MST-Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item The Transformation of African Workers in Kisumu County 1895-1963(Kenyatta University, 2025-07) Ogola, MargaretThis study discussed the evolution of African workers in Kisumu County from 1895-1963. The population transformed from native systems of production to new forms of production with new aspects of labour provision, which included wage labour, forced labour and compulsory communal labour. This new labour system restructured labour relations which disengaged many Africans living in Kisumu County, from their traditional production. This led to a fundamental transformation in the lives of African workers that the study has analyzed. The objectives traced the pre-colonial labour relations among the Luo of Kisumu County up to 1895, examined the various colonial labour policies that led to establishment of colonial economy and transformation of African workers in Kisumu County from 1901-1945 and assessed the changing nature of colonial labour policies and practices on African workers in Kisumu County during the decolonization period 1946-1963. The study employed both Articulations of modes of production and modernization theories to examine how the colonial government used the colonial policies to exploit indigenous modes of production that changed the traditional practices and life of the African labourers in Kisumu County. Consequently, Kisumu County transited into a modern entity with profound colonial labour challenges. Methodologically, the research design that was employed included a descriptive survey with interview schedules that were administered to Kisumu County residents who were willing to give information. The target population included pioneer labourers, civil servants, Asians who worked in the railway line construction sites and those who engaged in trade,c hildren and grandchildren of former government representatives Purposive and snowballing sampling methods were employed and a total of 50 respondents who reside in the town were sampled based on age, experience and expertise. Data collection methods include primary and secondary, where government reports and archival data were sought. The results of this research work indicates that the colonial government used discriminative labour policies to exploit Kisumu county’s natural resources using African labour. Africans’ modes of production were transformed from traditional to new modes of articulation. This change in the mode of production, left the African peasant economy unattended. By the mid-1950s African workers of Kisumu had embraced capitalist work ethics however throughout the colonial period labour challenges became a menace that overlapped into the post-colony. Despite the challenges that African went through, the study has revealed that Africans contributed to capitalist economy by providing wage labour and land.Item Dynamics of Global Terrorism and Implications on National Security: The Case of Kenya, 2006-2016(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Lorot, Christopher KerioThe aim of this study is to explore how global terrorism changes and the effect it has on Kenya’s security, mainly focusing Al-Shabab’s actions from 2006-2016. The research investigates the movement’s background, its influence in areas of Kenya, and the reasons for its terrorist deeds. We try to learn how Al-Shabaab attracts the youth and children in Kenya by convincing them with religious beliefs, offering money, and exploiting their grievances in the community. The research also assesses the effect of Al-Shabaab’s activities on Kenyan society and government in terms of politics, the economy, and religion. Using a mixed-methods approach with a strong qualitative emphasis, the study draws on interviews with, the security personnel, leaders in the community, former recruits, and civil society agents and studies government reports, academic books, and media news items. Discoveries prove that Al-Shabaab supports its recruitment in Kenya using local connections, faith leaders, and gaps along its borders. Experts discovered that acts of terror have negatively affected the country’s economy, increased disagreements between religious communities, and affected Kenya’s political situation. As a result, the study proposes working more closely with the community, increasing cooperation between regions, and developing important reforms in the national security policy. What has been discovered adds knowledge about how terrorism outside and within East Africa impacts the region’s security and prepares for better approaches to deal with terrorism.Item Land Ownership and Conflicts in Laikipia North Sub-County, (1895-2020)(Kenyatta University, 2025-02) Karanja, James GacharaLand conflicts in Laikipia County have been covered by local media for years and have been a subject under scrutiny by various agencies, including the Kenya Government and Non- Governmental Organizations. Land conflicts have hindered the socioeconomic activities of the residents of Laikipia County. The objectives of the study were to: analyze the status of the Maasai-British settler land conflicts (1880-1963); demonstrate the escalation of land conflict in Laikipia County following the in-migration of Agikuyu into the area during Kenyatta‘s reign (1963-1978); investigate the nature of land conflict in Laikipia during the reign of President Moi (1978-2002), assess the changing nature of land conflict and its impact in Laikipia during the reign of President Kibaki (2002-2010) and analyze the Land Conflict in Laikipia after the Promulgation of 2010 Constitution in Kenya. The study was conducted in Laikipia County, Kenya, and was narrowed down to Laikipia North sub-County due to the fact that it is the home to the three main players involved in the conflict, namely the Maasai who are pastoralists, Agikuyu who are farmers and the European settlers who are ranchers. The study adopted a survey research design. Primary data was collected using Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussions, and archival sources. Secondary data was collected from Government reports, journal articles, print media, and the thesis. Descriptive data analysis methods, verbatim and documentary analysis, were utilized during data analysis. The study adopted the protracted social conflict theory by Edward Azar‘s (1990). According to Azar, the denial of human needs to a large population initiates cases of protracted social violence, as witnessed in Laikipia, where the conflict is highly blamed on resource struggle between farmers, pastoralists, and white settlers who own ranches. A significant concern of the study was to identify the possible triggers of conflict and the role played by each category of players. The study's findings are that land leases, beliefs and traditions, sand harvesting, and environmental extremes are Laikipia's main sources of conflict. The study recommends peace resolution strategies for utilizing resources in Laikipia that can be applied in other regions facing land conflicts in Kenya.Item Land Ownership and Conflicts in Laikipia North Sub-County, (1895-2020)(Kenyatta University, 2025-02) Karanja, James GacharaLand conflicts in Laikipia County have been covered by local media for years and have been a subject under scrutiny by various agencies, including the Kenya Government and Non- Governmental Organizations. Land conflicts have hindered the socioeconomic activities of the residents of Laikipia County. The objectives of the study were to: analyze the status of the Maasai-British settler land conflicts (1880-1963); demonstrate the escalation of land conflict in Laikipia County following the in-migration of Agikuyu into the area during Kenyatta’s reign (1963-1978); investigate the nature of land conflict in Laikipia during the reign of President Moi (1978-2002), assess the changing nature of land conflict and its impact in Laikipia during the reign of President Kibaki (2002-2010) and analyze the Land Conflict in Laikipia after the Promulgation of 2010 Constitution in Kenya. The study was conducted in Laikipia County, Kenya, and was narrowed down to Laikipia North sub-County due to the fact that it is the home to the three main players involved in the conflict, namely the Maasai who are pastoralists, Agikuyu who are farmers and the European settlers who are ranchers. The study adopted a survey research design. Primary data was collected using Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussions, and archival sources. Secondary data was collected from Government reports, journal articles, print media, and the thesis. Descriptive data analysis methods, verbatim and documentary analysis, were utilized during data analysis. The study adopted the protracted social conflict theory by Edward Azar’s (1990). According to Azar, the denial of human needs to a large population initiates cases of protracted social violence, as witnessed in Laikipia, where the conflict is highly blamed on resource struggle between farmers, pastoralists, and white settlers who own ranches. A significant concern of the study was to identify the possible triggers of conflict and the role played by each category of players. The study's findings are that land leases, beliefs and traditions, sand harvesting, and environmental extremes are Laikipia's main sources of conflict. The study recommends peace resolution strategies for utilizing resources in Laikipia that can be applied in other regions facing land conflicts in Kenya.Item Transformation in Heritage Management: The Case of Gedi Historical Site, 1927- 2013(Kenyatta University, 2025-06) Mwarora, Ali HassanThis thesis examines the transformation in heritage management using Gedi ruins as a case study. Gedi historical site is an important site of archaeological research and a tourist attraction center. Despite this central role, there has been little discussion or exploration of the actual needs of local people or the development of the existing participation process into a Cultural Heritage Management (CHM) framework at the Gedi Site. Therefore, this study sought to achieve three objectives: to examine the cultural significance of the Gedi heritage site to the community, to investigate the management of the Gedi historical site from 1927 to 1962, and to evaluate the extent to which the community was involved in the management of the Gedi historical site from independence to 2013. Data for this study was gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Field research involved self-administered questionnaires and oral interviews. The target population was selected using purposive and snowball sampling. An intensive survey was conducted of the entire forty-five-acre site with the assistance of museum staff. The condition of the site was assessed to ascertain threats. Observation of the ruins and the biodiversity was thoroughly surveyed to assess different forms of threats to the historical site. This study was guided by two theories, thus the Conflict Theory and The Tragedy of the Commons Theory. The findings revealed that the site contains several archaeological remains of medieval period dating back to the 12th Century. There is much the historical site of Gedi can teach us about African history. Gedi not only bears witness to a glorious African past but also reminds us about the important interaction spheres that developed in antiquity, which involved technology transfers and immigration that have become so common place today. The town’s superstructure preserves a capsule in time of what was the precolonial urban landscape in Eastern Africa. The study also established that the upstanding built-structures, mainly stone walls, are deteriorating rapidly due to vagaries of tropical climate and the growth of vegetation. Local communities contribute significantly to the destruction and loss of archaeological materials and historical sites. The research further reveals that Gedi communities feel that although they are involved in the site's tasks, the administrators have failed to diligently involve them in the site conservation, specifically in making their own choices. This has created a rift between the communities and state officials involved in resource management, and is by extension responsible for the destruction and loss of archaeological materials. There is also mistrust between the management of the National Museums of Kenya (NMK) in the region and the community at the Gedi site. Therefore, the study recommends that NMK should devise ways of incorporating the communities in the routine management of the site and future project development. This is because to get community support in the course of protection and preservation of cultural sites, there should be a clear involvement of the communities and a shared understanding of their benefits.Item Transformation of Sara-Suka Gang in Bauchi State, Nigeria; 1960-2015(Kenyatta University, 2023-01) Aliyu, Mohammed MalamiAbstractItem Political Impediments to Regional Integration Process: The Case of Kenya in the East African Community Common Market Protocol 2000-2018(Kenyatta University, 2023-05) Masika, Benjamin Barasahe FAC has been fronted as a vital integration arrangement with the potential of addressing the development challenges in the region. To achieve these expectations, partner states have established brilliant provisions in the EAC common market protocol aimed at deepening integration in the region. Despite the brilliant provisions of the protocol, over cight years since its ratification not much could be celebrated. The common market has not been fully actualized and partner states have continued to implement protectionist laws that have hindered the free movement of goods, services, persons, capital and the enjoyment of the right of residence and establishment. Since EAC regional integration operates in a political environment, political factors have become push factors that have driven states to reluctantly implement the EAC Common Market Protocol. This study generally attempted 108 the Political Impediments to Regional Integration Process in East Africa with focus on Kenya in the EACCMP in the period between 2000-2018. The study was guided by the following objectives; first the study sought to evaluate the level of awareness of the EAC Common Market Protocol in Kenya. It then examined the divergent protectionist laws implemented by Kenya that affected the full realization of the EAC Common Market Protocol in Kenya and finally it sought to determine the political factors that motivated Kenya to implement divergent protectionist laws that contravened the provisions of the FAC Common Market Protocol in Kenya. The study was guided by two main theories; the inter-governmentalism theory of integration and new institutional theory. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design and the locations of the study were; EAC one stop border posts of Namanga and Busia, and in the City of Nairobi. Purposive sampling was employed for the study and out of the 400 targeted population 40 informants were selected for the study. The findings of the study revealed a number of political impediments affected the full implementation of the EACCMP in Kenya, amongst them were: the fear of loss of sovereignty, prioritization of national interest, the quest for nationalism and national pride, divided loyalty to other regional communities and lack of political will. The study among others recommends; the need to address all the political impediments affecting the EACCMP and allow law and policy reforms to be undertaken smoothly for the EACCMP to flourish. Develop good will towards its implementation by amending all divergent protectionist laws that contravene the EACCMP.Item Evolution and Growth of Katagum Emirate of Bauchi, Northern Nigeria; 18041960(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) Dahuwa, SaleAbstractItem A History of the Waata People of Kilifi County, Kenya, 18952010(kenyatta University, 2023-04) Wambua, Cyprian KiokoAbsractItem A History of the Waata People of Kilifi County, Kenya, 1895-2010.(Kenyatta University, 2023-04) Wambua, Cyprian KiokoThroughout history communities have been known to have specific and distinct patterns of economic, social and political organization. These socio-economic and political institutions are dynamic from one community and generation to another}ri Waata community is among the indigenous Kenyan communities whose social, polmca! and economic organization has not been adequately studied. This study focused on the history of the Waata people living in Kilifi County. The study was guided by the following objectives: to trace the traditional institutions which shaped the history of the Waata people up to 1895. The study examined the impact of the colonial policies on the political, social and economic history of the Waata people between 1895 and 1963. Lastly, the study investigated the impacts of post-colonial policies on the Waata from 1963 to 2010. There are many theories which could have been used to explain the history of the Waata but most of them had several weaknesses. The most relevant and applicable theory which guided this study was the cultural interaction and identity formation theory. This theory focused on how individual defend their shared cultural identities and relationships in particular situations....Item Change and Continuity in Marriage among the Abagusii of kenya during the Colonial Period (1895-1963)(Kenyatta university, 2024-04) Nahashon, Onkwani OreraMarriage in many communities is attributed to the numerous fundamental social and individual roles that it plays, such as sexual fulfillment and regulation, sex-based divisions of labor, economic production, as well as personal longing for affection, prestige, and companionship. With the advent of colonialism, significant socioeconomic developments in Africa led to shifts in marriage demographics with an increase in the age of marriage, a decline in the number of official cultural marriages, and more unauthorized unions. Though this was so, early decades of colonial encounters witnessed the resilience of Africans to change. A catastrophic shift away from traditional marriage began on the eve of the 1930s. There had been reports of wives abandoning their husbands, some of whom fled with other men, fathers forcing their girls to marry, and a category of desperate men abandoned by their wives. This study will investigate how the colonial period influenced and shaped marriage customs over time. It will shed light on issues such as social and economic influences on marriage during the colonial era, connections between social and economic life and the institution of marriage, and the nature of marriage customs among the Abagusii of Kisii County between 1895 and 1963. The choice of change and continuity of marriage practices among the Abagusii is crucial because it clarifies what transpired in Gusii's marriage during a time when gender conflict and the marriage traditions' growing dynamic nature made change inevitable. The objectives of the study were to: Examine the key characteristics and functions of the Gusii marriage institution in the pre-colonial period up to 1895, Characterize the encounter between Christianity and western culture on the Gusii institution of marriage in the early colonial period (1895-1930), Establish change and continuity in the Gusii marriage institution in the period between (1930-1963). The study used modernization and social constructivism theories. A descriptive research design was used for the investigation. This project's primary data collection instruments included interviews and questionnaires, and archival data from Kenya. Secondary data came from public documents, magazines, journals, and national archives. Data in the historical form was analyzed qualitatively. The ethics of research was closely scrutinized. The research found out that marriage among the Abagusii of Kenya had amenable history consisting of changes and continuities in its various aspects.Item Participation of Women in Politics in Meru, C.1880-2013(Kenyatta University, 2025-04) Mworia, Stella KananuWomen comprise more than half of the total population in many countries in the world, and they play major social and economic roles. Despite this, women are constrained in political participation., especially in Kenya. Against this background, the current study sought to examine the participation of women in politics in South Imenti in Kenya‟s Meru County, focusing on the period 1890-2013. The study sought to answer three questions. First, how did women engage in the political processes of the Ameru in the pre-colonial period? Second, how did the colonial order affect women‟s participation in politics among the Ameru? And third, what trends may be discerned in women‟s participation in the politics of South Imenti during the post colonial period? The study acknowledges that the Ameru society has been predominantly patriarchal since the pre-colonial period to the present, with little upward mobility of women in the public space. Further, despite the colonial system of administration generally marginalizing women from public spaces, women from South Imenti transcended these constraints and have played prominent political roles in post-independence Kenya. In spite of this, the women have performed dismally in elective politics. In seeking to understand this reality, this study was guided by the Social-Cultural Patriarchal Theory, complemented by a broad understanding of gender ideologies. These were used to explain the inability of women representatives to attain the 30 percent global threshold, something that derives from residual cultural barriers that militate against progressive socialization that assign specific tasks to particular genders. For instance, household tasks such as cooking, childcare and farming are assigned to women and girls, thus preconditioning them to domestic spaces. Regarding methodology, the study employed mixed methods that combined qualitative and quantitative approaches of collecting and analysing primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through in-depth oral interviews, questionnaires, and archival material, while secondary data was collected from published journal articles, books and book chapters, newspapers, theses, internet resources, and periodicals. For fieldwork, the researcher used stratified sampling techniques to categorize wards in South Imenti Constituency where the research was based. There was also purposive sampling, particularly snowballing technique, in selecting respondents. Snowballing was appropriate because after each interview, respondents would recommend other potentially informative respondents. In total, 72 respondents participated in the study; six (6) from each of the six wards in South Imenti Constituency, three (3) focus group discussions, and twelve (12) Key Informant Interviewees. The data obtained was analysed qualitatively. The findings of this study reveal that women in South Imenti Constituency continue to suffer various challenges in their pursuit of political leadership. The challenges relate to economic, social and political impediments that women regularly encounter. Ultimately, the challenges contribute to the continued marginalization of women from political leadership, a reality that can be traced across the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. This calls for urgent intervention strategies to enable women to achieve greater successes in their political aspirations.Item Inter-Ethnic Conflicts In Turbo Sub-County, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya (1895-2010).(Kenyatta University, 2024-09) Were, Emmanuel MbogoKenya is a multi-ethnic society whose people have overtime co-existed, traded and intermarried. These cordial inter-ethnic relations have resulted in the country’s social development, economic growth as well as political stability. However, efforts to promote perpetual peaceful co-existence remains a mirage despite decades of restructuring. This is partly because of the failure by the political elite to de-ethnicize politics, a development that is frequently connected with intermittent conflicts experienced in various parts of the country. Such conflicts have threatened the very bases of social order and cohesion, caused hatred, death, destruction of property and collapse of thriving economy. Against this bedrock, and guided by Dahrendorf’s Conflict theory, this study investigated Inter-ethnic Conflicts in Turbo sub-county, Uasin Gishu County Kenya between 1895 to 2010.It explored the localized processes of identity production and negotiation in the area. The following objectives guided the study; tracing the evolution of the multi-ethnic community in the study area, analyzing the nexus between politicized ethnicity and inter-ethnic conflicts and examining the heightened inter-ethnic conflicts and intervention measures to mitigate the conflicts in Turbo Sub-county. The study targeted a population of people who had knowledge of the history and surrounding terrain plus those conversant with early inter-ethnic contacts and conflicts in the study area. In its methodology purposive and snowballing sampling method were employed and the data collected and analyzed qualitatively. Primary data was gathered by conducting questionnaires, interviews and by examining government official reports and archival documents whereas secondary data was sourced from theses, books, articles in newspapers and journals from libraries. The study’s findings indicate that the demands of the colonial economy resulted in the formation of a multi-ethnic community in Turbo area. The settled people had a peaceful and harmonious co-existence as they mutually engaged in economic and social activities. However, since politics in the country falls short of the best practices and ideals of a democratic political system, politicization of ethnicity through balkanization of the residents into rigid ethnic enclaves and poor governance through resource mal-distribution heightens perceptions of exclusion which consequently provokes conflicts. These conflicts have amplified ethnic differences making citizens to consciously identify more with their ethnic groups than being Kenyan citizens. Even though various stakeholders such as the religious community and non-governmental organizations have taken measures to mitigate such conflicts, the approach has not been integrated. The study faults government efforts for its top down approach to peace building and recommends bottom up approaches including resourcing the institution of elderhood and granting it authority to manage conflicts. The recommendations are aimed to inform the policy makers and other stakeholders on how to resolve inter-ethnic conflicts and thus promote peaceful coexistence among different ethnic groups.Item Ethnic Land Issues and Electoral Politics in Kuresoi, Nakuru County, Kenya, 1939-2017(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Koech, Stephen KiprotichThe relationship between land, ethnic conflict and electoral politics has been widely documented. The role played by land and ethnic conflict on electoral politics has been deeply captured in Africa in general and Kenya in particular. Electoral related violence revolving around land in the Rift-Valley province of Kenya has been addressed. Kuresoi, one of the Sub counties in the larger Nakuru County in the former Rift-Valley province was one of the areas that were affected by electoral related violence revolving around land and negative ethnicity after the reintroduction of multiparty politics in 1991. Kuresoi division later became a Sub-County in 2013 following the adoption of the 2010 constitution in Kenya. The study researched on the influence of ethnic land issues and electoral politics on the parliamentary electoral contests in Kuresoi, Nakuru County, Kenya 1939-2017. It examined how the peopling of Kuresoi and ethnic land issues shaped ethnic relations from 1939 to 1991. The study also interrogated the extent to which land issues and electoral politics have played out in parliamentary elections in Kuresoi, Nakuru County, Kenya. The influence of ethnic land issues, political formations and lobby groups on the parliamentary electoral outcomes was also examined. To achieve its objectives the study administered oral interviews and questionnaires to to a sample size of 260 informants from the former four divisions of Kuresoi namely Kamara and Kuresoi in Kuresoi North and Olenguruone and Keringet in Kuresoi South. Purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were used to identify respondents. The target population included the members of the local administration, security agencies, activists, elders, the clergy, politicians, women leaders and business persons. Focus group discussions were used to back up oral interviews and questionnaires. This study applied both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis and interpretation. Anchored on the ancient hatred theory, theory of indivisible territory, the systematic replacement theory and elite manipulation theory, this study argued that the political elites have at election periods invoked the land historical injustices to win the hearts of ethnic loyalties and aligned themselves in the social formations to secure the ballots. The findings from the study will inform the functions of the security agencies in its attempt to contain the wanting security issues around the election periods and policy formations and implementations both at the national and at County levels in the development initiatives.Item Political Party Alliance Building in Kenya, 1945-2013(Kenyatta University, 2024-10) Nduu, Bernice KalimiThis study undertook a historical analysis on political party alliance building in Kenya 1945-2013.The study objectives were to trace the historical background on the political party formations in Kenya. Secondly, it sought to interrogate the nature of political party alliances before Multipartism was entrenched in Kenya in the 1990s. Finally, it analysed the changing trends in political party alliance building and how they have influenced politics in general. Elite bargain theory aided the study in scrutinizing the bases on which alliances are structured. In achieving the objectives, a descriptive research design was used. Qualitative techniques were used to collect, analyse and present data. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources included key informant interviews, oral interviews, focus group discussions and archival sources. Secondary sources included books, articles in journals, newspapers, reports, theses, dissertations and internet sources. The research findings indicate that the political party alliances trace their origin to the colonial period when Africans united to react against colonial rule. In search for political independence, airing the grievances of the locals and desire to outdo each other informed political associations formation during the colonial period. The findings further indicate that independent Kenya witnessed a diverse context in political party formation and alliances; different regimes had different approaches in addressing political matters. It was revealed that the individual power interests influenced political party and alliance formation between 1963 to 1991. Nevertheless, due to oppression from the ruling party, there was no solid alliance formed at the time apart from the KANU- KADU merger that broke in 1966. Finally, the findings established that elite interests, ethnicity, leadership desires and political mileage informed alliance formation between 1993 to 2013 in Kenya. As a result when such interests were not met, splits and degeneration were witnessed in alliances leading to new formations. Hence, the period had been marked with elites shifting from one alliance to another. The study is vital in that it adds knowledge to the existing literature on alliance building in Kenya and will provide a new methodology and theoretical framework to examine the challenges in Kenya’s political sphere when it comes to party alignments.Item Change and Continuity in Land Tenure System and Gender Relations in Nyeri County, Kenya (1895-2013)(Kenyatta University, 2024-11) Mwangi, GraceIn many human societies, rights to ownership of land, control and use determine the bargaining power of women in the society and the household, as well as determining their economic condition. Control of land and its efficient use are determined by the availability of land resources and existing social and institutional structures. This study examines changes in land tenure systems and gender relations in Mukurweini, Nyeri County, between 1895 and 2013. Land alienation among the Kikuyu, the subsequent consolidation of land and the individual registration greatly impacted the land tenure systems among men and women. The women were greatly affected due to the existing patriarchal system that undermined/dictated the right of women to land ownership. Being a historical study, this thesis highlights how the patriarchal land control of land in pre-colonial Kikuyu land determined the immensity of land access and use by the women and investigates land policies initiated by the colonial government in respect to ownership, access and control of land by Kikuyu women. It interrogates land policies in Kenya between 1963 and 2013 and their impact on Mukurweini women’s access to and ownership of land. The study further examines the ramifications struggle for and institutionalization of the new constitutional order in Kenya between 1992 and 2013. The study is based on the assumption that the pre colonial patriarchal land tenure system heavily determined the limited land access, use and control by the women of Mukurweini and that, the colonial land policies introduced in Kenya only served to perpetuate the existing patriarchal control of land among the Kikuyu. These policies were continued under the Kenyatta regime which remained basically patriarchal in regard to access, control and ownership of land by women. The third premise argues that the Moi regime initiated significant changes in respect to women and land matters, which in turn became a springboard for the thorough reforms realized in the new constitutional order in Kenya. Gender analysis was used as a tool of analysis to explain the land tenure system and gender relations in Mukurweini. The study adopted the historical design as well as the descriptive research design. The instruments of data collection included questionnaires, interviews, and materials from secondary sources and government records which include archival documents from the Kenya National Archives. It is argued that the establishment of colonial rule engendered new socio- economic trends that culminated in the partial abandonment of the Kikuyu pre-colonial land tenure system. This thesis concludes that the socio- economic relations between females and males in terms of access to and control over land as a resource has changed over time and decision making has also been influenced by the metamorphosis within the period of studyItem Trends in Women Participation in Political Affairs in Mandera County, Kenya 1890 -2017(Kenyatta University, 2022-11) Hothan, Ibrahim HusseinPolitics is central to human interactions. Human beings as social and political animals cannot do without society and politics. In modern liberal democracy representation remains the yard stick for participation in political affairs. Participation of men and women in political affairs has dominated contemporary intellectual debates worldwide in general, and Africa specifically. Concerns have been raised on gender parity in participation in political affairs. Men have an advantage over women when it comes to participating in political issues in patriarchal African societies. Women are underrepresented and are absent in decision making positions which ultimately affects their participation in policy formulation. This picture is replicated in Kenya where men tend to dominate in political representation. Women make up barely 0.03% of elected leaders in Madera County and 9.8% of the total representation in parliament in the country. This situation persists in spite of the promulgation of the Kenya constitution 2010 that aimed at bringing about gender parity in political representation. This study examined the participation of women in political affairs of Mandera County, Kenya from 1890 to 2017. This study was guided by three objectives. The study began by interrogating the nature of gender relations in the Somali society in the pre-colonial and colonial periods. Secondly this study assessed the level of women participation in political affairs in Mandera County between 1963 and 2010. Lastly the extent to which the promulgation of the 2010 Constitution impacted on the participation of women in the political affairs in Mandera County from 2010 to 2017 was evaluated. To achieve its objectives, the study relied on both primary and secondary data collection methods. Stratified purposive sampling and snow balling was used to select 75 respondents. These included women and men voters from Mandera County, women political leaders, leaders from selected women groups and male elders. Collected data was analyzed and interpreted qualitatively. Anchored on the social relations gender theoretical approach this study argued that patriarchy and the social construction of gender in African societies have apportioned men and women in Mandera County sex specific roles. Women have been socialized into the domestic sphere while men to the public sphere, leadership included. This social construction of gender roles it is argued militates against women participation in political affairs in Mandera County.Item Perspectives on Security Agencies’ Counter-Terrorism Strategies and Human Rights Safeguards in Kenya (1998-2020)(Kenyatta University, 2024-04) Sandra MakayotoThis study aims to explore perspectives on security agencies’ counter-terrorism strategies and human rights safeguards in Kenya (1998-2020). Specifically, the study sought to: evaluate the effectiveness of various security agencies counterterrorism strategies in Kenya between 1998 and 2020, assess effects of security agencies counter- terrorism strategies on human rights violations in Kenya between 1998 and 2020 and investigate the challenges faced by security agencies counterterrorism strategies in combating threat of terrorism and protection of human rights in Kenya. The study draws on both Deterrence and Liberalism Theory to inform its analysis. The research utilized a descriptive research design, and the target population consisted of 420 civil society groups, human rights organizations, security agencies, and counter-terrorism agencies (CSOs). A sample of 150 respondents who were given a questionnaire and an interview schedule was obtained through the use of two-stage purposive sampling technique. The collected numeric data were analyzed with the assistance of SPSS software version 26.0, while the collected qualitative data were processed thematically through the utilization of content analysis. The analyzed data was reported in the form of narrative and displayed on tables, charts and bars. The study findings revealed that government of Kenya has deployed a number of security agencies counterterrorism strategies between 1998 and 2020 among them being, arrests, prosecutions, detentions, multiagency approach, using security forces, educating the public, fighting terrorism through creation of income generating activities, enactment of the anti-terrorism act, monitoring and interception of money transactions and regulating the media. According to the findings of the study, the majority of the counterterrorism strategies implemented by Kenya's various security agencies have been ineffective in accomplishing the country's overarching objective of eradicating terrorism. In addition, the study discovered that the most common challenges faced by security agencies counterterrorism strategies in combating the threat of terrorism and protecting human rights in Kenya include insufficient funds, inadequate training, increased youth radicalization, and a lack of support from the general public. The study comes to the conclusion that government security agencies and international entities have a responsibility to take all necessary steps to protect human rights both within and outside of the jurisdiction of the country against extremism.Item Regional Integration and Free Movement of Persons and Labour in the East African Community.(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Ole-Sein, NairimasThe Protocol on the EAC common market in 2010 provides for unrestricted flow of persons within the region. According to this protocol nationals of member states have the right to travel, reside, work and trade freely within the region. This is expected to happen under the full protection of the domestic laws of the host country without any discrimination or restrictions based on nationality. However there appears to be a discrepancy between what has been agreed on by member states, and the actual practice in some of these countries. This study examined how regional integration within the EAC has effected the free movement of persons and workers. This study set three objectives. To begin with, this study examined how the East African Community through the Common Market, has affected the free movement of persons and workers within the member states. Second, the extent to which East African integration has affected the access of Business licences for citizens of the member states was analysed. Finally, the challenges faced by citizens of the East African Community member states in accessing work permits were evaluated. Anchored on Andrew Moravcsik’s theory of liberal intergovernmentalism and Kenneth Waltz’s neorealist theory, this study argued that the state, being the most important actor in global politics, influences the foreign policy of states, in pursuit of its strategic interests. In this study, the target population was made up of businesspersons within the EAC and involved in cross-border trade, government officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the State Department of Immigration and Citizen Services, State Department for East African Community, and the East African Community Secretariat. Descriptive research design was used for the study. The researcher purposively selected 110 cross border traders and an additional 50 Government officials from the above-mentioned Government Departments and the East African Community. The respondents were selected based on their experience in the movement of persons across the borders of EAC member states, either as policy makers, policy implementers or individuals affected by the policies. Data from government officials was collected through oral interviews using an interview guide, while data from traders was collected through structured questionnaires. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis, while quantitative data was analysed through tabulation of the mean and standard deviation. The study established that the East Africa Community through the Common Market has made it easier for citizens of EAC member states to travel to other member states as indicated by 70.9% of the respondents. Most of the respondents, 51.6% identified the abolition of visas and visa fees, had the greatest effect in making the free movement of people easier. The study also found that because of the EAC integration, business licences are easily accessible to citizens of EAC member states. The study found that the acquisition of Work Permits by citizens of EAC member states remains a challenge with 34.9% citing the high cost of documents, and 30.2% citing long tedious processes. The study recommends continued implementation of the visa-free regime for citizens of the East African Community as a way of encouraging the free movement of persons, the set-up of simplified and standardised procedures for application of business licenses and the full adherence by all member states to Article 10 of the East African Common Market Protocol on the Freedom of movement of Labour. The study suggests further research to examine how the movement of persons and workers has affected the growth of cross-border trade between the EAC member states.Item Efforts by the Government of Kenya in Combating the Trafficking of Karamoja Women and Girls from Northeastern Uganda into Nairobi(Kenyatta University, 2023-11-01) Susan, Gachoki Beth; Oduor Isaiah OtienoAbstract