Investigation of Plasmodium falciparum Resistance Biomarkers among Primary School Children in Western Kenya

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dc.contributor.authorStephen, Otilmoi Poul
dc.contributor.authorNyandwaro, Tonny Teya
dc.contributor.authorIrekwa, Robinson Mugasiali
dc.contributor.authorWaihenya, Rebecca Wanjiku
dc.contributor.authorMunyao, Matthew Mutinda
dc.contributor.authorRotich, Peter Kipkemboi
dc.contributor.authorNjoroge, Caroline Wangui
dc.contributor.authorMwangi, Anne Wanjiru
dc.contributor.authorYego, Joanne Jepkemei
dc.contributor.authorTanchu, Nicole Sian
dc.contributor.authorOumar, Dawala Koromtili
dc.contributor.authorKanyita, Grace Ngendo
dc.contributor.authorNdungu, Primrose Muthoni
dc.contributor.authorNzou, Samson Muuo
dc.date.accessioned2023-07-18T13:28:21Z
dc.date.available2023-07-18T13:28:21Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.descriptionArticleen_US
dc.description.abstractA marked decrease in malaria-related deaths worldwide has been attributed to the administration of effective antimalarials against Plasmodium falciparum. However, the continuous spread of P. falciparum resistance to anti-malarial drugs is raising a serious problem in controlling Malaria to the vulnerable children’s immune system. In recent studies, Plasmodium falciparum Kelch 13 propeller gene (Pfk13) has been reported to develop resistance to artemisinin in South Asia. In this study, we checked Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene (Pfcrt) involved in chloroquine (CQ) resistance. Method: In this study, archived 280 samples were collected from Alupe primary school children in Busia, Western Kenya from May, 2016 to November, 2016. Genomic DNA was extracted using the MightyPrep reagent. The samples were investigated for P. falciparum positivity out of which 67 of them tested positive giving a prevalence rate of 24% The sixty-seven were subjected to PCR amplification for the molecular marker resistance to Pfcrt. After PCR amplification, the amplicons were purified and sequenced using Sanger Sequencing. The sequence data were analyzed using BioEdit software to identify point mutations. Results: 14 samples sequences were analyzed on Bioedit software giving the following amino acid changes F76C, Y66H, L70A, Y58C, T59V, V65I, P67L, T81L, Y60S, Y66S, P67T and I71F). New mutations have been reported at position 76 leading to an amino acid change, one of Pfcrt gold standard biomarkers. However, amino acid changes Y66H, L70A, Y58C, T59V, V65I, P67L, T81L, Y60S, Y66S, P67T and I71F are newly reported giving an increase in Pfcrt prevalence of concern from zero to 5.0%. A phylogenetic evolutionary relationship was constructed as shown below. Generally, the results showed a continuous resistance of P. falciparum to Pfcrt which calls for robust continuous monitoring and surveillance. Conclusion: Due to the increase of the resistant Pfcrt gene prevalence, continuous development of new mutants against chloroquine indicates that there is need to repurpose anti-malarial drugs for future partner drugs.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipAfrican Union Commission through Pan African University Institute of Basic Science, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI) and Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine at Kenya Medical Research Institute (NUITM-KEMRI).en_US
dc.identifier.citationStephen, O.P., Nyandwaro, T.T., Irekwa, R.M., Waihenya, R.W., Munyao, M.M., Rotich, P.K., Njoroge, C.W., Mwangi, A.W., Yego, J.J., Tanchu, N.S., Oumar, D.K., Kanyita, G.N., Ndungu, P.M. and Nzou, S.M. (2022) Investigation of Plasmodium falciparum Resistance Biomarkers among Primary School Children in Western Kenya. American Journal of Molecular Biology, 12, 43-53. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2022.122005en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2022.122005
dc.identifier.urihttp://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/26302
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherAJAMBen_US
dc.titleInvestigation of Plasmodium falciparum Resistance Biomarkers among Primary School Children in Western Kenyaen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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