Determinants of opportunistic infections among HIV positive patients on HAART at Baptist Medical Centre Ejigbo, south west Nigeria: A cross sectional study

Introduction: Opportunistic infections (OIs) remain a challenge in patients receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in resource-limited settings. OIs exist more frequently and more severe in people with HIV causing morbidity and mortality even after the era of HAART. This study aimed to identify the determinants and prevalence of opportunistic infections in HIV patients receiving HAART at Baptist Medical Center, Ejigbo. Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted over a 3-month period in 2022 at Baptist Medical Center, Ejigbo. HIV-positive adults receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) attending outpatient clinics were consecutively enrolled based on predefined inclusion criteria. Data on sociodemographic, behavioural, and clinical characteristics were collected using a pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. History and presence of opportunistic infections (OIs) were ascertained through clinical evaluation by trained healthcare providers and review of medical records, following standardized diagnostic criteria. Descriptive statistics characterized the study population and prevalence of OIs. Associations between socio-demographic factors and OIs prevalence were initially tested using Chi-square tests. Determinants of OIs were identified via binary logistic regression analysis. All test were carried out at a 95% confidence interval using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Majority of respondents were within the age group of 41–60 years (48.9%), with a mean age of 45 years. The sex distribution was a female to male ratio of (3:1). The prevalence of opportunistic infection (OIs) was 36.8%. The determinants of OIs included a prior history of opportunistic infection (COR = 4.500), alcohol use (COR = 3.400), being on a first-line ART regimen (COR = 3.34), and employment status (COR = 1.953).The most frequent OIs was Oral thrush (candidiasis) (37.7%), followed by Tuberculosis (TB) (23.5%), Pneumocystis pneumonia (9.7%), Toxoplasmosis/Crytococcal infections (1.2%) and Herpes zoster (0.6%). Conclusion: There is a substantial prevalence of opportunistic infections among HIV patients receiving HAART in this setting. These findings emphasize the need to strengthen routine screening for OIs and enhance adherence support str..

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Research Article

Citation

Tyotswam, Y. S., Apkagher, S. F., Adamu, A., Esomchi, I. C., Imonikhe, O. K., Mbama, E., Kizza, B., Mumo, J. M., Makunyi, E. G., & Kima, E. W. (2026). Determinants of opportunistic infections among HIV positive patients on HAART at Baptist Medical Centre Ejigbo, south west Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. New Emerging Research Series, 9, Article 101688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2026.101688

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2026.101688
https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/33124

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RP-Department of Family Medicine, Community Health and Epidemiology

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