Method Development and Optimization of Liquid Liquid Microextraction Based on the Decomposition of Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Determination of Chromium (VI) in Spinach: Assessment of the Greenness Profle Using Eco scale, AGREE, and AGREEprep
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Date
2024-01
Authors
Moema, D.
Makwakwa, TA.
Nyambaka, H. N.
Dube, S.
Nindi, MM
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Springer
Abstract
A simple, efective, and ligandless liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) procedure based on the decomposition of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) was developed for the separation and pre-concentration of chromium (VI) ions in
spinach leaves, before the determination by fame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the proposed study, the frst
stage involved the leaching of chromium (VI) from spinach leaves with 0.1 M Na2CO3, and in the second stage, chromium
(VI) extract was preconcentrated with the LLME procedure using a DES prepared from the combination of DL-menthol
and formic acid as a chelating agent and extraction solvent. The DES decomposed in an aqueous donor phase resulting in
the dispersion of menthol and extraction of Cr (VI) ions. Under optimal experimental conditions, the limits of detection
(LOD) and quantifcation (LOQ) were 0.63 and 2.1 µg L−1, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less
than 7%, and the pre-concentration factor (PF) was found to be 31.25. The accuracy of the present methodology was tested
by recovery experiments. The greenness of the developed method was assessed using three quantitative green metrics tools:
Analytical Eco-scale, AGREE, and AGREEprep, with only Analytical Eco-scale qualifying the proposed method as green.
Description
Article
Keywords
Deep eutectic solvents, DES decomposition, Liquid-liquid microextraction, Spinach, Chromium (VI), Greenness assessment
Citation
Moema, D., Makwakwa, T. A., Nyambaka, H. N., Dube, S., & Nindi, M. M. (2024). Method Development and Optimization of Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on the Decomposition of Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Determination of Chromium (VI) in Spinach: Assessment of the Greenness Profile Using Eco-scale, AGREE, and AGREEprep. Food Analytical Methods, 1-11.