MST-School of Environmental Studies

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This collections contains bibliographic information and abstracts of Master theses and dissertation in the School of Environmental Studies held in Kenyatta University Library

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An assessment of the incorporation and the teaching of environmental studies in primary schools in Murang'a District
(1987) Mang'uriu, Daniel Gathuru
This study assessed the extent of incorporation and the teaching of Environmental studies in primary schools in Murang'a district. The upper primary syllabuses were examined to ,identify topics on Environmental studies included. Forty primary school teachers, eight from each of the five divisions in the district were selected using stratified random selection. Each teacher filled a questionnaire containing two parts. Part 1 assessed teachers' attitudes towards the environment and Environmental studies. Part II assessed the teaching of Environmental studies in 'primary schools. The findings of the study were quantified and expressed in percentages. The examination of the upper primary syllabuses revealed that, a multi-disciplinary approach is used to teach Environmental studies. The disciplines containing Environmental studies are: Combined course (Geography, History and Civics), Agriculture, Science and Horne Science. The findings of the study showed that teachers in Murang'a district are aware of the state of the Environment and have positive attitudes towards the x environment. The majority of teachers agreed that concern for the environment should be a duty for every' citizen. Most teachers agreed that environmental ed~cation should play the vital role of changing pupils' attitudes, values and behaviour with a view to making pupils respect, appreciate and protect the environment. The study revealed that most teachers in the district frequently used the environment as a teaching resource. No text book on environmental education was being used in primary schools visited. Most teachers had no training on how to incorporate environmental education into their instructional programmes. The problems faced by teachers included shortage of reference books, lack of finance to organize field trips and other problems. Recommendations to ensure that environmental studies are effective in promoting environmental awareness and solving environmental problems inc lude those- t.o:the inspectorate, curriculum developers, suppliers of teaching materials and the school community. Recommendations for further research include an assessment:of pupils attitudes towards the environment, research on whether pupils apply the knowledge acquired on environmental education after they graduate from primary schools and others.
An Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Baringo, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 1990) Tarus, Paul Kipkosgei
Environmental Implications of Utilization of Rural Domestic Energy: the Case of Sabatia Division, Kakamega District
(Kenyatta University, 1992) Anami, Alumasa Kennedy
Farmer- Trainer Extension Approach in Agroforestry: An Application of Cost Benefit Analysis in Selected Project Sites in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2001) Tanui, J. K.
Agroforestry can improve productivity in many ways. This includes increased output of tree products, improved yields of associated crops, reduction of cropping systems input and increased labour efficiency. Though ready access to appropriate technology can better the lives of the resource poor farmer, the adoption rates of recommended technologies has not been as high as would be expected. The challenge therefore has been to look for extension alternatives that embrace a defined methodology for participatory learning, and mobilize local creativity, energy, knowledge and experience in the search for context-specific solutions, which capitalize on diversity. The Farmer-trainer extension approach is based on group training of identified farmers who have the scope and skills to become trainers of other farmers on agroforestry techniques. Their existing skills are improved through on-the-job farmer and extension staff joint training workshops. The farmer-trainers are then encouraged to train their neighbour fanners the skills acquired and hence make them farmer-followers through adopting recommended technologies and also taking up training of other farmers. It is envisaged that this would create a multiplier effect improving and expanding the practice of agroforestry innovations thereby improving the adoption rates. The overall objective of this study is to establish the viability of the Farmer-trainer extension approach in terms of influencing adoption of agroforestry innovations, and more specifically the adoption of high value trees and the impact, if any this has had on the farmers. This would be achieved through determination of the usage of the taught agroforestry innovation; the economic returns of the innovation and a comparison with other on-farm enterprises; an assessment of the cost of training one farmer to the level of being a farmer-trainer; determination of factors affecting the performance of farmer-trainers; the average conversion of fanner-followers by farmer-trainers; farmers assessment of the approach; calculation of the cost benefit ratio and Net Present Value of the farmer-trainer approach; and exploration of the policy implication of the study. A multistage purposive sampling procedure with stratified random selection was used to select farmers for the survey in the study areas. In the study, primary and secondary data were collected where primary data consisted mainly of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), group discussions and interviews, observations and empirical field measurements. Four sites were selected for the study and these were Embu, Kisumu, Migori and Keiyo districts. The results thus attained show that the Fanner-trainer extension approach is a viable concept of dissemination and results are generated within a Sh0l1 time. The study shows Embu district has the highest establishment of improved mangoes. This was the crop used for economic evaluation given that it was adopted in all the study sites. In the economic evaluation the study showed a positive retum to investment of nine years given a discount rate of 18%. The study also illustrates factors that influence the performance of the farmers in the approach, whereby availability of a tree nursery, location of the study sites, gender, and farm size, were found to be of great significance to the performance of the farmer-trainer. ln comparison to other farm enterprises, the study shows an increasing role of tree crops within the farming system. The study also explores policy implications of the farmer-trainer approach especially in research, extension, marketing and credit provision.
Potential for on-farm approach in conservation of indigenous tree species among smallholder farmers of Murang'a district, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2002) Thuo, Aggrey Daniel Maina
Today the world suffers from several environmental problems such as resource degradation, which has prominently affected biological diversity. One of such biological resources is indigenous tree species. Currently, their status in many parts of the world especially in developing countries is scarcely known. These trees occured naturally in the world's indigenous forests that are almost gone with only one percent being managed and sustainably utilized. The underlying pressure is caused by increasing population that is characterized by clearance for agriculture, fuel logging, road construction and settlement. This is moreso in high agricultural potential areas such as Murang 'a district. where most indigenous trees and shrubs have disappeared.. The threats to indigenous trees r-c; species in this area, thus necessitated the study to establish the place of indigenous trees in smallholders' social and economic decisions. The study pursued a concept of on-farm conservation of indigenous trees species with a particular .reference to smallholder farmers. It identified the status of on-farm indigenous trees and factors that influence their conservation within farmland. Further, It examined the existing local potential among farmers and within their environment that could be harnessed to promote on-farm conservation. (- In carrying out the study, a questionnaire, an interview schedule and a guide, and an observation record sheet were used to collect data. Data collected were collated, coded and analyzed using SPSS 6.1 Version. Data were analyzed descriptively using multi-response cross tabulations and contingency tables that generated frequencies and percentages. Additional descriptive analytical tools, such as Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), Content and Structural-functional analyses were used. Statistical significance testing was also employed using the Chi-square at 0.05 alpha levels to test relationships and association between variables. The study established that about 43.5 % of surveyed farmers incorporated indigenous trees in their farms. Farmers raise trees largely from seedlings or wildlings. These trees have been planted and/ or retained in home gardens, woodlots, compounds, crop fields, roadsides and riversides. The small number of farmers incorporating indigenous trees species in their farms was attributed to scarcity of land, farmers' attitudes, dying traditional beliefs and taboos, slow growth rates of these trees and lack of seeds and seedlings. Factors such as economic, socio-cultural, ecological and farmers' preferences were found to influence the choice of on-farm tree species. Economic factors undermined on-farm conservation of indigenous trees. For instance, majority of the farmers preferred exotic species due to the fact that exotic trees possess multiple uses value and have capability to generate income faster than indigenous trees due to their fast growth. Additionally, farmers had different preferences for tree species this was hinged on the tree uses or special their functions. For example, Indigenous species are preferred because of their special functions that include provision of medicines for livestock and humans, their effects on soil nutrients enhancement and cultural value. The agricultural activities determined the spatial pattern of the distribution of indigenous trees among the farmers. The agro-ecological three, for instance, had more indigenous trees than the other two agro-ecological zones. This is because in this agro-ecological zone, there are few cash crops such as coffee and tea that requires clearance of indigenous vegetation during their establishment. In intensively cultivated areas such as in agro-ecological zone two, indigenous tree species existed only in places such as riversides, bushes, grazingjields andfarm boundaries. The study revealed a wealthy of knowledge in on-farm trees management among the farmers. This knowledge includes the ones regarding placement, compatibility with agricultural crops, and palatability to livestock, rituals and other uses. The respondent had less knowledge about disease and insect pests affecting indigenous trees. The study further found out that the existing local potential among farmers has been less utilized in promotion of on-farm conservation of indigenous trees, among them the local groups / institutions. The study found out that there is potential for on-farm conservation of indigenous tree species since the local community member expresses their need for medicinal, ecological , socio-cultural and economic values. For this potential to be realised, the study recommends the following: 1) Awareness creation programmes that focus on the economic and ecological value of indigenous trees; 2) Improvement of agricultural andforestry extension services so that farmers are taught appropriate farming methods; 3) Promotion and utilization of the strategy of contacting farmers through local groups/institutions; 4) The need to research on how to incorporate indigenous trees species in farming systems given the decreasing land holdings; 5) The needfor clear cut policies on the on-farm conservation of indigenous tree species to assist agricultural and forest extension officers in promoting these tree species within the farm lands and also to dejine incentives necessary to encourage farmers to conserve indigenous species within their farmlands.
Planning and management problems facing small urban Centres in Kenya a case study of Nyansiongo township, Nyamira District.
(Kenyatta University, 2002) Ming’ate, F.L.M.
Past experience has shown that there is rapid urbanization in most developing countries. Majority of the people are moving from the rural areas to the urban areas in search of services which cannot be offered in rural areas like social, health, educational and other services that satisfy human wants. This movement has strained the urban land uses and service delivery and institutional infrastructure of urban centres in developing countries especially in the major cities as their counterparts, small and intermediate urban centres decay due to lack or inadequacy of even basic amenities and services that will attract investors. Due to this strain, Planning and Management problems are evident in majority of the urban centres. The main purpose of this study therefore was to examine the land use and urban service delivery and institutional infrastructure of Nyansiongo Township. The study finally caine up with " proposals within which planning and management problems of small urban centres can be solved. Primary and secondary data was used in the study. Stratified and systematic sampling was used for data collection. Purposeful sampling was used to ge,t information from relevant bodies. Focused group discussions (FGDs) were used. Snowball sampling was used to get relevant information from relevant institutions. Data was collected through direct observation,use of questionnaire administration and use of interview schedule. Descriptive statistics was usedfor data analysis. Content analysis was used to analyze results from FGDs and interviews I from various heads of institutions. Spearman correlation Coefficient and Chi-Square were used to show relationships. Excel was used to draw tables and graphs. The results of the study show that service provision in Nyansiongo Township is of poor quality and inadequate. The researcher recommends that to improve the services, the Government, the community, NGOs, and CBOs should work together in improving the service provision of the township. (
An assessment of impact of charcoal making on distribution of some tree species in Kibwezi Division
(2002-05) Kariuki, Peris M.
This study was carried out in Kibwezi Division, Makueni District Kenya. The aim was to assess impact of charcoal making, abundance and distribution of some selected tree species. The selected species were: Acacia tortilis (Forrsk.) Hayne, Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth, Newtonia hildebrandtii (Vatke) Torre var. hildebrandtii, Haplocoelom foliolosum Hiern Bullock and Terminalia brownii Fresen. Stem sizes of standing trees and stumps were used to investigate the abundance and distribution of selected species and past harvesting patterns in Kibwezi Forest Reserve, DWA Estate Forest and Privately Owned Land, areas subject to different management regimes. Data such as dominant plant species, vegetation cover and kiln sizes were collected by direct field observation from 158 randomly located plots each measuring 20m by 20m. This data was supplemented by interviews and focus group discussions. Data gathered was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of data analysis showed significant (P<0.05) differences in distribution of A. tortilis, N. hildebrandtii and H. foliolosum in the three study sites while no significant (P<0.05) variation was observed in the occurrence of A. mellifera and T brownii . Results further indicate differences in the population structure of selected species. The highest percentage of stems for most species among them A. forti/is (29.8%), A. mellifera (44.1%) and T brownii (43.9%) were < 10cm in basal diameter. H. foliolosum had the highest percentage of stems (32.1%) between 20cm and 30cm while N hildebrandtii had most of the stems (34.4%) above 90crn. From this study it was observed that charcoal making was more prevalent in Kibwezi Forest Reserve. Results further showed that at least 32 different tree species are used for charcoal making using the earthmound kiln method. Preferred species such as N hildebrandtii, Balanites aegyptiaca, Berchemia discolor, Acacia senegal and Olea europea ssp africana wer e rarely VI encountered and as a result poor quality species such as Sterculia africana and Commimphora africana are progressively being used to make charcoal in the area. Stumps of over 30 different tree species were found in 55.6% of the plots sampled and there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the mean of stumps in the three study sites. There were also significant differences in the number of stumps recorded between various stem size classes with the highest (41.1%) ranging from 10cm to 20cm. Over half (60.1%) of stumps were observed to be re-sprouting. A relatively high rate of regeneration was noted among certain species such as Combretum collionum (92.3%) and Euphorbia c,andelabrum (50.6%). Observed impact of charcoal making included loss of vegetation cover, change in population structure of harvested species and change in species composition. The study recommends that a policy on charcoal production and marketing should be formulated. Research on efficient charcoal kilns, alternative fuels and agro-forestry as means of minimizing some negative effects of charcoal making in the study area should be undertaken.
Soil and Water Conservation under some Improved Fallow Plant Species in Vihiga District, Kenya.
(2002-07) Orindi, V. A.
Soils in parts of western Kenya are degraded due to continuous cultivation thus contributing to low crop yields. Alternative farming systems involving the use of short-term tree legume fallows are being encouraged instead of the conventional system where land is left under natural fallow after crop harvest. This study was carried out over a nine-month period to assess the effect of improved fallows on soil erosion and soil water conservation in a subhumid area in Western Kenya. Soil erosion was assessed in the field using a rainfall simulator. The following treatments were considered: (a) Continuous maize (b) Natural fallow cover (c) Improved fallow cover of Tephrosia candida, (d) Improved fallow no cover, (e) Natural fallow no cover ~illed,and (e) Improved falliw no cover tilled. Soil moisture storage was assessed on a weekly basis using a lO-cm interval up to a depth of 60 ern under: (a) Continuous maize, (b) Natural fallow, (c) Tephrosia candida, (d)Tephrosia candida + Macroptilium atropurpureum, (e) Crotalaria grahamiana, and (f) Crotalaria paulina. Runoff intensity, turbidity and soil losses were higher under natural fallow no cover tilled (47.6 mm h-l , W.87 g L-I , 3.02 t ha") compared to the improved fallows no cover tilled (42.4 mm h-I, 4.92 g L-I , 1.31 t ha"). There was no significant difference (p= 0.05) in terms of aggregate stability in the top lO-cm soil between the treatments. Fluctuations in soil moisture content were greater in the upper soil layers and reduced with depth but the variation among treatments increased with depth. There was a faster recharge of water stocks but a gradual decrease under the improved fallows compared to conventional farming practices. Rainfall events of less than 10 mm had very limited effect under the treatments where the cover was over 70%. Improved fallows performed better in improving soil physical conditions as shown by the decrease in soil detachability. Improved fallows offer better opportunity for controlling soil erosion and conserving soil moisture.
Private Investment in Urban Agriculture in Nairobi, Kenya
(2002-08) Mireri, C.
This paper is based on two key case studies: Kenchic Ltd and Farmer’s Choice Ltd. These two private companies are important players in the Kenyan poultry and pig industries, respectively. They support successful agriculture in Nairobi city. Discussions were held with Dr Yamo (Kenchic veterinarian) and Mr Kairu (Farmer’s Choice pig procurement manager).
Soil fertility technologies for increased food production in Chuka, Meru south district, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2003) Mucheru, Monicah Wanjiku; Mugendi, D.N.; Kung'u, J.B.
The high population pressure in Chuka has led to continuous cultivation with minimal additional of inputs, leading to soil nutrient depletion. Research work has reported positive results from the use of manure and biomass from tithonia, calliandra, leucaena, mucuna and crotalaria for soil fertility replenishment. In relation to this a multidisciplinary farmers participatory trial was established in Chuka Division, Meru District, to offer small-scale resource poor farmers feasible soil nutrient replenishmenttechnologies. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with 14 nutrient replenishment treatments (technologies) replicated thrice. At the beginning and at the end of the study soil was sampled at 0-15 cm depth and the samples analysed for pH, Ca, Mg, K, C, N, and P. At the end of the 2000/2001 short rains season and 2001 long rains season soil samples were taken at 0-30, 30-100 and 100-150 ern, for nitrate and ammonium analysis. All the treatments received an equivalent of 60 kg N ha' except the herbaceous legume treatments where the amount of N was determined by the amount of the biomass harvested and incorporated and the absolute control t~ent that received no inputs. Net benefit and benefit-cost analysiswere conducted using farm gate prices. The results indicate that soil fertility increased slightly in all the treatments (except the control) over the two years of the study period. The average maize grain yield across the treatments was 1.1, 5.4, 3.5 and 4.0 Mg ha-1 during the 2000 long rains, 2000/2001 short rains, 2001 long rains and 2001/2002 short rains seasons respectively. The poor yields in the 2000 long rains and 2001 long rains seasons were attributed to the poor rainfall received in these two seasons. On average tithonia with half recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer recorded the highest (4.8 Mg ha') maize yield followed by sole tithonia (4.7 Mg ha'). VI The highest average concentration (144.8 and 115.5 kg N ha') of mineral N was recorded at the 30-100 em soil depth at the end of both the 2000/2001 short rains and 2001 long rains respectively. The lowest average concentration (67.1 kg N ha') was recorded in the 100-150 em soil depth during the 2000/2001 short rains while during the 2001 long rains the 0-30 cm depth recorded the lowest concentration (52.3 kg N ha"). The residual mineral N in the 100-150 em soil depth doubled at the end of the long rains 2001 compared to what was present at the end of short rains 2000/2001 season in all the treatments. This shows that there is a substantial amount ofmineral-N that is being leached below the rooting systems of maize. Sole tithonia was ranked as the best treatment, while, the control was ranked as the poorest treatment by both the farmers and future farmers (students). The treatment ranking by both groups was closely related to the actual maize grain yields attained later at the end ofthe season. Out of the 171 farmers who attended the 3rd field day, 153 farmers (90%) indicated willingness to take the technologies to their farms. Sole leucaena and calliandra were the most cost effective technologies with a benefit/cost ratio (BCR) of7.3 while sole tithonia followed closely with a (BCR of 6.9) through out the four seasons.
Smallholder Farmers' Marketing Channels for on-Farm Timber in Kenya: A Case of Embu District
(2003) Mwangi, E.W.
In response to the shrinking government-based natural and plantation forests, and the increasing population growth, smallholder farmers have turned to planting trees on their farms for commercial and domestic use. They need the cash to meet their immediate pressing needs. Improved marketing could significantly enhance tree-planting activities by smallholder farmers. Good marketing connection, therefore, is essential as a strategy to reduce poverty while simultaneously promoting conservation of the rapidly shrinking forests. The necessary marketing information to enable them to identify suitable markets for their timber trees is, however, lacking. The main purpose of the study was, therefore, to try to understand the functioning of smallholder farmers' marketing channels for on-farm timber in Embu District. This study was conducted in Embu District, which is located in the Eastern Province of Kenya, in the period between November 2001 and May 2002. The wood industries established within the district have turned to farmers for their timber supply as a result of the government's ban on logging of natural forests, particularly Mt. Kenya, which constitutes a portion of the district. In addition, the district's population is increasing at an annual growth rate of 3.08%, increasing the demand for timber. A market channel analysis was carried out which involved following the timber products from the farmers, to the fixed saw millers, and finally to the timber yard merchants. Various and several techniques of Participatory Rural Appraisal were widely used to collect timber marketing information. Linear regression, tables, charts, and other descriptive methods were used for data analysis using the MS Excel, Genstat, and SPSS computer programmes. A volume model that can assist farmers in selling their trees was derived from this study. The major problems in the existing marketing channels include low prices for timber trees at farm level, lack of ready timber markets, poor tree and timber quality, limited variety of timber tree species, and poor infrastructure. In order to improve the returns that the farmers get from their timber trees, this study recommends that they be equipped with the appropriate practical tree management and marketing skills, such as, application of obtained knowledge of estimating the volumes of their trees as well as negotiating the appropriate prices for these trees, and further research to clarify the pending issues to guide future planning and management for improved performance.
Use of Calliandra Calothyrsus and Leucaena Tricandra Tree Species for Soil Nutrient Enhancement in Chuka Division, Central Highlands of Kenya
(2004-09) Mutegi, J.K.
The central highlands of Kenya are characterized by high soil and nutrient losses through soil erosion and leaching. Research has reported positive results from the use of appropriate vegetative contour hedges since they are able to hold topsoil while simultaneously capturing and pumping up leached nutrients. It has also been shown that farmers' adoption of new technologies is dependent on their perception of those technologies. Against this background, an on farm trial involving use of Calliandra, Leucaena and napier contour hedges was started in farmers fields of Chuka Division to evaluate the feasibility of these technologies in the control of soil and nutrient losses. The trial farmers were recruited on the basis of gender and slope after a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The slopes were categorized as 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and> 30% slope. Treatments were laid down on these slope categories along the contours in a zig-zag manner with an inter-row spacing of 0.25 m, intra-row spacing of 0.5 m and a variable inter-hedge spacing depending on the slope. Soils were sampled at the start and 20 months after establishment of the trials at 0-30, 30-90 and 90-150 em depths. Soils from 0-30 ern depth were analysed for pH, Ca, Mg, K, C, N, P, and inorganic N, while soils from 30-90 and 90-150 em depth were analysed for inorganic N only. Farmers' perceptions of these technologies were determined by use of questionnaires. Treatments that had trees either as sole or combination hedges registered a significant (P<0.05) increment in pH, Ca, Mg, P and K as compared to those that were either under sole napier hedge or control after 20 months of experimentation. During the first sampling, all the plots had more mineral-N beyond 0-30 em depth. During the second sampling inorganic N in the 0-30 em depth was significantly higher for Leucaena than the control and napier. Leucaena plots also had higher concentration (P<0.05) of inorganic-N than sole napier plots. The other treatments did not show any significant difference at this depth. Inorganic N at 30-90 em depth was lower (P<0.05) in Calliandra, Leucaena and Leucaena + napier than the control plot. On the other hand at 90-150 em depth, Leucaena, Leucaena + napier and Calliandra significantly reduced (P<0.05) inorganic-N accumulation in comparison with the control and napier. The first season registered higher soil losses than second season for treatments with hedges and vice versa for the control. Soil losses during the first season and second season were lower (P<0.05) in hedge plots for 10-20, 20-30 and >30% slope categories in comparison to the control. However, soil loss on 10-20% slope category during the second season was significantly lower (P<0.05) for napier hedges than for all the other treatments. Calliandra + napier and Leucaena + napier plots lost significantly lower (P<0.05) amount of soil than Calliandra, Leucaena and control at this slope category. Farmers perceptions of appropriate hedgerow species showed that farmers would favor species that would provide quality and quantity fodder, improve crop production, enhance soil fertility, control soil erosion and provide cash income on sale of their products.
Ethnobotany, Phenology and Conservation of Four Species of The Genus Sansevieria Thunb: Case of Nakuru and Maragua Districts, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2005) Khalumba, Mercelyne Luxen
Many people especially in developing countries rely on wild collected plants for construction, fuel wood, medicine and many other purposes. Today there is often a decrease in the availability of wild plants resources due to increased human and animal populations and the effect of competition with other forms of land use. The destruction of the ecosystem and loss of genetic wealth are depriving man of the natural condition of life. The erosion of biodiversity is an irreversible process, and this has resulted in worldwide call for the conservation of biodiversity. Approximately 75 species constitute Sansevieria Thunb, a tropical terrestrial genus of Ruscaceae. About 41 of these species are found in East Africa, 21 in Kenya while 9 are endemic in Kenya. Information on ethnobotany, phenology and conservation status of these species in Kenya is limited and in order to conserve wild plants they must carefully documented. It is in this light that the study of ethnobotany, phenology and conservation of the four Sansevieria species was considered important for investigation. The study was designed to find out: the use-value, the phenological pattern, indicator species and threats to conservation status of Sansevieria sufJruticosa. N.E Br., Sansevieria parva. N.E Br Sansevieria rafjillii N.E Br and Sansevieria ehrenbergii Schweinf.ex Bak growing naturally in Nakuru and Maragua districts. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire and observation schedules using random sampling technique. Data gathered was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. From field survey S .parva is highly valued for fodder for both domestic and wild animals; S. sufJruticosa and S. ehrenbergii are valued for fibres and soil conservation. The results indicate that leaves of S. sufJruticosa and S. ehrenbergii are valued for treatment of ear-ache and open fresh wounds while their rhizomes are used to treat snakebite and stomach ulcers. The Common method of extraction is squeezing the extracts to the affected area. The rhizome of S. rafjillii was reported to be poisonous. The results indicate that the three Sansevieria fibres can be used in briquette production and weaving (51 %). The study found out that the commonest plant species associated with Sansevierias are: Opuntia vulgaris (88%), Aloe nyeriensis (83%), Euphorbia candelabrum (78%), Cissus quadrangularis (68%) and Aloe graminacollii (67%) and they belong to the following families, Cactaceae, Aloaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Vitaceae. Field observation indicated that there was poor no regeneration from seeds. Field observation indicated that there was low regeneration level at a rate of S. ehrenbergii (5%) and S. raffillii (13%) young shoots per quadrat from the rhizome and none from seeds during the study period. The leaf size structure revealed that there were many mature plants S. ehrenbergii (90%), S. rafjillii (86%) compared to juvenile ones (10% and 14% respectively) in the quadrats studied. The results also indicated that man is the main threat of Sansevieria species in the field, destroying over (80%), due to settlement, clearance for agricultural land and felling of firewood tree species. The information from this study could be useful in designing intervention conservation programmes and sustainable utilization of Sansevieria species. More research is needed to determine chemical compounds which lead to treatment of diseases such as ear-ache, snake bite remedy, skin infection and treatment of fresh wounds. Effective conservation would be achieved by having more research on Sansevieria products .The focus should be, on production of certain fibre products, better technologies for sustainable briquette production.
Soil Organic Matter Status under Different Agroforestry Management Practices in Three Selected Sites in Kenya
(2005-04) Waswa, B.S.
Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in ensuring a healthy soil status. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of organic resource management on SOM-related soil properties in the Kabetc, Maseno and the Embu experiments in Kenya. The choice of these experiments was based on the different organic resources applied, their lifespan as wel1 as their unique ecological locations that characterize most smallholder fanning areas in Kenya. Soil samples were collected from these experiments before the long rains season of 2002 and prepared for analyses. Soils were analyzed for inorganic nitrogen, total carbon, nitrogen, carbon mineralization, bulk density and soil moisture retention. In addition, SOM aggregate and size fractionation, potassium permanganate oxidation and the carbon isotope labeling techniques were used to determine the quality of the various SOM fractions formed. All the data collected was subjected to analyses of variance (ANOV A) and the means separated at P :s 0.05. Mineral N was significantly different (P :s 0.05) across the treatments in HI Ernbu and PM I Maseno experiments and tended to be higher in organic treatments as compared to the control and the fertilizer treatments. N I Kabete experiment had the lowest C~ N and DC values pointing to the young age of this experiment as well as the low quantity of the organic residues applied. On the other hand, HI Embu experiment had high soil C values of over 2.0% indicating a positive effect of continued application of organic residues. Potassium pennanganate oxidizable carbon was significantly different for N I Kabete and PM I Maseno experiments and tended to vary according to the differences in organic resource management regimes in these experiments. The bulk density was not significantly affected by organic residue management regimes at any of the sites. Soil moisture retention trends were more defined in the older PM I Maseno as compared to the younger N I Kabete and HI Ernbu experiments. Aggregate mineral fraction (MF) size distribution were dominated by macroaggregates (250-500 urn and >500 urn) 11l the three experiments. HI Embu experiment had higher aggregate light fraction (LF) proportions as compared to N I Kabete and PM I Maseno experiments indicating the beneficial effects of continued organic residue application. Similarly, higher proportions of aggregate LF C and N were observed in macroaggregate fractions for the three experiments with organic treatments having higher proportions of both aggregate MF and LF C and N. The Ouc signatures of the macroaggregates (>250 urn) LF were more negative as compared to the 0 DC values in the microaggregate (53-250 ~1I11) LF. This pointed to C contribution to the most recently incorporated organic matter from C3 organic resources being applied. The results thus indicated that studies on soil physical properties require prolonged experimentation for the effects among the treatments to be isolated. Application of organic residues tended to improve SOM and related soil chemical properties thus justifying the need for continued application of organics to improve soil status.
Human Perceptions and Their Implications to Wildlife Conservation in Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park- Machakos District,Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2005-05) Kiama, Rose Wamuyu
Wildlifeis a renewable natural resource and has considerable economic value not only in Kenya but also all over the world. In Kenya it holds economic, cultural, aesthetic, spiritual and scientific values. When used wisely wildlife can enhance a country's economy though tourism. In Kenya it is estimated that 70 % of the gross tourism earning and 50 % of total gross domestic product is attributed to wildlife. Wildlife is also a source of game meat, tusks, horns and skins. Due to its value, Kenya has undertaken measure to protect it and ensure its sustainability through the concept of National parks and Reserves. Even with these concept of value in mind, National Parks and 01 Donyo Sabuk National Park in particular face threats of extinction resulting from varying perceptions on conservation by the local people. Conservation of wildlife in the park is greatly dependent on how people perceive the existence of wildlife. This study was carried out to examine factors that contribute to human perceptions and how this implicates on the conservation of wildlife. Ways of integrating these perceptions in conservation have also been identified. Data collection methods included structured questionnaire administration for both household and KWS administration that composed the sampling frame. Other instruments used to collect data included; observation, photography aid and review of documented data. Data collected was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative techniques. This study established that there are several factors that influence human perception on wildlife conservation. Cases of animals escaping from the park and damaging-local community's crops and property, killing domestic animals and injuring people has led people to view wildlife as an enemy rather than a valuable resource. This tension creates human-wildlife conflicts. The conflict is worsened by the fact that no form of compensation is offered by the wildlife custodians to the victims suffering from wildlife destruction. The constant conflict between wildlife and the local community are attributed to the lack of community participation in wildlife management. Benefits derived from the park are not also shared with the community. The existing policy framework does not give the local community a chance to feel like they belong to the conservation system. The policies have excluded people from national Parks and this makes people view wildlife as government property. To rescue these wildlife resource local communities need to perceive conservation positively. This is the only way for them to participate in conservation. To put this appropriate conservation strategy in place, the study recommends that: policies and legislation governing wildlife should be reviewed to accommodate people's needs; community participation should be greatly enhanced; revenues derived from the park should be shared with the community; compensation schemes should be reviewed; public awareness and sensitization on conservation should be practiced; a project to plant a buffer zone
Shifting Irrigation and its Effects on Community Livelihood and Environmental Quality in The Lower Ewaso Nyiro Basin, Isiolo District
(Kenyatta University, 2008) Nzombe, N. N.
This study set out to investigate the effects of shifting irrigation system on community livelihood and environmental quality along the Ewaso Nyiro river basin. The land area under irrigation schemes in Kenya is estimated at 103,233 hectares. 20% of this hectarage is under smallholder irrigation schemes some of which are in the lower Ewaso Nyiro Basin. These schemes have special features in that they are not permanent. The objectives of this study are to asses the current status of irrigation schemes in the lower Ewaso Nyiro basin, evaluate their effect on community livelihoods and evaluate their impact on environmental quality. The overall approach to the study was both qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data was collected through participatory research techniques, case studies, observation, and key informant interviews. Questionnaire survey was the main quantitative research technique used. Data from questionnaire survey was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Qualitative data analysis was mainly descriptive. Narrative log was used to analyse data from case studies. Qualitative information proved useful in explaining some of the quantitative information. By the time of the study, the lower Ewaso Nyiro had nine operational irrigation schemes and 791 households practising irrigation farming. Though the schemes have a management unit, most of them are not formally recognised. There was a positive correlation between the number of years in crop production and the number of times a scheme shifted its sites(r=O.456) at 0.001 significant level. The irrigation schemes do not have permanent structures and use surface irrigation methods.• Maize is the major crop grown in the irrigation scheme and crop diversification is low. Irrigation has diversified the means of livelihood of the people. 100% of the household heads reported that irrigation was an important means of livelihood. Out of these, 35% reported that trade in agricultural produce was important means of livelihood. 3.8% said agricultural casual labour was important means of livelihood. The stakeholders agreed that irrigation was an important source of food in the lower Ewaso Nyiro basin(x2=5.12; df=3; p=0.163). Both the household heads and other stakeholders concurred that irrigation had negative effects on the environment (x2 =5.785; df=2; p=O.055). Types of environmental degradation reported in the schemes by household heads were soil erosion by 91.2%, deforestation by 72.5%, salinity by 31% and water logging by 20% of the households. Low usage of biocide and chemical fertilizers was reported with the highest usage being on insecticides by 46% of the household heads. Environmental conservation practices are rarely used in the irrigation schemes with the highest conservation practice reported on •the usage of farm yard manure by 56.2% of the household heads. The stakeholders agreed there was limitation of technical know how and lack of input in environmental conservation at chi square values (x2=7.672; df=3; p=0.053) and (x2=2.671; df=3; p=O.445). In the short term, the study recommends portable means of lifting water from the river, organized marketing in the irrigation schemes and environmental conservation at the household level and at the scheme level. The long term recommendations are flood control at the catchment level and an investigation into the feasibility of setting up permanent irrigation schemes in the study area.
Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges of Infrastructure Development and Service Delivery in Kianda Kibera Slums, Nairobi
(Kenyatta University, 2008) Elijah, Lillian Mwikali
Despite the increasing slum population, the problem of infrastructure and service delivery remains largely unresolved in Kianda village, Kibera shims. This has led to increased human and environmental health risks. This research therefore sought to assess the opportunities and challenges of infrastructure development, basic service delivery and aesthetic enhancement in Kianda, focussing on several variables namely: housing, education, energy, playgrounds and roads, water, sanitation and waste management and health care facilities. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using questionnaires, Interview schedules, Focused Group Discussions, field checklists and content analysis of secondary data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient was used in determining the emerging relationships between selected key variables. Results obtained showed that while households desired improved infrastructural development and service provision, they had poor housing structures, inadequate health care, education and water facilities, poor communication networks, low quality energy sources and inappropriate waste management systems. As a result, there were low levels of education attainment and high rates of school dropouts, water, air and soil pollution and consequently the impact of water borne diseases. Barriers to improved service delivery included poverty and lack of negotiating skills, poor slum policies and absentee landlords, corruption and unresponsive governing authorities. Households were noted to engage in survival mechanisms hazardous to human health such as disposing wastewater directly outside their houses (83%) and use of flying toilets (8%). Household practises hazardous to the environment included among others use of firewood and charcoal for cooking (81%), disposing wastewater in channels draining into Mutoine River (83%), and use of flying toilets (8%). Educated households engaged less in hazardous practises than in uneducated households. Likewise, higher income households engaged more in less hazardous practises than lower income households particularly the use of own latrines and ablution blocks, Both local and international organizations were providing several services in Kianda in the absence of the City Council, though none was involved in road network provision. There were few health care facilities in Kianda mostly private clinics. This, compounded with risk factors like unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygiene had contributed to the burden of water borne diseases. Reported cases of ill health included Malaria (39%), Typhoid (26%) and diarrhoea (35%). There fore, for service provision to improve in Kianda, awareness on the dangers of the households' survival mechanisms must be created. This had greatly been caused by the high poverty levels in the slum, which urgently calls for more focused urban poverty reduction policies. There is also the undisputed need to actualise tenure rights in the slum so as to give the households an incentive to negotiate for services from concerned urban authorities. A participatory slum-upgrading programme should also be emphasized, given the inclination of the global world towards participatory development.
Assessment of Energy Alternatives for Rural Microenterprise Development and Environmental Protection in the Agro-Ecological Zones of Kilifi District
(2009-10) Ahmed, J.K.
Energy, specifically energy services affects social, economic, and environmental aspects of development such as livelihoods; agricultural productivity, health, education, and gender-related issues. Kilifi district in the Coast region of Kenya has very high poverty. Prevalence (70%).. There is dependence on solid biomass for energy and traditional energy end-use technologies. Hence, appropriate energy services for microenterprise development are lacking. This increases the poverty situation and environmental degradation. A household survey, focus group discussions and interviews were used to assess the relative importance of rural micro-enterprises current energy choices, the influence of agro-ecological factors on current energy choices and the environmental impacts of current energy use. The study also determined sustainable energy alternatives for the agro ecological of Kilifi district. The study findings show currently, traditional use of biomass and human energy mainly from women are the main sources of energy for micro-enterprise activities. These findings also show that, agro ecological factors influence both the type and quality of energy sources and microenterprise. Despite this link it appears that, there is no model which uses ecological concepts and principles-to assist u;. Designing developing and managing sustainable rural renewable energy systems. Rural microenterprise existing energy use impact on the ecological stability and ecosystem services in Kilifi district and beyond which threatens current and future livelihoods. This also undermines human development and wellbeing especially among women. Energy alternatives exists across all agro ecological zones in the district that can offer energy services for microenterprise development and environmental protection but are not being fully utilized. According to this study the district can have between 80.0 billion and 80.1 billion kWh per year of electricity if 10% of its current bioenergy potential is converted to electricity. The study recommends further research on agro ecological approach to sustainable rural communities' renewable energy systems. Development of a Predictive Ecosystem Mapping (PEM) model for Kilifi district so as to improve natural capital (increased soil water retention hence high water table and increased agro-biodiversity).
Sustainable management of public toilets in the Nairobi central business district
(2011-05-09) Ogendo, Akinyi Mildred
The ever-increasing growth in urban population exerts pressure on limited facilities in most developing cities and towns especially in sectors of water supplies and sanitation. A study of the provision and use of public conveniences in the ( ity Center of Nairobi in 1991 noted that most of the public toilets in the City center of Nairobi were constructed before 1963. Thereafter; only five public toilets were constructed to commemorate the silver jubilee celebrations in 1998 and the ten year Nyayo era celebrations that coincided. The population of Nairobi in 1963 was estimated to be about 267,000 whereas the current population is estimated to be 2.4 million according to the Central Bureau of Statistics. Despite the continued population increase, the Nairobi City Council has not constructed more public toilets to meet the demand of the increased population, as it should have done. An extensive market survey done in the year 2001 pointed out that the demand for the services of public toilets is extremely high. That can be seen in the increased usage of the facilities in the last one-year when the Nairobi City Council and the Nairobi Central District Business Association rehabilitated most of the public toilets in the Central Business District. This study focuses on the Sustainable management of public toilets within the Central Business District. The study hopes to come up with an alternative preferred management to serve Central Business District. On the whole, the project would have positive impacts. Of greatest importance is the potential improvement in public health through improved sanitation if the sustainable management of public toilets is executed.
Integrating hawking in urban planning, management and governance in Nairobi Central Business District
(2011-05-09) Ng'iru, Muigai Donald; Mireri, C.; Kamau, P.
Hawking is a trade activity mostly carried out on the street or roadside and usually an option for the poor since it requires minimal capital, use of own labour. It is mainly undertaken for basic survival. Decline in growth in industrial sector, contracting civil sector, economic recession and the institution of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) among other factors have promoted the growth of hawking trade. In 2003, it contributed 13 per cent to Kenyas' GDP and -is still growing. The sector is though faced with numerous challenges in its operations such as conflicts and confrontations with the authorities, lack of recognition, eviction, unfavorable policies and regulatory frameworks, pavement use conflicts with pedestrians and formal businesses, lack of services and infrastructure among others. Previous efforts to manage and relocate the hawkers have not been successful as the hawkers have returned back to the streets. The study aimed to find-out the nature of hawking trade, identify challenges and opportunities of practicing hawking, to examine policies, participatory and regulatory framework and finally develop recommendations for integrating hawking in the CBD of Nairobi city. The methodology used was triangulation and involved use of various research methods both quantitative and qualitative. Random sampling and purposive methods were used. The main findings were that existing policies have been punitive to hawking activities despite its importance in employment creation among the urban majorities. The preference to hawk in the city is to maximize sales and transport hubs, major transport arteries and terminals attract the nost hawkers. Membership to hawker's organizations is relatively similar to those not, mainly lue to their structural and financial weaknesses, poor leadership among other. advanced recommendations include: policy review to reflect present needs through consultative fforts with all stakeholders. A forum for stakeholders has been proposed, integration of the awkers in the governance of the Authorities activities that affect them, more research into the ector to expand existing knowledge and more recognition of the sector with the subsequent support of the hawking organizations.

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