MST-Department of Fashion, Design & Marketing

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The role of clothing in developing self-worth• among pre-adolescents: a case of primary schools in Kasarani Division, Nairobi Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2004) Maiyo, Chepchumba Rael; Mburugu, K. G.; Mugenda, Olive M.
Throughout history, clothing has always been regarded as one of the primary needs of a human being and primary needs must be fulfilled before secondary needs are fulfilled. Self-worth, one of the secondary needs consists of self-concept and selfesteem. It is during the pre-adolescent period that a child starts defining self and this determines perception of self-worth. The purpose of this study therefore, was to investigate on issues related to clothing satisfaction of the pre-adolescents and how it influences their perception of self-worth. The objectives of the study were to: determine the pre-adolescent's socio-economic background and demographic characteristics, establish how the pre-adolescents acquired their clothing and factors considered in the selection, establish the extent to which the pre-adolescents were satisfied with their clothing and assess their perception of self-worth, establish the relationship between the pre-adolescent's satisfaction with clothing and their perception of self-worth, and also relationship between clothing satisfaction with variables such as their involvement in clothing selection and their socio-economic background and demographic characteristics. This study was a survey research conducted in six primary schools in Kasarani Division of Nairobi Province, using an interview schedule and an essay. A sample of 144 pre-adolescents was selected by stratified and simple random sampling methods. <; Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed. The findings showed that most of the pre-adolescent's parents/guardians were educated, employed and resided in the urban area. The majority of the respondents had their clothing mainly bought for by their parents; open-air markets selling second-hand clothes being where most clothes were mainly bought. Most pre-adolescents were mainly involved in their clothing selection. What is accepted by parents and peers were the socio-cultural factors that always influenced pre-adolescent's clothing selection while size and colour were the most influential among the factors related to clothing characteristics. The majority of them were satisfied with their clothing and attributed size and colour to clothing satisfaction. Most of them had a high perception of self-worth in relation to their clothing. There was significant relationship between clothing satisfaction and self-worth, clothing satisfaction and involvement in clothing selection. No significant relationships were found between clothing satisfaction and variables such school type, gender, age and highest education attained by respondent's mothers. It was concluded that through symbolic interaction with significant others and peer group members, clothing satisfaction plays a significant role in increasing the preadolescent's self-worth and therefore issue such like involvement in clothing selection which affects pre-adolescent's clothing satisfaction should be considered by those involved with pre-adolescents' clothing. For instance parents should involve their children in their clothing selection, school policy makers who deal with school uniforms and designers of children's clothing should always seek the children's opinion when dealing with their designs. Clothing scholars should also emphasize on the symbolic implication of clothing satisfaction to social interaction and its significant role in increasing self-worth, local designers should improve their designs and further research should be done on clothing in relation to other psychological Issues.
Determination of fibre properties of Agave Americana leaves as a textile fibre from Mbaruk, Nakuru District
(2011-05-09) Mbugua, Gladwell W.
Agave americana is an exotic plant, which is widely cultk,ated in the world for aesthetic purposes. It belongs to the family Agavaceae and in most varieties the leaf has a white or yellow marginal or central stripe from the base to apex. The Kenyan A. americana fibre has not yet been investigated as a textile fibre. The study aimed to investigate the potential of the fibre extracted from the Agave americana plant, and its quality for use as a textile fibre. This is essential since the United State (US) government has opened its market to Kenyan textiles products and other goods through the African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA). The Agoa Act requires that the beneficiary countries start growing other varieties of vegetable fibres to make fabrics instead of relying only on imported yarns and fabric and locally grown cotton. The soil conditions where the leaves were harvested was analysed and determined. The Agave americana fibres were extracted from the plant leaves and the physical and chemical properties determined. For the purposes of this study plant samples were purposively collected and subjected to retting process to obtain the fibres. The fibres were then randomly assigned for the experimental tests. The data analysis was both qualitative and quantitative. From the analysis the prevailing soil type is sandy clay loam and was also acidic. The fibres obtained were flexible, smooth and lustrous and had similar burning characteristics like other known cellulosiC fibres. The fibres are significantly long with a mean length of 65.2cm and a mead diameter of 0.15mm. This implies that the fibre has good spinning quality. The fbre has a tenacity of 2.94g/d (35.96cN/tex) when dry and 2.3g/d (20.60 cN/Tex) when wet. Generally natural fibres are hydrophilic in nature and this was evident with tile A. americana fibre with a moisture regain of 9.98% and moisture content of 9.19%. Yarns were spun from the fibres, dyed and samples of textile articles were made. The fibre disintegrated when exposed to strong acid and alkalis, but was resistant to weak acids and alkalis. From the findings of this research the fibre was bound to qualify as a potential source of textile fibres and this could provide a secondary source of raw materials for textile products. Similarly the allied activities of cultivating and processing the plant could be a potential source of employment opportunities and income generation for many Kenyans. In Kenya the plant is Frown as an ornamental outdoor and indoor plant and as a fence.
Factors influencing selection and buying practices among primary school teachers: a case of Mwimbi Division, Meru South District
(2011-07-27) Riungu, Dorothy M.
Clothing is a factor in every day human life and interactions with others. Clothing is a systematic means of transmitting information about the wearer. Teachers should dress in order to succeed as role models to their pupils. When teachers dress professionally they obtain the respect and credibility necessary from pupils, parents and the community in general. However teachers are not easily recognized in the rural areas by the way they dress. They have lost identity and respect they used to command in society. This study was designed to find out factors influencing the way they dress. The purpose of this study was to determine factors influencing clothing selection among primary school teachers in rural areas with reference to Mwimbi division in Meru district. The main objective in this study was to identify the physical, psychological and socio-economic factors influencing teachers' clothing selection. The study was confined within 22 random sampled schools in Mwimbi division, Meru south, Eastern province, in which a total of 327 teachers were selected at random. The study adopted a descriptive design, since it is concerned with gathering of facts. The data for this study was collected using questionnaire, which was administered by the researcher to a sample of primary schools teachers in Mwimbi division. A pre-testing of the research tool was carried out in 4 schools in order to ascertain its validity and reliability. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as use of frequencies and percentages. The study established that sources of information on clothing that teachers use includes family members, friends, tailors, window shopping and fashion magazines. The various shopping outlets used by teachers include boutiques, tailoring stores, retail stores, open air markets, Mitumba markets (second hand clothes) and exhibitions. The physical characteristics of the clothes influencing clothing selection includes item construction and finishing, fabric quality, work suitability and cleaning and care. Psychological factors such as smart looking, acceptable style personal beliefs and values, latest style and unique outfit influenced clothing selection. Teachers' remuneration influenced clothing section and buying practices. The researcher recommends the government to improve teachers' remunerations so as to enable them to afford the ever competitive clothing fashion world. Further research is recommended with regard to teachers' attitudes towards exotic styles of dressing. Further research should also be done on this topic in urban areas
Factors influencing professional women's likelihood to adopt clothing fashion: a case of Nairobi city
(2011-12-07) Isika, Juliet Kaindi; Mburugu, K. G.; Mugenda, Olive M.
The influence of fashion on clothing is as old as the custom of wearing clothing. The changing social attitude of many women has changed their attitude towards fashion as they buy clothes to satisfy themselves. This has resulted to a dilemma of sorts due to factors influencing them to adopt clothing fashion that `connect or click', due to pressure to augment their occupational status. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing the professional women's likelihood to adopt clothing fashion in Nairobi City. The objectives of the study were to; establish the sociodemographic characteristics of the professional women, determine information sources influencing clothing fashion adoption; identify the socio-cultural and psychological factors influencing clothing fashion adoption, establish the professional women's likelihood to adopt clothing fashion, establish factors that influence satisfaction with clothing fashion adoption and determine the relationship between satisfaction with clothing fashion adoption and selected independent variables. A descriptive survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire in four service institutions in Nairobi's central administrative division. A sample of 117 professional women was randomly selected to participate in the study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. The findings show a majority of professional women in Nairobi city are unmarried and well educated that is holding bachelor degrees. Most of them held middle level job positions and earned between Kshs. 20,000 - 30,000. However, most of them have three to five dependants. These factors may influence their clothing selection and buying practices, a factor considered in clothing adoption. Most of the professional women frequently adopt a range of clothing styles and pay in cash. They use clothing displays and fashion magazines as their main source of information. They are highly influenced by clothing styles that look beautiful and suit their figure types; this highly depends on their social activities and clothing that is accepted at work. The study concluded that the professional women's satisfaction with clothing fashion adoption practices results in having the likelihood to adopt clothing fashion and is the interplay of various factors. Some of the factors found to be associated with satisfaction in clothing fashion adoption are occupation level and socio-cultural factors. These issues should be addressed by those who manufacture and sell clothing fashion for professional women. The study recommended that a similar study be done among different age groups, such as pre-school, adolescents, and the elderly
Factors that contribute to the prevalence and practice of cohabitation among Kenyatta University students, Nairobi, Kenya
(2011-12-13) Muriithi-Kabaria, J.N.; Mugenda, Olive M.; Kithinji, C. T.
Cohabitation is emerging as an important factor in mate-selection in many societies. It has however been associated with a number of problems including unwanted pregnancies, abortions, marriage failures, sexual abuse, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS. In Kenya, cohabitation has widely been a matter of public debate with limited systematic studies to map out the trend, nature and correlates amongst various groups of the population. In an effort to fill this gap the current study focused on cohabitation among university students. The objectives of this study were aimed at: Identifying factors that contribute to cohabitation by university students and establishing the prevalence of cohabitation among university students. The study also sought to establish the relationship between parents' socio-economic and demographic status on the prevalence and practice of cohabitation. The study also aimed at establishing the influence of peers on the prevalence and practice of cohabitation among university students. The conceptual framework for this study was derived from Erick Erickson's theory of personality development and Brofenbrenner's Ecological Model of Human Development. One hundred and seventy six respondents in their second and fourth years of study were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The survey design with the use of questionnaires was employed to gather information from the respondents. In addition, Key Informants interviews were carried out with persons involved in students' affairs to provide more in depth understanding of the issues under study. The quantitative data collected from fieldwork were entered into a computer spreadsheet and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The tools used in the analysis included frequencies, percentages, means and Chi-Square test of significance. The results showed that there is a prevalence rate of cohabitation o f 2 7.4 percent. The significant factors that influenced the students cohabitation behavior included fathers' occupation (p=0.016), mothers' occupation (p=0.029), parents' residence (p=0.000), parents'/guardians' income (p=0.000), peer pressure (p=0.000), year of study (0.064) and fathers' level of education (0.074). The other factors, which included sex, age, and mothers' level of education, were not significantly related to cohabitation. The results of the study also revealed that majority of the respondents (63%) indicated that they are aware of students' cohabiting in campus. Most of the students had a negative attitude toward cohabitation before marriage (59%). Majority of the students in the study (77%) had a positive attitude towards peer counseling and religious teaching as deterrent measures of cohabitation. The researcher recommended that counseling services to the students need to be strengthened in the universities. It would also be important to review from time to time the financial assistance accorded to students from low-income households to ensure that adequate funds are awarded in line with the prevailing living standards and inflation. It is also recommended that the university authority should consider establishing special hostels for ladies who are expectant or who have children as a result of cohabitation.
The status of the textile industry in a liberalized economy: a case of three composite firms in Uganda
(2012-01-12) Tenhwa, Florence N.
The purpose of the study was to establish the status of Ugandan textile industry in a liberalized economy. The study was conducted in three purposively selected composite textile firms in Uganda. Indepth interviews were carried out with key informants. These included six (6) managers, ten (10) supervisors and sixty-four machine operators. Additional data were generated through direct obseravtion using a checklist. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the demographic characteristics of respondents in the selected textile manufacturing firms, 2) establish sources and cost of raw materials used in the selected firms, 3) establish the characteristics of the selected firms, 4) identify productions processes selected textile firms, 5) identify the marketing techniques used in the textile firms, 6) establish the role of Uganda government in promoting the textile industry, 7) identify constraints facing the textile industry. Qualitative data analysis involved coding of the emerging issues. Presentation, discussion and conclusions were drawn from the emerging issues. Quantitative data were presented using frequencies and percentages. The study found out that the characteristics of the managers, supervisors and machine operators notably experience, education and training were important in promoting the status of the textile industry. Further, it was observed that education provided capacity to managers and workers for adoption of production and management techniques in the textile industry and enabled them to take advantage of the available opportunities for competitive and sustainable operations. Similarly, training of the workers enabled the managers and employees to carry out appropriate management, production and marketing activities. It was noted that cotton was the major material and was locally sourced directly from ginneries in Uganda. This is attributed to liberalisation of the economy. Other inputs like dyes and chemicals were imported. The study established that textile firms under study were large and employed both men and women. However, the proportion of men was higher than that of women. The major production processes identified were spinning, weaving, knitting, processing, cutting, sewing and finishing of the textile products. The firms targeted both local and international markets. The products were rated as of quality standard by the manufacturers since they have been recognised internationally. Among the products identified were fabric for men's and women's apparel, uniforms for school, bed sheets, and mattress covers. Knit-wear such as T-shirts and briefs were cited in one of the firms. The study concluded that the status of the composite firms is promising and the firms have the potential to develop and compete with others on the international market. Based on the findings of the study the following recommendations were made. The government of Uganda to: 1.) Continue taking strict measures to reduced importation of new and second-hand clothes, 2.) Encourage investments in the local textile industry 3.) Encourage training in the areas of training. 4.) In-service training was recommended for worker already employed in the textile industry.
The impact of maternal nutrition education of nutritional status of children under five years old in Butere Division, Kenya.
(2012-01-12) Shihundu, Damaris Ashioya
According to (Hadaad, 2002), maternal nutrition education has been observed as an important factor related to the nutritional status of children five years old. The purpose of this study was to find out whether maternal nutrition education had an impact on the nutritional status of children under five years in Butere Division, Kenya. Data were collected through oral interviews on one hundred mothers (N=100). This included 24-hour dietary recall. Qualitative assessment of nutritional status was done through clinical assessment of the child's physical features like hair, skin and eyes. Anthropometric measurements (height/length, weight and age) indicated the presence or absence of wasting and stunting among the children. Two groups of mother and child pairs (N=100) were selected for the study. Group 1 mothers (N1=50) were selected as they brought their children to the Maternal and Child Health clinic at Butere Health Centre for routine visits. Group II mothers (N2=50) were selected through two stage cluster sampling and they did not attend any Maternal and Child Health clinic. Data were analysed using frequencies and percentages. Spearman rho statistics was also used. The results were presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the study objectives showed that, all mothers (N=100) had some form of nutrition education, low nutrition education was observed among 46% of the mothers. Basic concepts of nutrition education (food groups, balanced diets and methods of cooking) lacked among mothers, (Group 1, 48% and Group II, 42%). The level of education among mothers influenced the feeding practices used. The higher the education level attained by the mothers the better their acquisition and use of nutrition education (Group I, 46% and group II, 52%). Low income, preference to certain foods, food availability from the farm or market at the time was noted as major external set-backs to selecting and preparing food for the children. Formal school (90%), relatives and friends of the mother (Group I, 46% and Group II, 64%) were a good source of nutrition education. Spearman rho indicated that there was a relationship between formal school, maternal nutrition education, income and nutritional status of the children. The following recommendations were made: Mothers be directly involved in projects and policies related to the nutrition of the children <5 years old, a practical approach be adopted in teaching nutrition education and more studies be carried out with the view of increasing awareness and empowering women in nutrition education and better feeding practices of young children.
Interior decoration practices among high, middle and low socio-economic households of Kisumu town, Kenya
(2012-01-31) Otieno, Gladys Akinyi; Mburungu, K.
This was a descriptive survey research whose purpose was to generate and document information on interior decoration practices among high, middle and low socio-economic status, interior decoration practices, interior decoration knowledge and income. The objectives of the study were to: (a) determine the factors that influence the choice and arrangement of furnishings among the households of Kisumu town, (b) identify the sources of information and materials used in interior decoration by the households of Kisumu town, (c) identify problems that hinder effective home decoration among the respondents, and (d) establish the respondents' satisfaction with the existing furnishings in their homes. The data were collected using an interview schedule and observation checklist. A total of 120 respondents were interviewed from Milimani, Migosi and Ondiek estates. The respondent was the person in the household who makes major decisions on house furnishing. The data were analysed by the use of descriptive statistics and measures. Results showed that age, occupation, and education determined the estate one lived in, hence the choice of furnishings. The households in high socio-economic status income could afford bigger houses and expensive furnishings. However, these households were few and mostly from Milimani estate. Majority of the respondents faced financial constraints and this was a major setback in house furnishing public exhibitions, agricultural shows, association with friends, newspaper advertisements, electronic media, home magazines and displays were common sources of information on house furnishing while seminars while seminars and workshops were least common. It was observed that most households had sofa sets, coffee tables, sideboards and carpets owing to their functional nature. Some of the least common items included easy chairs, cushions, chair-covers, teddy bears, divans, live and artificial plants. Woodcarvings, aquariums, coral reefs and batik were scarce too. This was attributed to the fact that they were so expensive that they could only be found in a few households of Milimani and Migosi estates. From the study's findings it has been recommended that awareness be created on locally available materials. This can be done by paying visits and holding demonstrations on their use in house furnishing by the Home Economics extension workers.
Psychological and socio-economic factors influencing clothing consumption by employed women in a liberalised market: a case of Nairobi city, Kenya
(2012-02-01) Apunda, Edwinah Amondi; Tumuti, D.W.; Gitobu, Julia K.
Kenya's participation in the global trade as a result of liberalization has been evidently felt by clothing consumers since the year, 1993. Many traders have since been able to import goods at relatively lower costs than before, clothing items being among them. Consequently, consumption of imported clothing items by Kenyans has been enhanced a great deal; a fact evident on the streets of Nairobi city as consumers are dressed in varied clothing fashions and designs. However, problems such as exploitation of consumers by traders, demonstrated in a number of ways still remain. The purpose of this research, therefore, was to identify the psychological and socio-economic factors, which influence the selection and consumption patterns of clothing by women in the liberalized market. The study focused on the Central Business District of Nairobi City. This study adopted the descriptive survey design. A sample of 233 female employees (156 and 77) was obtained from Government of Kenya ministries and Private Employment Companies respectively. Purposive sampling technique was used. A list of GOK ministries was obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics, while the Nairobi Stock Exchange office provided the list for the PEC. Data were collected using 'closed and open' ended questionnaire. Frequencies and percentages were used to organize and analysed the data. An attempt to use Chi-square test of relationship was made, but the results were presented and analysed at the cross-tabulation level. The response rate was 89.6 percent. Results show that the psychological factors, which strongly influenced the respondents' clothing selection/consumption, were: clothing items in which one looked attractive, what was fashionable, the personal values or beliefs of the respondents, the respondents' attitude towards clothing items in the liberalised market, the cost of the clothing item in question, the quality of the clothing items, the colour of the clothing items and the fitting characteristics of the clothing items. The socio-economic factors were the amount of money available to them, the social activities in which they engaged, what was approved by their peers, colleagues and family members, the purpose/use of the clothing items, and their employment status. The market related problems, which also affected the consumers' clothing consumption, were: uniform style of dressing, rapid rate of fashion change, exorbitant prices on clothing items, which are otherwise unique, sale of imitation clothing for original ones by clothing producers and retailers. A high proportion of the respondents belonged to the low and middle-income groups with only a few in the high-income group. They preferred imported clothing items to the local ones. The results also show that clothing stores and boutiques selling new clothes were the most preferred outlets from which the respondents selected their clothing items, while the displays formed the most popular source of information concerning clothing. Clothing items worn by other people also formed another popular source from which fashion was copied. In conclusion, there is a lot of exploitation of clothing consumers by sellers in the liberalized market, which is based on the consumers' strong belief on imported items. It is also clear that economic liberalization has helped Kenyan Clothing producers to improve on the standards of textile products. It is, therefore, recommended that the Ministry of Trade and Industry, together with the KCO should constantly check that sales are conducted genuinely, and use these findings to sensitise consumers on the improvements on locally made items.
Assessment of knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards reproductive health education : Acase study of Nairobi
(2012-02-10) Mugambi, Ruth Njoki
Research has shown that by the age of 16 years, many adolescents are sexually active. Consequently many girls drop out of school due to pregnancy. Few of the girls seek medical attention during pregnancy and those who do, would normally do so later in gestation. Yet, pregnant adolescent girls are more likely to face hazards at childbirth than older women. Research has also shown that the girl's partners are mainly their age mates. It is clear that young people can and do make important decisions on matters pertaining to their own lives, and need information that concerns their welfare. This study sought to find out the information available to the adolescents on reproductive health matters prior to entering the teenage cycle. The study further sought to determine where adolescents got their information on reproductive health from and the impact this information had on their attitudes and perceptions on reproductive health issues. This study was carried out in Nairobi. Data were collected through a descriptive survey, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and content analysis. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from six different types of schools in Nairobi. A total of 285 students were randomly selected to fill the questionnaire and six FGDs were organized. The study targeted adolescents, 13-16 years who were in secondary school. The findings from this research show that adolescents are exposed to information on areas of reproductive health both at school and at home. However, this information does not seem adequate for them in understanding their physical and emotional changes. On boy/girl relationships, the respondents saw these relationships as healthy and a phenomenon that comes naturally during adolescence. Clearly, the respondents did not approve of sexual relationships at their age and many feel that sex should only take place in marriage. The respondents viewed becoming pregnant as punitive enough in itself and further punishment like discontinued schooling, social and family ostracism should not be given to those who become pregnant. Mothers and Home Science teachers were the main source of information for the respondents on various aspects of reproductive health. However, the type of information each group offered was quite different. Teachers mentioned mainly by the boys offer information on the physical changes at puberty, the reproductive system and some information on STIs. Mother's discussions with their daughters are mainly on menstruation, what to do during menstruation and the consequences of engaging in pre-marital sex. The mass media, mainly books/magazines and TV also contributed in educating the respondents on almost all aspects of reproductive health.
Socio-economic and Psychological factors influencing clothing preferences of the physically handicapped in Nairobi province, Kenya
(2012-02-10) Marinda, Pamela Ayiera; Tumuti, D.W.; Mugenda, Olive M.
The purpose of this study was to identify the clothing preference of the physically handicapped, and to determine the rating of socio-economic and psychological factors influencing these clothing preferences. This was a survey research that was undertaken among a sample of 120 physically handicapped persons from six institutions in Nairobi Province. Stratified random sampling methods was used to constitute the study sample. Data for the study were collected using an interview schedule and observation checklist. They were later analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) programme. The Chi-square technique was used to test for significant differences in selected categorical variable at alpha level P<0.05. The study revealed that most respondents had formal education but only a handful of them had formal employment. Their clothing preferences also varied their nature of disability. They selected clothing styles that could meet their physical needs with regard to fit, ability to dress themselves and ease of care and mobility. They also selected clothing items in which they looked attractive, and those that conformed to fashion trends since these contributed to the enhancement of their self-esteem. Other findings indicated that the respondents preferred second-hand clothes and tailored ones. Reasons given for this preference was that the former were cheaper were of good quality and had unique styles, while tailored clothes fitted well. Income available was rated highest among the socio-economic factors influencing respondents' clothing preferences. The least rated factor is that which is acceptable to age mates. The aesthetic value was found to be the most influential of all the psychological factors as far as clothing preference was concerned. Uniqueness of the item, prestige and popularity of the brand name; and to impress others respectively were the least influential factors. In all the psychological factors, female samples were influenced more than thermals while in clothing preference by age; mature adults were influenced more than the adolescents and young adults. There were significant differences in some socio-economic factors that influenced clothing preferences by age group with mature adults being influenced more. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made: a) Apparel manufacturers and designers in Kenya should create basic design patterns for disabled persons, which can be altered or adapted to meet the specific needs of the physically handicapped persons. This concept of designing from basic designs in apparel industry may add new designs in apparel industry may add new dimensions to consumerism for the disabled people in Kenya. b) To initiate a home-based business focusing on the clothing adaptation and alteration because disabled persons find shopping a difficult task. Desired clothing styles could be marketed through catalogues. c) Training for caregivers, home economists and health professionals on clothing needs of the disabled. d) Addressing factors that cause dissatisfaction with the locally available clothing among the physically handicapped.
A study of the training needs of quality control and production managers in clothing industries in Nairobi
(2012-02-28) Oigo, E. Bosibori; Tumuti, D.W.; Mburugu, K. G.
This study investigated the competencies and training needs of quality and production managers in large and medium size garment manufacturing firms in Nairobi. It also sought to know the relationship between the firm characteristics and problems they faced, and the relationship between the competencies and training needs of training managers. This information showed issues affecting the industry and proposed ways of dealing with them to improve the quality of clothing manufactured in Kenya. A survey of 35 garment manufacturers was done between June 1996 and April 1997, and in-depth interviews carried out with their quality and production managers. The data collected was analysed then summarized using frequencies and percentages. Most of the firms were large and produced uniforms or undergarments for sale in the local market only. The study found that those making other types of clothing were more likely to experience problems arising from the liberalization of the economy, although all the firms had problems with quality. All of the managers interviewed (13) said they combined the roles of Quality Control Manager and Production Manager but most of their duties involved production management rather than quality control. Fifty-four percent (seven) of the managers had worked for more than ten years in their present jobs and had formal training in subjects related to their jobs. Approximately half of them (46%) felt they did not need further training in managerial skills. All four managers with on-the-job training as opposed to formal training expressed a need for training in technical skills. On the basis of the findings, recommendations were made to the manufacturers to reduce the workload of their managers and take a more active role in purchasing high quality inputs. Technical institutes should develop their quality control courses so that they can conveniently be offered to the busy managers in clothing industries. The government needs to enforce legislation and institute policies to protect the clothing industry from unfair trade practices. This will enable it to revive and develop to its full potential, to cope with competition in a liberalized economy.
Determination of quality and utilization of Aramine fibres from the plant urena lobata as a textile fibre in Kenya
(2012-04-11) Nkatha, Lydia; Tumuti, D.W.
Since Kenya imports most of the vegetable fibres apart from cotton and sisal, there is need for research in the development and utilisation of other vegetable fibres sources. This study however, was aimed at analysis the quality of aramina fibres from the plant Urena Lobata that grows widely and as a weed in Kenya. Specifically the study was to determine the chemical and physical properties of aramina fibres, make sample yarns from fibres using hand-spinning methods, construct sample articles using simple hand techniques and compare the aramina fibre qualities with the established properties of a textile fibre. The methodology used was experimental and involved extraction of the fibre by retting process, situational observation of the experiments and note taking as well as making of sample articles. The analysis was done both qualitatively and quantitatively, and the results presented in terms of reports, tables and figures. The experiments were carried out at Kenya Bureau of Standards (Textile Quality Control Laboratory) where the necessary conditions for textile testing were maintained at temperature 20°C + 2°C and Relative Humidity 65 + 2%. The carding, spinning and dyeing process were carried out at the Fine Art department (Kenyatta University) The process of extraction of aramina fibres has not been documented. However, Joseph (1986), and Ghosh (1993) argue that the fibre can be extracted in a similar manner as jute. Therefore, the process of jute fibre extraction was adapted whereby the barks were stripped off from the wooden portion and subjected to partial rotting by immersion in water. The process took two (2) weeks and about 2.6 kg of fibres were obtained from 22 kg of unretted green bark. The unretted bark contained impurities and moisture hence were much heavier than the dry fibres. The fibres were then subjected to various fibre tests. The fibre was found to have a staple length of 13.5 cm and burning characteristics like those of other natural cellulose fibres such as cotton and linen. The fibre has a moisture regain value of 9.7%, 42.9% stronger when wet than dry and percentage elongation was recorded to be 1.035 when dry and 1.3% when wet. The wetness of the fibre has significant effect on the elongation as well as on fibre strength (tenacity) which was found to be 2.0 g/d for the wet fibres while that of the dry fibres was found to be 1.4%%g/d. Chemically the fibre is affected by acids and this implies that the fibre cannot be dyed using dyestuffs that are acidic or stored in acidic solvents and this property is important in the formation of oxycellulose used in the manufacture of regenerated fibres. The fibre was found to be resilient and pliable. This quality made it possible to be spun into yarn, which was later, dyed and made into articles. Various methods used to make the articles include crocheting, plaiting, hand weaving, card weaving and macramé knots. The articles made include a shoulder bag, a tablemat, a floor mat, a belt, a plant hanger and a toothpick holder cover. In short, the fibre was found to qualify as a textile fibre and can be recommended for usage in the textile industry both at large and small scale. Since it's locally available, cheap to obtain and of good spinning and dyeing quality it can be of a great use in the "Jua Kali" sector.
Factors influencing the business viability of local apparel trade within a liberalised market: a case of Nairobi, Kenya
(2012-04-23) Elung'ata, Beatrice; Mburugu, K. G.; Mugenda, Olive M.
The purpose of this study was to find out the factors influencing the business viability of local apparel trade within a liberalized market in Nairobi, and to investigate how consumer preferences and buying practices have affected apparel trade. Data were collected using interview schedules and observation checklist. A random sample of 90 apparel traders was drawn from three market centres in Nairobi (Kenyatta market, Jericho market and the Central business district) for interview according to the types of apparel they sold. These types were new imported; second-hand; locally manufactured and custom-tailored apparel. Data were analyzed by use of frequencies, percentages and Chi-square tests using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS®). Results from the study showed that 57% of the apparel traders were female. Majority, (80%) were under the age of 40 years. All traders had received some level of formal education. Most (71%) apparel traders had 1-5 employees, an indication, an indication of small-sized businesses. More than half (64%) of the respondents owned their businesses. Notably, 57% had up to 5 years experience in selling apparel. The main types of apparel sold were New Imported (37%) and Custom-tailored (32%). Majority (89%) of the traders targeted women as their main clientele because they were considered the most willing buyers. In addition, they also stocked apparel for men and/or children in order to make more profit for their businesses. Lack of customers, stiff competition and lack of government support were reported as major problems facing over 50% of the traders. For most traders, providing high quality merchandise was the main strategy used to solve their problems. Government support by way of providing loans and making prices (license fees, taxes, custom charges) affordable were suggested as ways of creating a level trading ground for all traders. This would also increase the traders' business performance and viability. From the study, 40% of the respondents made up to Ksh.40, 000 per month during times of high sales. Chi-square analysis showed that the traders' age, position held in business and source of fabric/clothing significantly influenced the types of apparel sold by traders. Therefore, apparel traders could enhance these key factors to increase competitive edge in the market. From the analysis, it was evident that the type of apparel sold by traders was affected by consumer preferences for imported apparel because locally produced apparel did not meet consumers' needs in terms of quality and variety. The Ministry of Trade and Industry should formulate mechanisms that will enable apparel traders access information easily on existing trends and policies as they affect their businesses. Apparel producers and traders could use this information to improve the quality of local items. Lack of a level trading ground for all traders remained as the main deterrent to their success.
Factors influencing consumer's selection of imported over local clothing among working women in Nairobi, Kenya
(2012-06-11) Nyang'or, Eunice Akoth
This was a survey research into the factors influencing consumers' selection of imported over local clothing. The major objectives of this study were to: (1) identify the socio-economic profile of working women, (2) identify imported clothing categories purchased by working women, (3) identify the socio-demographic, economic and clothing characteristics influencing selection of imported over local clothing by working women, (4) determine factors influencing selection of specific imported clothing items e.g. dresses, shoes and brassieres (5) assess the attitude of working women towards the use of imported versus local clothing. (6) Determine the relationship between selection of imported over local clothing and socio demographic, economic and clothing characteristics. The data for this study were collected using an interview schedule, which was administered by the research to a sample of 90 working women in Nairobi from July, 1992 to December 1992. The analyzed data are presented in frequency distribution, percentages, mean scores and the Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient. Results on socio-economic profile of the working women showed that the most represented age bracket was (21-30) years. Most of the women were also married. The most represented income group was between Kshs. 2,001-3,000/=, while 'O' level plus some college training was the educational level most represented. A majority of the working women were subordinate workers. It was also found that most of the working women prefer imported to local clothing and that outer garments were most popular followed by accessories and lastly inner garments. On socio-demographic and economic factors influencing selection of imported over local clothing, factors that most influenced the working women were price, beliefs and/or values, attitude, fashion or latest style, uniqueness of items, appearance in an item, social activities one is engaged in, income per month purpose of buying an item, and occupation. The clothing characteristics that mostly influenced working women's selection of imported over clothing included good construction, fitting qualities, design, fabric finished and fabric construction/texture. On dresses, factors that mostly influenced working women were size, performance, cost, fitting qualities, construction, design and figure type, while for shoes the factors included size, style, color, workmanship, fitting qualities and care instructions and for brassiers, only size had most influence on their selection. The study showed that consumers (working women) had a positive attitude towards imported clothing and a negative one towards local ones. Selection of imported over local clothing showed significant positive relationship with care instructions, meaning that the respondents preferred selecting imported to local clothing because they had care instructing written on their labels. It also correlated positively with our beliefs and or values. The study generated a number of recommendations: (1) clothing producers and other related bodies need to address themselves to the socio-Demographic, Economic and Clothing characteristics selection of Imported Clothing over Local by consumers (working women), the implications of these factors to local clothing production and marketing, (2) factors that influence choice of imported dresses, shoes and brassieres need to be addressed and adopted by local producers and manufactures to improve on similar local items, (3) adoption of working women's suggestions on ways of improving local clothing items for example improving on the quality standards, training sales personnel and launching a vigilant consumer protection service, (4) The Ministry of Culture and Social Services, and Ministry of Industry and school authorities need to launch a vigilant campaign on the need for Kenyan consumers to appreciate and protect their culture by purchasing local clothing more than imported items.
Physiological, psychological and socio-economic factors influencing clothing selection and buying practices among Kenyans: a study of Kenyatta University community
(2012-06-15) Otieno, Giannaenerica Kwena
This was a survey research with a two-fold purpose. One purpose was to investigate how physiological, psychological and socio-economic factors influence clothing selection and buying practices among Kenyans. The other purpose was to identify factors that underlie satisfaction and dissatisfaction with clothing selection and buying by individuals in Kenya's clothing market. The major objectives of this study were to (1) identify the clothing information sources used by Kenyans, (2) identify the physiological, psychological and socio-economic factors influencing clothing selection and buying practices among Kenyans, (3) determine if there are significant differences between male and female consumers with respect to physiological, psychological and socio-economic factors as they affect their clothing selection and buying practices, and (4) identify factors that underlie respondents' satisfaction and dissatisfaction with clothing selection and buying. The data used in the study were collected using a questionnaire, which was administered by the researcher to a sample of 150 members of staff at the Kenyatta University starting October, 1989 to January 1990. The data were analysed by the use of frequencies, percentages, mean scores, T-tests and Pearson Product-Moment correlation. Results showed that most sources of clothing information especially the impersonal communication channels such as Television advertisements, newspaper articles and fashion magazines were underutilized or unpopular with consumers for being costly, not readily available or unreliable. Among the used sources, clothing displays and personal communication channels were the most utilized by consumers. The study showed that the physiological factors that most influenced consumers' clothing selection and buying practices were good construction and finishing qualities in clothing, colour and design of fabrics, fitting characteristics of clothing and purpose for which clothing items were bought. The psychological factors that most influenced consumers' clothing selection and buying included item in which one looked beautiful, one's own beliefs and values, cost of the item and acceptable styles by society. The socio-economic factors that had most influence on consumers' clothing selection and buying practices were amount of money available, number of dependants in one's household, one's age and status one held in society. Very few physiological, psychological and socio-economic factors showed significant difference between male and female respondents in their clothing selection buying practices. Fabric construction as a physiological factor showed significant difference between males and females, with a higher influence on the female than the male consumers. There were significant differences between males and females in three psychological factors among which prestige of item's brand name influenced the males more, while, latest style or fashion and own beliefs and values influenced female consumers more. The socio-economic factors that showed significant difference between males and females were religious norms and/or beliefs and status held in society. These had more influence on the female consumers than on the male. Satisfaction with clothing selection and buying showed significant positive relationship with the male, married consumers, older age, low educational level, low household income, high number of dependants, own beliefs and values, and religious norms or beliefs. There was however a negative relationship with purpose for which item was bought, label information, care for garment, fabric construction, prestige of item's brand name, was bought, label information, care for garment, fabric construction, prestige of item's brand name, social activities engaged in and uniqueness of outfit. It was evident that consumers were dissatisfied with various aspects within Kenya's clothing market. These were the clothing information available, quality standards of most clothing items, the consumers' protection service, consumer's knowledge about textile fabrics' quality, availability of imported second-hand clothing, assistance given by sales personnel and hawking of imported clothing.
Factors influencing selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing by students in technical institutions in Central Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2012-11) Kimemia, Millicent Wamuyu
This research sought to investigate selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing; in Technical Institutions in Central Kenya. The objectives of this study were to investigate factors influencing selection of protective clothing, appropriateness of protective clothing used, to establish the factors influencing cleaning and storage of nondisposable and to investigate the general safety practices at workplace. A conceptual framework was used to show the process of selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing. The study area was purposively selected as it has majority of the Technical Institutions. Stratified sampling was used to select three Technical Institutions which participated in the study. Qualitative data was collected using a questionnaire which was administered by the researcher to a sample of 119 respondents in the participating departments. Majority of the respondents (88.2%) identified that colour was important when selecting protective clothing. Harmful materials handled by respondents and price were also important when selecting protective clothing. Most respondents indicated that lack of protective clothing made performance of certain tasks difficult. On investigating the factors influencing use of protective clothing, 79% of the respondents strongly agreed that use of protective clothing was very important, over 50% disagreed that there was adequate protective clothing in their institutions. It was established that injuries were common during practical lessons since 39.5% of the respondents indicated that they had been injured during practical lessons. In the study, 97.5% of the respondents felt that there is need for training on protective clothing but only 48.7% had participated in such training. The respondents had a positive attitude towards the use of protective clothing with 82.4% indicating that they were comfortable with the use of protective clothing. From the study, it emerged that there were inadequate cleaning and storage facilities in Technical Institutions with 70.6 % of respondents indicating that there were no cleaning facilities while 84% of the respondents felt that storage facilities were not available. Availability of signage indicating need for use of protective clothing was also identified as an important safety measure. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships between selected key variables. The study concluded that protective clothing is not fully used by students in Technical Institutions in Central Kenya. Technical Institutions in Central Kenya need to enlighten their students on care of textile articles and use in terms of selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing. The study indicated that, the training students had received on protective clothing did not playa significant role towards selection, use and maintenance. The study recommended that, the students in Technical Institutions in Central Kenya be trained on the use of protective clothing by their course instructors on reporting to the institutions. It also recommended that, the individual institutions should ensure that safety measures are adhered to in workshops and laboratories to promote the culture of using protective clothing.
Assessment of the adoption of apparel computer aided design technology training in selected public universities in Kenya
(2013-03-25) Kamau, Veronica Wambui
The study examined the levels of adoption of Computer Aided Design (CAD) technology in training of clothing, apparel design courses. Application of apparel CAD technology in the training of the future labour force is a major step in coping with dynamic changes apparent in the textile and apparel industry. Application of apparel CAD technology in production processes in the textile and apparel firms is crucial if the industry is to remain competitive in the global market. The study aimed to establish whether apparel CAD training in selected public universities adequately addressed the changing labour requirement in the Kenyan apparel market, new demands in global apparel market and Kenya Vision 2030. The study focused on determining the status of apparel CAD technology program by assessing course contents, availability of teaching/learning resources and manpower to handle apparel CAD training. Descriptive survey research design was employed to investigate and describe status of the adoption of apparel CAD training in selected public universities and to determine established collaboration between universities and apparel industries in Kenya. A survey of 113 respondents from public universities and apparel industries was conducted. A total of 62 student respondents who included all third and fourth years as well as school-based and masters students from apparel design departments in the three universities, were purposively selected because they had undertaken a unit in apparel CAD. Twenty one lecturer respondents drawn from the three universities in the apparel design departments were included because they imparted skills to the students. Thirty heads of departments from six apparel industries were selected because the employees and interns worked under them. The universities included in the study were; Kenyatta University located in Nairobi; Moi University in Eldoret, and Egerton University in Nakuru. Apparel Industries included United Aryan (EPZ) Limited and MidCo Textiles (EA) Limited from Nairobi, Global Apparels EPZ Limited., AllTex EPZ Limited and Protex EPZ Limited from Athi River and Ken-Knit (Kenya) Limited from Eldoret. The study employed document analysis, questionnaires, interview schedules and observation checklists to obtain the data. The result showed that the adoption of apparel CAD technology at the public universities was low. The lecturers who had been trained in state of art CAD technology accounted for 28.6%: Appropriate CAD hardware and software teaching/learning resources were limited and accounted for 23.8%. The training students received was inadequate to prepare them to work in apparel industry. Only 23.3% of the students on industrial internship in apparel industries were rated as adequately trained. CAD courses did not adequately address specific areas of apparel design but dealt with basic introductory courses such as Corel Draw, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator. Heads of departments in the apparel industries pointed out that there was shortage of practical skills among the graduates and interns, whereas student respondents indicated provision of CAD hardware and software as the most urgent need. Lecturers in the departments of apparel design indicated that there was need for lectures to be trained in apparel CAD. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that there was no significant difference between computed means of respondents in relation to student knowledge in apparel CAD by the industries, students and lecturers and therefore, they agreed that the training on CAD technology the graduates received did not adequately meet the labour requirement in the apparel industry. It was concluded that collaboration between the universities and apparel industries in the area of curriculum development, CAD training for academic staff and students as well as provision of CAD teaching and learning resources be promoted
Assessment of Size and Fit of Ready-made Formal Clothing among Male Consumers: a case of Kenyatta University
(2013-08-14) Cheruiyot, Monica
Fit is an important factor for consumers wearing ready-made clothes. Problems related to apparel fit stem from a variety of factors. This study therefore sought to explore size and fit issues of ready-made formal clothes among men with regards to: Origin of imported clothes, satisfaction based on availability of appropriately fitting clothes, fit problems experienced at critical fit points, fit preferences, knowledge on key body measurements and body shapes and finally, knowledge on the communication of size by size labels. The results of this study will facilitate the development of strategies that would help to solve fit problems and to promote the production of well-fitting formal clothing for Kenyan men. The review of related literature reveals the main factors affecting sizing systems and consequently, the fit of ready-made clothes. The research was designed by a descriptive survey. The study was carried out at Kenyatta University. The target population was men working on permanent and pensionable terms who were between the ages of 25 to 75 years. The sample was stratified as, the teaching staff (192) and non-teaching staff (294).The selection of the sample size was done randomly. Questionnaire and observation checklist were employed to collect data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze obtained data by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency tables, percentages, and bar graphs were used to summarize the results. The findings of the study indicated that men in Kenyatta University buy clothes that are made in China, Kenya, Bitain and America. Clothes sold in chain stores have an excellent fit, while those sold in the supermarkets, boutiques and market stalls have a good fit. The study further indicated that formal ready-made clothes, imported new, custom made and local ready-made clothes have a better fit than second hand clothes for men. The findings concluded that men are satisfied (49.9%) with ready-made clothes though they often alter them. This study found that men experience fit problems with widths of ready-made clothes. Generally they experience more fit problems with the upper torso than the lower torso. Length problems were found to be more at the lower torso and could be concluded that ready-made trousers are longer than required lengths. From this study, it is apparent that numbered coded labels and lettered coded labels effectively guide in selecting formal clothes but illustrated figure, size label and body measurements are extremely effective. The findings indicated also that men prefer to wear fitting and semi-fitting jackets, loosely fitting trousers, semi-fitting shirts and suits to work. It can be concluded that men (28.6%) would want their body measurements to be taken and size labels to be clear and informative. The researcher recommended that apparel manufacturing industries in Kenya and abroad should ensure that their sizing systems are a representative of their target market.
Psycho- social and economic factors influencing the choice of clothing by professional women: a case of Machakos town in Kenya
(2014) Kitheka, Rose Kalunde; Wandaka, Isabella W.; Oigo, Bosibori E.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological, social and economic factors that influence the choice of clothing by professional women in Machakos Town. The study was prompted by the fact that professional women are exposed to a wide variety of clothing, due to frequent fashion and style changes. Besides, limited studies had been undertaken to address professional women’s clothing selection in Kenya’s towns outside Nairobi. The objectives of the study were to establish the influence of psychological, economic and social factors on the choice of clothing in Machakos Town. The research adopted a descriptive research design. Stratified random sampling technique was used, to represent sub groups of women employed in the private and public sector. The sample size of the study was 306 respondents, who were drawn from a population of 1430. Questionnaires containing both closed and open-ended questions were hand delivered to the respondents. Two hundred and eighty four respondents filled and returned the questionnaires, making a response rate of 92.8%. Data collected was analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The majority of respondents were aged between 40-49 years, with the youngest and the oldest being 22 and 59 years respectively. The majority of respondents had a monthly income of between Ksh.20, 001 – Ksh.30, 000. Just over half (57%) of the respondents were married. The majority of the respondents had degree certificates (56.7%), followed by those who had attained post secondary education (35.2%). The most outstanding psychological factors that influenced clothing choice was designs that suited figures (81%), followed by designs satisfying self esteem (79.4%). The study established that skirt suits were the preferred choice of clothing designs for religious functions (26.8%) and office wear (41.9%) respectively. The study established that jeans and tops were preferred for evening wear (26.4%) and casual wear (43%). Vitenge/African attires (47.7%) were highly preferred for weddings/special occasions. The study found that there was a significant association between marital status and choice of clothing, attractive clothing styles and choice of clothing. A significant association between income and choice of clothing was also noted. This study recommends that the clothing industry would benefit from marketing clothes that are suitable to the figures and also satisfy self esteem. The clothing manufacturing industry should be informed by the people’s income while pricing clothes in order to address the diversity of income in the country. Fashion designers should appreciate the dynamics of culture and religion while designing clothes, since many people are influenced by these factors while choosing their clothing. Based on the findings of this study, the researcher suggests that similar studies be carried out in other towns in the country, targeting men and also different age groups of both genders

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