PHD-School of Humanities & Social Sciences

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This collections contains bibliographic information and abstracts of PHD theses and dissertation in the School of Humanities & Social Sciences held in Kenyatta University Library

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Absentee landlords and land utilization in Uganda: the case of Kibaale District, 1894 – 1995
(2015) Magezi, James Wilson
This research focuses on absentee landlords and land utilization in Uganda, taking the case of Kibaale District in present-day Bunyoro Kingdom. It covers the period between 1894-1995. The study covers the economic history of Kibaale District during the colonial and post-independence period up to 1995.The objectives of this study were to identify the origins of absentee landlords, the commoditization of the land resource and its impact on land use between the landlords and the tenants. The study also examines how land policies of the colonial and post-independence governments tackled the issue of absentee landlords. The significance of this study is to add to the existing knowledge about the land tenure system in Kibaale District especially in relation to the politics of land allocation and utilization during both the colonial and post-independence periods. The study employed a number of theories including the theories of the articulation of the modes of production, neo-patrimonialism, conflict and relative-deprivation. The study adopted an historical approach in data collection and interpretation. Both primary and secondary data were collected. The study employed both the qualitative and quantitative methods of research to analyze and interpret the data. Both primary and secondary methods of data collection were used. A variety of informants were interviewed namely civil servants, peasants, teachers, landlords, landowners, politicians, and Kingdom leadership. The Uganda national archive in Entebbe was also a major source of information especially on correspondences of the colonial administrators. The research established that absentee Baganda landlords disrupted land use in Kibaale District during both the colonial and post-independence period. They were the holders of the land titles, and yet they were always absent which created insecure land-tenure among their Banyoro tenants. This research, therefore, recommends that the government should effect a land legislation that will solve the land question in Kibaale District.
Acoustic Features of the Non-Ethnically Marked Kenyan English in the Speech of Selected University Lecturers
(Kenyatta University, 2018) Itumo, Joshua Mulinge
This study is an acoustic analysis of the phonological segments of the non-ethnically marked Kenyan English (KenE). KenE is contextualized within Kachru’s World Englishes (WEs) and its progress towards a ‘standard’ variety of English is accounted for within Schneider’s Dynamic Model for Post- Colonial Englishes (PCEs).The research objectives were: to describe the acoustic characteristics of the non-ethnically marked KenE phonological segments; to identify the phonemes in the non-ethnically marked KenE; to account for the observed phonological patterns within the Element Theory (ET); and to compare the internal element structure of KenE phonemes with that of the Received Pronunciation (RP), the accent associated with the Standard British English (SBE). Oral data was obtained by audio recording as purposively selected university lecturers read, The Boy Who Cried Wolf, a passage which is commonly used for English phonemic analyses. The primary oral data was analysed using Praat software. Quantitative data was further analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and presented in tables and written descriptions. Qualitative data was presented in figures. The study mainly found out that KenE tends towards eight monophthongs and six diphthongs. KenE does not have a ‘dark l’ and unlike the RP, it does not aspirate the fortis plosives. The lenis plosives are, on the other hand, characterized by a voicing lead. Also, KenE does not distinguish the two dental fricatives. The research findings provide useful insights for the codification of the phonology of an envisioned ‘standard’ variety of Kenyan English.
Acquisition of English Passive Constructions by Dholuo Speaking Pupils
(Kenyatta University, 2015) Awuor, Quiz Elizabeth
The current study investigated the processes by which Dholuo speaking pupils acquire the English language passive constructions. Assuming that such pupils would have already mastered the Dholuo passive, the study focused on the cross linguistic effects of the Dholuo passive on the acquisition of the English passive constructions. The study also investigated the role of gender and age in the acquisition of the English passive constructions. An eclectic theoretical paradigm involving Learnability and Interlanguage theories was used. The study adopted the descriptive cross-sectional design which involves respondents in different groups according to their respective levels of development. The cohorts were pupils aged 6-8; 9-11 and 12-14 years. The design enabled the study to compare peers or cohorts as they successively reached a given age or points of development. It also allowed for child cohort comparison. Data was collected using research instruments that consisted of receptive and production tasks which were administered to the pupils. Data was analysed and interpreted qualitatively in terms of percentage scores in pie-charts and bar graphs, and quantitatively in prose form. The study found out that whereas gender had no significant influence on the acquisition of English passive constructions by Dholuo speaking pupils, the age of the pupils had a significant influence. Pupil‘s interlanguage is characteristic of most linguistic systems in the sense that it has properties of both the Dholuo passive and the English passive constructions. It emerged that pupils use a number of strategies as they come to terms with the target English passive structures. The pupils displayed adult like behaviour in their construction of the English passives and had problems only with the by-constructions. The findings of this study have implications not only on the acquisition of English grammatical structures, but also on the cross-linguistic influence in Second Language Acquisition and recommends as follows; syllabus designers and material developers should take due cognisance of the cross linguistic influence while designing syllabi and developing instructional materials for lower primary classes, and teachers handling English language in the corresponding grades to be made aware of the potential effects of the L1 on the acquisition of English target structures. The study also creates an opportunity for further research in other aspects namely: the interaction of Dholuo with the acquisition of other aspects of English grammar; interaction of other languages with English during the acquisition process; focus on adult learners so that any differences attributable to age of the learners could be noted and lastly, focus on child language acquisition within the African background so that inherent differences can be noted and accounted for.
Acquisition of two syntactic structures of English by Kenyan School Pupils
(2012-01-06) Njiri, James Maina
There are two important issues that have captured the interest of researchers in the area of Second Language Acquisition. One is the desire to describe the nature of learner language using various approaches such as: the study of learner's errors, the study of developmental patterns, the study of variability, and the study of pragmatic features. The other one is the desire to explain the learner's language, i.e. to examine why the learners make errors, why their language exhibits marked regularities, and why it changes systernatically over time. In the context of these principal concerns in the area of SLA, the objective of the present study is to describe the acquisition of two is structures of English namely the noun phrase and the verb phrase by Kenyan school pupils.. The focus is to determine the sequences of the acquisition of the constituents within these phrases. Besides this, the study explains the learner language by way of investigating the contribution of the variables of time, sex and the learner's Ll in the acquisition of the two structures. A heterogeneous group of sixty - four pupils drawn from four different time levels across primary and secondary schools is used. Data is collected by two methods namely: free or spontaneous composition and picture description. This helps to ensure complete sentential productions with both the NP and the VP. Data analysis involves identification and computation of the syntactic categories. Frequency Analysis Model is used to determine the developmental sequences of the Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase rules. Two methods of analysis are used to determine group syntactic performance according to time, L1 and sex. This is done by, computing the frequency distribution of informants across the IL varieties and displaying the results in tables. Statistical significance of the three variables in relation to syntactic performance is also examined. This research is therefore quasi - longitudinal, and essentially qualitative. The analysis reveals that learners acquire the NPs and VPs in fairly defined. developmental sequences. While the influence of the learner's sex and Ll is statistically insignificant in this study, the influence of time in acquisition is significant. Pedagogic programmes involving the teaching of these structures in our schools may be based on the acquisition sequences that this study identifies. Because levels of proficiency are commensurate with the amount of time spent in SL learning as this study reveals, teachers should maximize the use of the time availed in their timetables.
Adaptation levels of family caregivers of people living with HIV and AIDS: a case of Thika district,Kenya
(2011-07-25) Kathuri-Ogola, L. N.
People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) often require specialized care especially from those closely related to them. Most of this care giving of the infected takes place in the home and is by relatives. However, very little is understood about how these caregivers adapt to care giving. The study therefore, sought to investigate factors that predict levels of adaptation to care giving of family caregivers (FCGs) of PLWHA in Thika District. The District has had a high HIV prevalence in the country. A total of 177 primary FCGs of PLWWA drawn through proportionate stratified random sampling from three divisions in the study area were used. Data was collected using interview schedules and Focus Group Discussion (FGDs). The collected data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative data was analyzed with the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) where descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were computed in order to understand the patterns and nature of relationships. Qualitative data was analyzed by use of content analysis, where labels were assigned to various categories and themes of the data. In addition, the data was presented where possible through the use of verbatim quotation. The results showed that the FCGs face numerous challenges in care provision the most prominent ones being financial, food provision, stress and stigma. Consequently they adopt coping strategies to ensure economic endurance, psychosocial wellbeing and spiritual support. Generally, caregivers' have a positive perception of HIV and AIDS and the care recipient (PLWHA) and a negative perception of their care giving roles. Support for FCGs is in form of training, medicines and equipment, food and psychological support largely provided by CBOs, FBOs, neighbors, friends and extended family. More or less an equal number of FCGs had adapted and mal-adapted to the situation. Chi-square results at 0.05 probability error revealed a significant relationship between adaptation levels and caregivers'; residence (p=0.013), sex (0.021), occupation (p=0.005)and income (p=0.010); training on; self protection (p=0.016), PLWHA daily care (p=0.032), PLWHA nutrition and feeding (p=0.000); timing of training (p=0.012) length of training (p=0.014); caregiver experiencing challenges (p=0.003), the caregiver experiencing the challenge of, stress (p=0.011) and stigma (p=0.005), borrowing as a coping strategy (p=0.039), caregivers' perception of; the disease (p=0.014) , the care recipient (p=0.021) and overall perception (p=0.009). Regression results revealed that income, training on PLWHA nutrition and feeding, the length of training, the challenges of stigma and stress and the perception of; the PLWHA and HIV and AIDS significantly predict adaptation levels of FCGs. The study recommends that policies and interventions be put in place to ensure that the FCGs are empowered economically, given psychological support and their capacity strengthened. These are fundamental in enhancing their adaptation. The result of which would be quality care for the PLWHA.
Addressing impunity in Kenya through a postcolonial reading of ‘authority’ in mark 1:21-28
(2014-09) Kiambi, Julius Kithinji
In Mark’s Gospel, Jesus is presented as the authoritative one in the sense that He exercises power and authority by virtue of His high position and relationship to God the Father. Power and authority are concepts that Mark builds up in his Gospel, with the use of the word, Exousia (e)cousia) to distinguish Jesus’ authority from that of the world. Using postcolonial biblical criticism, this study explores Mark’s usage of exousia in 1:21-28 to argue that imperial ideology is constituted in the gospel’s construction of the concept of authority (exousia). The inquiry on the usage of exousia in Mark’s Gospel comes against a background of an ever growing culture of impunity in a country that is predominantly Christian. Therefore, the key question was; how can we address the prevailing and ever-growing culture of impunity in Kenya through a postcolonial reading of the concept of exousia in Mark 1:21-28? In order to address this and other questions, this study employed the postcolonial framework to argue that Mark is influenced by the imperial setting of his day to provide the images that he does in the concept of exousia. The study’s objectives were to offer an alternative and contextual reading of exousia in Mark’s Gospel, to establish the need for postcolonial biblical criticism in Kenya, to demonstrate that pre-critical reading of the Bible in Kenya has contributed to the culture of impunity, and to develop enabling and emancipatory language in the reduction of impunity in Kenya. Being a qualitative study, and employing the Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM), data was obtained in churches from church-going Christians in Nairobi City, through Contextual Bible Study group discussions and key informant interviews. Samples were decided through simple random sampling, purposive and cluster sampling. Data was analysed using the NuVivo data analysis software, and exegesis. Among other things, the study reveals that though not entirely, impunity as present in Kenya emanates from the empire and partly derives from interactions with Mark’s exousia. Towards this end, this study recommends another hermeneutics for rereading the Bible in order to address impunity. A ‘way’ reminiscent of the ‘way’ in Mark’s Gospel has also been proposed for addressing impunity in Kenya
African Indigenous Pentecostal Christianity in Uganda With Reference to the Deliverance Church in Busoga (1974 – 2012)
(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Isabirye, Moses Stephen
This study examines the phenomenon of African Indigenous Pentecostal Christianity (AIPC) in Uganda, using the Deliverance Church (DC) in Busoga as a case. The study aimed at investigating the history, factors and trends that birthed the DC in Uganda in general and Busoga in particular, as a breakaway of mainstream Christianity. It interrogated the theology and practice of the DC and evaluated the DC contributions to spiritual, social and economic developments of Busoga. The study used a cross – sectional survey nonexperimental design employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The data collection methods were questionnaire survey, interview guide, focused group discussions (FGDs), participant observation (PO) and content analysis of sermons and other teachings. The study findings indicate that the DC originated from the COU. The founders started with a quest for an African authentic Church of Christians, Christ- delivered to embody and carry his deliverance by the Spirit of God’s kingdom to the outside world. This marked the origin of the name ‘Deliverance Church’. The first DC leaders having experienced deliverance focused on every member being a Spirit-filled minister, doing mission and evangelism of witnessing for Jesus in the world. The study unveils why these African Pentecostal leaders left mainstream churches, and how the DC and COU developed a relationship of dialogic contextualization, where the DC continued building on the COU Christian foundations, while consolidating the mission character of their church. Evidence of this continuing dialogic contextualization reflects in DC beliefs, practices and projects directly bequeathed from those of the COU. This climax saw a leading founder Dr. Stephen Mungoma, accompanied by other members, cross from the DC back to equal positions of responsibility and accountability in COU. The thesis argues that the DC’s Pentecostal success in mission theology and practice stems from its adoption of the old ‘selfs’ for Anglican mission, to build a church that is self-governing, self-supporting, and self-propagating. There is more evidence of the DC using COU ministry patterns such as doctrine, wedding liturgy, funeral rite, evangelicalism, leadership and faith and order - to boost the Pentecostal mission vision, pastoral care and counselling and ministry. Regarding ministerial training, theological education originally viewed with suspicion by the DC leaders in the 1970s; calling it ‘spiritual cemetery adding no spiritual value to the person concerned, was later embraced. By the time of this study, some were attending theological / Bible colleges. DC started pursuing socio-economic development goals; a decade after COU had launched it in Busoga. The study concludes that AIPC of the DC in Busoga, has live roots in mainstream Christianity, which issue into origin, growth and bearing fruit in Pentecostal mission and ministry. The originality of the study lies in a comprehensive inquiry into that origin, growth and bearing fruit of the DC in Busoga; it traces its roots to the theology, tradition and doctrine of the mainstream Christianity, re-interpreted for Pentecostal mission strategic needs. From this root grows the shoot of AIPC in Uganda, the DC in Busoga an important product of it.
The agricultural changes in the Kipsigis land, C.1894-1963: an historical inquiry
(2012-02-14) Omwoyo, Samson Moenga
The study focuses on the organization, and transformation of agriculture among the Kipgisis of Western Kenya in the period proceeding and during colonialism. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources and subjected to corroborative analysis using the historical method. An eclectic approach borrowing certain paradigms from the underdevelopment and dependency and articulation of modes of production theories were employed as the major tools of analysis. From the beginning it is demonstrated that the pre-colonial agriculture in the Kipsigisland was dynamic, innovative, diverse, efficient, self-reliant and suited to the needs of the Kipsigis people. It is argued that the Kipsigis agricultural organization was sound and rational and based on the people's knowledge of their environment. The colonial penetration set a chain of events in motion, which systematically modified, marginalized and subordinated the Kipsigis indigenous agriculture. Animal husbandry fell prey to the colonial maneuvers of depleting the Kipsigis stock. The Kipsigis farmers were peasantised and their role as commodity producers was articulated and firmly enforced. Part of the Kipsigis labour was proletarianised as migrant and resident workers in settler farms, and later as a semi proletariat in the Kipsigisland. The Kipsigis local industry was marginalized by the incoming merchant capital and as more and more Kipsigisland was alienated for European settler farming activities, the Kipsigis indigenous land tenure systems was gradually changed and tended to forms of privatization. However, it is argued, indigenous agricultural organization did not disappear; it kept readjusting was articulated and co-existed with the colonial capitalist sector in a contradictory manner of ''destruction/preservation'' or ''conservation/dissolution''. It emerges more clearly from the study that although agricultural land, animal husbandry, labour, and trade policies were aimed at achieving maximum benefits for the white settlers and the colonial state, the Kipsigis seem to have reacted in their own ways to exploit such policies for their own economic advantages. The Kipsigis were definitely not passive to the new colonial agricultural policies-they perceived them correctly accepting those that were of benefit to them while rejecting the undesirable ones, even if for a while as was the case of maize. The dependency theoretical formulations are replete in the study as the Kipsigis households suffered from insufficient labour and traditional chores were gradually changed, resulting in food shortages and the intensification of female labour. Extensive cultivation of maize for export led to soil degradation and erosion besides exploiting African labour through unequal exchange and differential pricing of their agricultural products. The introduction of cash crops severely affected food production and led to new systems of land tenure. Colonial capitalism also provided for unequal and uneven development throughout the Kipsigisland as Bureti and Belgut emerged as magnets of development and Sotik and Chepalungu relegated to the backwaters of economic development. It is also argued that while colonial capitalism provided new opportunities for some Kipsigis to accumulate wealth and expand agricultural output, it also pauperized part of the population. The notion of accumulation is intricately related to and engendered the processes of class formation. That by independence the Kipsigis were not a mass of undifferentiated and unstratified class is easily defended in the study. The emergence of stratified social categories invariably led to the ubiquitous aspect of class struggles. Thus, the new mode of production hindered and ruined some indigenous patterns of social formations by effecting changes in the agricultural sector of the Kipsigisland. During World War 11, agricultural production was intensified to produce enough food for war purposes. But in the post war period, emphasis shifted to the production of cash crops, and little attention was paid to the subsistence food needs of the Kipsigis. But more than ever before as the colonialists started giving recognition to African agricultural activities, aspects of class differentiation, unequal exchange, uneven development, wealth accumulation were even more amplified, as was the proletarianisation of the Kipsigis population and its dependency on the capitalist structures and institutions. By independence, therefore, the Kipsigis agriculture had been fundamentally transformed and integrated into the Kenyan colonial economy as part of the world capitalist system.
Alternative potraits of power and empowerment in selected African female writers' works
(2011-11-17) Shigali, Hellen Roselyne
Western radical feminist critics (Frank 1978, Andrade 1990, Stration 1994) inappropriately applied their separatist strand of feminist ideology to African literature. Their interpretation alienates African female writers from their target audience, but most importantly it silences the unique contribution they make to contemporary global power and empowerment discourse. Both African female writers and critics have contested this interpretation (Emecheta 1986, Ngcobo 1986, Nwapa 1993, D'Almeida 1994, Nnaemeka 1995, Zongo 1996). However, the latter have not interrogated the concept of power and empowerment which underpins western feminism literary criticism. This qualitative library study attempts to fill this gap by interpreting selected African female writers' works using an alternative conceptual framework that defines power and empowerment from an African feminist perspective. The conceptual framework combined with literary stylistics is applied six novels by four African female writers. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter One forms the introduction to the study. Its highlight is the identification and description of alternative framework for interpreting the portraits of power and empowerment in the selected texts. Chapter Two is an analysis of two of Buchi Emecheta's novels: The Slave Girl (1977), and Naira Power (1982). In these texts Emecheta vilifies dominance and elevates positive forms of power. In Chapter Three, we examine Mariama Ba's, So Long a Letter (1980) and Scarlet Song (posthumous 1981). In the two novels the writer interrogates the basic of male supremacy, especially the version espoused by negritude ideology. In Chapter Four we analyse Amma Darko's portrait of conventional indicators of power and empowerment in The Housemaid (1998). Contrary to popular belief, this writer shows that value-free education and property ownership does not necessarily empower women. In Chapter Five we focus on Ama Ata Aidoo's potrait of romantic love in Changes (1991). In this novel Aidoo situates romance in contemporary empowerment discourse. She shows that romance and marriages are not incompatible with empowerment of women. Chapter Six includes a summary of portraits of power and empowerment in the selected novels and recommendations.
An Analysis of Grand Corruption and Anti-Corruption Institutions in Nigeria and Kenya; 1960-2015
(Kenyatta University, 2019-04) Adelabu, Nenpomingyi Sarah Gowon
Unlike in the past when it was perceived as a political issue, corruption is now considered as a global threat and a major obstacle to development. While corruption is a global problem, it is one of the greatest challenges that Africa is grappling with. With ratings as the most corrupt country in 1996, 1997, and 2000, Nigeria has been infamously popular for corruption. Although Kenya has not been rated as the most corrupt country like Nigeria, it has equally performed dismissably on global corruption perception surveys. Owing to international and local demands for national governments to take punitive actions in fighting corruption, the two countries like their African counterparts have established arrays of national anti-corruption institutions as antidotes to tackling the problem of corruption. In spite of the foregoing, new corruption scandals are continually reported. The study seeks to interrogate the role of anti-corruption institutions Nigeria and Kenya in fighting grand corruption with particular focus on the EFCC of Nigeria and Kenya’s EACC. The parliament in Nigeria and Kenya passed the anti-graft laws in 2003 thereby justifying the basis for the comparison. Apart from being both multi ethnic ex-colonies of Britain that gained independence during the 1960's, Nigeria and Kenya also occupy strategic socio-economic positions in their respective regions. The utility of this study is to unravel how the institutional frameworks in both countries have curbed grand corruption and identify lessons that could be learnt from their experiences. The study examines the manifestations of grand corruption in Nigeria and Kenya and political forces that abate the perpetuation of corrupt practices in both countries. It interrogates the measures that have been put in place by EFCC and EACC to tackle grand corruption and the challenges encountered by the institutions. The Study was guided by the Neopatrimonialism Theory and the Structural Functionalist Theory. Both primary and secondary data were used in the survey with a qualitative approach. An analytical research design was applied in the study. Purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were used in selecting the research participants. The findings indicate that Nigeria and Kenya manifest similar forms of corruption by government officials using similar rent-seeking and money-laundering practices. While the range of opportunities for corruption is broader in Nigeria than in Kenya because Nigeria’s main economic asset petroleum is state-owned, the processes of converting public to private assets are largely the same. The findings also maintain that donor pressure and the need for international funding was central to the establishment of anti-corruption institutions in post-colonial Kenya and Nigeria’s present democratic dispensation. The public awareness and education initiatives of the institutions have the most significant impact as a large segment of the society is now aware of the bane of corruption. It concludes that the EFCC has been able to achieve more in prosecution because of its prosecutorial power, broader mandate and political support in its early years of establishment. This led to an improvement in Nigeria’s profile in the corruption perception index. However, prosecution of senior public officials is minimal. Both commissions are faced with challenges that include poor funding, weak legal framework, lack of independence and low political will in fighting corruption. The study thus recommends the development of strong and independent institutions such as the judiciary, and courts, a vibrant civil society, political commitment and ethical change in attitude towards corruption.
Analysis of style and themes in J.M.coetzee novel: disgrace
(2011-12-07) Kamau, Joseph Wahome
The study evaluates the role of J.M. Coetzee plays in addressing the social political and economic concerns of his society. It also establishes Coetzee’s opinion as the social, political and economic drama of post apartheid South Africa unfolds. In order to analyse themes and features of styles in the selected text, we employ two theoretical frameworks, Foucault’s perception of power, authority, knowledge and truth within the wider postmodernism theory. In his analysis, Foucault demonstrate how power and authority is exercised in our societies, he also questions the concept of a singular objective truth that is transcendental instead he advocates for multiple and situated knowledge. The theory is appropriate in analyzing the experience of South Africa society which for a very long time has been experimenting disharmony that seem to emerge from the knowledge various individuals and communities hold over each other, as a result different attitudes about each other has emerged which in turns inform their social political and economic relationships. Stylistic theory is important for this study for it help us analyse the language of the text. As new knowledge emerges, language is no longer viewed as an instrument that is used to carry a text message but it is viewed as part of that message. Hence we have used this theory to explore how the selected text utilizes symbolism, allusion, irony and paradox to enhance communication about post apartheid South Africa social, political and economic realities. The study is divided into four main chapters; Chapter one forma the introduction, while chapter two evaluate thematic concerns, chapter three analyses features of style whereas chapter four concluded our study. This is a qualitative library research that involves textual and historical analyses. The study uses purposive sampling method. Data from both primary and secondary texts is analysed to provide historical and textual contexts in which to evaluate Coetzee’s concerns and opinions about post apartheid South Africa.
An analysis of the nature and extent of integration of Kenyas maize markets in trhe post liberalization era
(2012-01-19) Wambugu, Stephen K.
Although Kenya completely liberalized its maize market in December 1993, the country continues to experience frequent food shortages that greatly compromise the welfare of its citizens, more so the poor. In Kenya, food shortages are inextricably linked to maize, the major staple foodstuff. Persistent maize crises have sometimes manifested themselves in simultaneous existence of maize surpluses in some regions (North Rift and parts of Western Kenya) and maize shortages in others (Eastern and North Eastern Kenya). This scenario has placed great doubt on the nature and extent of integration of maize markets. This study analyses two major aspects pertaining to integration of maize markets in Kenya. These are spatio-temporal integration of periodic markets and effects of liberalization policies on maize prices. The study examines the spatial distribution of market places and market days and also describes the relationship between population density and market provision. The study further assesses the degree spatio-temporal integration (synchronisation) of periodic markets. The study also presents a comparative assessment of the constraints female and male traders face in their maize trade. Another aspect that this study examines is the degree of integration of surplus and deficit maize markets. The study also evaluates how integration has been affected by liberalization policies. The study finally tests for Granger causality between maize markets. Two complementary approaches were utilized in addressing the research theme: a quantitative analysis of spatio-temporal location of markets and maize price data and a qualitative inquiry into the constraints maize traders face. Data processing, analysis and presentation utilized the following techniques: computation of Rn values, correlation analysis, comparison of empirical results with the model of maximum synchronization of markets with a three day market periodicity, computation of summary statistics, frequencies, computation of measures of dispersion, cointegration techniques, Granger causality tests and use of percentages. This study found that market places and market days are significantly uniformly distributed as indicated by the Rn values. A consideration of the underlying projected 2003 population in the sampled districts led the researcher to conclude that this regular spatial arrangement is an efficient pattern to serve the consumers. An analysis of the spatio-temporal integration of the periodic markets revealed that the marketing system favours the consumers more than the itinerant traders. This hampers proper movement of maize and other commodities from the areas of surplus to the areas of deficit by the itinerant traders. The activities of the itinerant traders, as integrating agents, are hampered by a number of infrastructural, institutional and policy constraints. The study further found. out that female traders are more constrained than male traders in conducting maize trade. Cointegration analysis among spatially separated markets both in the pre- and post-liberalization eras revealed that liberalization policies have improved the transmission of price signals among various markets in the country, thereby strengthening the links between them. Granger causality tests revealed that strong central markets have emerged in the major production and consumption zones. On the basis of the findings of this study, some useful policy recommendations are made. First, efforts should be made to synchronize market places and market days, establish new market places and market days and establish complimentary institutions. This could foster the integration of the rural economy leading to development. Secondly, efforts should be made to improve transportation and communication infrastructure, storage facilities and market facilities. Other recommendations include developing and implementing grading and standardisation of maize, establishing an effective and efficient agricultural market information system, establishing and promoting maize and other grain traders, dealers, transporters and processors associations, devising a special credit policy especially for female traders and other market participants, providing short and long term training to various stakeholders in the maize industry and devising and implementing a gender sensitive maize marketing policy.
An analysis of the pattern of road traffic accidents in relation to selected socio-economic dynamics and intervention measures in Kenya
(2012-04-03) Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck
The basic qeustion that forms the core of the research problem for this study is: 'Why does the risk of road traffic accidetns appear to be increasing in kenya when road safety measures exist? This question is addressed by examining three main aspects of road traffic accidents in Kenya. Spatio temporal patterns, selected underlying socio economic dynamics and effectiveness of intervention measures. Two complementary approaches have been used to collect qualitative assessment. The main findings of the study are summarised as follows; Time series analysis has revealed that, except for road traffic accidents per 1,000 vehicles, road traffic accident fatalities per 1,000 vehicles, severity index and non survival index, there is a general upward trend in both the absolute and relative road traffic accident indices. Results of Student's t-test indicate that the differences observed in the trends are statiscally significant. Simple regression models have shown that change in time explains in differnt proportions the temporal variation in road traffic accident indices. In cases such as the number of road traffic accidents and casualties, change in time has explained over 90 percent of their temporal variation. In a few cases such as accidents and fatalities per 1,000 inhabitants, change in time has explained only a small proportion (less than 5 percent) of their variation. When ranked on absolute and relative indices of road traffic accidents. Nairobi, Central, Rift Valley, Coast and Eastern Provinces network are mainly found in Central, Rift Valley, Western and Nyanza Provinces. These locations are concentrated on the heavily trafficked roads such as Nairobi-Kisumu, Nairobi-Nyeri, Mombasa-Nairobi and Kisumu-Kakamega. The dangerous locations are found mainly at urbanisation explains 62.9 percent of the spatial variation in the distribution of the severity index and 77.1percent of the variation in fatality index. Urbanisation and population together explain together explain 92.4 percent of the variation in casualty index. Majority of respondents in a road user survey have rated road traffic accidents as a very serious problem. Using factro analsis, 39 variables or circumstances perceived as leading to road traffic accidents have been reduced to three significant factors. The first significant factor is the Road User Behaviour and Maintenance of Road Safety Standards that has accounted for 81.9 percent of the variance in variables and circumstances perceived as leading to road traffic addicents in Kenya. The third factor is Rare Events in the Physical Environment that h as accounted for 2.7 percent of the variance in variables or circumstances leading to road traffic accidents in kenya. This study has discussed major deficiencies in the road user system, reflected in the violation of traffic rules and basic principloes of good conduct on the road. Though the basic policy guidelines, institutional framework and measures to tackle road traffic accidents in Kenya exist, they are faced with a major problem of lack of commitment by key stakeholders. Other problems include financial constraints, poor coordination, ineffective enforcement and limited community involvement and limited community involvement. The overall recomendation emanating from the analysis in this study is that there is need for a sustaninable road safety strategy in Kenya that should go beyond the existing state of procrastination and symbolic actions. The most important elements in such a strategy should comprise of: High political concern and priority to effect theneeded changes in road safety measures, including provision of funds; an integrated approach at two levels; integration within the road safety system, and integration of road safety system and other systems; and an overall change in transport policy and practice in teh whole country that gives due and balaced consideration to tehneeds of all road users, especially the safety and mobility needs of pedestrians and cyclists.
Anglican and Islamic Political Theologies and their Implications for Anglican-Muslim Relations in Kampala during the National Resistance Movement Administration (1986-2016)
(Kenyatta University, 2024-03) Opol, Samuel D. Min
This study examined the Anglican and Islamic political theologies and their attendant influence on Anglican-Muslim relations in Kampala during the administration of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) between 1986 and 2016. In 1986 the NRM Administration implemented the Ten-Point Programme, its bush war governance blueprint. Central to it was realisation of national unity by eliminating religiously “sectarian” politics. In pursuit of it, the Administration abolished the religiopolitical parties, and in the National Constitution in 2005 secularised politics. In spite of this, religiously partisan politics passisted as evidenced by religiously partisan political activities. The problem investigated, thus, constituted the irony of the persistence of Anglican and Muslim political interest, and how this influenced the relations of the two religious groups between 1986 and 2016. The study sought to: Examine the NRM Administration’s ideology on religious groups’ involvement in national politics, Evaluate the influence of Anglican and Islamic political theologies in national politics, and, Assess the influence of Anglican and Islamic political theologies on Anglican–Muslim relations. The literature reviewed comprised works of both Christian/Anglican and Muslim scholars. It highlighted that religion was not unique and socio-historically autonomous; instead, it was inextricably bound to culture and society. This was in sync with the theoretical framework of the study drawn from Hans Kung’s view of religion as an encompassing reality (Kung, 1996). In light of this, the study sought to understand political theologies and their causal influence on activities and relations between Anglicans and Muslims. The study employed a qualitative methodology using a phenomenological approach. Data was collected through documentary analysis, review of archival materials; second, key informant interviews; and self-administered questionnaires. Findings of the study included that the Administration’s stance, influenced by the Ten-Point Programme, fostered religious inclusivity in the bid to eliminate all forms of sectarianism. However, this enabled groups to redefine their political participation. The Anglican Church’s political involvement was driven less by a common theological position than its episcopal-based ecclesiology, where the local bishops set the political tone. Muslims, though not articulating their theological motivation, were more politically active. However, they suffered internal fractures as well as political influences from diverse global Muslim communities. As a result, they remained too weak to have a united political voice. The study concluded that political participation and relation between the two groups resulted less from articulated political theologies than from historical factors. The religiopolitical nexus following the religious wars (1988-1892) overtime remained a major defining factor in political participation by religious groups in Ugandan politics. In light of the above, for the State, the study recommends a cautious effort in opening religiopolitical space and in implementing religio-cultural elements that would easily breed religiopolitical tensions among religious groups; and that both the Anglican Church and the Muslim community develop programmes for political guidance in order to enlighten the “faithful” of their civic responsibility
The Anglican Theology of Sexuality: Its Teaching and Practice among Students in Anglican Church Founded Schools in Jinja District, Busoga Region, Uganda
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Mukisa, Joy Isabirye
There is growing concern over teenage sexual behaviour given the high level of teenage pregnancy and an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. Christianity has always provided standards by which behaviour is regulated. The study examined the teachings and practice of the Anglican Theology of sexuality by students in Anglican Church founded schools, Jinja District. The Anglican Church formulated the Provincial Education Policy to ensure that the core values of the Anglican Church are promoted in Anglican Church Founded schools. These include Godliness, faithfulness to the scriptures and upholding Biblical family values. The Christian activities through which the Anglican Theology of sexuality is transmitted to students in these schools include Bible studies, prayer meetings, fellowship meetings, evangelism drives and holiday camps The objectives of the study were: To explore the Anglican Theology of sexuality, and To investigate the role played by school management committees, administrators and religious leaders in promoting the practice of the Anglican Theology of Sexuality among students in Anglican Church founded schools. The effect of the Anglican Theology of sexuality on students‟ behaviour was assessed. Also challenges faced by the Anglican Church founded schools in the dissemination of the Anglican Theology of sexuality to students were explored. Lastly, strategies that can be used by the Anglican Church to effectively disseminate their Theology of sexuality among students in the Church founded schools were explored. Literature was reviewed regarding the teachings of the Anglican Theology of sexuality, the role played by administrators and religious leaders in teaching Religious values to students, effect of Religious teachings on the sexual behaviour of young people and the challenges faced in teaching religious values to young people. The study employed a descriptive research survey. The study was conducted among nine Anglican Church Founded Schools in Jinja district, Busoga region. The targeted age bracket was 13-18 years an age that is mostly affected by sexual challenges. Uganda. Primary data were collected mainly through oral interviews, questionnaires, participant observation and focus group discussions. Secondary data were collected from both published and unpublished books, journals, Newsletters and internet sites. Data collected from these libraries helped establish the research problem and the rationale for the research. The respondents included students and the target group was between 13-19 years. In addition, head teachers of Anglican Church Founded Schools, chaplains, counselors and the Diocesan Education Coordinator were also involved in the study. Non probability and purposive sampling was used to sample the respondents. The study employed a descriptive research survey. The overall data was synthesized, analyzed, interpreted and discussed in light of Smith‟s (2003) Theory of Religious Effect on the Sexuality of Young People. This theory identified the following paradigms as necessary for religion to have a positive impact on the behaviour and attitudes of young people: moral directives, spiritual experiences, role models, coping skills and extra community links. Collected data were presented in chapters basing on the research objectives. From the research findings, conclusions and recommendations were made.
Antecedents of adolescent parenthood: a study of Bombo and Nairobi districts in Kenya
(2011-08-15) Lodiaga, Mildred Jennifer A; Kisovi, L. M.; Paul W. Achola; Regina M. Karega
The main objective of this study was to investigate factors that can explain high levels of adolescent parenthood in two districts in Kenya: Bondo and Nairobi. Nairobi represented an urban area while Bondo represented a rural environment. The study is bawd on a sample of 533 adolescents. Of these 272 (51 percent) were females while 262 (49 percent) were males. Of this total of 533 informants, 296 were from Nairobi (55.5 per cent), the remaining 273 (44.5 per cent) were from Bondo. The study aimed at comparing identified behavioural factors of socio-cultural and socioeconomic nature that explain the differentials in adolescent childbearing by gender and urban-rural place of residence. The target populations were adolescent females and males, in and out of school, with and without children, in and out of marital unions. The inclusion of male adolescents in the study of adolescent fertility was as a result of a number of factors one of them being the recognition of the important role adolescent males could play in understanding and preventing pregnancy and births among this population. Information on adolescent reproductive behaviour was obtained using interview schedules, focus group discussions and observations. Data obtained were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches to complement each other in explaining the individual and collective contributions of identified determinant factors. The key findings from this study indicate that adolescent parenthood is a function of an array of factors and not a single behavioural phenomenon. The results further showed that parenting results from the interaction of a number of background factors and adolescent characteristics (referred to as antecedent factors) namely socio-cultural and socioeconomic factors as well as intermediate or proximate factors. Fertility behaviour was found to be the results, first and foremost of adolescent characteristics; parental socioeconomic status; community reproductive values: norm and practices: and finally policy statements especially those that related to service provisions and management of young peoples' reproductive behaviours. Adolescent characteristics considered in this study were gender, place of residence, sex of the household head, number -of siblings, birth order, age at first sexual debut, level of education, employment status and level of income. These factors were found to separately and independently influence adolescent reproductive behaviour. Factors such as gender, level of education, employment status and parental socioeconomic status in their own right, were found to be significantly associated with parenting among young people. This study has also highlighted the magnitude of adolescent parenthood in terms of proximate determinants, namely: marital status, health seeking behaviour, contraceptive use, coital frequency, pregnancy and abortion. Among these factors, four were found to directly or independently influence parenthood. It was further noted that the antecedent factors did influence fertility behaviour not only directly, but also through individual proximate variable as well as through a combination of these variables. In addition, the factors in the larger society or community and policies, which either support or disapprove adolescent behaviour, did exert powerful additional influences on young people's reproductive behaviour. Factors such as parental and community values interacted in complex ways to reinforce the influence of adolescent characteristics and proximate factors on parenthood. Community values were those that reflected the social norms, beliefs and practices in the society in which the studied young people were raised. For instance, parenting was found to be the result of the characteristics of the family and those of the community in which they lived. The influence of cultural practices, norms and values explained the differentials in parenting by females and males in the sample; and they also accounted for rural and urban differences. Furthermore, it was revealed that young people had their own `community' with specific values, practices and norms. What this seems to confirm is the existence of peer group culture. This context inadvertently influenced their reproductive behaviour and all these explained the differential reporting of, for example, abortion cases and live births, early involvement in coital activities and frequency of the same. It was concluded that factors that explain adolescent premarital sexual indulgences resulting in increased number of child births include decline in the social institutions that traditionally ensured the transition to adulthood and management of sexual health; increased unprotected coital activity; their exposure to western values; inadequate information and access to health facilities and services; negative peer group influence; gender roles, social norms and economic conditions; permissiveness of parents and the community and patriarchal ideology in the country that disempowers young people, particularly girls from making effective use of contraceptive methods and sex negotiation skills to protect them. It was therefore recommended: • that any programme aimed at empowering adolescents to take charge of their sexuality needs, must take into account the transformative role of education. • that guidance and counselling be mounted to sensitize both girls and boys about the risks but also to accept and respect each other as individuals and to underscore the importance of each others feelings and views about sexual relations and decisions. Urban parents and guardians should as a matter of urgency be involved in monitoring and counselling in matters concerning sexuality. They must in particular monitor their children's friends, what they see on visual media as well as what they read in the print media. • that alternative ways of controlling adolescent sexual and reproductive behaviour be identified. For instance, in the absence of relatives, there is need to consider reaching out, informing and involving a diverse network of community groups, for instance, influential stakeholders, including urban parents, religious and education institutions, community leaders, medical professionals as well as young people. This was seen as critical to increasing community support in these areas and their discussion of adolescent reproductive health
An appraisal of the role of the church in conflicts in Uganda with reference to the Buganda region (1879-1986)
(2012-04-13) Batulekeddeki, Joseph Matovu; Zablon Nthamburi; Gerishon M. Kirika
The purpose of the study was to appraise the Role of the Church in Conflicts in Uganda with reference to the Buganda Region (1879-1986). The study objectives were the following: the first objective was to identify and analyse the causes of church denominational instigated conflicts in Uganda using Buganda as reference case. The second was to establish and evaluate the methods of conflict resolution with. reference to Biblical teachings and Kiganda tradition. The third was to identify and examine the contribution and challenges faced by the church in search for peace in Buganda. The fourth was to propose ways and means of imparting Christian values of love for the neighbour, reconciliation and justice that can bring sustainable peace. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. Seventy five (75) respondents constituted the sample of the study. These included the Clergy, Lay Leaders and Ordinary Church Members. The researcher used research instruments namely: questionnaires and interview guides. Focused group discussions and documentary analysis were used as data collection methods. The study findings revealed that there was a significant relationship between church denominational (divisions) rivalry and conflicts in Buganda which have manifested themselves in the political arena through overt conflicts. The study demonstrates that the plurality of the Christian denominations brings competition, which overshadows the implementation of the biblical values resulting into inability to manage conflicts together as a Christian community. Meanwhile, the church has contributed to the search for peace in Uganda, but has also faced challenges. The study further revealed that the church could use means such as dialogue to impart Christian values of love for neighbour, reconciliation, and justice so as to bring about sustainable peace. The study concludes that an integrated procedure of conflict resolution and imparting Christian values should be adopted to address the apparent contradictions between the Christian teaching of these values and actual lifestyle of the Christians. Finally, there is need to promote sustainable peace in Buganda and Uganda as a whole. This will entail national reconciliation and integrating Christian values with the Kiganda conflict resolution mechanisms.
Aspects of mistranslation in the 1951 Lulogooli Bible
(2012-01-04) Wangia, Joyce Imali
This study set out to investigate the language problems and the apparent inaccurate translation exhibited in the 1951 Lulogooli Bible. The investigation had three objectives: to identify, classify and analyse mistranslations in the 1951 Lulogooli Bible; to test receptor comprehension from a cross-section of respondents and to discuss the factors that constitute the mistranslations and where possible suggest ways of improving the translation. The data was collected from six sampled books of the Bible using systematic sampling. We obtained 83 texts with cases of mistranslation from a total sample of 1,556 verses. These were classified into seven categories namely, the Syntactic, Ambiguity/Obscurity, Loan/New words, Conceptual, Idiomatic, Archaic and Cultural Categories. In a second stage of data elicitation, 53 texts were purposively selected from the sampled 83 texts for testing receptor comprehesion. Six questionnaires, one for every book were formulated and each questionnaire tested on 10 respondents. Using mainly the Speed Act theory and Relevance theory, the mistranslation and the responses were analysed, interpreted and discussed. The findings indicate, various types of mistranslations, low receptor comprehension rate and and that there are several factors that could account for the mistranslations. These include, translator incompetence in the target language, receptor language whose written forms have not been systematically described, use of foreign words or archaic forms that do not meaningfully communicate to the receptors and socio-cultural difference between source language and target language. This study shows the significance of systematic writing systems for languages like Lulogooli that are still largely oral, in order to facilitate accurate translation into these languages. The nature of mistranslation analyses revealed in the seven linguistic categories adapted for this study and the implications from the receptro comprehension tests analyses to translation form a major contribution of this study. Chapter one gives the historical and linguistic background to the problems of translation, defines the problem of the study and gives the methodology. Chapter two presents theliterature review and theoretical framework. An eclectic theoretic approach is adopted with particular focus on the Speech Act theory, and the Relevance theory. A brief description of the Lulogooli language, in relation, is given in chapter three. Chapter four presents the classification and analyses of the mistranslations. Receptor test responses to the questionnaires are presented in Chapter five. Issues of mistranslation arising from the analyses are discussed in Chapter six and suggestions for possible solutions made. Chapter seven gives the summary of findings and conclusions
Assessment of Past and Future Climate Change as Projected by Regional Climate Models and Likely Impacts Over Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Sagero, Philip Obaigwa
Climate change and variability is one of the global challenges that is affecting development worldwide. In the recent time, Regional Climate Models have been relied upon to give high-resolution climate projection at a local scale for impact assessment and development of adaptation strategies. These models are used to downscale the Global Climate Models which are used in the preparation of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment reports. To provide local scale information for impacts assessment, vulnerability analysis and adaptation strategies, projection of future climate change must be of high resolution. This study was able to assess the past and future projections in climate as projected by the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment, Regional Climate Models, with a 50 km spatial resolution over Kenya. To achieve the objective of the study, analysis of the past rainfall and temperature pattern and trends over Kenya was done using observed station data and gridded datasets. The skill of the models to simulate the observed pattern and variability was determined using gridded datasets (Global Precipitation Climatology Center and Climate Research Unit) for both rainfall and temperature (minimum and maximum). Interannual rainfall variability over Kenya is controlled by large-scale systems, therefore the ability of the models to capture these teleconnections was analyzed by use of the composite method. After testing the skills and abilities of the regional models, then an assessment of the future changes on rainfall and temperature as projected by the models under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 emission scenarios was done. Also, the future change in climate extreme was also analyzed by use of climate extreme indices. Finally, an analysis of the likely impacts of the projected changes on different sectors of the economy over Kenya was also done. The results show that rainfall and temperature over Kenya is variable from one place to another. The regional models were able to simulate rainfall and temperature well over Kenya. They also capture well the spatiotemporal patterns of rainfall and temperature over Kenya. An increase in temperature of about 5 oC is projected by the end 21st Century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenario. The minimum temperature is expected to increase more than maximum temperature thus increase/decrease in warmer/colder nights. All the models 0show a better agreement on temperature projections. 70% of the models projected a decrease in March April May rainfall and an increase in October November December rainfall under RCP8.5. And a decrease in both season under RCP4.5. There is no significant change in the precipitation extreme indices except for Consecutive Dry Days and Consecutive Wet Days which are projected to increase and decrease respectively. Nevertheless, there is a clear decrease in annual precipitation totals. The models project high rainfall variability with a small shift of increasing trend. These projected changes will negatively impact agriculture, health, water and energy sectors and there is need for development of adaptation strategies at local level. The findings of the study can be used by government to develop adaptation strategies that will increase resilient of local communities. The models were not coherent in their rainfall projection, therefore further studies should be carried out on based on an ensembled model and the physics of the models should also be looked at, to find out whether the mesoscale system that affects rainfall over Kenya are well included in the models.
An assessment of responses towards African women's theology in selected institutions in Kenya
(2011-08-16) Okemwa, Pacificah Florence
This study is an assessment of responses to African Women's Theology in selected institutions. The study centres on why Feminist Theology which emerged in the developed countries of the West and has spread to other parts of the world under different labels has not been wholly embraced in Africa. It has focused on selected public institutions of higher learning and theological schools. The main argument in this study is that, African Women's Theology has not been included in the Theology and Religious Studies curriculum of many institutions because the meaning of the term feminism commonly used is considered foreign. Besides, the methodology and concerns of this theology have not been wholly contextualized. The study selected some church-sponsored institutions of higher learning as well as public universities for our research. The data were gathered by use of oral interviews and questionnaires and library research among other methods. The overall data were then collated, analyzed, interpreted and presented in six chapters. The study established that Feminist Theology in general and African Women's Theology in particular has been subordinated in most of the institutions. This is because it has also been seen as a foreign importation. To correct this, it is argued that African Women's Theology should be contextualized so as to highlight local societal concerns as opposed to Western theologies. More courses on African Women's Theology should also be taught at undergraduate and graduate levels. The study argues that women in Kenya have concerns that arise from their unequal status in relation to men in society. The whole society suffers from subordination of gender issues in the academy as only male perspectives and participation are considered. It is therefore suggested that favourable recognition of gender perspectives will prepare service providers such as church ministers, teachers, managers and economists to readily explore and exploit female and male talents for the good of the whole community. In light of the above, it is suggested that women theologians and gender sensitive male theologians need to campaign for the upgrading of the status of Women Theologies in general and African Women's Theology in particular and also participate in preparing appropriate curriculum. This will ensure that the whole society benefits from gender sensitive formation that prepares students for equitable regard of both women and men. The study recommends that there is need to include African Women's Theology in the curriculum of all theological schools and institutions of higher learning that offer Theology and Religious Studies.

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