Conference /Workshop / Seminar Papers-(CW)

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Availability of agriculture information in Kenya : information needs and information seeking habits of Kenyan famers and agricultural extension agents
(1990) Kavita, Nester M.
Availability of agricultural information in Kenya: the UAP concept
(1990) Kavita, Nester M.
Nadharia kama Mwongozo wa Utunzi na Uhakiki katika Fasihi
(University of Nairobi - Department of Linguistics & African Languages, 1992) Wafula, R. M.
Occurrence and Distribution of high temperature geothermal systems in Kenya
(1993) Ambusso, W.; Onacha, S.A.; Omenda, P.A.
Results of Injection and Tracer Tests in Olkaria East Geothermal Field
(Stanford Universit, 1994-01-18) Ambusso, W.
This paper presents results of a six month Injection and Tracer test done in Olkaria East Geothermal Field The Injection tests show that commencement of injection prior to onset of large drawdown in the reservoir leads to greater sustenance of well production and can reduce well cycling which is a common feature of wells in Olkaria East Field. For cases where injection is started after some drawdown has occurred in the reservoir, injection while leading to improvement of well output can also lead to increase in well cycling which is a non desirable side effect. Tracer tests reveal slow rate of fluid migration (< 5 m/hr). However estimates of the cumulative tracer returns over the period of injection is at least 31 % which is large and reveals the danger of late time thermal drawdown and possible loss of production. It is shown in the discussion that the two sets of results are consistent with a reservoir where high permeability occurs along contact surfaces which act as horizontal "fractures" while the formations between the "fractures" have low permeability. This type of fracture system will lead to channeled flow of injected fluid and therefore greater thermal depletion along the fractures while formations further from the fracture would still be at higher temperature. In an attempt to try and achieve a more uniform thermal depletion in the reservoir, it is proposed that continuous injection be done for short periods ( - 2years) and this be followed by recovery periods of the nearly the same length of time before resumption of injection again.
Information needs of agricultural sector: the role of the librarian
(1995) Kavita, Nester M.
Effects of physical education programme on the health of diploma teacher trainees in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Kinoti, J. W.; Njororai, W. W. S.; Kiganjo, G. M.; Asembo, J. M.
Physical education has been compulsory and examinable in Kenya's teacher education colleges at diploma level since 1980. The programme is basically geared to maintain and improve the bodily health and fitness of the learners. This study therefore, aimed at establishing the health-related fitness levels of the teacher trainees before and after an eight-week physical education programme. The sample comprised 40 first year, 40 second year and 40 third year students equally split between men and women. The variables monitored were body composition, flexibility, muscular endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Preliminary findings showed that some general improvements in the health status of the learners were noted. It is recommended that physical education be encouraged in all learning institutions for the purposes of enhancing the learners' health status
Transforming netball into a life-long sport in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Kinoti, J. W.; Njororai, W. W. S.
Netball is a team sport which can be played for competitions or recreational pursuits. This paper aims at analysing the important points to consider in teaching netball to the different targeted groups including, minor netball to pre-primary children (7-14 years),senior netball to postprimary level players ranging between 15 and 34 years of age and the masters category of those past 35 years of age. In each category, the physical education teacher and coach is faced with the challenge of stating specific aims and objectives, making special considerations justifying the content, designing the appropriate methodology of teaching and must arrive at solutions to any emerging challenges. Special considerations include; class six, age motivation and interest, gender, safety provisions, entering behaviour, availability and adequacy of equipment and facilities. The motivation and interest of the participants is vital to the success in any sport including netball, hence initiation into the game should start at an early age and sustained till old age. In this era of sedentary living, crowded urban areas, shorter working hours and stresses of life, it is vital that sports such as netball be emphasised for both competitive as well as recreational purposes.
Sports- for- all as a means to improve living standards
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Boit, M. K.
This paper focuses on the importance of physical fitness through physical activity, which includes sport. It highlights the impact of industrial revolution as one of the main factors that has contributed to sedentary life style and environmental pollution. Studies linking better living standards with regular physical activities and those stressing the link between physical fitness and mental alertness have been highlighted. In this paper sports-for-all, must be seen as a fundamental right to every individual in the society ranging from the young to the old, a view which must include the less fortunate members of our society who are either physically or mentally handicapped. In addition, Sports-for-all is seen as the most logical approach in efforts to avert crisis emanating from lack of physical activity that include drug dependency and juvenile delinquency most of which occur as a result of idleness and lack of socially acceptable avenues of releasing tension and stresses. Human resource development must be given priority consideration in economic development in every country and hence the importance of sports-for-all in the process of nation building cannot be over emphasised.
Physical education and sport in primary schools in Kenya: the case of central province
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Njororai, W. W. S.; Gathua, S. M.; Owiye, R.
Physical education and sport is one of the subjects in Kenya's educational curriculum. This study aimed at establishing the actual practice in schools and the possible suggestions that could enhance its effectiveness. A total of 118 teachers, with a background in physical education responded to a brief questionnaire. The questionnaire sought information pertaining to their demographic details, interest in sports, emphasis on the subject, sports desciplines offered, coaching competence, time-tabling of PE, level of emphasis, subject supervision and recommendations. The data were descriptively presented. among other findings, it is apparent that the subject is time-tabled, the sports disciplines emphasised are soccer, netball, athletics, volleyball and handball. The inspectors at the Ministry of Education rarely supervise the teaching of PE, that students are enthusiastic about sport, and that competent coaches are lacking in some disciplines. There is need for the government to lay more emphasis on the implementation of PE in schools by re-training teachers, holding regular in-service and other short term courses, formulation and implementation of an evaluation system, provision of a diversified range of facilities,and the inclusion of more sports disciplines that are competed in at the school competition levels.
An investigation into differences in modified stork balance abilities between experienced and nonexperienced karatekas at Kenyatta University
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Kinoti, J. W.; Njororai, W. W. S.
Karate is a martial art sport whose main objective is to develop techniques and tactics for self-defence without the use of weapons. The ability to balance determines how well an individual can perform in this sport. The body's balance is maintained at the hip, where the a mass of the body is concentrated. A one-show case study was carried out on twelve experienced and twelve non-experienced make karatekas. The subjects performed the modified stork balance test. The two group compared and data descriptively presented. Among other findings, it was established that the experienced karatekas had a mean balance of 111.42 seconds compared to the 58.08 seconds for noble the non-experienced group. The ttest techniques indicated that there was a difference in balancing abilities in favour of experienced karatekas. It was evident that the more one engages in the sport the more one becomes competent in balancing abilities. Training and persistent practice are, therefore, vital if athletes are to improve balancing ability.
Aims and objectives of secondary school, physical education in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wamukoya, E. K.
A number of books in physical education contain various aims and objectives for physical education is schools. In order to establish the aims and objectives considered important in Kenyan secondary schools, a literature survey was done. This survey revealed a list of aims and objectives to broad and general educational objectives. The 12 most commonly mentioned aims and objectives in Kenya were then assembled in random order and both respondent school heads and PE teaches were asked to rank them in order of their respective schools' preferences from highest (1) to lowest (12). The mean score for each item and for each school head and PE teachers was then computed and comparisons made. From the survey, the aims and objecti ves ranked highly by the total sample were (1) Motor Ski II Development (2) Safety (3) Social Competence (4) Organic development and (5) Leisure Time Activities. Emotional Competence/Stability was ranked sixth (in the middle) while Self - Realisation, Creativity, Aesthetic Appreciation, MOTaI Development, Cognitive Development and Environmental Awareness were ranked lowest. Even then, it was apparent that more female school heads were inclined to rank Social Competence and Creativity on the higher side while men ranked Safety higher. However, male PE teachers highly rated the objective of Motor Skill Development, Leisure-time, Activities and Self-Realisation and gave their lowest ratings to Cognitive Development, Aesthetic Appreciation and Environmental Awareness. Female PE teachers rated highest Social Competence, Moral Development, Self - Realisation, Aesthetic Appreciation, Emotional Development, Creativity, Safety, Motor Skill Development, Organic Development, and gave their lowest ratings for Organic Development, Cognitive Development, and Environmental Awareness. Furthermore, there were some differences in the rankings of these aims and objectives according to the sex of the teachers involved. Female teachers compared to their male counterparts were inclined towards the long-term and broad-based educational outcomes such as Self-realisation, Leisure-time activities, Social competence, Moral Development, Aesthetic Appreciation, Creativity and Safety. They were more inclined to think about both the immediate and long-term objectives of physical education and were less concerned with the more traditional and specific objectives of organic development (physical fitness). An interesting observation was t hat female teachers also ranked Motor Skill Development and Organic Development higher than their male counterparts while male teachers ranked emotional Competence/Stability on the higher side than their female counterparts, respectively. However, both male and female teachers gave the middle rating (6th position) to Emotional Competence/Stability which gives an indication of the profession's moderate commitment to this objective in Kenya.
An investigation into differences in modified stork balance abilities between experienced and inexperienced karatekas at Kenyatta University
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Kinoti, J. W.; Njororai, W. W. S.; Kiganjo, G. M.
Karate is a martial art sport whose main objective is to develop techniques and tactics for self-defense without the use of weapons. The ability to balance determines how well an individual can perform in this sport. The body's balance is maintained at the hips where the mass of the body is concentrated. A one case shot study was carried out on twelve experienced and twelve inexperienced male karatekas. The subjects were tested on modified stork balance. The two groups were compared using the t-test. Among other findings, it was established that the experienced karatekas had a mean of 111.42 seconds compared to 58.08 seconds for the non-experienced group. The difference in balancing ability was significant at p~ 0.05 level in favour of experienced karatekas. It was evident that the more one engaged in the sport the more one became competent in the balancing abilities. Training and persistent practice are, therefore, vital if one is to perfect the much needed balancing abilities.
The role of physical education in the promotion of sport for all in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wasonga, T. A.
In Western Countries, the fundamental reason used for promoting sport for all concept lies in the immediate and long term objective of sporting activities available to them with the aim of improving quality of life. Although 'Sport for All' falls under recreational sports with mass participation as the goal, recreational sports serve as the laboratory for Physical Education. A sound base in Physical Education is therefore needed. It is on this premise that Physical Education should be compulsory in primary and secondary schools. It should also be taught with the seriousness it deserves as this is an investment for the quality of life in future. Through Physical Education, the school should prepare the youth by instilling in them the values of sport. Currently, it is understood that education received in school should be applied in adult life. One of the aims of Kenya secondary school physical education syllabus is to prepare students for life-long participation in physical activity. This paper focuses on the Kenya Secondary School Physical Education Programme and its implications for the 'Sport-for -All' concept under the topics; aims of physical education, secondary physical education syllabus, facilities and personnel and the constraints experienced in the teaching of Physical Education.
The plight of elite athletes
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Boit, M.
According to the latest statistics from the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), elite athletes have a turnover rate of 40% annually. When one considers a country like Kenya, with large proportion of elite athletes, the turnover rates is even higher. The purpose of this paper is to take a critical look at the factors which account for early retirement among top African athletes. Many athletes that rise to fame overnight soon find themselves in the centre stage of public and media attention, a role in which the majority of them are ill-prepared to undertake. Consequently, the new superstar is exposed to a culture shock which often manifests itself in drug dependency, especially alcohol, a situation which generally leads to premature retirement from competition. Upon retirement, some of the elite athletes, especially the less educated, may experience another form of culture shock, in the process of readjustment, as a result of dramatic changes from being a super star back to a lay person. Suggestions are provided on how to contain the high turnover rates among the African elite athletes and how to assist them to achieve successful readjustment upon retirement after an illustrious athletic career.
Fitness studios and health clubs in Nairobi, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wasonga, T. A.; Goodwin, Y.
In the last decade, Kenya has witnesses the emergence of fitness studios and Health Clubs. This may be attributed to the growing interests in keep fit and exercise without necessarily engaging in conventional sporting activities usually geared towards competition. A greater awareness about the relationship between exercise and health, unexpected free time and improved living, standards are some contributing factors to an increased sports involved and growth of studies and clubs. Maintaining health and losing weight through exercise has been become an obsession for some people who have leaped into the fray enthusiastically. The fitness studios and health clubs are privately and commercially run through membership subscription and pay as you methods. This has led to the marginalisation of participants making it a preserve of those who can afford the costs. Female participants out number males with participants giving varied reasons for coming to these places. The studios offer a range of facilities and activities. This paper analyses the characteristics and operations of Fitness studios and Health clubs, and the nature and motives of participants. The paper also analyses problems and offers solutions
Theoretical conceptions of human movement and their implication for dance instruction in selected Kenyan primary schools
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Digolo, B.A.
The purpose of this study was to analyse the implication of selected theoretical conceptions on the content of dance programmes and the methods of dance instruction in Kenya primary schools. Specifically, the study sought to: (i) Discuss theories of humanistic approach, and child development, as they relate to human movement and the implications of the theories for syllabus content, and instructional methods for dance in Kenyan primary school. (ii) Determine to what extent the selected theoretical conceptions are related to current practices in the implementation of dance programmes in the Primary Schools. (iii) Discuss the implications of the findings and suggest strategies for improvement, where necessary. The study was conducted in 40 (forty) primary schools selected from Nairobi and Nyanza provinces. simple random sampling technique was used to select the schools and respondents who participated in the study. Methods used for data collection included questionnaires, interviews and observation. The data were analysed using frequencies, percentages and tabular representation. The study revealed that in Kenyan primary schools, learners are not given adequate. opportunities to express themselves through movement. The other finding was that there is a substantial discrepancy between the specified theoretical conceptions and what is actually practised, in relation to the implementation of dance programmes in Kenyan primary schools. the implications of the findings are discussed and recommendations for possible action offered.
Gynaecological implications of women's participation in sport
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wahome, E. N.; Gathua, S. M.
Until the beginning of the seventies, there were always those who maintained that athletic activities during those who maintained that athletic activities during menstruation was dangerous and damaging to health. Others observed that sporting activities during pregnancy were lethal not only to the foetus but also the mother. There were still others who believed that long distance running by girls would spoil their womanhood. This was so until a few years back when women were allowed to compete in races beyond 3000 m. Some educators were of the opinion that swimming during menstruation increased the risks of water entering the upper part of the vagina. All the above views were based on instinctive judgement without any supporting scientific evidence. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the various gynaecological implications of women's participation in sports with reference to recent research findings. The' following gynaecological phenomena are considered: normal menstruation, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoe, menorrhagia and osteoporosis, pregnancy and general well being of females in sporting activities.
Sports entrepreneurship in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Mwangi, P. W.; Wahome, E. N.
Sports behaviour has been perceived by some sociologists to have a sharp inclination to commercial production industry. It has variously been viewed by many authors as a great entertainment for cash. Similarly, besides focusing our attention on the intrinsic benefits of sports, the evergrowing pursuit of the extrinsic in the Kenyan sports milieu today, just as in the rest of the world, is a force strong enough not to be ignored. Sports promote huge consumption in equipment, facilities, clothes etc. It is itself commercial providing mass entertainment as its basic form of production. The media in Kenya reserve substantial time and resources daily for sports coverage to enhance their own marketability, either single handed or in conjunction with one or more sponsoring companies such as Smithkline Beecham, Michelin etc. Sports-related insurance has gone up in recent times. Huge salaries are offered to professional competitors as the amateurs are perpetually engrossed in sports meet allover the world for obvious goals. The 1997 Kenya Safari Rally had its regulations and route changed to ensure a better monitory gain. Finally, a record-shattering Kshs. 6.8 Million was realised in January 1997's Harambee Star's (Kenya) soccer match against Nigeria through deliberate, shrewd, marketing tactics. A kiswahili beat on the Harambee Stars (Kenya's National Soccer team) has so far.been released for the electronic media and has been fast selling on the streets of Kenyan towns.
Effects of smoking on visual and auditory reaction time
(Kenyatta University, 1997) Wahome, E. N.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of three different levels of nicotine (low, medium and high) on visual and auditory reaction time of twenty regular male University smokers aged 18 and 42 years. Subjects participated in three sessions with an Automatic Performance Analyzer used to record the reaction time. During the first session, the subjects were tested using low nicotine level. The second session involved the use of medium=nicotine level, while the third session consisted of the use of high nicotine level. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if a significant difference existed among the means of low, medium and high nicotine levels in both light and sound variables. Significant F-ratios of 7.48 and 3.803 were found for the light and sound variables, respectively (p< O. OS). In both variables Duncan's multiple range was used to follow up the significance. This means that three different levels of nicotine affected both visual and auditory reaction times. The medium level was found to have a faster reaction time than both low and high nicotine levels. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between the reaction time for light and sound variables. A probability value of 0.054 found was not statistically significant, which means there is some relationship between the visual and auditory reaction time scores at three different levels of nicotine i.e. the reaction time for the sound variable is faster than for light variable at all the three different levels of nicotine.

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