Analysis of Antibiotics in Milk from Smallholder Farmers from Kenya Shows Traces Above the Recommended Maximum Residue Limits
Loading...
Date
2024
Authors
Odeny, Bonnita Aluoch
Asudi, George Ochieng’
Omwenga, George
Oduor, Richard Okoth
Karau, Geoffrey Muriira
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Science Publishing Group
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rising globally and is likely to cause more deaths because of antibiotic-resistant microbial
infections and antibiotic residues in animal foods and products as a result of misuse of antibiotics in dairying. Thus, we
determined the presence and quantities of sulfonamide, tetracycline, and beta-lactam drug residues in milk sampled in
Nyandarua, Meru, and Kiambu counties in Kenya using the Charm TRIO® test kit and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to
the triple quadrupole mass spectroscopy (MS) (LC-MS/MS). The TRIO® test kit showed dicloxacillin as the most prevalent at
9.3%, followed by penicillin and cloxacillin at 3.7% each, and nafcillin at 0.9% among the beta-lactams. Among the
tetracyclines, demeclocycline and tigecycline were the most prevalent at 10.3% each, followed by oxytetracycline at 9.3%,
chlortetracycline at 7.5%, and doxycycline at 3.7%, while sulfaquinoxaline was the only sulfonamide drug detected at 4%. The
LC-MS/MS detected the presence of all the tested β-lactam and tetracycline antimicrobial traces and all sulfonamide drugs
except sulfamerazine in all three counties. All the tetracycline antibiotics recorded between 3 and 10.5% of antibiotic residues
above the recommended Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) in milk across all three counties, with beta-lactam antibiotics
recording between 2 and 33.3%, indicating their misuse in the three counties. Sulfaquinoxaline was the only sulfonamide
detected in milk samples above the recommended MRLs, indicating sulfonamides are less used in those counties. Therefore, it is
important to enforce a regulatory framework to control antibiotic use in livestock to minimize potential health risks related to
their traces in the foods.
Description
Article
Keywords
Dairy, Antibiotic Residues, Antimicrobial Resistance, Charm TRIO® Test Kit, LC-MS/MS
Citation
Odeny, B. A., Ochieng’Asudi, G., Omwenga, G., Oduor, R. O., & Karau, G. M. (2024). Analysis of Antibiotics in Milk from Smallholder Farmers from Kenya Shows Traces Above the Recommended Maximum Residue Limits. International Journal, 9(2), 27-39.