Method Development and Optimization of Liquid Liquid Microextraction Based on the Decomposition of Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Determination of Chromium (VI) in Spinach: Assessment of the Greenness Profle Using Eco scale, AGREE, and AGREEprep

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dc.contributor.authorMoema, D.
dc.contributor.authorMakwakwa, TA.
dc.contributor.authorNyambaka, H. N.
dc.contributor.authorDube, S.
dc.contributor.authorNindi, MM
dc.date.accessioned2024-03-08T12:04:02Z
dc.date.available2024-03-08T12:04:02Z
dc.date.issued2024-01
dc.descriptionArticleen_US
dc.description.abstractA simple, efective, and ligandless liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) procedure based on the decomposition of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) was developed for the separation and pre-concentration of chromium (VI) ions in spinach leaves, before the determination by fame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the proposed study, the frst stage involved the leaching of chromium (VI) from spinach leaves with 0.1 M Na2CO3, and in the second stage, chromium (VI) extract was preconcentrated with the LLME procedure using a DES prepared from the combination of DL-menthol and formic acid as a chelating agent and extraction solvent. The DES decomposed in an aqueous donor phase resulting in the dispersion of menthol and extraction of Cr (VI) ions. Under optimal experimental conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantifcation (LOQ) were 0.63 and 2.1 µg L−1, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 7%, and the pre-concentration factor (PF) was found to be 31.25. The accuracy of the present methodology was tested by recovery experiments. The greenness of the developed method was assessed using three quantitative green metrics tools: Analytical Eco-scale, AGREE, and AGREEprep, with only Analytical Eco-scale qualifying the proposed method as green.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUniversity of South Africa and National Research Foundationen_US
dc.identifier.citationMoema, D., Makwakwa, T. A., Nyambaka, H. N., Dube, S., & Nindi, M. M. (2024). Method Development and Optimization of Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on the Decomposition of Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Determination of Chromium (VI) in Spinach: Assessment of the Greenness Profile Using Eco-scale, AGREE, and AGREEprep. Food Analytical Methods, 1-11.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12161-024-02583-z
dc.identifier.urihttps://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/27725
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherSpringeren_US
dc.subjectDeep eutectic solventsen_US
dc.subjectDES decompositionen_US
dc.subjectLiquid-liquid microextractionen_US
dc.subjectSpinachen_US
dc.subjectChromium (VI)en_US
dc.subjectGreenness assessmenten_US
dc.titleMethod Development and Optimization of Liquid Liquid Microextraction Based on the Decomposition of Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Determination of Chromium (VI) in Spinach: Assessment of the Greenness Profle Using Eco scale, AGREE, and AGREEprepen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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