Browsing by Author "Nyamache, Anthony Kebira"

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    Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Salmonella and Escherichia Coli Isolates from Chicken Droppings in Nairobi, Kenya
    (Cross Mark, 2019) Langata, Lydia Mali; Maingi, John M.; Musonye, Harry Asena; Kiiru, John; Nyamache, Anthony Kebira
    Objective: Increase in antimicrobial resistance is a threat to health sector globally. Surveillance on the spread and emergence of antimicrobial resistance is therefore invertible. This study investigated prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli, molecularly characterized their antimicrobial resistance patterns and spread among resistant isolates from chicken droppings. Results: A total of 150 chicken households were selected randomly within Nairobi and fresh chicken droppings collected. Salmonella and Escherichia coli were isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility test carried out. Beta-lactamase genes and class 1 integrons were determined among amoxicillin resistant isolates. Isolates carrying TEM gene were further subjected to (GTG)5 PCR genotyping. Of the analysed samples, 57% and 12% contained Escherichia coli and Salmonella respectively. Most of the isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics with exemption of 53% of the isolates that were resistant to amoxicillin. The isolates were detected with TEM (46%), CTX-M (18%) resistance genes and class 1 integrons (25%). The study reveals presence of beta-lactamase genes and class 1 integrons across Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from droppings of reared chicken. Therefore, the wide distribution of chicken and their fecal waste is likely to increase development of antibiotic resistance.
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    Cytokines Associated with Antiretroviral Induced Hepatotoxicity in People Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the Northwest Region of Cameroon
    (IJMRPS, 2018) Abongwa, Lem Edith; Nyamache, Anthony Kebira; Fokunang, Charles; Torimiro, Judith; Djukouo, Larissa; Ngu, Loveline; Okemo, Paul; Nchinda, Godwin
    The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has enabled HIV-1 infected people to live long and fruitful lives. Since drug and viral mediated toxicities are hallmarked by a modulation of patient’s cytokine profiles, we assessed the impact of ART on plasma cytokine profiles of HIV-1 patients. Blood samples were collected from 68 HAART naïve HIV-1 patients at baseline (D0), 30 days (D30) and 180 days (D180) following HAART initiation. Serum levels of Alanine aminotransferases (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferases (AST) was analysis enzymatically.Human Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines were measured using a cytometric bead array assay. Data were analyzed using Graph pad prism 6 and SSPS.There was a significant increased (p<0.001) in the mean serum levels of both ALT and AST corresponding with the treatment duration.A negative correlation was observed between CD4+ T cell counts and serum levels of either ALT (-0.522, p=0.000) or AST (-0.505, p=0.000). The prevalence of hepatotoxicity increased significantly (P =0.000) and was found to be 0(0.0%), 34(50.0%) and 47(69.1%) at D0, D30 and D180 respectively. Mean IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A and TNF-α cytokines were higher in patients with hepatotoxicity compared to patients with no hepatotoxicity at D30 and D180 with a significant difference (p<0.05) seen only in IL 17-A and IL 6. The prevalence of hepatotoxicity increased with treatment duration and was associated with modulations in the human Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profile. IL-6 and IL-17A seem to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hepatotoxicity. As such they might be used either alone or with other biomarkers to assess HAART induced hepatotoxicity in our context.
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    Fungal spore air pollution in selected environments in Nairobi, Kenya
    (Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, 2024-07) Kiprop, Vincent; Nyamache, Anthony Kebira; Njerwana, Sally; Bii, Christine C.
    Fungal spores constitute major bioaerosols and are important indicators of bio-pollution. The rural–urban migration has increased human activity, causing air pollution concerns globally. This study explored the seasonal load, distribution, and diversity of fungal spores at different strategic sites in Nairobi, Kenya. The fungal air spores were systematically collected from markets, roads, and recreational, and dumping sites within Nairobi City County. Briefly, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plates were exposed on site for 5 minutes, and transported for incubation at 28°C for 7 days. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed data were recorded using the AccuWeather mobile app. Fungal cultures were identified using standard macro and micro-phenotypic features. The relationship between the fungal concentration and meteorological parameters was analyzed using multiple regression and PNiger. The wet season had the highest number of fungal spores (5318.88 CFU m− 3 ) compared to the dry season (1929.58 CFU m− 3 .) We identified 502 isolates across two seasons; 16 genera and 38 species comprising Ascomycota 426 (89.31%), Basidiomycota 21 (4.40%), Deuteromycota 17 (3.56%), Muromycota 7(1.47%) and Zycomycota 6(1.26%). The most isolated fungal genera included Candida (17.13%), followed by Penicillium 66 (13.15%), Fusarium 62 (12.35%), Aspergillus 61 (12.15%) and Cladosporium 60 (11.95%). Temperature, humidity and windspeed significantly affected airborne fungal concentration (p = .000), (p = .0280) and (p = .000), respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the temperature negatively correlated with the fungal concentration significantly (p = .000), humidity positively correlated with the fungal concentration significantly (p = .001), and wind speed negatively correlated with the fungal concentration significantly (p = .000). Our findings highlight the significance of fungal air pollution and the possible risks of human mycoses. The significance of fungal spore pollutants and human mycoses to climate change needs to be explored.
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    Physico-chemical Analysis, Microbial Isolation, Sensitivity Test of the Isolates and Solar Disinfection of Water Running in Community Taps and River Kandutura in Nakuru North Sub-county, Kenya
    (Academic Journals, New York, 2015) Waithaka, Paul N.; Maingi, John Muthini; Nyamache, Anthony Kebira
    Nakuru North sub-county is a peri-urban area which has both dry and wet seasons. Its residents rely mostly on untreated water sources for daily water needs due to unreliable water supply from the urban council. However, this water has not been evaluated on its quality despite residents solely depending on it. This study was aimed at determining the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of water drawn from River Kandutura and water taps in Nakuru North subcounty. In addition, the study was aimed at carrying out sensitivity test of the isolates to antibiotics and determining effectiveness of solar disinfection in water treatment. A total of 510 water samples; river (255) and taps (255) were collected and analyzed between January and December 2013. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test. Out of five hundred and ten (510) samples examined for microorganisms, 36.86 % (188/510) were positive for E. coli, Shigella and Salmonella. Water used by Nakuru North sub-county residents is highly contaminated thus posing public health risk. Solar disinfection experiment indicated a possibility of effective decontamination of water up on exposure to sun light for 3-5 h. E. coli showed the highest resistance (26.3 %) followed by Salmonella (17.4 %) while Shigella showed the least (17.1 %). However, there was no significant deference (p=0.98) in resistance among total coliforms, Total heterotrophic and Salmonella at 0.05 level of significant. There is a need to enforce laws and policies on proper waste disposal as part of water pollution control