MST-Department of Fashion, Design & Marketing

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Analysis of infrastructural support and trainer attributes in technical, industrial, vocational and Entrepreneurship Training tivet institutions in Kenya
(2014) Orangi, Ann Kwamboka
The purpose of this study was to analyze infrastructural support and trainer attributes in TIVET institutions in Kenya. Technical, Industrial, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training (TIVET) is acknowledged as a means of transforming and empowering the youth with skills, knowledge and attitudes to enable them become productive members of the society. The objective of the study were: 1) to establish the qualification of staff in selected institutions offering clothing and textile courses, 2) to determine training needs of staff in the selected TIVET institutions offering clothing and textile courses, 3) to establish the status of equipment and physical facilities used for training in clothing and textile courses and 4) to establish methods used in teaching clothing and textile courses in TIVET institutions. Descriptive survey design was used for the study.The samples included 8 technical institutes and 10 institutes of technology in Kenya offering courses in clothing and textile and were examined by Kenya National Examination Council. The respondents were the principals, deputy principals, lecturers, technicians and students in 18 TIVET institutions. A total of 452 respondents participated in the study (consisting of 250 second year students taking a diploma course in clothing and textile, 18 technicians, 148 lecturers and 36 principals and deputy principals). Questionnaireswere 250 for second years, 166 for Lectures and Technicians. Interview scheduleswere 36 for principal and their deputiesand observation check-listswere 250 for students which wereused as instruments for the study. The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) tool to analyse the data. Both the qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques were used. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequencies were used to reportdata. Data were presented in form of frequency tables, bar graphs, and pie charts. The results showed that the academic staff members were academically qualified; however, there was need for them to upgrade their technical skills. The study also found that there was further training need for the academic staff in the institutions studied as indicated by all the staff. The trainings required was in:entrepreneurship, bachelor degree in Clothing and textiles, use of IT in clothing and textile, machine maintenance, Diploma in clothing technology, technical skills upgrading and masters’ degree in fashion design.On the status of equipment and physical facilities, the study found that 172 (86%) of the respondents indicated that the facilities were inadequate. Ontraining methods used, the study established that practical work, lecture and teachers’ notes, demonstration, questions and answers and class discussion were used often. It was recommended that the Government should provide additional learning and training equipment to replace the out-dated ones. Teachers should go for additional training to upgrade their skills. It was suggested that a study needs to be done to establish the relevance of the curriculum used in TIVET institutions.
Assessment of knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards reproductive health education : Acase study of Nairobi
(2012-02-10) Mugambi, Ruth Njoki
Research has shown that by the age of 16 years, many adolescents are sexually active. Consequently many girls drop out of school due to pregnancy. Few of the girls seek medical attention during pregnancy and those who do, would normally do so later in gestation. Yet, pregnant adolescent girls are more likely to face hazards at childbirth than older women. Research has also shown that the girl's partners are mainly their age mates. It is clear that young people can and do make important decisions on matters pertaining to their own lives, and need information that concerns their welfare. This study sought to find out the information available to the adolescents on reproductive health matters prior to entering the teenage cycle. The study further sought to determine where adolescents got their information on reproductive health from and the impact this information had on their attitudes and perceptions on reproductive health issues. This study was carried out in Nairobi. Data were collected through a descriptive survey, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and content analysis. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from six different types of schools in Nairobi. A total of 285 students were randomly selected to fill the questionnaire and six FGDs were organized. The study targeted adolescents, 13-16 years who were in secondary school. The findings from this research show that adolescents are exposed to information on areas of reproductive health both at school and at home. However, this information does not seem adequate for them in understanding their physical and emotional changes. On boy/girl relationships, the respondents saw these relationships as healthy and a phenomenon that comes naturally during adolescence. Clearly, the respondents did not approve of sexual relationships at their age and many feel that sex should only take place in marriage. The respondents viewed becoming pregnant as punitive enough in itself and further punishment like discontinued schooling, social and family ostracism should not be given to those who become pregnant. Mothers and Home Science teachers were the main source of information for the respondents on various aspects of reproductive health. However, the type of information each group offered was quite different. Teachers mentioned mainly by the boys offer information on the physical changes at puberty, the reproductive system and some information on STIs. Mother's discussions with their daughters are mainly on menstruation, what to do during menstruation and the consequences of engaging in pre-marital sex. The mass media, mainly books/magazines and TV also contributed in educating the respondents on almost all aspects of reproductive health.
Assessment of Size and Fit of Ready-made Formal Clothing among Male Consumers: a case of Kenyatta University
(2013-08-14) Cheruiyot, Monica
Fit is an important factor for consumers wearing ready-made clothes. Problems related to apparel fit stem from a variety of factors. This study therefore sought to explore size and fit issues of ready-made formal clothes among men with regards to: Origin of imported clothes, satisfaction based on availability of appropriately fitting clothes, fit problems experienced at critical fit points, fit preferences, knowledge on key body measurements and body shapes and finally, knowledge on the communication of size by size labels. The results of this study will facilitate the development of strategies that would help to solve fit problems and to promote the production of well-fitting formal clothing for Kenyan men. The review of related literature reveals the main factors affecting sizing systems and consequently, the fit of ready-made clothes. The research was designed by a descriptive survey. The study was carried out at Kenyatta University. The target population was men working on permanent and pensionable terms who were between the ages of 25 to 75 years. The sample was stratified as, the teaching staff (192) and non-teaching staff (294).The selection of the sample size was done randomly. Questionnaire and observation checklist were employed to collect data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze obtained data by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency tables, percentages, and bar graphs were used to summarize the results. The findings of the study indicated that men in Kenyatta University buy clothes that are made in China, Kenya, Bitain and America. Clothes sold in chain stores have an excellent fit, while those sold in the supermarkets, boutiques and market stalls have a good fit. The study further indicated that formal ready-made clothes, imported new, custom made and local ready-made clothes have a better fit than second hand clothes for men. The findings concluded that men are satisfied (49.9%) with ready-made clothes though they often alter them. This study found that men experience fit problems with widths of ready-made clothes. Generally they experience more fit problems with the upper torso than the lower torso. Length problems were found to be more at the lower torso and could be concluded that ready-made trousers are longer than required lengths. From this study, it is apparent that numbered coded labels and lettered coded labels effectively guide in selecting formal clothes but illustrated figure, size label and body measurements are extremely effective. The findings indicated also that men prefer to wear fitting and semi-fitting jackets, loosely fitting trousers, semi-fitting shirts and suits to work. It can be concluded that men (28.6%) would want their body measurements to be taken and size labels to be clear and informative. The researcher recommended that apparel manufacturing industries in Kenya and abroad should ensure that their sizing systems are a representative of their target market.
Assessment of the adoption of apparel computer aided design technology training in selected public universities in Kenya
(2013-03-25) Kamau, Veronica Wambui
The study examined the levels of adoption of Computer Aided Design (CAD) technology in training of clothing, apparel design courses. Application of apparel CAD technology in the training of the future labour force is a major step in coping with dynamic changes apparent in the textile and apparel industry. Application of apparel CAD technology in production processes in the textile and apparel firms is crucial if the industry is to remain competitive in the global market. The study aimed to establish whether apparel CAD training in selected public universities adequately addressed the changing labour requirement in the Kenyan apparel market, new demands in global apparel market and Kenya Vision 2030. The study focused on determining the status of apparel CAD technology program by assessing course contents, availability of teaching/learning resources and manpower to handle apparel CAD training. Descriptive survey research design was employed to investigate and describe status of the adoption of apparel CAD training in selected public universities and to determine established collaboration between universities and apparel industries in Kenya. A survey of 113 respondents from public universities and apparel industries was conducted. A total of 62 student respondents who included all third and fourth years as well as school-based and masters students from apparel design departments in the three universities, were purposively selected because they had undertaken a unit in apparel CAD. Twenty one lecturer respondents drawn from the three universities in the apparel design departments were included because they imparted skills to the students. Thirty heads of departments from six apparel industries were selected because the employees and interns worked under them. The universities included in the study were; Kenyatta University located in Nairobi; Moi University in Eldoret, and Egerton University in Nakuru. Apparel Industries included United Aryan (EPZ) Limited and MidCo Textiles (EA) Limited from Nairobi, Global Apparels EPZ Limited., AllTex EPZ Limited and Protex EPZ Limited from Athi River and Ken-Knit (Kenya) Limited from Eldoret. The study employed document analysis, questionnaires, interview schedules and observation checklists to obtain the data. The result showed that the adoption of apparel CAD technology at the public universities was low. The lecturers who had been trained in state of art CAD technology accounted for 28.6%: Appropriate CAD hardware and software teaching/learning resources were limited and accounted for 23.8%. The training students received was inadequate to prepare them to work in apparel industry. Only 23.3% of the students on industrial internship in apparel industries were rated as adequately trained. CAD courses did not adequately address specific areas of apparel design but dealt with basic introductory courses such as Corel Draw, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator. Heads of departments in the apparel industries pointed out that there was shortage of practical skills among the graduates and interns, whereas student respondents indicated provision of CAD hardware and software as the most urgent need. Lecturers in the departments of apparel design indicated that there was need for lectures to be trained in apparel CAD. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that there was no significant difference between computed means of respondents in relation to student knowledge in apparel CAD by the industries, students and lecturers and therefore, they agreed that the training on CAD technology the graduates received did not adequately meet the labour requirement in the apparel industry. It was concluded that collaboration between the universities and apparel industries in the area of curriculum development, CAD training for academic staff and students as well as provision of CAD teaching and learning resources be promoted
Attributes Influencing Consumer Perception of Apparel Quality with Special Focus on Care-labels, a case of Nairobi, Kenya
(2014-03-05) Owino, Michael O.
Apparel consumers use different criteria, including textile attributes and social environment when evaluating apparel quality. The apparel attributes consumers use are grouped into two, namely intrinsic attributes, including, garment style, color, fiber content, etc and extrinsic attributes such as price, country of origin, packaging, among others. Care-labels is also a critical attribute that influence perceptions of apparel quality, since it is associated with different fibres, texture, garment constructions, fabric finishes, among others, as well as time and money required in the care of apparel. The purpose of this study was to assess the attributes influencing perceptions of apparel quality, with special focus on care-labels. The major objectives of this study were to; determine the awareness of care-labels; investigate the existence of care-labels on the locally made and imported apparel products; compare the awareness of care-labels between the academic and non-academic staff and to compare the intrinsic and extrinsic apparel attributes in influencing perceptions of apparel quality. The study adopted a descriptive survey research approach. The target population was 3364, comprising 3000 from Kenyatta University (KU) and 364 from Kenya Utalii College (KUC) staff communities. The sample size was 10% of the target population, i.e. 336, which was worked out to reflect the proportions in KU and KUC, i.e. 300 and 36, respectively. The data were collected using questionnaires which were researcher-administered as well as "drop and pick" self-administered, in cases where the respondents were not available to give the information. The pre-test was used to test the validity of the research instrument and Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument. The raw data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse data. The null hypothesis was tested at p :s 0.05. An ANOVA was conducted to compare the consumer's education level in relation to the awareness of the individual care-label symbols. In addition, a post hoc test was also used to find out the effect of consumers' education level on the awareness of individual care-label symbols. Descriptive statistics revealed that the awareness of care-label symbols was low among consumers. The results also revealed that majority of consumers never find care-labels on the locally produced apparel compared to the imported ones. The t-test yielded a p-value of 0.000, implying that there was a relatively more awareness of care-labels among academic staff. The ANOVA results. revealed that education level determines the awareness of the symbols lto'Z, The findings from the post hoc test further confirmed that respondents with higher education had more awareness of care-label symbols and vice- a- versa. Descriptive statistics analysis indicated that intrinsic and extrinsic apparel attributes had mean scores of 4 and above, i.e. 4.034 and 4.5562, respectively, implying that both of them influenced consumer perceptions of product quality. However, extrinsic attributes had more influence on the apparel quality, since it had a higher mean score of 4.5562. The study recommends, among others, that apparel producers and retailers should promote the awareness of care-labels symbols and their interpretations. The teaching of Home Science in schools should be emphasized to enhance textile properties' knowledge at the basic level. It is also recommended that the textile and apparel producers be compelled using the relevant government legislation to put genuine and comprehensive care-labels instructions on their textile goods before . dispatching them to the market. The legislation should include care-labels instructions as a mandatory feature and one of the quality indicators of apparel to be used to assess the quality of apparel. The study further recommends that KEBS increase its efforts at ensuring that all apparel and other textile products bear care-label instructions.
Attributes Influencing Purchase Behavior of Household Bedding by Public Primary School Female Teachers in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021-06) Karoro Warau, Angela; Gladwell Mbugua; Juliet Isika
There has been growing concern about purchase behaviour of household bedding in developed countries such as USA, Canada and Europe as a third of the average human beings lifetime is spent in bed. People use household bedding to provide warmth and comfort during sleep and to accessorise the bedroom. Although there is an assortment of goods available in the market for people to purchase many people are challenged with finding durable, good quality, aesthetically appealing products that they can afford. In Kenya, there is limited research in bedding thus creating the need for this study. The purpose of the study was to evaluate attributes influencing purchase behaviour of household bedding by Public Primary School Female Teachers (PPSFT) in Nairobi City County (NCC). The major objectives of the study were to: identify the demographic characteristics of PPSFT in NCC, investigate product characteristics of household bedding purchased by PPSFT in NCC, assess the psychological characteristics that influence purchase behaviour of household bedding by PPSFT in NCC, determine the purchase behaviour of household bedding by PPSFT in NCC and establish the relationship between age, income and job position on the purchase behaviour of household bedding by PPSFT in NCC. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional survey mixed methods research design to achieve its objectives. Data was collected using a questionnaire administered by the researcher to a total of 324 respondents out of which 276 were returned appropriately filled and therefore used in data analysis. The data collected was coded, entered and analysed using SPSS version 22. Means, percentages and frequencies were used for descriptive statistics and the data presented in frequency distribution tables. The study found that most PPSFT in NCC were between the ages 40-49 years, they were married and had 1-3 dependants. PPSFT in NCC had varying education levels and served as lower primary, upper primary, senior, and deputy or head teacher. PPSFT attributed their purchase behaviours to the price, raw materials, durability, size, care requirements and special finishes of household bedding, handling and examining the product and information from sales people. The study found that age and income were significant factors that influenced purchase of household bedding. The study concluded that PPSFT were cautious buyers as they only purchased products that were durable, practical and useful due to their low income levels. The study recommended that manufacturers, retailers, and designers of household bedding should avail affordable products that are suitable in functionality, raw materials, durability, size, care requirements, special finishes and aesthetic value. It also recommended that they should be aware of demographic characteristics of their customers and product knowledge and experience channels that PPSFT prefer so as to maximize the number of people likely to purchase them. Further research should be conducted to determine the purchase behaviour of household bedding among female teachers in private primary schools, as the study was limited to Public Primary School Female Teachers. It also recommended further research of the topic among different groups of women and within rural regions in Kenya.
Consumer perception, attitude and patronage towards purchase of imported versus locally-produced apparel in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-03) Nyarunda, Aytso Caroline
The purpose of this study was to analyze consumer perceptions, attitude and patronage towards purchasing locally-produced versus imported apparel among public servants in Kenya. The objectives of the Study were: to establish the attributes that professionals consider in selecting apparel; to determine the perception of public servants towards locally-produced and imported apparel; to establish the factors that influence the perception, preference and attitude of public servants towards locally-produced and imported apparel; and to establish the level of patronage of public servants in Nairobi on purchase of apparel products. The study adopted a survey design which was conducted within Nairobi County. A questionnaire was used to collect the primary data. The study targeted employees of the Central Government aged 25 years and above. The sampling procedure that was utilized was proportionate stratified multi-stage random sampling. From a population of 2000 employees, a sample size of 322 respondents was selected. The collected data was analyzed using statistical package for social science 17.0. Based on the findings of the study, it is clear that there is no variation in the attributes that consumers in Kenya consider when selecting apparel. The study findings also concluded that there is no significant difference in the perception of consumers in Kenya towards locally-produced and imported apparel. According to the findings both locally produced apparel and imported clothing are perceived in more or less the same standards. The findings showed that consumer attitudes toward locally-produced versus foreign apparel differed significantly. Consumers had an overall more positive attitude towards foreign apparel over Kenyan made apparel with regard to durability, quality, attractiveness, fashionableness, brand name, and choice of styles. However, no significant difference was found in consumer attitudes among various demographics, namely gender, age, income level and purchase frequency. Kenyan consumers preferred apparel originating in Eastern countries more than Western countries. Their three most preferred country of origin of apparel were Japan, America and China/Kenya, respectively. Interestingly, relative to other apparel attributes, a product’s country of origin was generally of low importance in consumer decision-making. For consumer ethnocentrism, the results indicated that there was a positive correlation between consumer ethnocentrism and attitude towards locally-produced apparel, but there was no negative correlation between consumer ethnocentrism and attitude towards foreign apparel. Furthermore, demographic variables did not show effects on consumer ethnocentrism. From the study, the following recommendations were made: quality and durability of apparel should be improved to satisfy local demand and preferences, there is need for product differentiation, promotion of the native image and manufacturers should embark on an elaborate strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis programme to enable them to deal with competition from imports.
Determination of fibre properties of Agave Americana leaves as a textile fibre from Mbaruk, Nakuru District
(2011-05-09) Mbugua, Gladwell W.
Agave americana is an exotic plant, which is widely cultk,ated in the world for aesthetic purposes. It belongs to the family Agavaceae and in most varieties the leaf has a white or yellow marginal or central stripe from the base to apex. The Kenyan A. americana fibre has not yet been investigated as a textile fibre. The study aimed to investigate the potential of the fibre extracted from the Agave americana plant, and its quality for use as a textile fibre. This is essential since the United State (US) government has opened its market to Kenyan textiles products and other goods through the African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA). The Agoa Act requires that the beneficiary countries start growing other varieties of vegetable fibres to make fabrics instead of relying only on imported yarns and fabric and locally grown cotton. The soil conditions where the leaves were harvested was analysed and determined. The Agave americana fibres were extracted from the plant leaves and the physical and chemical properties determined. For the purposes of this study plant samples were purposively collected and subjected to retting process to obtain the fibres. The fibres were then randomly assigned for the experimental tests. The data analysis was both qualitative and quantitative. From the analysis the prevailing soil type is sandy clay loam and was also acidic. The fibres obtained were flexible, smooth and lustrous and had similar burning characteristics like other known cellulosiC fibres. The fibres are significantly long with a mean length of 65.2cm and a mead diameter of 0.15mm. This implies that the fibre has good spinning quality. The fbre has a tenacity of 2.94g/d (35.96cN/tex) when dry and 2.3g/d (20.60 cN/Tex) when wet. Generally natural fibres are hydrophilic in nature and this was evident with tile A. americana fibre with a moisture regain of 9.98% and moisture content of 9.19%. Yarns were spun from the fibres, dyed and samples of textile articles were made. The fibre disintegrated when exposed to strong acid and alkalis, but was resistant to weak acids and alkalis. From the findings of this research the fibre was bound to qualify as a potential source of textile fibres and this could provide a secondary source of raw materials for textile products. Similarly the allied activities of cultivating and processing the plant could be a potential source of employment opportunities and income generation for many Kenyans. In Kenya the plant is Frown as an ornamental outdoor and indoor plant and as a fence.
Determination of quality and utilization of Aramine fibres from the plant urena lobata as a textile fibre in Kenya
(2012-04-11) Nkatha, Lydia; Tumuti, D.W.
Since Kenya imports most of the vegetable fibres apart from cotton and sisal, there is need for research in the development and utilisation of other vegetable fibres sources. This study however, was aimed at analysis the quality of aramina fibres from the plant Urena Lobata that grows widely and as a weed in Kenya. Specifically the study was to determine the chemical and physical properties of aramina fibres, make sample yarns from fibres using hand-spinning methods, construct sample articles using simple hand techniques and compare the aramina fibre qualities with the established properties of a textile fibre. The methodology used was experimental and involved extraction of the fibre by retting process, situational observation of the experiments and note taking as well as making of sample articles. The analysis was done both qualitatively and quantitatively, and the results presented in terms of reports, tables and figures. The experiments were carried out at Kenya Bureau of Standards (Textile Quality Control Laboratory) where the necessary conditions for textile testing were maintained at temperature 20°C + 2°C and Relative Humidity 65 + 2%. The carding, spinning and dyeing process were carried out at the Fine Art department (Kenyatta University) The process of extraction of aramina fibres has not been documented. However, Joseph (1986), and Ghosh (1993) argue that the fibre can be extracted in a similar manner as jute. Therefore, the process of jute fibre extraction was adapted whereby the barks were stripped off from the wooden portion and subjected to partial rotting by immersion in water. The process took two (2) weeks and about 2.6 kg of fibres were obtained from 22 kg of unretted green bark. The unretted bark contained impurities and moisture hence were much heavier than the dry fibres. The fibres were then subjected to various fibre tests. The fibre was found to have a staple length of 13.5 cm and burning characteristics like those of other natural cellulose fibres such as cotton and linen. The fibre has a moisture regain value of 9.7%, 42.9% stronger when wet than dry and percentage elongation was recorded to be 1.035 when dry and 1.3% when wet. The wetness of the fibre has significant effect on the elongation as well as on fibre strength (tenacity) which was found to be 2.0 g/d for the wet fibres while that of the dry fibres was found to be 1.4%%g/d. Chemically the fibre is affected by acids and this implies that the fibre cannot be dyed using dyestuffs that are acidic or stored in acidic solvents and this property is important in the formation of oxycellulose used in the manufacture of regenerated fibres. The fibre was found to be resilient and pliable. This quality made it possible to be spun into yarn, which was later, dyed and made into articles. Various methods used to make the articles include crocheting, plaiting, hand weaving, card weaving and macramé knots. The articles made include a shoulder bag, a tablemat, a floor mat, a belt, a plant hanger and a toothpick holder cover. In short, the fibre was found to qualify as a textile fibre and can be recommended for usage in the textile industry both at large and small scale. Since it's locally available, cheap to obtain and of good spinning and dyeing quality it can be of a great use in the "Jua Kali" sector.
Development of Hotel Staff Uniform Designs Inspired by the Turkana Material Culture: A Case Study of Nasega Village in Lodwar Turkana County Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-05) Mugo Winnifred Wangui
This study explored the material culture of the Turkana community with a view to using it as a potential source of inspiration to develop a hotel staff uniform designs as a way of preserving the Turkana cultural aesthetics. The Turkana is a community that resides in North Western Kenya. The recent discovery of oil in this region will open it up to urbanization and modernization which will erode the Turkana cultural aesthetics. The Kenya Association of Hotel and Caterers requires its members to preserve the cultural heritage of the local people and this study will help hotels setting up in Kenya to meet this requirement. The location of the study was the Nasega village in Lodwar, Turkana County. The research was a qualitative case study type of research design through interviews, direct observation and photography. The target population for this study was the Turkana people in Turkana County while the accessible population was the Nasega village of the Turkana community in Turkana County. Homesteads to be visited were selected by simple random sampling. Purposive sampling was then used in selecting respondents with material culture to be studied. Purposive sampling helped the researcher to study material culture with desirable characteristics such as shape, motifs and size that were suitable for product design inspiration. Observation and interview schedules were used to collect data. Photography was also be used to record the visual aspects of material culture. The data obtained was analyzed using cultural content analysis and descriptive narratives. Design development involved studio work in two phases which were preparation and production phases. Preparation involved sketching of designs based on cultural features of data collected. Two designs were selected for production. The selected designs were then developed into prototypes of hotel staff uniforms and presented to the department of Fashion Design and Marketing for Marking. The findings of the study will be a reference for designers on how to use their design knowledge in solving social problems. The study may also benefit to the Turkana community as more people will be interested in their material culture hence visit the region and this will open up Turkana County to Economic development.
Extraction and Utilization of Texture Fibres from the Leaves of the Pineapple Plants
(2014-03-18) Kariuki, Mary Mumbi; Mokabi, N.; Tumuti, D.W.
Given that vast quantities of pineapple leaves go into waste each year in Kenya, this study was carried out to investigate the possibility of extracting the fibre and to further analyze the quality of the fibre in comparison to other cellulosic fibres that are already in use in the Kenyan textile industry. About 1.lkg of fibre was extracted using hand decorticating methods. The fibre tests that were carried out showed the fibre to be similar to flax in visual and Longitudinal microscopic appearance, while the cross-sectional appearance is like that of sisal. The burning characteristics are similar to those of other cellulosic fibres in general. The moisture regain value of 10..39 is close to that of cotton which ranges from 7-12. However the tenacity of the fibre is lower than that of other cellulosic fibres, though slightly higher than that of regular rayon which is a regenerated cellulose fibre. The fibres were also spun using hand techniques, and a variety of textile articles made using various hand weaving techniques.
Factors influencing consumer's selection of imported over local clothing among working women in Nairobi, Kenya
(2012-06-11) Nyang'or, Eunice Akoth
This was a survey research into the factors influencing consumers' selection of imported over local clothing. The major objectives of this study were to: (1) identify the socio-economic profile of working women, (2) identify imported clothing categories purchased by working women, (3) identify the socio-demographic, economic and clothing characteristics influencing selection of imported over local clothing by working women, (4) determine factors influencing selection of specific imported clothing items e.g. dresses, shoes and brassieres (5) assess the attitude of working women towards the use of imported versus local clothing. (6) Determine the relationship between selection of imported over local clothing and socio demographic, economic and clothing characteristics. The data for this study were collected using an interview schedule, which was administered by the research to a sample of 90 working women in Nairobi from July, 1992 to December 1992. The analyzed data are presented in frequency distribution, percentages, mean scores and the Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient. Results on socio-economic profile of the working women showed that the most represented age bracket was (21-30) years. Most of the women were also married. The most represented income group was between Kshs. 2,001-3,000/=, while 'O' level plus some college training was the educational level most represented. A majority of the working women were subordinate workers. It was also found that most of the working women prefer imported to local clothing and that outer garments were most popular followed by accessories and lastly inner garments. On socio-demographic and economic factors influencing selection of imported over local clothing, factors that most influenced the working women were price, beliefs and/or values, attitude, fashion or latest style, uniqueness of items, appearance in an item, social activities one is engaged in, income per month purpose of buying an item, and occupation. The clothing characteristics that mostly influenced working women's selection of imported over clothing included good construction, fitting qualities, design, fabric finished and fabric construction/texture. On dresses, factors that mostly influenced working women were size, performance, cost, fitting qualities, construction, design and figure type, while for shoes the factors included size, style, color, workmanship, fitting qualities and care instructions and for brassiers, only size had most influence on their selection. The study showed that consumers (working women) had a positive attitude towards imported clothing and a negative one towards local ones. Selection of imported over local clothing showed significant positive relationship with care instructions, meaning that the respondents preferred selecting imported to local clothing because they had care instructing written on their labels. It also correlated positively with our beliefs and or values. The study generated a number of recommendations: (1) clothing producers and other related bodies need to address themselves to the socio-Demographic, Economic and Clothing characteristics selection of Imported Clothing over Local by consumers (working women), the implications of these factors to local clothing production and marketing, (2) factors that influence choice of imported dresses, shoes and brassieres need to be addressed and adopted by local producers and manufactures to improve on similar local items, (3) adoption of working women's suggestions on ways of improving local clothing items for example improving on the quality standards, training sales personnel and launching a vigilant consumer protection service, (4) The Ministry of Culture and Social Services, and Ministry of Industry and school authorities need to launch a vigilant campaign on the need for Kenyan consumers to appreciate and protect their culture by purchasing local clothing more than imported items.
Factors influencing professional women's likelihood to adopt clothing fashion: a case of Nairobi city
(2011-12-07) Isika, Juliet Kaindi; Mburugu, K. G.; Mugenda, Olive M.
The influence of fashion on clothing is as old as the custom of wearing clothing. The changing social attitude of many women has changed their attitude towards fashion as they buy clothes to satisfy themselves. This has resulted to a dilemma of sorts due to factors influencing them to adopt clothing fashion that `connect or click', due to pressure to augment their occupational status. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing the professional women's likelihood to adopt clothing fashion in Nairobi City. The objectives of the study were to; establish the sociodemographic characteristics of the professional women, determine information sources influencing clothing fashion adoption; identify the socio-cultural and psychological factors influencing clothing fashion adoption, establish the professional women's likelihood to adopt clothing fashion, establish factors that influence satisfaction with clothing fashion adoption and determine the relationship between satisfaction with clothing fashion adoption and selected independent variables. A descriptive survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire in four service institutions in Nairobi's central administrative division. A sample of 117 professional women was randomly selected to participate in the study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. The findings show a majority of professional women in Nairobi city are unmarried and well educated that is holding bachelor degrees. Most of them held middle level job positions and earned between Kshs. 20,000 - 30,000. However, most of them have three to five dependants. These factors may influence their clothing selection and buying practices, a factor considered in clothing adoption. Most of the professional women frequently adopt a range of clothing styles and pay in cash. They use clothing displays and fashion magazines as their main source of information. They are highly influenced by clothing styles that look beautiful and suit their figure types; this highly depends on their social activities and clothing that is accepted at work. The study concluded that the professional women's satisfaction with clothing fashion adoption practices results in having the likelihood to adopt clothing fashion and is the interplay of various factors. Some of the factors found to be associated with satisfaction in clothing fashion adoption are occupation level and socio-cultural factors. These issues should be addressed by those who manufacture and sell clothing fashion for professional women. The study recommended that a similar study be done among different age groups, such as pre-school, adolescents, and the elderly
Factors influencing selection and buying practices among primary school teachers: a case of Mwimbi Division, Meru South District
(2011-07-27) Riungu, Dorothy M.
Clothing is a factor in every day human life and interactions with others. Clothing is a systematic means of transmitting information about the wearer. Teachers should dress in order to succeed as role models to their pupils. When teachers dress professionally they obtain the respect and credibility necessary from pupils, parents and the community in general. However teachers are not easily recognized in the rural areas by the way they dress. They have lost identity and respect they used to command in society. This study was designed to find out factors influencing the way they dress. The purpose of this study was to determine factors influencing clothing selection among primary school teachers in rural areas with reference to Mwimbi division in Meru district. The main objective in this study was to identify the physical, psychological and socio-economic factors influencing teachers' clothing selection. The study was confined within 22 random sampled schools in Mwimbi division, Meru south, Eastern province, in which a total of 327 teachers were selected at random. The study adopted a descriptive design, since it is concerned with gathering of facts. The data for this study was collected using questionnaire, which was administered by the researcher to a sample of primary schools teachers in Mwimbi division. A pre-testing of the research tool was carried out in 4 schools in order to ascertain its validity and reliability. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as use of frequencies and percentages. The study established that sources of information on clothing that teachers use includes family members, friends, tailors, window shopping and fashion magazines. The various shopping outlets used by teachers include boutiques, tailoring stores, retail stores, open air markets, Mitumba markets (second hand clothes) and exhibitions. The physical characteristics of the clothes influencing clothing selection includes item construction and finishing, fabric quality, work suitability and cleaning and care. Psychological factors such as smart looking, acceptable style personal beliefs and values, latest style and unique outfit influenced clothing selection. Teachers' remuneration influenced clothing section and buying practices. The researcher recommends the government to improve teachers' remunerations so as to enable them to afford the ever competitive clothing fashion world. Further research is recommended with regard to teachers' attitudes towards exotic styles of dressing. Further research should also be done on this topic in urban areas
Factors influencing selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing by students in technical institutions in Central Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2012-11) Kimemia, Millicent Wamuyu
This research sought to investigate selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing; in Technical Institutions in Central Kenya. The objectives of this study were to investigate factors influencing selection of protective clothing, appropriateness of protective clothing used, to establish the factors influencing cleaning and storage of nondisposable and to investigate the general safety practices at workplace. A conceptual framework was used to show the process of selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing. The study area was purposively selected as it has majority of the Technical Institutions. Stratified sampling was used to select three Technical Institutions which participated in the study. Qualitative data was collected using a questionnaire which was administered by the researcher to a sample of 119 respondents in the participating departments. Majority of the respondents (88.2%) identified that colour was important when selecting protective clothing. Harmful materials handled by respondents and price were also important when selecting protective clothing. Most respondents indicated that lack of protective clothing made performance of certain tasks difficult. On investigating the factors influencing use of protective clothing, 79% of the respondents strongly agreed that use of protective clothing was very important, over 50% disagreed that there was adequate protective clothing in their institutions. It was established that injuries were common during practical lessons since 39.5% of the respondents indicated that they had been injured during practical lessons. In the study, 97.5% of the respondents felt that there is need for training on protective clothing but only 48.7% had participated in such training. The respondents had a positive attitude towards the use of protective clothing with 82.4% indicating that they were comfortable with the use of protective clothing. From the study, it emerged that there were inadequate cleaning and storage facilities in Technical Institutions with 70.6 % of respondents indicating that there were no cleaning facilities while 84% of the respondents felt that storage facilities were not available. Availability of signage indicating need for use of protective clothing was also identified as an important safety measure. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships between selected key variables. The study concluded that protective clothing is not fully used by students in Technical Institutions in Central Kenya. Technical Institutions in Central Kenya need to enlighten their students on care of textile articles and use in terms of selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing. The study indicated that, the training students had received on protective clothing did not playa significant role towards selection, use and maintenance. The study recommended that, the students in Technical Institutions in Central Kenya be trained on the use of protective clothing by their course instructors on reporting to the institutions. It also recommended that, the individual institutions should ensure that safety measures are adhered to in workshops and laboratories to promote the culture of using protective clothing.
Factors influencing the business viability of local apparel trade within a liberalised market: a case of Nairobi, Kenya
(2012-04-23) Elung'ata, Beatrice; Mburugu, K. G.; Mugenda, Olive M.
The purpose of this study was to find out the factors influencing the business viability of local apparel trade within a liberalized market in Nairobi, and to investigate how consumer preferences and buying practices have affected apparel trade. Data were collected using interview schedules and observation checklist. A random sample of 90 apparel traders was drawn from three market centres in Nairobi (Kenyatta market, Jericho market and the Central business district) for interview according to the types of apparel they sold. These types were new imported; second-hand; locally manufactured and custom-tailored apparel. Data were analyzed by use of frequencies, percentages and Chi-square tests using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS®). Results from the study showed that 57% of the apparel traders were female. Majority, (80%) were under the age of 40 years. All traders had received some level of formal education. Most (71%) apparel traders had 1-5 employees, an indication, an indication of small-sized businesses. More than half (64%) of the respondents owned their businesses. Notably, 57% had up to 5 years experience in selling apparel. The main types of apparel sold were New Imported (37%) and Custom-tailored (32%). Majority (89%) of the traders targeted women as their main clientele because they were considered the most willing buyers. In addition, they also stocked apparel for men and/or children in order to make more profit for their businesses. Lack of customers, stiff competition and lack of government support were reported as major problems facing over 50% of the traders. For most traders, providing high quality merchandise was the main strategy used to solve their problems. Government support by way of providing loans and making prices (license fees, taxes, custom charges) affordable were suggested as ways of creating a level trading ground for all traders. This would also increase the traders' business performance and viability. From the study, 40% of the respondents made up to Ksh.40, 000 per month during times of high sales. Chi-square analysis showed that the traders' age, position held in business and source of fabric/clothing significantly influenced the types of apparel sold by traders. Therefore, apparel traders could enhance these key factors to increase competitive edge in the market. From the analysis, it was evident that the type of apparel sold by traders was affected by consumer preferences for imported apparel because locally produced apparel did not meet consumers' needs in terms of quality and variety. The Ministry of Trade and Industry should formulate mechanisms that will enable apparel traders access information easily on existing trends and policies as they affect their businesses. Apparel producers and traders could use this information to improve the quality of local items. Lack of a level trading ground for all traders remained as the main deterrent to their success.
Factors that contribute to the prevalence and practice of cohabitation among Kenyatta University students, Nairobi, Kenya
(2011-12-13) Muriithi-Kabaria, J.N.; Mugenda, Olive M.; Kithinji, C. T.
Cohabitation is emerging as an important factor in mate-selection in many societies. It has however been associated with a number of problems including unwanted pregnancies, abortions, marriage failures, sexual abuse, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS. In Kenya, cohabitation has widely been a matter of public debate with limited systematic studies to map out the trend, nature and correlates amongst various groups of the population. In an effort to fill this gap the current study focused on cohabitation among university students. The objectives of this study were aimed at: Identifying factors that contribute to cohabitation by university students and establishing the prevalence of cohabitation among university students. The study also sought to establish the relationship between parents' socio-economic and demographic status on the prevalence and practice of cohabitation. The study also aimed at establishing the influence of peers on the prevalence and practice of cohabitation among university students. The conceptual framework for this study was derived from Erick Erickson's theory of personality development and Brofenbrenner's Ecological Model of Human Development. One hundred and seventy six respondents in their second and fourth years of study were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The survey design with the use of questionnaires was employed to gather information from the respondents. In addition, Key Informants interviews were carried out with persons involved in students' affairs to provide more in depth understanding of the issues under study. The quantitative data collected from fieldwork were entered into a computer spreadsheet and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The tools used in the analysis included frequencies, percentages, means and Chi-Square test of significance. The results showed that there is a prevalence rate of cohabitation o f 2 7.4 percent. The significant factors that influenced the students cohabitation behavior included fathers' occupation (p=0.016), mothers' occupation (p=0.029), parents' residence (p=0.000), parents'/guardians' income (p=0.000), peer pressure (p=0.000), year of study (0.064) and fathers' level of education (0.074). The other factors, which included sex, age, and mothers' level of education, were not significantly related to cohabitation. The results of the study also revealed that majority of the respondents (63%) indicated that they are aware of students' cohabiting in campus. Most of the students had a negative attitude toward cohabitation before marriage (59%). Majority of the students in the study (77%) had a positive attitude towards peer counseling and religious teaching as deterrent measures of cohabitation. The researcher recommended that counseling services to the students need to be strengthened in the universities. It would also be important to review from time to time the financial assistance accorded to students from low-income households to ensure that adequate funds are awarded in line with the prevailing living standards and inflation. It is also recommended that the university authority should consider establishing special hostels for ladies who are expectant or who have children as a result of cohabitation.
The impact of maternal nutrition education of nutritional status of children under five years old in Butere Division, Kenya.
(2012-01-12) Shihundu, Damaris Ashioya
According to (Hadaad, 2002), maternal nutrition education has been observed as an important factor related to the nutritional status of children five years old. The purpose of this study was to find out whether maternal nutrition education had an impact on the nutritional status of children under five years in Butere Division, Kenya. Data were collected through oral interviews on one hundred mothers (N=100). This included 24-hour dietary recall. Qualitative assessment of nutritional status was done through clinical assessment of the child's physical features like hair, skin and eyes. Anthropometric measurements (height/length, weight and age) indicated the presence or absence of wasting and stunting among the children. Two groups of mother and child pairs (N=100) were selected for the study. Group 1 mothers (N1=50) were selected as they brought their children to the Maternal and Child Health clinic at Butere Health Centre for routine visits. Group II mothers (N2=50) were selected through two stage cluster sampling and they did not attend any Maternal and Child Health clinic. Data were analysed using frequencies and percentages. Spearman rho statistics was also used. The results were presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the study objectives showed that, all mothers (N=100) had some form of nutrition education, low nutrition education was observed among 46% of the mothers. Basic concepts of nutrition education (food groups, balanced diets and methods of cooking) lacked among mothers, (Group 1, 48% and Group II, 42%). The level of education among mothers influenced the feeding practices used. The higher the education level attained by the mothers the better their acquisition and use of nutrition education (Group I, 46% and group II, 52%). Low income, preference to certain foods, food availability from the farm or market at the time was noted as major external set-backs to selecting and preparing food for the children. Formal school (90%), relatives and friends of the mother (Group I, 46% and Group II, 64%) were a good source of nutrition education. Spearman rho indicated that there was a relationship between formal school, maternal nutrition education, income and nutritional status of the children. The following recommendations were made: Mothers be directly involved in projects and policies related to the nutrition of the children <5 years old, a practical approach be adopted in teaching nutrition education and more studies be carried out with the view of increasing awareness and empowering women in nutrition education and better feeding practices of young children.
Interior decoration practices among high, middle and low socio-economic households of Kisumu town, Kenya
(2012-01-31) Otieno, Gladys Akinyi; Mburungu, K.
This was a descriptive survey research whose purpose was to generate and document information on interior decoration practices among high, middle and low socio-economic status, interior decoration practices, interior decoration knowledge and income. The objectives of the study were to: (a) determine the factors that influence the choice and arrangement of furnishings among the households of Kisumu town, (b) identify the sources of information and materials used in interior decoration by the households of Kisumu town, (c) identify problems that hinder effective home decoration among the respondents, and (d) establish the respondents' satisfaction with the existing furnishings in their homes. The data were collected using an interview schedule and observation checklist. A total of 120 respondents were interviewed from Milimani, Migosi and Ondiek estates. The respondent was the person in the household who makes major decisions on house furnishing. The data were analysed by the use of descriptive statistics and measures. Results showed that age, occupation, and education determined the estate one lived in, hence the choice of furnishings. The households in high socio-economic status income could afford bigger houses and expensive furnishings. However, these households were few and mostly from Milimani estate. Majority of the respondents faced financial constraints and this was a major setback in house furnishing public exhibitions, agricultural shows, association with friends, newspaper advertisements, electronic media, home magazines and displays were common sources of information on house furnishing while seminars while seminars and workshops were least common. It was observed that most households had sofa sets, coffee tables, sideboards and carpets owing to their functional nature. Some of the least common items included easy chairs, cushions, chair-covers, teddy bears, divans, live and artificial plants. Woodcarvings, aquariums, coral reefs and batik were scarce too. This was attributed to the fact that they were so expensive that they could only be found in a few households of Milimani and Migosi estates. From the study's findings it has been recommended that awareness be created on locally available materials. This can be done by paying visits and holding demonstrations on their use in house furnishing by the Home Economics extension workers.
Patternmakers’ professional qualification and pattern making practices in nairobi fashion houses, Kenya
(2017-11) Otieno, Verah Achieng’
Patternmakers are the technical backbone to the clothing manufacturing process and as such require a solid mastery of the technique. This can be ensured with proper training and experience, yet in Kenya little has been done to ascertain the levels of qualification of patternmakers in the fashion industry and whether these have any relationship with actual practices. This study adopted a descriptive research design to assess the relationship between the patternmakers‟ professional qualifications and pattern making practices within fashion houses in Nairobi. Specific objectives of the study were to: describe the patternmakers‟ demographic profile, describe the categories of clothes produced in the fashion houses, determine types of pattern making practices, assess patternmakers‟ professional qualification, and to establish the relationship between patternmakers‟ professional qualification and patternmaking practices. The study was based on a conceptual framework of education and training with labour market outcomes contextualized within fashion design. The target population was all patternmakers in the fashion houses within Nairobi. Sampling unit was one patternmaker per fashion house using criterion based sampling to reach a total of 44 patternmakers. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data from each patternmaker. Statistical Package for Social Sciences aided in data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables related to demographic characteristics, categories of clothes, patternmaking practices and levels of professional qualification. Chi-square (χ²) with an alpha level set at 0.05 was used to establish the relationship between professional qualification and the patternmaking practices. The results revealed that the majority of the patternmakers (90.9%) were below 45 years, and had tertiary education and above. Most were female (76%) and more than half of them (69.7%) were earning below 40,000 Kenya shillings per month. All of the fashion houses made dresses; pattern drafting was the most frequently used method of patternmaking, followed by freehand cutting while CADD was the least used. Majority of these patternmakers had at least a diploma or a degree. More than half of the respondents had less than 10 years of experience in patternmaking. There appeared to be a significant relationship between patternmakers‟ training background and use of pattern drafting method (χ² (8, n = 33) = 20.573, p < 0.008). Patternmakers with higher levels of training tended to frequently use pattern drafting. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between patternmakers‟ years of experience and use of pattern drafting as a method (χ² (6, n = 33) = 13.265, p = 0.039). Majority of the patternmakers (90.9%) with less than 5 years experience frequently used pattern drafting. It was however clear that besides the training undertaken, experience had contributed more to the improvement of skills. This study therefore recommends that, men should be sensitized to take up pattern making jobs, patternmakers should be versatile enough to make a wide range of clothing, patternmakers should upgrade their knowledge in patternmaking so as to be at par with technological development, curricula developed for fashion design courses should include all pattern making methods and training opportunities should be availed to those already in the job market. For further research, it was recommended that a research should be conducted on those with several years of working experience in order to gain deeper insight into the profession, research should be conducted on patternmakers in the garment industry, the Micro and Small enterprises sector to establish their qualification and methods of patternmaking used and a similar study should be conducted in other towns outside Nairobi to provide better picture of the fashion industry in terms of patternmaking across Kenya

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