and Electoral Politics in Kuresoi, Nakuru County, Kenya, 1939-2017
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Koech, Stephen Kiprotich
The relationship between land, ethnic conflict and electoral politics has been widely documented. The role played by land and ethnic conflict on electoral politics has been deeply captured in Africa in general and Kenya in particular. Electoral related violence revolving around land in the Rift-Valley province of Kenya has been addressed. Kuresoi, one of the Sub counties in the larger Nakuru County in the former Rift-Valley province was one of the areas that were affected by electoral related violence revolving around land and negative ethnicity after the reintroduction of multiparty politics in 1991. Kuresoi division later became a Sub-County in 2013 following the adoption of the 2010 constitution in Kenya. The study researched on the influence of ethnic land issues and electoral politics on the parliamentary electoral contests in Kuresoi, Nakuru County, Kenya 1939-2017. It examined how the peopling of Kuresoi and ethnic land issues shaped ethnic relations from 1939 to 1991. The study also interrogated the extent to which land issues and electoral politics have played out in parliamentary elections in Kuresoi, Nakuru County, Kenya. The influence of ethnic land issues, political formations and lobby groups on the parliamentary electoral outcomes was also examined. To achieve its objectives the study administered oral interviews and questionnaires to to a sample size of 260 informants from the former four divisions of Kuresoi namely Kamara and Kuresoi in Kuresoi North and Olenguruone and Keringet in Kuresoi South. Purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were used to identify respondents. The target population included the members of the local administration, security agencies, activists, elders, the clergy, politicians, women leaders and business persons. Focus group discussions were used to back up oral interviews and questionnaires. This study applied both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis and interpretation. Anchored on the ancient hatred theory, theory of indivisible territory, the systematic replacement theory and elite manipulation theory, this study argued that the political elites have at election periods invoked the land historical injustices to win the hearts of ethnic loyalties and aligned themselves in the social formations to secure the ballots. The findings from the study will inform the functions of the security agencies in its attempt to contain the wanting security issues around the election periods and policy formations and implementations both at the national and at County levels in the development initiatives.
Political Party Alliance Building in Kenya, 1945-2013
(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Nduu, Bernice Kalimi
This study undertook a historical analysis on political party alliance building in Kenya 1945-2013.The study objectives were to trace the historical background on the political party formations in Kenya. Secondly, it sought to interrogate the nature of political party alliances before Multipartism was entrenched in Kenya in the 1990s. Finally, it analysed the changing trends in political party alliance building and how they have influenced politics in general. Elite bargain theory aided the study in scrutinizing the bases on which alliances are structured. In achieving the objectives, a descriptive research design was used. Qualitative techniques were used to collect, analyse and present data. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources included key informant interviews, oral interviews, focus group discussions and archival sources. Secondary sources included books, articles in journals, newspapers, reports, theses, dissertations and internet sources. The research findings indicate that the political party alliances trace their origin to the colonial period when Africans united to react against colonial rule. In search for political independence, airing the grievances of the locals and desire to outdo each other informed political associations formation during the colonial period. The findings further indicate that independent Kenya witnessed a diverse context in political party formation and alliances; different regimes had different approaches in addressing political matters. It was revealed that the individual power interests influenced political party and alliance formation between 1963 to 1991. Nevertheless, due to oppression from the ruling party, there was no solid alliance formed at the time apart from the KANU- KADU merger that broke in 1966. Finally, the findings established that elite interests, ethnicity, leadership desires and political mileage informed alliance formation between 1993 to 2013 in Kenya. As a result when such interests were not met, splits and degeneration were witnessed in alliances leading to new formations. Hence, the period had been marked with elites shifting from one alliance to another. The study is vital in that it adds knowledge to the existing literature on alliance building in Kenya and will provide a new methodology and theoretical framework to examine the challenges in Kenya’s political sphere when it comes to party alignments.
Change and Continuity in Land Tenure System and Gender Relations in Nyeri County, Kenya (1895-2013)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Mwangi, Grace
In many human societies, rights to ownership of land, control and use determine the bargaining power of women in the society and the household, as well as determining their economic condition. Control of land and its efficient use are determined by the availability of land resources and existing social and institutional structures. This study examines changes in land tenure systems and gender relations in Mukurweini, Nyeri County, between 1895 and 2013. Land alienation among the Kikuyu, the subsequent consolidation of land and the individual registration greatly impacted the land tenure systems among men and women. The women were greatly affected due to the existing patriarchal system that undermined/dictated the right of women to land ownership. Being a historical study, this thesis highlights how the patriarchal land control of land in pre-colonial Kikuyu land determined the immensity of land access and use by the women and investigates land policies initiated by the colonial government in respect to ownership, access and control of land by Kikuyu women. It interrogates land policies in Kenya between 1963 and 2013 and their impact on Mukurweini women’s access to and ownership of land. The study further examines the ramifications struggle for and institutionalization of the new constitutional order in Kenya between 1992 and 2013. The study is based on the assumption that the pre colonial patriarchal land tenure system heavily determined the limited land access, use and control by the women of Mukurweini and that, the colonial land policies introduced in Kenya only served to perpetuate the existing patriarchal control of land among the Kikuyu. These policies were continued under the Kenyatta regime which remained basically patriarchal in regard to access, control and ownership of land by women. The third premise argues that the Moi regime initiated significant changes in respect to women and land matters, which in turn became a springboard for the thorough reforms realized in the new constitutional order in Kenya. Gender analysis was used as a tool of analysis to explain the land tenure system and gender relations in Mukurweini. The study adopted the historical design as well as the descriptive research design. The instruments of data collection included questionnaires, interviews, and materials from secondary sources and government records which include archival documents from the Kenya National Archives. It is argued that the establishment of colonial rule engendered new socio- economic trends that culminated in the partial abandonment of the Kikuyu pre-colonial land tenure system. This thesis concludes that the socio- economic relations between females and males in terms of access to and control over land as a resource has changed over time and decision making has also been influenced by the metamorphosis within the period of study
Trends in Women Participation in Political Affairs in Mandera County, Kenya 1890 -2017
(Kenyatta University, 2022-11) Hothan, Ibrahim Hussein
Politics is central to human interactions. Human beings as social and political animals cannot do without society and politics. In modern liberal democracy representation remains the yard stick for participation in political affairs. Participation of men and women in political affairs has dominated contemporary intellectual debates worldwide in general, and Africa specifically. Concerns have been raised on gender parity in participation in political affairs. Men have an advantage over women when it comes to participating in political issues in patriarchal African societies. Women are underrepresented and are absent in decision making positions which ultimately affects their participation in policy formulation. This picture is replicated in Kenya where men tend to dominate in political representation. Women make up barely 0.03% of elected leaders in Madera County and 9.8% of the total representation in parliament in the country. This situation persists in spite of the promulgation of the Kenya constitution 2010 that aimed at bringing about gender parity in political representation. This study examined the participation of women in political affairs of Mandera County, Kenya from 1890 to 2017. This study was guided by three objectives. The study began by interrogating the nature of gender relations in the Somali society in the pre-colonial and colonial periods. Secondly this study assessed the level of women participation in political affairs in Mandera County between 1963 and 2010. Lastly the extent to which the promulgation of the 2010 Constitution impacted on the participation of women in the political affairs in Mandera County from 2010 to 2017 was evaluated. To achieve its objectives, the study relied on both primary and secondary data collection methods. Stratified purposive sampling and snow balling was used to select 75 respondents. These included women and men voters from Mandera County, women political leaders, leaders from selected women groups and male elders. Collected data was analyzed and interpreted qualitatively. Anchored on the social relations gender theoretical approach this study argued that patriarchy and the social construction of gender in African societies have apportioned men and women in Mandera County sex specific roles. Women have been socialized into the domestic sphere while men to the public sphere, leadership included. This social construction of gender roles it is argued militates against women participation in political affairs in Mandera County.
Perspectives on Security Agencies’ Counter-Terrorism Strategies and Human Rights Safeguards in Kenya (1998-2020)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-04) Sandra Makayoto
This study aims to explore perspectives on security agencies’ counter-terrorism strategies and human rights safeguards in Kenya (1998-2020). Specifically, the study sought to: evaluate the effectiveness of various security agencies counterterrorism strategies in Kenya between 1998 and 2020, assess effects of security agencies counter- terrorism strategies on human rights violations in Kenya between 1998 and 2020 and investigate the challenges faced by security agencies counterterrorism strategies in combating threat of terrorism and protection of human rights in Kenya. The study draws on both Deterrence and Liberalism Theory to inform its analysis. The research utilized a descriptive research design, and the target population consisted of 420 civil society groups, human rights organizations, security agencies, and counter-terrorism agencies (CSOs). A sample of 150 respondents who were given a questionnaire and an interview schedule was obtained through the use of two-stage purposive sampling technique. The collected numeric data were analyzed with the assistance of SPSS software version 26.0, while the collected qualitative data were processed thematically through the utilization of content analysis. The analyzed data was reported in the form of narrative and displayed on tables, charts and bars. The study findings revealed that government of Kenya has deployed a number of security agencies counterterrorism strategies between 1998 and 2020 among them being, arrests, prosecutions, detentions, multiagency approach, using security forces, educating the public, fighting terrorism through creation of income generating activities, enactment of the anti-terrorism act, monitoring and interception of money transactions and regulating the media. According to the findings of the study, the majority of the counterterrorism strategies implemented by Kenya's various security agencies have been ineffective in accomplishing the country's overarching objective of eradicating terrorism. In addition, the study discovered that the most common challenges faced by security agencies counterterrorism strategies in combating the threat of terrorism and protecting human rights in Kenya include insufficient funds, inadequate training, increased youth radicalization, and a lack of support from the general public. The study comes to the conclusion that government security agencies and international entities have a responsibility to take all necessary steps to protect human rights both within and outside of the jurisdiction of the country against extremism.
Regional Integration and Free Movement of Persons and Labour in the East African Community.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Ole-Sein, Nairimas
The Protocol on the EAC common market in 2010 provides for unrestricted flow of persons within the region. According to this protocol nationals of member states have the right to travel, reside, work and trade freely within the region. This is expected to happen under the full protection of the domestic laws of the host country without any discrimination or restrictions based on nationality. However there appears to be a discrepancy between what has been agreed on by member states, and the actual practice in some of these countries. This study examined how regional integration within the EAC has effected the free movement of persons and workers. This study set three objectives. To begin with, this study examined how the East African Community through the Common Market, has affected the free movement of persons and workers within the member states. Second, the extent to which East African integration has affected the access of Business licences for citizens of the member states was analysed. Finally, the challenges faced by citizens of the East African Community member states in accessing work permits were evaluated. Anchored on Andrew Moravcsik’s theory of liberal intergovernmentalism and Kenneth Waltz’s neorealist theory, this study argued that the state, being the most important actor in global politics, influences the foreign policy of states, in pursuit of its strategic interests. In this study, the target population was made up of businesspersons within the EAC and involved in cross-border trade, government officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the State Department of Immigration and Citizen Services, State Department for East African Community, and the East African Community Secretariat. Descriptive research design was used for the study. The researcher purposively selected 110 cross border traders and an additional 50 Government officials from the above-mentioned Government Departments and the East African Community. The respondents were selected based on their experience in the movement of persons across the borders of EAC member states, either as policy makers, policy implementers or individuals affected by the policies. Data from government officials was collected through oral interviews using an interview guide, while data from traders was collected through structured questionnaires. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis, while quantitative data was analysed through tabulation of the mean and standard deviation. The study established that the East Africa Community through the Common Market has made it easier for citizens of EAC member states to travel to other member states as indicated by 70.9% of the respondents. Most of the respondents, 51.6% identified the abolition of visas and visa fees, had the greatest effect in making the free movement of people easier. The study also found that because of the EAC integration, business licences are easily accessible to citizens of EAC member states. The study found that the acquisition of Work Permits by citizens of EAC member states remains a challenge with 34.9% citing the high cost of documents, and 30.2% citing long tedious processes. The study recommends continued implementation of the visa-free regime for citizens of the East African Community as a way of encouraging the free movement of persons, the set-up of simplified and standardised procedures for application of business licenses and the full adherence by all member states to Article 10 of the East African Common Market Protocol on the Freedom of movement of Labour. The study suggests further research to examine how the movement of persons and workers has affected the growth of cross-border trade between the EAC member states.
Efforts by the Government of Kenya in Combating the Trafficking of Karamoja Women and Girls from Northeastern Uganda into Nairobi
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11-01) Susan, Gachoki Beth; Oduor Isaiah Otieno
Abstract
Symbolism in the Manufacture, Use, Change and Continuity of Tiriki Circumcision Material Culture (Idumi), 1850 – 2014.
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Sandula, Benjamin; Henry Mwanzi; Lazarus K.Ngari
Every society manufactures cultural material for both practical and ideological utility. In this study, I examined the symbolism in the manufacture, use, continuity and change in Idumi material culture among the Tiriki of Hamisi sub - county, Vihiga County. This thesis also investigated the origin of the circumcision (Idumi) material culture. Idumi designates the whole series of ceremonies performed to initiate adolescent boys into an age group (likhula) Sangree (1966:20).This research was guided by the premise that the Tiriki have unique symbols used in idumi .The study was based on functionalism theory. I used Bascom and Herskovits ‘change and continuity’ concept to stress that Idumi material culture is subject to change in the process of use as culture is dynamic.The study adopted descriptive design which involves interviews, question guielines, participant observation, and focus group discussion.The research utilized qualitative methodology that involved description of what I went to find out in the field. Snow ball type of purposive sampling was used since renowned custodians of idumi material culture are few. Midrash approach was used to infer meaning in idumi symbols. The study found out that, idumi and its material culture owes its origin on the Terik. Some of the material culture in idumi still undergo the manufacturing process while some have been discarded.The cultural material integrated in idumi reinforce the desired traits the Tiriki ascribe to manhood. Though Change has caught up with material culture used in idumi, certain aspects persist. I recommend that circumcisers’ should use disposable gloves as well as sterilize their hands after every operation to protect initiates. Future scholars should examine how circumcision material symbols of other ethnic groups transform the initiates into the men society desires.Further, scholars should explore the evolution of idumi as an education institution in the transmutation of adolescent boys among the Tiriki.Lastly, since HIV/AIDS is still a pandemic, there is need to study on how circumcision or lack of it inhibits or contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS.
The Kenya Red Cross Society and Peacebuilding Initiatives amongst Pokot and Tugen Communities in Baringo County, Kenya, 1978-2013
(Kenyatta University, 2023-07) Mueni, Wambua Grace; Gordon Onyango Omenya
The study focused on the peacebuilding initiatives of the Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS) among the Pokot and Tugen communities in Baringo County, Kenya, from 1978 to 2013. Despite the efforts made by various stakeholders, conflicts in the region have persisted. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the social, economic, and political factors contributing to conflicts between the Tugen and Pokot communities, assess the effectiveness of the KRCS peacebuilding initiatives, and analyze the challenges faced by the KRCS in their peacebuilding efforts. The study adopted a transformative approach to peacebuilding, which emphasizes the importance of reflecting the interests, identities, and needs of local actors. The research was anchored within the structural violence theory, which explores how social, economic, and political structures can perpetuate harm and inequality. A qualitative descriptive survey design was employed for this study. The target population included KRCS officials, government officials (Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs), community leaders, religious leaders, and local community members who were beneficiaries of the peacebuilding initiatives. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants, while simple random sampling was employed to select specific respondents from the local community. Both questionnaires and interview guides were used as research instruments, and focus group discussions were utilized to gather data from secondary sources. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were employed for data analysis. The study found that conflicts between the Tugen and Pokot communities escalated during dry seasons when there was competition for grazing land and water resources. Additionally, the proliferation of small arms contributed to the conflict in the study area. Although the KRCS has made efforts towards peacebuilding, it has faced significant challenges from both the county and national governments, as well as infrastructural and logistical limitations. Based on these findings, the study concludes that there is a need for equal distribution of food and non-food items, as well as the establishment of boreholes, dams, and irrigation schemes within the areas occupied by the two warring communities. These measures would contribute to long-term peacebuilding efforts and address the underlying causes of the conflicts.
The Transformation of Sports Culture among the Keiyo and Marakwet of Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya, C. 1850-1964
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Kimaiyo, Lorna Jepkoech; peter wafula; Vincent ownywera
Sport is an integral part of human culture that is deeply embedded in the social values of societies across the world. As an aspect of social life, sport is entrenched within the matrix of culture and shares in the general trends of cultural change. Since time immemorial, Africa's indigenous populations have incorporated different forms of sporting activities into many facets of their daily lives. These included running, wrestling, climbing trees, high jumping and shooting range. The Keiyo and Marakwet, just like other communities, had developed elaborate indigenous forms of sports which not only promoted the physical and mental growth of the youth but served as worthwhile pastime activities. With the establishment of British colonial rule, however, these indigenous sporting activities were significantly transformed. This change is what concerns this study. It examines the historical development of the sports culture among the Keiyo and Marakwet in the period between 1850 and 1964. This study is based on three objectives; that is, to describe the indigenous sporting activities of the Keiyo and Marakwet from 1850 to 1894, to examine the colonial transformation of the indigenous sporting culture of the Keiyo and Marakwet from 1895 to 1945 and lastly to demonstrate how the adoption of modern sports between 1945 to1964 marked a watershed in the transformation of the Keiyo and Marakwet sporting history. The study is premised on the view that the indigenous sporting culture of the Keiyo and Marakwet was significantly changed by Western cultural intrusion. The indigenous Kalenjin warrior spirit embodied in African sporting activities was harnessed by the British and channeled into Western sports, mainly athletics. This study was guided by two theoretical frameworks; functionalism and antidialogical action theory. The former was used to analyze how sports were an integral part of the cultural structure of the Keiyo and Marakwet during the pre-colonial period. While the theory of antidialogical action was used to analyze the contact between Western sports culture among the Keiyo and Marakwet during the British colonial rule. In terms of methodology, this study utilized primary sources of data, mainly archival material and oral sources, and secondary sources to construct the history of sports in Elgeyo Marakwet County. In short, this study was an attempt to tell the story of the encounter and interaction between the Keiyo and Marakwet and European sporting culture. Our findings indicated that during the colonial period the Keiyo and Marakwet warrior spirit was channeled to the field and track which led to the emergence of modern athletics. This study is significant as it makes a case for the important contributions the topic of sport can make to understanding of history of colonialism in Africa.
Gender and the Politics of Nairobi, 1895 To 2013
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Kilonzo, Ondere Philip; Edward Waswa Kisiang'ani; Gordon Omenya Onyango
This study analyzes the gender dimensions of politics in Nairobi from 1895 to 2013. This is attributed to the fact that gender discourse in the postcolonial spaces has received inadequate scholarly attention. A background chapter to this study examines the evolution and development of a multiplicity of gender identities in Kenya‟s capital city, Nairobi. This was in the view that the colonial apparatuses patterned gender inequalities in Nairobi. On the basis of this assumption, it is argued that the social, economic and political conditions of the colonial state characterized the post-independent dispensation. Consequently, the study explored gender dimensions during the era of the founding President of Kenya, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. Based on documented evidence on politics in Kenya, this study highlights the inadequacy in addressing gender as one of the most outstanding identity makers that influenced sound cleavages in the country. Further, the study interrogates politics and gender configurations during President Moi‟s era and examines the status of gender and politics in Nairobi under Mwai Kibaki‟s era. It demonstrates that gender inequalities in the city were amplified during President Moi‟s era. Subsequently, despite the endeavor by President Mwai Kibaki to guarantee effective representation and equal participation of women and men in the politics of Nairobi, gender inequalities were persistently witnessed. Apparently, the scenario was not new but one which was (re)constructed and (re)evaluated in the city. This study utilized the post-colonial theoretical variants of plurality and hybridity. The post-colonial theory is a deliberate effort to question European cultural values in formally colonized spaces. The theory was therefore used in this study to question how the postcolonial subalterns learnt to politically bargain within the political spaces of Nairobi regardless of their sexes. The theory not only enables us to understand a plethora of gender inequalities in the post-colonial city of Nairobi, but also gives an intellectual platform to interrogate gender discourses authored and authorized by the West. The study has established that Nairobi‟s post-colonial space was a deliberate cultural, political as well as economic construction of the colonial legacy. This is based on the assumption that men and women voices and values as mediated in identity politics within Nairobi were produced and propagated by colonialism and the post-colonial state in their formal and informal variants. Secondly, the study challenges pre-colonial African value systems on gender relations and provides avenues for (re)thinking and understanding gender dimensions in an urban set up. Purposive sampling and snow-balling techniques have been used to sample one hundred and eighty nine informants within Nairobi whilst keeping into consideration of gender balance. Only ten of the possible seventeen Nairobi constituencies were sampled due to the qualitative nature of the study. Structured questionnaires were used as research instruments for data collection. In addition, archival and secondary data were useful during the analysis of this work within the broader qualitative research design. The study concludes that, as a social identity, gender in politics unravels debilitating effects on national consciousness. The study recommends a re-examination of Western institutions and forms of knowledge in order to dismantle and formulate more structural and institutional regulations needed to achieve gender parity.
Ethnic Relations and Peacebuilding Amongst Communities in Nakuru County, 1992 – 2017
(kenyatta university, 2023) Wamae, Samwel Macharia; Felistus Kinyanjui
The political dynamics brought political realignments heightening tensions that culminated in ethnic violence within the area in the period 1992, 1997, 2007/8. The Post-Election Violence (PEV) of 2008 was the deadliest resulting to over 1,200 deaths and 350,000 displacements in the entire country. The study was guided by the following objectives; to review the ethnic relations among communities living in Njoro Sub County of Nakuru County; to examine the ethnic violence among communities living in area; and to evaluate the initiatives in peace building and social cohesion among communities. The study is anchored on the Protracted Social Conflict (PSC) theory by Azar. Literature was thematically reviewed in the study. The researcher used descriptive survey targeting members of the community, elders, County administrators, religious leaders and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) that were selected using multi-stage sampling techniques to attain a sample of 185 respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the household heads in the communities while interview schedules gathered information from the Key Informant (KIs). Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The study findings revealed that communities living in Njoro are highly ethnic as in terms of use of different languages, interests and associations, ethnic geographic boundaries, cultural heritage and practices as well as ethnic political regrouping. Njoro was found to have frequent conflicts due to land, livestock and political differences leading to organized gangs destroying property, killing and maiming subjecting victims to psychological trauma, interrupting the education for children and mass displacement from the ethnic animosity. Various peace building and social cohesion initiatives in Njoro namely the constitution reviews, peace accords as well as the involvement of NGOs and establishment of commissions were considered to be effective. The study recommends that political leaders should stop dividing communities based on their ethnic orientation and community members should be sensitized on the benefits of peaceful coexistence with each other regardless of their ethnic background. All agencies of peace building should be encouraged to spear head effective peace building activities. Local administrators have the capability to enforce the law and retain normalcy in case of ethnic conflict before it can result in violence that can lead to destruction of property or loss of life.

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