CW-School of Applied Human Sciences

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Aerobic capacity of Kenyan Rugby Union player
(Tshwane University of Technology, 2008) Kamenju, J.W.; Wanderi, P. M.
The capacity to replenish the energy required for endurance activities is one of the important factors that determine an individual's ability to exercise for a long time without fatigue. For an individual to attain the best performance, V02 max improvement is one aspect of training that should not be ignored (Seiler, 2005). This study assessed the aerobic capacity of selected male players for three clubs taking part in 2005 Kenya Cup Rugby League. A test-retest using the multistage fitness test validated by Brewer et al (1998) was administered to predict the V02 max levels of 90 male subjects at the beginning of the league and after eight weeks training and competition. The study sought to determine whether there were differences in players' aerobic capacity between pre and posttest and if the subjects' aerobic capacity varied for different age groups. A t-test was used to assess the subjects V02 max differences between pretest and posttest, while ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in V02 by age groups. The findings indicated there was no significant difference in players' aerobic capacity between pretest and post-test. Players' V02 max at pre-test was 43.14ml/kg/min and 42.62ml/kg/min at post-test. Similarly, there was no significant difference in aerobic capacity amongst players of different age groups. It was concluded that the game upgraded to professional level to allow players enough time for training. Coaches should design
The African running phenomenon: the role of genetics, nutrition and demographic factors in explaining the success of east African runners international distance running
(Makerere University, 2008) Onywera, V.O.; Boit, M.K; Pitsiladis, Y.P.
Aims and objectives of secondary school, physical education in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wamukoya, E. K.
A number of books in physical education contain various aims and objectives for physical education is schools. In order to establish the aims and objectives considered important in Kenyan secondary schools, a literature survey was done. This survey revealed a list of aims and objectives to broad and general educational objectives. The 12 most commonly mentioned aims and objectives in Kenya were then assembled in random order and both respondent school heads and PE teaches were asked to rank them in order of their respective schools' preferences from highest (1) to lowest (12). The mean score for each item and for each school head and PE teachers was then computed and comparisons made. From the survey, the aims and objecti ves ranked highly by the total sample were (1) Motor Ski II Development (2) Safety (3) Social Competence (4) Organic development and (5) Leisure Time Activities. Emotional Competence/Stability was ranked sixth (in the middle) while Self - Realisation, Creativity, Aesthetic Appreciation, MOTaI Development, Cognitive Development and Environmental Awareness were ranked lowest. Even then, it was apparent that more female school heads were inclined to rank Social Competence and Creativity on the higher side while men ranked Safety higher. However, male PE teachers highly rated the objective of Motor Skill Development, Leisure-time, Activities and Self-Realisation and gave their lowest ratings to Cognitive Development, Aesthetic Appreciation and Environmental Awareness. Female PE teachers rated highest Social Competence, Moral Development, Self - Realisation, Aesthetic Appreciation, Emotional Development, Creativity, Safety, Motor Skill Development, Organic Development, and gave their lowest ratings for Organic Development, Cognitive Development, and Environmental Awareness. Furthermore, there were some differences in the rankings of these aims and objectives according to the sex of the teachers involved. Female teachers compared to their male counterparts were inclined towards the long-term and broad-based educational outcomes such as Self-realisation, Leisure-time activities, Social competence, Moral Development, Aesthetic Appreciation, Creativity and Safety. They were more inclined to think about both the immediate and long-term objectives of physical education and were less concerned with the more traditional and specific objectives of organic development (physical fitness). An interesting observation was t hat female teachers also ranked Motor Skill Development and Organic Development higher than their male counterparts while male teachers ranked emotional Competence/Stability on the higher side than their female counterparts, respectively. However, both male and female teachers gave the middle rating (6th position) to Emotional Competence/Stability which gives an indication of the profession's moderate commitment to this objective in Kenya.
An analysis of extrinsic incentives value rating amongst selected male team, individual and combat sports athletes' in Kenya
(Makerere University, 2008) Mukhwana, Kizito; Simiyu, Njororai.W.; Wanderi, Mwangi P.
Little conclusive research has been reported in the area of sports in Kenya and the contributing factors to athletic performances. Yet, sporting organizations countrywide continue to spend large amounts of money on sports incentives as performance reinforcers in the quest for excellence in sports performances. This study sought to analyze the differences amongst Kenyan male individual, team and combat sports athletes'. A descriptive survey (Ex-post facto) research design was utilized. A total of 120 athletes were studied. The athletes involved in the study were 40 from team sports, 40 from individual sports and 40 from combat sports. Stratified random sampling was used to determine the teams and individuals for study. The fish bowl technique was used to determine teams whose players were randomly sampled for the study. The same also applied to individual athletes. The extrinsic reinforcer value-rating Questionnaire (RlYRS) comprising a five point Likert scale was used to gather data. The Questionnaire gathered data on the value rating by the subjects on Employment opportunities, Public recognition, material and monetary reward, free medical care and Insurance coverage. The data obtained were analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. The statistical analysis technique used was one-way analysis of variance, where rejection of null hypothesis was set at P<0.05. the ANOYA findings revealed no significant differences amongst Kenyan male team, individual and combat sports athletes incentives' value amongst Kenyan male team, individual and combat sports athletes incentives' value rating on employment opportunities F=3.07, scholarship awards F=4.205 public recognition F=3.7'73, material and monetary F=96.191, free medical care F=17.489 insurance coverage F=5.643. These values are not significant at 0.05 alpha level (p>0.05.). Based on the findings of this study, type of sport was not a major determinant of incentive value rating by the athletes on Employment opportunities, Public recognition, Material and monetary reward, free medical care and Insurance coverage. From the findings it was concluded that incentives must symbolize the athlete-sport relationship, they must have lasting trophy value, and rewards must reflect the individual sports policies. The recommendations were that the government formulates a policy in which performance incentives are spelt out, for example, insurances should be made compulsory and mandatory for national and international athletes, and public recognition as an incentive should be used mainly on the younger athletes. There is also need to emphasize the role of schooling in talent nurturing for sports athletes in Kenya. It was suggested that efforts be initiated to start research studies focusing on a comparative analysis of the existing sport incentives value with a view establishing the differences and similarities between male and female athletes and analyzing the incentive's value of female athletes in all sports in the Kenyan Sports settings.
Analysis of influences in soccer: the case of Kenya Science Teachers College
(2007) Mwisukha, A.; Rintaugu, E.G.; Nteere, J. S.
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the reasons why post-graduate students don't participate in structured sport and their leisure activities. Data was collected through questionnaires from 53 randomly selected post-graduate students of Kenyatta University. Data was manually analysed for frequencies and percentages. Findings indicated that the post-graduate students don't participate in sport due to lack of time, sport programs not catering for their needs and too much academic work and engage in passive leisure activities of watching T.V, spending time with the family and reading. It was recommended that sport programmes in the university need to be made post-graduate students friendly and they need to be educated on the benefits of active lifestyles and management.
Analysis of selected match actions in the 1994 world cup soccer tournament
(KAHPER-SD, 2000) Njororai, W.W.S.
A soccer match is characterised by several technical and tactical actions. Some of these technical actions include throw-ins, headers, crosses (centres), goal attempts, goals, free kicks, goal kicks, corners, offside, injuries, penalties and substitutions. However, the frequency of occurrence of these actions is not well known. This study, therefore, set out to register the frequency of occurrence of these actions during the world cup soccer tournament held in the USA between 17th June to 17th July 1994. A total of 52 matches were transmitted live on television. The matches were watched on television and the data recorded by an experienced observer. The data was analysed and descriptively presented. Among other findings, it was . established that the mean fer each action was: throw-ins (41.7), headers (73.8), crosses (30.6), free kicks (30), goal attempts (20.2), comers (10.3), goal kicks (19.7), off-sides (5.9), injuries (2.8), goals (2.71), penalties (.3), cards (4.4), and substitution (3.5) per match respectively. Such findings are useful to sports scientists and coaches who are facilitated to design training programmes that can allow for adequate emphasis on each of these match actions.
Analysis of the Health-Related Fitness Status of Lecturers and Students of Kenyatta University, Kenya (2004)
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Muasya, Vincent; Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W.; Simiyu, W.
Physical fitness refers to an individual's ability to perform daily tasks without undue fatigue and having ample energy to meet unforeseen emergencies and enjoy leisure time pursuits. Health related fitness variables include cardio-respiratory endurance, percent body fat, low back flexibility, upper body strength endurance and abdominal muscular endurance. These variables have their foundation in prevention and remediation of hypokinetic ailments. Sedentary lifestyle is the cause of low levels. of fitness which in turn subjects victims to hypokinetic diseases. This study therefore, compared health-related fitness measures of Kenyatta University's 22 lecturers and 30 students at the university'S Fitness Centre. Appropriate field tests were used to measure the subjects' fitness levels. The t-test showed significant differences between lectures' and students' mean abdominal muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance: students' fitness on these variables was higher. There were no significant difference I their low back flexibility upper body strength endurance and percent body fat, The need for enhancing lecturer's abdominal muscular endurance and cardio respiratory endurance was emphasized.
Analysis of the profiles of Kenya's top athletics coaches: Implications for the development of athletics in the country.
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W.W.S.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Boit, Michael K
Coaches are central in the technical development of athletes. In addition to guiding athletes towards achievement of optimum performance, they serve as role models, counselors and teachers. In view of this, it is important that coaches are well educated, professionally trained and posses acceptable and admirable personal attributes. It is against this background that the present study set out to establish the profiles of Kenya's top athletes in the country. Out of total participation of 134 provincial and national athletics coaches, a sample of 101 (75%) coaches was randomly selected and used in the study. A questionnaire was used to gather data on the demographic details of the coaches. The results indicated that a majority of the coaches 79 (78.22%) were males and were married and had children A larger proportion of the coachers, 42(41.59%) were aged between 40 and 49 than the least, 3(2.97%) who were under 29 years of age. The largest proportion of the coaches, 50.5% possessed ordinary level (form I to IV) education The largest fraction of the coaches had coaching experience ranging from 11-20 years and most of them, 86 (85.15%) had other regular employment apart from coaching. Most of the coaches, 56 (55.45%) were certified by the International Association of Athletics Federations, and a large proportion of them coached middle and long distance races. Arising from these results, a recommendation was made to train more female and younger coaches in all areas of athletics. The need of full time coaches and the establishment of a national institute or academy to train local coaches was also emphasized.
Anthropometric Measures of East African University Rugby Players.
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Litaba, S. A.; Wabuyabo, Issah K.; Wamukoya, Edwin K.
Rugby requires high levels of all fitness components in various proportions. The running speed, dodging, tackling, scrumming and jumping need: good grip, weight and strength among other fitness components to fulfill positional play roles. Methods: seven teams participating in the 2004 East African University Games were the subjects in the study. Sergeants jump method was used to establish the vertical jump scores of the subjects, leg to leg bioelectrical impedance method was used to get weight and body fat percentages, sit and reach method was used to get low back flexibility scores, while a handgrip dynamometer was used to get the handgrip scores. Findings: The teams had a mean explosive strength of51.1 ern, body fat % of 20.5, low back flexibility of 9.8 and handgrip of 51.6 kg. These values were lower compared to those of European rugby clubs except handgrip strength (i.e. 52.8, 10, 30). Conclusion: The young athletes should target the standard fitness values to enable them join professional clubs.
Anti-Doping Knowledge, Attitudes and Experiences of General Practitioners and Pharmacists In Selected Counties in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Kimtai, Rotich Jonathan; Elijah Gitonga; Edna Thangu
The Athletic support personnel (ASP) significantly influence athletes' attitudes, perceptions, and use of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs). Among the ASP, General Practitioners and Pharmacists play a substantial role in providing medical and pharmaceutical support to athletes. Health practitioners are in a position to influence, advise, encourage or discourage the use of PEDs to precarious athletes yearning to improve their performance beyond the limit. Nonetheless, the decision of General Practitioners or Pharmacists to encourage or discourage the use of PEDs depends on their knowledge, experience, and attitude toward doping. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate General Practitioners’ and Pharmacists’ doping knowledge, attitudes, and experience from seven purposely selected counties in Kenya and to examine if there were significant differences in doping knowledge and attitude between General Practitioners and Pharmacists in Kenya. A cross-sectional analytical study design was used to examine General Practitioners’ and Pharmacists’ doping knowledge, attitudes, and experiences. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select General Practitioners and Pharmacists from the seven targeted counties. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data for the study. Six hundred and fifteen practitioners (250 General Practitioners and 365 Pharmacists) participated in the study. Of these, 151 (60.4%) male and 99 (39.6%) female were General Practitioners, while 209 (57.3%) male and 156 (42.7) female were Pharmacists. Results demonstrated that General Practitioners and Pharmacists in Kenya are well aware of WADA and ADAK. General Practitioners and Pharmacists self-reported average to slightly above average doping knowledge (47.77 ± 14.03 and 46.63 ± 13.36), respectively, where the average doping knowledge was measured at 42.5. Mann-Whitney test results revealed no significant difference in doping knowledge between General Practitioners and Pharmacists (p = .518). General Practitioners and Pharmacists had a negative attitude towards doping (45.23 ± 13.64 and 47.28 ± 13.65), where a score of 59.5 and above implied being positive towards doping attitude. Mann Whitney test showed a significant difference between General Practitioners and Pharmacists towards doping attitude (p = .039). Male respondents demonstrated more doping knowledge, 49.04 ± 13.57, compared to the female respondents, 44.35 ± 13.29. Mann-Whitney test revealed that gender significantly influenced respondents, doping knowledge (p = .006), and attitude towards doping (p = .016). Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that age contributed to significant difference in doping knowledge among Pharmacists (p = .024) but not with the General Practitioners p = .024. Kruskal-Wallis analysis also indicated that work experience contributed remarkable variation in doping knowledge among General Practitioners (p < .001) but not among Pharmacists. In addition, age and work experience demonstrated (Kruskal Wallis test) significant influence on the doping attitude of General Practitioners (p =.003) and (p = .008), but no significant difference was identified among the Pharmacists, p =.301 and p = .063 respectively. Pharmacists in Kenya were an essential source of doping and related information. As many as 155 (25.2%) General Practitioners and Pharmacists had been requested for doping information or substances during their professional work. It was concluded that General Practitioners and Pharmacists in Kenya have unreliable doping knowledge and negative attitudes towards doping. Age significantly influenced the doping knowledge of General Practitioners and Pharmacists. A considerable difference exists in the doping attitude between General Practitioners and Pharmacists. The study recommended more anti-doping education, campaigns, and training that start at the college level to address the low doping knowledge of younger practitioners. An emphasis is needed to involve more female practitioners in anti-doping campaigns to ensure doping knowledge across the board. A study involving all General Practitioners and Pharmacists in Kenya is recommended to provide a comprehensive view of the current doping status in the country.
An appraisal of the Kenyan men's hockey team performance in international field hockey competition (1956 - 1996)
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Asembo, J. M.; Mwisukha, A.; Njororai, W. W. S.
Although Field Hockey was introduced in Kenya at the beginning of the 20th century, her first major international competition was the 1956 Olympic Games held at Melbourne, Australia in which she was ranked 10th. The best performance by the Kenyan men's team was at the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games where the team was ranked 6th and during the World Cup tournament in Barcelona ,Spain in 1971 where she ranked 4th. Since then the team IS performance has not been impressive. The poor performance by the team is of major concern especially to a sporting nation like Kenya. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyse the performance of the Kenyan men's hockey team in international competitions from 1956 to 1996. During this period, the Kenyan men's team participated in the East African tournament (Rahim Jivraji Cup )/which she constantly won; All Africa Games' Hockey Competition (won only once -1987 ) ; Indira Gandhi Memorial Gold Cup in which her best performance has been 4th position (1992 & 1994) ;African Cup of Nations which has never won, World Cup where her best performance was the 4th ranking in 1971 at Barcelona, Spain and the Olympic Games in which Kenya represented the African Continent till 1988 when Egypt and South Africa edged her out in 1992 and 1996 respectively. A critical analysis indicated that ,Kenyan men's team performances could be classified into four periods: 1956-1971 (major achievements), 1972 -1984 (mixed luck and decline in performance),1985 -1993 (worst performance) and 1994 -1996 (some revival). Some of the factors which contributed to the impressive performances in the 1956 -1971 period included adequate finances for exposure and motivation of players, good management and administration of the sport, participation in local international tournaments and well structured league' at national level. The factors associated with poor performances in 1972 -1993 included boycott of the 1976 and 1980 Olympic Games, poor, management and administration of the sport, lack of adequate modern facilities, inferior systems of play and lac]; of exposure for players. For field hockey to develop in Kenya, there is need for development of coaching ,administration and management programmes. Effective talent identification and development programme ought to be instituted urgently. Further, the local coaches need to update their knowledge in the sport so that only qualified coaches are employed to manage the national team.
An assessment of basketball injuries in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Akpata, D. O.
Basketball is, theoretically, a no-contact game, but it has been established that personal contact cannot be avoided entirely when 10 players are moving with great speed over a limited space. Due to this obvious contact, high tempers and friction, so many injuries have occurred during games, which have led to loss of playing time as well as physical and psychological consequences. This study investigated the aetiology and time course of the injuries in both male and female basketball players during the first phase of the 1997National Basketball Classic League, in order to detect a substantial typology of sports injuries and offer special programmes for their prevention. Results indicated that the main aetiological factors were the opponent, the floor and type of shoes. Most of the injuries occurred during pressure defences and inside plays. No major difference was found in the pattern of injuries between the male and female players. Based on results of this study, it will seem that the number and severity of injuries in basketball could be minimised, if the rules and mechanics of officiating pressure defences, charged/ block and inside-plays are amended.
Assessment of Fitness and Training among East African Universities Swimming Athletes
(ICSEMIS, 2016) Mwangi, F.M.; Mwihaki, M.G.; Wachira, J.L.; Wabuyabo, L.K.; Onywera, V.O.
Assessment of the employees awareness of the applicability of ergonomic exercises in the banking institutions in Nairobi, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2009) Waiganjo, L.B.; Mwisukha, A.
Assessment of the Physical Training Programme at the Kenya Police Training College, Kiganjo
(Kenyatta University, 2005-11) Wamukoya, Edwin K.; Wabuyabo, Issah K.; Onywera, V.O.
Policing has never been an easy job. Police Officers are often required to perform physically demanding tasks as part of their police duty. For this they need a reasonable level of physical fitness to deal effectively with situations as well as defending themselves or others against attack. It is essential that they possess a standard of physical fitness which will enable them to perform these tasks pro:fessionally, and without the risk of injury, when the need arises. It is for this reason that minimum standards of physical fitness must be achieved by candidates wishing to join the Police Service as well as serving officers. This paper examines the perceptions of the Police Recruits on the physical training programmes offered at the Kenya Police Training College, Kiganio. It is intended that by understanding the perceptions of the programmes, suggestions for improvement will be made.
The care and maintainance of sport and recreation equipment and facilities in Kenya
(2001) Kiganjo, George M.
The purpose of this paper is outlining the proper management principles underlying the care and recreation equipment and facilities and the need to ensure continuous well- maintained equipment and facilities in Kenya. The key guiding them is whether Kenyans of African origin have a maintenance culture. The practice of caring, maintaining and repairing for the sport and recreation equipment and facilities is critically examined against the universally recognised management principles. The current state and status of sport and recreation equipment and facilities in public institutions in Kenya is used as an example to emphasize the need to re-engineer and adopt different but relevant approaches to caring and maintaining the available sport and recreation equipment and facilities. The role of sports and recreation equipment and facilities is discussed in the paper. The factors involved in the creation of the current debilitating state of sport and recreation equipment and facilities are also examined and several suggestions have been put forward to remedy this sad state of affairs. These include governance, availability of funds, efficient and effective personnel and adherence to care manuals and schedules, improvisation among many others.
Care and Management of Athletes Medical Issues among East African Universities
(ICSEMIS, 2016) Mwangi, F.M.; Mwihaki, M.G.; Wanjira, J.L.; Thangu, E.K.; Rintaugu, E.G.
Children's involvement in informal play activities in Kenya: a case of Kiambu east and Kiambu west districts
(Kenyatta University, 2010) Waithaka, E.; Kaminyo, D. M.; Wanderi, P. M.; Mweru, M.
This study was prompted by the outcry on decline of children's involvement in informal play, which is crucial for holistic development. In Kenya, studies on play have mainly focused on formal play and the area of informal play has received minimal attention. The purpose forthe study was to establish the status quo of children's involvement in informal play activities to compliment studies on formal games. The main objectives were to identify the existing informal games and to establish the impact of identified factors on frequency of preferred games. The study was based on Conflict-Enculturation Play Hypothesis, and Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory of play, in which informal play environments are viewed as micro-world levels, which are prototypes of the complex macro-world society. The literature reviewed showed that involvement in informal games is crucial for wholesome living. Descriptive study design was employed. The dependent variables were the types of games and the frequencies of children's preferred play activities. The independent variables were the available leisure time, the agents of games' transmission, types of sources of materials, and the type of teachers' participation in children's informal play. Other independent variables were gender differences and the aspects of rural versus semi-urban settings.The population of the study comprised Standard Three children from the public primary schools. Through multistage random sampling, SO%of the educational zones in each division were selected. From each of the selected lone, two primary schools were randomly sampled, making a total oftwenty-twoschools. All children in Class Three were interviewed in groups of between ten and twenty. Five boys and five girls were randomly selected for individual interviews. Observations and Interview schedules were used to collect data. The qualitative data were put into meaningful categories for descriptive interpretation. Quantitative data were statistically analysed by use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Football was the most frequently preferred game and was followed by brikicho. Games that involved physical prowess and strategy emerged as the most preferred play activities. The null hypotheses were tested at p<.OS. Pearson correlation coefficient results on the association between leisure time and frequency of preferred informal games identified a significant relationship. ANOVA tests showed significant differences in frequencies of preferred games in relation to agents of games' transmission, the sources of play materials and type of teachers' participation. Results of t-tests showed significant gender related differences in children's preferred games but there were no significant differences in relation to rural vis-a-vis semi- urban zones. Chi-square results on differences in frequencies of preferred games in relation to presence of a television set showed no significant variation. Chi square results showed that there were Significant differences between boys and girls' frequencies of preferred cooperative and competitive play activities, and there were no differences between cooperative and competitive play activities among the divisions. The study came up with recommendations for teachers, curriculum developers and further research.
Coach Motivation of University Athletes at Kenyatta University
(University of Dar Es-salaam, 2013-11) Muniu, R.; Mwisukha, A.; Gitonga, E.
Motivation is a key component in performance among competitive athletes for it defines the direction and intensity of effort. Research indicates that there is a clear relationship between the coaches' approach in training and motivation. This study is set out to find out the effect of the coaches training methods in motivating the athletes. The research involved players from three major sports at Kenyatta University namely, soccer, basketball and hockey. Among the areas examined were individual attention, use of material incentives, feedback and making the sport more interesting for the players. The study received responses from 84 players in the named sports. Results indicate that methods used by coaches in training have a considerable effect on the motivation of the players.
A comparative analysis of motor fitness and physical activity levels amongst 10 to 13 years old Kenyan and German children
(Kenyatta University, 2009) Porsche, M.; Boes, K.; Steiner, H.; Wanderi, M. P.

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