MST-Department of Geography

Permanent URI for this collection

https://repository.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/416

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 141

Adaptation Strategies to Rainfall Variability by Small Scale Dairy Farmers in Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-04) Nyongesa, Geoffrey Mukhebi
Dairy farming in Kenya remains among the key wheelers to the Nations GDP contributor at about 6- 8%. Majority of the farmers in this sector, are small scale who mostly have no knowledge and capacity to handle challenges posed by rainfall variability that causes frequent droughts, impacting on water and pasture supply to their animals. The research investigated the adaptation strategies to rainfall variability by small scale dairy farmers in Uasin-Gishu County in Kenya. Objectives of study were: To assess the extent to which rainfall variability had affected small scale dairy farming, to evaluate the adaptive mechanisms used by small scale dairy farmers in response to rainfall variability between years 2010-2020 and to investigate the challenges faced by these farmers in adapting to this condition. Rainfall data was collected from the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), Eldoret. While milk produce data was obtained from Ministry of Agriculture Uasin-Gishu County. Structured Questionnaires were used to collect data on adaptive mechanisms and its challenges. The questionnaire was administered to small scale dairy farmers who were sampled in a stratified manner based on their sub counties, then randomly within the Sub County. In total about 368 small scale dairy farmers were sampled out of which 300 (82%) of administered questionnaire were fully responded to. Analysis of objective one was done by Pearson correlation to establish the relationship between various rainfall characteristics and milk produce. Total annual rainfall with total annual milk had correlation of r= 0.53, number of rainy days in a year to the amount of milk with Pearson correlation of r =0.23, P>0.05. Onset and cessation periods had Pearson correlation of r=0.31 and r=0.02 respectively. Average monthly rainfall to milk had Pearson correlation indicating a negative relationship of r= -0.42, P= 0.17, meaning months with high rainfall amounts had lower milk produced while dry ones had higher milk produced. In the second and third objectives, SWOT analysis was used to analyze them. Adaption strategies were taken as strengths and included: Keeping resistant breeds, they also access loans from banks and co-operative societies and also farmers rely on stored hay and silage during dry conditions. Challenges to adaptation were weaknesses and included: constraint by lack of adequate funds, lack of enough knowledge and skills to implement adaptive strategies besides in adequate support from County government. Research recommended that farmers should keep more of cross breed animals which cope with climate variability unlike exotic ones. There was also need for farmers to join and strengthen cooperative societies to assist them adapt, this is besides use of digital methods of sharing challenges and solutions to rainfall variability. The research findings are expected to benefit policy makers and other stake holders in improving dairy sub sector besides offering a body of knowledge to further researches.
Adoption of soil and water conservation technologies for sustainable watershed management and planning in Ngachuma sub-catchment, Kenya
(2012-02-20) Alufah, Simon
Soil erosion is detrimental and affects the chemical, physical and biological properties of the soil. One of the ways of managing soil erosion in a catchment is by the use of soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies to achieve sustainability. The main study objective was to determine and examine factors influencing the adoption SWC technologies for sustainable watershed management and planning in the Ngaciuma sub-catchment. To achieve the goal of the study, the following empirical tools were used: a structured questionnaire (for 100 respondents), institutional questionnaire (for 20 respondents), in-depth interview guide for key informants and an on-farm observation guide. Numerical tools for data analysis comprised of descriptive statistics, non-parametric test (chi-square), logit model, SWOT and cost-benefit analyses. The study identifies the following SWC technologies in the catchment: terracing (65 percent), tree planting (61 percent), agroforestry (33 percent), cover cropping (27 percent), intercropping/multiple cropping (16 percent) and contour vegetation strip (19 percent), with adoption level of. Adopters (76 percent) and Non-adopters (24 percent).The study also reveals that household size, perception of soil erosion problem, training in soil erosion control and land ownership influence adoption of SWC technologies in the catchment at (P<0.05) chi-square test. Using the logit model to further examine other factors considered, age, distance of farm from the Ngaciuma River, slope of cultivated land (significant at P< 0.01) and membership of a group or an organization were found to be influencing adoption of SWC technologies positively. Conversely, variables which influence adoption negatively were: education, distance of farm from homestead, number of farm parcels and farm size. Major challenges hindering adoption of SWC technologies have been lack of coordination between stakeholder agencies (Agriculture, Forestry and Water) in management and conservation of resources in the catchment. However, the catchment can boast of established Sub¬catchment Management Plan with active management committee and proactive Ngaciuma-Kinyaritha Water Resource Users Association for resource conservation. Finally, cost-benefit analyses conducted on one acre farm using terracing and tree plantation and terracing and maize production, separately in the catchment reveal that benefits far outweighed the costs. Thus, adoption of SWC technologies in the catchment is viable and cost-effective. The study recommends sensitization of farmers on the need to form groups to benefit from institutional credit facilities to enhance adoption of SWC technologies, formal training of all stakeholders in SWC technologies and capacity building of farmers in other livelihoods areas to reduce pressure on watershed natural resources. The study further recommends that Government of Kenya harmonizes management strategies in Agriculture, Water and Forest ministries and agencies geared towards watershed management. This will enhance SWC technology's adoption in the catchment for sustainable watershed management and development.
Agricultural decision-making and farmers choice of strategies in Trans-Nzoia district, Kenya
(2012-05-16) Naulikha, Kunusia Gregory M
This study examines agricultural decision -making and farmers' choice of strategies in Trans-Nzoia District, Rift Valley province, Kenya. The aim is to elucidate the influence of the farmers' perception and knowledge of the physical and socio-economic environments in their choice of crops, livestock enterprise, farming techniques and practices It is hypothesized that the success of agricultural development policy measures or decisions and the introduction of farming innovation, cannot be fully evaluated without an adequate insight into the perception and knowledge of the farmers who are more directly involved in creating agricultural land-use patterns. The behavioural approach is adopted for the study. This ensures the assessment of the farmers' decision-making behaviour from its own perspective in order to understand it without fitting it to already pre-conceived notions. The repertory Grid is the major technique used in data collection. It is ideal in studying the perceive world of the individual with minimum interference from the researcher. The data is subjected to simple statistical interpretation and analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study indicates that; first there are non-significant relationships between the selected socio-economic variables and the choice of farming strategies. Second, such non-economic factors as security of subsistence requirements, knowledge and experience and predispositions have a very significant influence on the choice of farming strategies. Third, there is a choice of farming techniques and practices between the small-and large-scale farmers. Fourth, both small-and large-scale farmers are influenced by economic, non-economic and to a lesser extent physical factors in the choice of the priority farming strategies. The differences in agricultural goals and resources available to them. In this study, it is argued that, within an agricultural environment each farmer sets goals, which influence his choice decisions on enterprises production techniques and practices. These goals are dynamic; perception and knowledge of the agricultural environment and the factors influencing decision-making also change. These account for the past, present and future spatial variations in agriculture land-use patterns in the study area. The study generally concludes that only by identifying, understanding and incorporating the farmers perception and indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) in policy-making implementation, innovation diffusions, development and evaluation process, can realistic agricultural measures or policy decisions advocated. Consequently its suggested in the study that the approach and methodology utilised could valuable to a holistic analysis and understanding of other agricultural environments without the risk of imposing preconceived notions on them. The study also shows that the government agricultural policies have always tended to favour the large-scale farmers who give priority to economic goals in their farming pursuits. The small-scale farmers who give priority to non-economic goals have been little influence by these policies in their efforts to improve agriculture. It is therefore recommended that the government should look into the pricing and marketing systems, the retention service, input supply institutions, research institutions, tractorization of farm operations and land-tenure systems in order to enhance agricultural development in the study area.
Agronomic and socio-economic factors influencing the variation of smallholder brinjals and okra yields in Kibwezi and Yatta Divisions, Machakos District, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1992) Wambua, Boniface N.
An Investigation on Savings and Internal Lending Communities’ Relationship to Household Welfare in Shangai Informal Settlement-Mpika-Zambia.
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Chewe, Margaret
The study aimed at assessing effects of Savings and Internal Lending Communities (SILC) on informal operators’ household welfare in Shangai informal settlement. SILC is a kind of informal social security mechanism which is widely used by low-income households among informal operators. About 4 billion people around the world are not provided with social protection by the government, they remain entirely unprotected ILO (2020). In the informal economy, traditional and informal mechanisms provide social protection due to inadequate provision of formal social protection programmes. Informal operators have had involved themselves in informal social security mechanisms such as savings groups that raise income through internal accruals. Shangai informal settlement has had experienced increasing levels of SILC participation, however, many are still having poor standards of living. This study was conducted to determine if SILC programmes as a social security mechanism made any positive impact on livelihood outcomes of Shangai informal operators. The specific objectives of the study were; to find out the reasons for joining SILC, assess the effects of SILC on poverty reduction, establish the challenges faced by SILC members and to assess whether participation in SILC leads to socio economic empowerment among informal operators. The study employed descriptive research design. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data and Key Informant Interviews (KII) were used for qualitative data. Fourteen registered SILC groups were purposively sampled because had the target population. Study sample size was 112 which was randomly selected. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics by use of SPSS version 22 and results were presented as means, frequency and percentages. While qualitative data collected from 8 key informant interviews was analyzed by content, classified according to major themes that were covered in this study. Examination on effects of SILC participation and poverty reduction was by use of independent t test while examination of influence of SILC participation on socioeconomic empowerment was through use of paired t test and chi square test with a p<0.05 as criterion of Statistical significance. Saving money, access to loans, and access to social funds were major reasons study participants joined SILC in Shangai informal settlement. This study established that SILC participation had positive effect in poverty reduction through assets accumulation of phones (p=0.044), bed (p=0.016), sponge mattress (p=0.014) and breakable plates (p=0.054). Main challenges faced by SILC study participants were non-repayment, late repayment, late reporting and poor attendance of SILC meetings. Study results further revealed that participation in SILC empowered informal operators with increased household monthly income (p=0.001) and funds for any emergency (p=0.054). Therefore, this study recommends to the government to capacity build SILC groups as viable social protection cover for informal sector. Furthermore, comparative studies should be conducted between SILC participants and non-SILC participants in Shangai informal settlement as to determine if SILC could be an alternative financial intervention.
Analysis of economic efficiency of irrigation water-use in Mwea irrigation scheme, Kirinyaga district, Kenya
(2011-07-11) Obiero, Owila Benedict Peter
Given the increasing freshwater scarcity, the performance of irrigation is critical in increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity in the water-scarce and largely arid and semi-arid Kenya. Irrigation currently accounts for most of the water withdrawals in the country, and the required improvement in the performance of irrigation is hampered by inadequate benchmarks upon which to base effective planning. This study was conducted between September and October 2008 to analyze the economic efficiency of irrigation water-use in Mwea Irrigation Scheme in the Upper Tana River Basin in Kirinyaga District, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to determine response of rice yields to the quantity of irrigation water used in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, the economic water-use efficiency, and the main factors explaining the efficiency. This required data on quantities of water withdrawn for irrigation, irrigated land area, working capital, labour and rice output, as well as other technical and socio-economic features of the irrigators. Questionnaires and field observations were used to collect secondary data on these variables from a sample of 121 out of the 4,189 rice farms. Descriptive statistics, regression and correlation tools were used for data analysis. The results were presented in form of tables, plates and graphs, from which discussions, conclusions, and recommendations were made. The study revealed that the quantity of irrigation water as was used had positive but insignificant effect on rice output, probably implying over-use of water. Technical, allocative, and overall economic (cost) water-use efficiencies in the Scheme were 69%, 91%, and 63% respectively. Further, technical efficiency was explained mainly by the act ual duration of land preparation, water conflicts, drain water re-use, and availability of water in the canal. It is recommended that technical and institutional changes bc made in order to improve technical efficiency of water use in the Scheme. Specifically, these include dry land preparation, shortening of land preparation period, cultivation of more water-efficient rice varieties, non-flood weed control, and construction of large-scale water storage infrastructure. Other recommendations are canal 'fining, installation of water control structures, drain water re-use, capacity-building of IWUAs, and integrated approaches to water management in the Thiba and Nyamindi river basins. This study contributes to effective and efficient decision-making on irrigation planning and management in Mwea Scheme. It will also facilitate the development and implementation of the National Irrigation Policy that is currently being formulated. In addition, it is expected to generate more interest in irrigation research in Kenya to help achieve the national macroeconomic development objectives of poverty alleviation, food security, employment creation, and industrialization.
An analysis of factors influencing adoption of the recommended maize technology's package in Makuyu Division, Murang'a South District, Kenya
(2011-11-03) Mbugua, Felistus
Maize is the most important staple food and the major source of sustenance for the majority of the Kenyans. The increasing population trend in the face of declining yields in maize production has intensified the food insecurity problem (Republic of Kenya, 1994). This has created the need to improve maize production techniques so as to meet food security demands. Researches have been conducted on maize varieties suitable for Kenya's different agro-ecological zones (KAR1, 2000). From these research findings, packages of improved maize varieties and the recommended agronomic practices that accompany adoption of each variety have been released. Each package contains a specific maize variety and its management practices that should be fully adopted to enable it give its expected maximum yield gains. The improved seeds have high yielding potential especially when the agronomic practices are employed to the recommended levels. The main objective of this study was to determine the level to which farmers in Makuyu Division of Muranga South District, Kenya have adopted the entire recommended maize variety's package in order to identify and analyze the major socio-economic constraints towards its adoption. This was done in order to identify possible policy options that can promote its entire adoption. A total of three hundred farmers were sampled using a multistage purposive technique from six sub-locations in the division namely Makuyu, Gakungu, Kimorori, Mihang'o, Maranjau and Karia-ini. The sampled farmers were interviewed through a structured questionnaire. The results revealed that, adoption of the entire package is sub-optimal for only 1 % of the sampled farmers had adopted all the six technology components in the package as recommended. It was found out that, users of fertilizers and cattle manure applied them at levels far below the required amounts. Most of the sampled farmers (71.3%) planted after onset of the rains. Awareness of weed control and the recommended crop density was high among the farmers as reflected by 84.7% and 59.2% of the sampled farmers respectively. Only 33.3% of the farmers in the sample applied above 50% of the package components to the required levels, an indication of low levels of adoption of the entire package. The study found a significant relationship between gender, education and income levels of the farmers and adoption of the entire package. Age and contact with extension services did not influence adoption of the entire package while cost of the technology, complexity and high perceived risks had negative influence on adoption of the entire package. Spearman's rho test revealed existence of a significant linear relationship between levels of income and formal education and adoption of the entire package. The study therefore recommends strengthening of contact between farmers and technology promoters. There is need to improve methods of disseminating agricultural technologies to the farmers through increased demonstrations. Farmers need to be given less complex technologies to enable them adopt them more readily. The study further recommends subsidies on farm inputs and provision of credits to the farmers to enable them afford the costs involved in adoption of agricultural technologies. Finally, there is need for further research on water use efficiency methods as intervention measures against weather variability.
Analysis of Farmers’ Soil Conservation Practices in Cirhanyobwa Catchment, South-Kivu Province, DR Congo
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Assani, Neville Mapenzi
The livelihood of majority of south-Kivu population in Eastern DRC depends on agriculture. However, in many catchments within the province, especially where hillsides have been cultivated, land productivity is threated by erosion leading to soil nutrient loss and water pollution. The main objective of this study was to analyze farmers’ soil conservation practicesin South-Kivu Province. Specifically this study estimated annual soil loss from the Cirhanyobwa catchment, evaluated soil conservation practices being used by farmers and determined factors and challenges affectingthe adoption of SCP in the watershed.To achieve the above objectives, Revised Universal Loss Equation was used to estimate annual soil loss, random sample of 200 householdscomplemented by 3 Focus Group Discussions were used to analyze farmers’ soil conservation practices, factors and challenges influencing the adoption of Soil Conservation Practices. Data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics (means,percentages and frequencies), chi-square, T-test and multinomial logit model. The resultsshowed that the areas having the natural forest show minimum soil erosion rate while areas having intense human intervention show high soil erosion rate (>30t h-1 y-1). The study identified the following Soil Conservation Practices: mulching, field trench, hedges, fanyajuu terraces, contour ploughing, minimum tillage operation and keeping the land fallow. Among those practices, mulching (50% of adoption level), hedges (15% of adoption level) and field trench (25% of adoption level) were more used by the farmers. Although the bench terrace was not more practiced in the catchment due to the lack of financing to use it, it was more preferred by farmers for its effectiveness in soil conservation. Critical factors affecting the adoption of SCP include lack of implementation of government regulation in farming system, insecure land tenure, lack of credit, small farm sizeas well as lack of knowledge or training on soil conservation practices. The study recommended the adoption of bench terracesfor reduction of soil erosion and improving soil productivity in the catchment.
Analysis of household water demand, distribution and community management strategies in Nyangores subcatchment, Bomet County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-02) Cheruiyot, Koech John
Access to quality water remains a key indicator of an improved social and economic life of any community. Due to an increasing human population, changes in land use activities and climate variability, Nyangores Basin in Kenya has been under pressure and for this reason, availability and access to quality and sufficient quantity of water has been adversely affected. Despite government plans to ensure all households access piped water; this has not been achieved as coverage is still very low. The main cause of lack of access to quality water from improved sources for household use is unclear. In addition, household access, distribution and management of improved water demand including rural water supply coverage and maintenance of water distribution systems in the basin is not documented. The objectives of this study were to determine the magnitude of household water demand, identify key factors that influence the magnitude of water demand and distribution and to examine the effectiveness of the current water use management strategies in Nyangores sub-catchment. The study employed descriptive statistics based on survey responses from a total of 300 households picked from Silibwet, Bomet and Sigor divisions. Household level data was supplemented with key informant interviews of 20 professionals from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Water Service Board and WRMA officials. The study also relied on secondary data from the National Housing and Population Census report and the meter reading reports at the District offices. Data was entered, coded and analysed using SPSS version 19 and Ms-excel. Results indicate that income, household size and distance from homesteads to water sources are major determinants of domestic water demand. Human population has been growing rapidly and is putting a lot of pressure on available water resources, whose quality has greatly deteriorated due to intensified human activities such as agriculture and livestock production. The current mean water demand stands at 9,745 m3 per day, which is largely met by unsafe water sources. Women and girls bear the greatest brunt of water related access constraints because they spent a lot of time fetching water and this also exposes them to health and safety risks. The expansion of piped water supply is slow with only 5.3% coverage since 2003. The community water use management strategies are below 30% and UfW is 53.77% up from a benchmark of 25%. Non-payment of water bills is increasing at the rate of 4 % per month. Management strategies currently employed include rationing, public education on efficient water use while metering, pricing and enforcement of legislation on water governance are employed on a limited extent. The study recommends the county and national governments to promote watershed and basin protection, harnessing of underground water resources and investment in more rain water harvesting infrastructure to reduce reliance on rivers. It is important to promote efficient use of water by the local community, promote growth of non-agricultural income generating activities to create effective demand for water and aim to supply safe water to within a radius of 200 metres from homes.
Analysis of Rainfall Variability on Irish Potato Production in Ol-joro-orok Division, Nyandarua County, Kenya.
(2014-02-19) Karanja, Amon Mwangi; Shisanya, C.A.; Makokha, G. L.
This study analysed the effect of rainfall variability on potato yields in Oljoro-orok Division, Nyandarua County. The objective was to investigate the relationship between rainfall variability and Irish potato production in Oljoro-orok division. Specific objectives were: to assess the seasonal and annual rainfall and potato production trends and variability between 1999 and 2009, to analyse seasonal and annual rainfall characteristics and correlate them with potato production, to evaluate farmers’ adaptation measures to rainfall variability in potato production. Primary data were obtained from randomly selected farmers through questionnaires. Secondary data on rainfall and potato production were collected from Nyahururu Meteorological Station and District Agriculture Office respectively for the period of eleven years. Purposive sampling was used to select 300 farmers in the division. Proportionate sampling was used to select the sample of farmers in each of the three locations. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics namely frequencies, percentages and means with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17.0. The results were presented using line and bar graphs, tables and pie charts. The findings were that annual rainfall and potato yield shows an increasing trend between 1999 and 2009. Rainfall has shown a decreasing trend during the long rain season and an increasing trend during short rain season. Rainfall variability is significant in both seasonal and annual trends ranging from -25.2473 in 2009 to +48.9891 in 2007 on the annual trend, -61.0170 in 2008 to +105.7627 in 2007 during the long rain season and -69.7561 in 2007 to +61.7886 in 2006 during the short rain season. Potato yield variability is also significant in both seasonal and annual trends ranging from -33.1369 in 2000 to +60.8892 in 2007 on the annual trend, -30.9963 in 2000 to +34.989802 in 2007 during the long rain season and -45.2353 in 2000 to +144.0588 in 2007 during the short rain season. Rainfall variations, lack of clean seeds and crop diseases have been found to be the major challenges facing potato production in the division. Forty five percent (45%) of the respondents see rainfall variation as the main cause of decreased potato yields 33% lack of clean seeds and 6% crop diseases. From the findings Pearson’s r= 0.839 is close to 1 showing that there is a strong relationship between rainfall trend and potato production.From the findings, the study recommends that soil and water management practices such as mulching, digging of trenches and earth dams and use of irrigation during the dry spell as adaptation measures should be applied to cope with rainfall variation. Farmers should be encouraged to enhance crop diversification to caution them from rainfall variability. They should practise crop intensification to increase potato production. The farmers’ field day organized by Farmers Training College should be done more frequently to enable more farmers to attend. The findings will benefit the Ministry of Agriculture, District Agriculture Officers, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, and Agricultural Extension Officers, to mitigate seasonal variations of rainfall not only in Oljoro-orok but also in the entire Country.
Analysis of Runoff, Infiltration Rate, Sediment Release and Nutrient Drain From Four Vegetation Types in South Kinangop Forest, Nyandarua County
(Kenyatta University, 2014) Chege, N. J.
Availability of quality water supply is essential for a healthy nation and development. Water resources in Kenya are threatened by overuse, misuse and pollution as a result of destruction of vegetation in the watersheds. It is recognized that water quality and quantity factors are strongly influenced by forests. Degradation of water resource therefore causes large chemical consignments for water treatment. This study analysed the performance of four vegetation types in south Kinangop forest station of the Aberdare ranges in Nyandarua County on run-off release, nutrients drain, infiltration rate and sediment load release. The main objective of the study was to assess the role of the four selected vegetation types on run-off discharge, infiltration rate, sediment load discharge and nutrient losses. The experiment employed selection of four forest blocks and laid runoff samplers replicated three times in each type. The four vegetation types were Bamboo, Grassland, Cypress plantation and Natural forest. The runoff plot size measured 8x5m plots. The slope and the vegetation status on each plot were assessed and recorded. Rainfall data was collected and recorded from a central position. One percent of the runoff was collected and quantified from the calibrated sampler after a successful down pour overnight and analysed. Samples of leachates were retained for sediment load, quality and nutrients analysis in the laboratory at the end of the experiment. Soil samples from the four vegetation types were collected at 15cm with an auger bit and analysed for pH, Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorous (NPK). Infiltration rate was assessed in each of the vegetation types and data tabulated. Sediment load analysis was done from extract of leachates collected to ascertain its magnitude on each of the vegetation type. The data was run through GenStat 16th version (32bit) and Microsoft Excel 2007 statistical packages. The results (p˂0.01) on runoff, infiltration rate, sediment load and nutrient drain were statistically significant with an exception of phosphorous had a value (p=0.315) which is greater than the tabulated p>0.05. This indicates that Phosphorous is not influenced by the vegetation type. Cypress plantation had the highest sediment load release of 0.3 tons per hectare followed by Natural forest, Bamboo and Grassland had the least. These results indicated that different vegetation types had influence on the run-off, nitrogen and potassium drain, infiltration rate and sediment load release. Based on the sediment load, turbidity levels and the Phosphorous drain, the order of merit was grassland, bamboo, natural forest and cypress plantation. Although bamboo was ranked second it outweighs grassland in terms of multiple utility. Bamboo is therefore best for countering sediment load, enhancing infiltration rate, reducing nutrient drain and stabilizing soils along degraded catchments
An Analysis of the Determinants of Fertility in Matuga Division, Matuga Sub-County, Kwale County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2017-04) Mwatengar, Salimu Hamadi
The world total fertility rate has dropped from 4.95 births per woman to 2.36 births per woman in the last 50 years. In developing countries the total fertility rate has dropped from 6.0 births per woman in the 1960s to 2.9 births per woman in 2005 and was expected to have dropped even further in 2015. Kenya‟s fertility has declined from 7.8 births per woman in 1979 to 4.6 births per woman in 2009 (KNBS, 2010). Despite the general drop in fertility, there are differentials where some regions have higher fertility rates than others. Fertility in Kwale County still remains high at 6.0 births per woman (DDP, 2008-2012).The objective of this study was to analyse the direct and indirect determinants of fertility among women aged 15 – 49 in Matuga division. The specific objectives were to; examine if socio-economic, demographic, socio-cultural and proximate determinants affect the fertility in the division. Analysis of the proximate determinants of fertility was done using an adopted model from Stover 1998. The model divided the determinants into direct determinants including: women sexuality, contraceptive use, women sterility and postpartum insusceptibility. Indirect determinants included: age of the respondents, education level, religion, number of children and employment status. A sample size of 214 women was randomly selected. Primary data was collected from the field in October 2013. Secondary data was acquired from the 2009 census report, Kenya Demographic Health Survey reports (1989, 1998, 2004 and 2010) and Kwale District Development Plan (2008-2012). The tools used to collect data included a questionnaire and a key informant interview guide to supplement the data. The methods of analysis used include: calculation of percentages, mean and median and use of the proximate determinants model. Results revealed that the fertility rate of Matuga Division is 5.8 births per woman. Furthermore, it also indicated that of the proximate determinants of fertility, post-partum insusceptibility at 0.72 had the most inhibiting effect on fertility while contraceptive use at 0.98 had the least depressing effect on fertility. Other measurements included women sexuality and sterility with inhibiting effects of 0.73 and 0.81 respectively. On the non- proximate determinants, 48.1% of the women interviewed were not using any method of contraception despite being aware of at least one. A very small percentage of just 2.4 % were using condom as a method of contraception. 63.3% of the women interviewed breastfed up to at least 21 months. The mean age at first sexual intercourse was estimated to be at 16 years and 9 months. The study found out that only 20.4% of the women in the study were experiencing secondary sterility. Consequently, the government should embark on community sensitisation on the importance of contraceptive use to the community‟s welfare. Organisations should also make condoms readily available in the community by putting them up in dispensers at boda boda stages, market places and public toilets.
Analysis of the effects of water supply management on socio-economic welfare in Southern Bugesera, Rwanda
(2012-12-03) Mushinzimana, Jean M.V.
Water supply systems are critical for improved access to potable water, social well-being and economic prosperity of rural communities. Yet, these systems are being threatened in Southern Bugesera Catchment of Rwanda due to the prevailing high demand of water and land for agriculture. This study assessed drivers to the change of water management tenure in Southern Bugesera and its effect on water supply and the socio-economic welfare of communities living in that district. Its specific objectives encompassed: (i) to examine the effect of change in tenure of management of water supply on accessibility and use of water at the household level; (ii) to assess the effect of the increasing cost of tap water on the socio-economic welfare of the southern Bugesera Community; (iii) to determine the effect of improved clean water supply on population health in Southern Bugesera; and (iv) to evaluate the quality of existing alternative water sources in Southern Bugesera. A total of 384 questionnaires were administered at household level in the six sectors of the study area. Focus group discussions were also held in each of the six sectors to include key informants such as managers of health units, several community leaders, tap water managers, and water providers. Other data were collected through documentary review and physical data measurement. Information collected was analysed using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, Chi-square Test, Pearson correlation, physicochemical and bacteriological laboratory analysis, accounting ratios and economic calculus. A consolidation of findings was done through the analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT). Results show that water availability, accessibility, efficient use, affordability and cost recovery are among key drivers for management tenure change almost every decade in Southern Bugesera Catchment (Rwanda) from 1951 to 2011. Privatization coupled with a participatory approach was presented as the most adequate water management tenure. Hence, the study recommended the reinforcement of the Public Private Partnership (PPP) with regard to sustained rural water supply and infrastructure development in Southern Bugesera. Regarding water cost, a cubic metre price has decreased from RwF 1,073/m3 to RwF 947/m3 with annual deficits of about RwF 500/m3, hence providing evidence of the water supply inefficiency. Yet, this price was still a burden for most households, a majority taking the risk of using unprotected spring water. To ensure accessibility to all, the management of Southern Bugesera water treatment plant needs to recover at least its running costs and assure regular maintenance of infrastructure for water production and distribution. However, the study suggested that the intensification of health and water hygiene education at household levels through "hand-washing" and "water treatment" campaigns. Relating householders' perception to water quality Pearson correlation and Chi-square test revealed with 95% confidence interval that there was a significant difference among respondents with regards to their water source and treatment mode preference, a majority feeling that water from alternative sources was good for domestic use, while a minority preferring its treatment prior use (through boiling and covering of water with a clean container). Finally, results of the physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of spring water revealed high pH, conductivity, turbidity and colour values in most springs with negative contents of manganese, calcium, magnesium, magnesium hardness, total hardness and organic matter (such as nitrate and nitrite); only iron and calcic hardness were proportionately normal according to WHO standards. Thus, most springs were polluted and full of enterobacteria. The study recommended chlorine and bacteria disinfection at household level for some fairly good spring water. The Government of Rwanda needs to enforce the water sector reforms to ensure water availability and affordability by all as well as the financial sustainability of the Southern Bugesera WSS plant.
Analysis of the limiting factors in soil water management practices of small holder farmers in Magamba sub-catchment of Lushoto district, Tanzania
(Kenyatta University, 2015-01) Juvenary, P. Madyanga; Obando, Joy Apiyo; Makokha, G. L.
It is increasingly difficult to ignore the role of soil water management practices in watershed conservations. Watershed degradation has been a major intimidating problem in many catchments of developing countries, Tanzania inclusive. The general objective of this study was to analyze the limiting factors in soil water management practices of small holder farmers in Magamba sub-catchment of Lushoto District, Tanzania. Primary data was covered by use of structured questionnaire (for 100 small-holder farmers), researcher observation, and interview guide and in-situ soil moisture measurements (for 60 farm plots) based on different types of soil water management practices. Secondary data sources used constituted both unpublished and published data sources on limiting factors of small- holder farmers in soil water management practices and their effects on soil moisture. Qualitative technique for data analysis involved description of different types of soil water management practices. Quantitative data was analyzed using analysis of variance and regression statistical analysis. StataSE version 11.0 and Microsoft excel 2007 computer programs were used for analysis. Predominant types of soil water management practices identified included physical measures (fanya juu and bench terraces), agronomic measures (mulch, guatemala grasses and agro-forestry farming) and chemical measures (organic and chemical fertilizers). The study also found capital problems, low training and low technical assistance, market problems, lack of education, slope, physical distance and nature of crops as major limiting factors in soil water management practices in the study area. For soil moisture measurements, there were great variations across the three sections (lower, middle and upper) and on different types of soil water management practices in the sub-catchment. The p value= 0.0024<0.05; proved against null hypothesis and hence concludes that; there is significant difference of soil moisture contents and types of soil water management practices in the Magamba sub-catchment. Comparatively, high records of soil moisture were found in the lower section than the rest of the sections. The middle section gave low moisture contents compared to the upper section. This is because of limited vegetation cover compared to the upper section where large area is dominated by forest trees. The study recommends introduction of saving credit cooperative organizations to reduce problems of capital, encourage adult education for non educated farmers, promote universal agricultural training programs instead of top based training approach, introducing agricultural credit schemes, strengthen of the local markets, empowering female farmers, monitoring of soil water management practices and promoting groups and training centres for farmers and enhancement of soil moisture through planting of guatemala grasses in farming in the study area
An analysis of urban residents' participation in outdoor recreation in urban forested areas: the case of Nairobi city, Kenya
(2011-11-03) Sylvester, W. O. Hayker; Calvine Kayi; Mwisukha, A.
With the rapidly changing world coupled with changes in tastes and lifestyles among Urban residents, there is need to diversify the range of outdoor recreation opportunities in Urban areas. This is with specific reference to Nairobi city, which has a vast resource of forested areas such as Karura Forest, Ngong Road Forest, City Park and the Nairobi Arboretum. This study therefore sought to establish the preference of Nairobi residents on the use of urban forested areas as outdoor recreation sites, as well as identifying the opportunities existing within the forests for outdoor recreation. Survey research design was used to gather information on urban residents' preferences on the use of forested areas for outdoor recreation. Factors under investigation were facilities within the forested areas as independent variables and urban residents' preferences as dependent variables. A sample size of 200 residents was drawn from the study area by use of random probability sampling method. Data was collected by use of five - point Likert Scale questionnaire and closed ended questions, which was administered to residents within the study area (on-site). The researcher took photographs to determine available outdoor recreation opportunities and management factors within the urban forested areas. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the characteristics of respondents. Chi-square (x2) was used to show a relationship between the extents of awareness of Nairobi's residents on outdoor recreation opportunities available in Nairobi's forested areas and level of education at a significant level of 0.05. The preferences of Nairobi City's residents towards outdoor recreation and the factors that constrain Nairobi's residents from using urban forests for outdoor recreation were determined using One-Way ANOVA. The study indicated that there are numerous opportunities in the urban forests for outdoor recreation and majority of Nairobi residents know about them. h1ost of the residents visited the urban forests for picnicking using private means of transport and mostly in the afternoons. Most of the respondents affirmed the benefits of outdoor recreation in urban forests, as including improved social ties, improved well-being and renewed energy. However there were issues that visitors to the urban forests felt should be addressed; ensuring safety and security within the recreation sites. The study recommends that the government should support the marketing of outdoor recreation in urban forests through funding, advertising and enacting of laws that will stimulate growth of outdoor recreation by the ministry of tourism and ministry of environment and natural resources. Managers of the varioVs urban forests (NCC, FONA and KFS) should ensure a litter-free environment by posting notices directing recreationists to dump litter at designated points, along with clearly posted rules and regulations, safety and security at recreation sites, and cleanliness of washrooms and toilets to guarantee satisfaction to visitors. Improving these satisfaction attributes could help increase visitors' overall experience, which could lead to repeat visits.
Anthropogenic impact on the population of vepris glandulosa (Hoyle and ledkey) Kokwaro (Rutaceae), and endangered tree species in Muguga South forest reserve, Kenya
(2012-04-19) Achieng, Salmon Okelo
Vepris glandulosa (Hoyle and Leakey) Kokwaro (Rutaceae) is a rare, shade loving lower canopy tree, previously known to occur only in Muguga South Forest Reserve (MSFR) (Kiambu), but has now been discovered in Ragati (Nyeri) and Limuru (Kiambu), all localities in Central Kenya. This study focused on the impact of human activities on the population of V.glandulosa in (the KEFRI managed) MSFR. Information on previous works on V. glandulosa was obtained mainly from literature survey while population data obtained by census method. Height and diameter measurements of individual tree stands were taken, coupled with field observations of human disturbance. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on the uses, threats and conservation status of V.glandulosa. Chi-square distribution at 95% confidence level demonstrated three items: Firstly, there was a significant relationship between human activities and the population of V. glandulosa. Secondly, the population of V. glandulosa saplings exceeded that of trees, suggesting potential for regeneration and population increase. Thirdly, the population of V.glandulosa trees in MSFR has increased significantly since 1991. The population of V. glandulosa was highest where human disturbance was high, a phenomenon associated with the release of monopolised resources. This observation suggests that some disturbance may be important for sustainable management of the species. There was inadequate knowledge of V.glandulosa among the young generation, an observation associated with barbed-wire approach to forest management. Improving local knowledge of the species may be necessary for the promotion of ex-situ conservation. The study also suggests the need to research on the reproductive biology of V. glandulosa, in order to increase knowledge of its regeneration and endangerment. Tagging of existing population, making regular reports and conducting comparative studies within the population range were suggested to be crucial in the management of V. glandulosa.
Assesment of Water Resource Accessibility and Conservation in Ngaciuma/Kinyarithia Sub-Catchment,Imenti North District,Kenya
(2013-03-21) Mutuma, Evans; Mahiri, I.
The aim of the study was to assess water resource accessibility and conservation in Ngaciuma/Kinyaritha sub-catchment in Imenti North District, Kenya. The study was prompted by unsustainable use of water resources in the study area which has drastically affected the volumetric flows of Ngaciuma River rendering some of the tributaries seasonal. People are therefore forced to move longer distances in search of reliable water sources, especially during the dry season. To contribute to the improvement on this situation, the study sort to expose the statusof water resources in.the sub-catchment by analyzing both trends in rainfall(1986-2008) andstream flow for both Ngaciuma and Kinyaritha minor river both serving the community in this sub-catchment. Water use and water conservation activities were also documented. The influenceof water accessibility on water use and adoption of Water Conservation (WC) practices at household level was evaluated. The study identified the constraints faced by the community. To realize the objectives of the study, both primary and secondary data were utilized. Primary datawere collected using open and closed ended questionnaires administered to households. The householdswere selected through the guidance of zones in the sub-catchment. Secondary data involved rainfall data and 'stream discharge data which were acquired from the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) and Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) sub regional office in Imenti North district, respectively. Statistical package of Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze social economic characteristics of the respondents. Regression, correlation, spearman t test and Mann Wh itney U testwere used to compute the relationship between variables. Tree planting, rainwater harvesting and bench terraces were identified as the main we practices. Lack of capital and lack of technical knowledge were the "major 'constraints to adoption of WC practices. Stepwise regressionanalysis revealed that lack of technical knowledge could explain 83.5% of variations of adoption level of we practices by respondents. The Upper zone of the sub-catchment had poor access to water resources as compared to the Middle and Lower zones. A correlation analysisbetween distance to and from water sources revealed a negative association statistically significant at p<0.05. However, a correlation analysis between distance and number of we practicesadopted revealed no significant relationship at P<0.05. Spearman rank test revealed a significantdecreasing trend during the long rains (March-May) during the period 1986-2008 at P
Assessing Challenges of Urban Water Supply: The Case of Low- Income Households in Migori Town, Migori County Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-04) Kasuku, Margaret Awino
Lack of access to safe water remains a significant challenge in developing countries. There has been a challenge when it comes to provision of clean and adequate water to the low income households living in urban areas such as Migori Town. Numerous reasons beyond individual’s households capability have been identified, despite having numerous water projects and government actions. The aims of the study were to establish sources of water, examine water inadequacy, coping strategies and effectiveness of water-use strategies among the low income households in Migori Town. The research was guided by the research questions for each objective. The research can be used to justify the need for policy implementation pertaining to challenges of water provision in Migori Town. Descriptive Survey Design was used to explore the challenges of water supply in the six informal estates of Migori town that is Soweto, Sauri Yako, Panda, Pieri, Dip and Nyangubo. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and through observations. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to identify significant correlations between water supply and demand. It was also used to test the null hypothesis. The research was guided by Graph Theory of water supply by Euler Leonhard which advocates for a design of water portioning for both multiple and single source networks. The research findings showed that MIWASCO is the official water supplier in Migori though not a major distributor of water to the low income households in Migori Town. Some individuals used alternative water sources which were not fit for their consumption. Long distances in search of water was established to be dangerous. It prevented women and children from carrying out other activities for the day thus jeopardizing income generation within households. Due to long distances, 82.7% of the respondents rely on water vendors who were very costly (charging up to Kshs. 20/= per 20 litre).The study was limited to a sample and thereby recommends that future research should cover all town residents. From the findings the efforts should be directed towards eliminating the challenges of water shortages and reduce the risk factors associated with water shortages. Areas for further study are to examine influence of governance and infrastructure on the effective water supply within the informal settlements
Assessing Gender Roles in Dagaa Fishery Value Chain Among Fishing Communities on Lake Victoria Beaches in Siaya County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Odhone, Albert Ogoma
Fisheries in the East Africa region have suffered due to less emphasis given to some fishery specifically Dagaa (Rastrineobolaargentea), whose quantity is the highest of all the species in the Lake Victoria. Despite the importance of this resource in Kenya, there has been a concern of gender parity and inequality in terms of roles played by both gender in harvesting, processing, trading and marketing in the Dagaa fishery. This study analyzed gender roles in Dagaa Fishery Value Chain among fishing communities around Lake Victoria in Bondo Sub County, in Siaya County, Kenya. The study addressed the following objectives: Identified the various roles of men and women in Dagaa Fishery Value Chain, discussed factors influencing gender roles in Dagaa Fishery Value Chain, analyzed the barriers to women’s participation in certain Dagaa Fishery Value Chain and examined the strategies to overcome challenges in gender roles in Dagaa fishery value chain in Bondo Sub-County, Siaya County. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. This study was guided by two models; gender analysis framework model that was developed by Sarah Longwe and supply chain model. Purposive sampling technique was used to select Bondo Sub-County and fishing community in Bondo Sub-County; random sampling technique was used to select five (5) fish landing sites/beaches where quantitative data were collected from 186 out of the targeted 188 primary respondents, from among the forty-four beaches of Lake Victoria in Bondo Sub-County. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS Version 25, and descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used in presenting analyzed data. The results were presented using tables and charts. The study findings revealed that majority of the boats and fishing gears were owned by men, motorized boats belonged to men while a higher percentage of females still had the paddled boats. While men dominated the fishing of Dagaa, women dominated processing and trading of Dagaa in the beaches. The study noted that men made higher returns than their female counterparts at all levels of Dagaa fishery value chain. The study concluded that there is a still wide disparity among gender roles in Dagaa fishery value chain. Most of the activities in the value chain are still dominated by men. This study recommends that women be encouraged to take part in Dagaa fishery value chains, empowerment of women to take part in transportation and distribution of Dagaa and application of various strategies such as joining SACCOs to access loans at low interest rates, formation of groups for ease of access to credit services and weakening patriarchy to mitigate factors affecting Gender roles in Dagaa fishery value chains.
Assessment and Mapping of Groundwater Quality in the Thiririka Sub Catchment Kiambu County, Kenya
(2014-08-18) Ebenezer, Ashun
Groundwater is an important natural resource used for drinking by many people globally, especially in rural and peri-urban areas, but this resource cannot be sustainably used unless its quality is ascertained. Urbanization and the increasing population growth in the Thiririka Sub Catchment has put increasing pressure on natural resources and social services such as housing, water supply and sanitation, education and health facilities in the Sub Catchment. This increased in demand, coupled with the inadequate or lack of supply of potable water and sanitary services has consequently made the inhabitants to increasingly rely on groundwater as their sole or supplementary source of water, however, groundwater in the Sub Catchment is under threat of contamination due to the utilization of on-site sanitation systems, dominated by pit latrines and agricultural pollution originating mainly from run off water after rains, carrying fertilizers, pesticides, herbicide and faecal matter, hence this study was conducted in the Thiririka Sub Catchment, Kiambu County, Kenya, to determine the safety of groundwater sources and to examine the factors influencing groundwater quality. The study sought to assess the groundwater quality and to map its spatial distribution in terms of suitability for domestic purposes. Groundwater samples from 19 boreholes and 17 shallow wells were sampled from during the months of April to June 2013 and analysed for selected physico - chemical and microbial parameters. Standard methods were used for the analysis of groundwater samples in the laboratory. The results obtained were compared to guideline values of the NEMA, USEPA and WHO to establish the potability of groundwater. The the concentration of nitrates and turbidity in some of the samples exceeded the prescribed NEMA, USEPA and WHO standards of 10 mg/L and 5 NTU respectively. The concentration of iron and maganese also exceeded the established standards of 0.3 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L while 15 of the sampled boreholes and all of the 17 sampled shallow wells had faecal coliform contamination and did not conform to the NEMA, USEPA and WHO guideline value of 0 cfu/100 ml. The student‟s t-test performed at 95% confidence interval showed a significant difference between the means for the sampled boreholes and shallow wells for the following parameters; nitrates, faecal coliform count and turbidity. The Inverse distance weighting methodology in the 3D Analyst module of ArcGIS 9.3 was used to generate a thematic map for each of the tested parameters. It was observed from the calculated Water Quality Index (WQI) that, 21 of the samples were in the 100 - 200 range indicating poor quality, 11 in the 200 - 300 range, indicating very poor quality and 4 samples in the above 300 range indicating unsuitable for drinking purposes. This was due to the high concentration iron, zinc and manganese present in groundwater samples in the Sub Catchment. The close proximity of cattle kraals, pit laterines and domestic sewage effluents were found to be the factors that influence and degrade the quality of groundwater. The sanitary survey also revealed that the risk to pollution for the boreholes ranged from low to medium but all the shallow wells were in the high risk category due to the proximity of cattle kraals, pit latrines and domestic waste dumps to these wells. Groundwater in the Thirirka Sub Catchment should therefore be treated before used. The construction of wells with cement blocks with an apron and a well drainage system around these wells should be encouraged. Inhabitants of the Sub Catchment should be informed by officials of NEMA and WRMA about the status of groundwater in the Sub Catchment.

Browse

Browsing MST-Department of Geography by Title

Results Per Page

Sort Options