MST-Department of Public Policy and Administration

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Workforce Retention Strategies and Performance of Kenya Revenue Authority Employees
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Nyarongi, Desmond Rasugu
Workforce retention problems at Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) have impeded employee performance. KRA, a key agency charged with revenue collection, has a mandate that is critical to the nation's development, yet retaining skilled personnel proves a challenge that could impact its efficiency in achieving revenue targets. As recent statistics show, KRA has had a turnover rate of almost 12% annually, affecting overall performance and increasing recruitment and training expenses. Therefore, the aim of the study was to fill in these gaps by investigating how career growth, recognition, benefits, and organizational culture impact employee performance of KRA. Thus, the study provided an exhaustive understanding of retention strategies within the context of a government agency. Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, developed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959 and Goal Setting Theory, expounded on by Edwin Locke in the 1960s, will anchor this study. A descriptive research design will be adopted for this study. The study targeted 300 senior management staff, 1,200 middle management staff, and 5,000 operational employees. The sample size, calculated using Yamane's formula, was 376 respondents. This study developed structured questionnaires and interview guides as data collection instruments. The study data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, evaluating the relationship between the study variables. Descriptive statistics summarized the demographics and characteristics of the respondents. Inferential statistics assisted in making conclusions regarding the relationships between independent variables {career growth opportunities, employee recognition, employee benefits, and organization culture} and the dependent variable of employee performance. The findings showed that career growth opportunities positively influence performance; employees are motivated by the prospect of clear promotion paths, professional development programs, and mentoring. The study has also established that recognition is one of the key motivation factors affecting productivity. When employees feel appreciated and recognized for their contribution, they tend to perform better and show greater levels of engagement. The study further considered that employee benefits were found to influence performance through job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The results demonstrated that a positive culture promoting teamwork, innovation, and open communication strongly supports employee performance. The study recommended that the Authority should consider technology-infused career development programs designed to link accessibility promotion growth and career opportunities with individual areas of interest. Knowledge programs may be expanded to incorporate peer-to-peer recognition systems and real-time digital acknowledgment platforms. KRA may want to consider setting in place some additional wellness programs such as mental health support and childcare services, which were identified by the employees as lacking.
Effects of Farmer Socio-Demographics on Agricultural Projects in Kenya: Case of Narig Project in Makueni County
(Kenyatta University, 2025-08) Ksee, Daniel Mutinda Muli
Farmer socio-demographic factors have been shown to influence the performance of agricultural development projects while agricultural development projects have been used to accelerate agricultural growth in globally and in Kenya in order to support economic progress. There is however, little literature on the effects of the farmer socio-demographic factors on the performance of such projects in Kenya. This study aimed at assessing the effects of farmer socio-demographic factors on Agricultural projects in Kenya, using the case of the National Agriculture and Rural Inclusive Growth Project implemented in Makueni County. The objectives of the study were to assess the effects of age, levels of education, levels on income and household size on the performance of NARIG project in Makueni County. The study was based in Makueni County. The study utilized the Agrarian change theory by Boserup and the theory of planned behaviour as theoretical frameworks of the research. The research employed a descriptive survey design. The target population was the 18,754 farmers who have been implementing the project in the County. A stratified and purposive sampling design was utilized to pick 392 participants based on sample size determination as recommended by Naing. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, with the data being collected by research assistants to an online tool. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study utilized Python 3.11 as the primary programming language for data analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis used percentages, means and frequencies while inferential statistical analysis used Pearson correlation and both simple linear and multiple regression. Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that overall, the socio-demographic factors (age, level of education, level of income and household size) do not play a significant role in the performance of the project. However, there is a small positive correlation between age, level of income, secondary education and household size of five (5). Age has a small influence on project performance based on its regression coefficient. The study recommends that policy makers who are formulating agricultural projects and programmes should take into account the age of implementers of the project as this is likely to influence the project’s success. Policy makers need to find ways of including younger people in agriculture and implementation of agriculture development project.
Business Operating Environment and Economic Inclusion of Persons with Disability in Kiambu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-09) Chege, Daniel Mbugua
Entrepreneurs with disabilities in Kiambu County face myriad challenges in their quest for social inclusion, especially in market spaces. The lack of adequate and accessible infrastructure creates significant physical obstacles to their inclusion in the local business environment. This study aims to address these challenges by investigating the relationship between the business operating environment and the inclusion of PwD. The study sought to address four specific objectives; assess the effects of public procurement opportunities, fee exemption, space reservations, and market structural designs that affect inclusion among persons with disability in Ruiru Sub County, Kiambu County. The research was anchored in both the social and human rights models of disability, utilizing a descriptive study design and employing a mixed-methods approach. The target population of this study comprised 78 entrepreneurs with disability, 4 market masters, and 5 ward administrators from Ruiru Sub County, Kiambu County. Semi-structured questionnaires and interviews were used as the primary research instruments to gather comprehensive data. The study tool was pretested using 8 participants from Juja Sub- County in Kiambu County. Using the data obtained, construct and face validity was assessed. The study evaluated the reliability of the research instrument through Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, while qualitative data was examined using a thematic analysis approach. Regarding ethical considerations, the researcher secured approval to carry out the study from Kenyatta University Ethics Review Committee and NACOSTI. The findings of this study may be used to improve business inclusion among persons with disability in Ruiru Sub County, Kiambu County. The study finds that poor enforcement, accessibility barriers, and low awareness limit PWD economic inclusion, despite supportive policies. The study recommends improving PWD inclusion through better enforcement, accessibility, training, and simplified processes.
Effects of Work Environment, Job Stress, Remuneration and Work Life Balance on Desertions among Junior Officers in Disciplined Forces: The Case of Kenya Prisons Service
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Muema, Jennifer Mwethya
The main research objective was to ascertain the determinants of desertions among junior officers in disciplined forces; the case of Kenya Prisons Service. To determine the effect of work environment, job stress and remuneration on desertions among junior officers in Kenya Prisons Service. This research was underpinned on the reinforcement theory and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. A mixed research design was adopted. A total of 1062 respondents were surveyed. The research sample was chosen utilizing simple random sampling. The study sample was 400 participants. Questionnaires were employed to collect data. Utilizing SPSS version 23.0, the collected data was cleaned and coded. Descriptive statistics was employed to assess the quantitative data. Tables, graphs, bar and pie charts were employed to present the data. The association between the study variables was established using multiple regression analysis. Work environment had a negative and significant influence on desertions among junior officers in Kenya Prison Service. Job stress had a significant and positive influence on desertions among junior officers in disciplined forces. Remuneration had a significant and negative influence on desertions among junior officers in disciplined forces. Work life balance had a significant and negative influence on desertions among junior officers in disciplined forces. The study recommended that the prison service ought to invest in better infrastructure, including modern offices, training facilities, and appropriate equipment to improve day-to-day operations. There is need to establish mental health support services, including access to counselors and psychologists, to help officers manage stress effectively. Also, organize workshops focused on stress management techniques, resilience building, and coping strategies tailored for law enforcement. The study recommends that the prison service should regularly assess and compare the salaries of junior officers with those in similar roles within other law enforcement agencies and sectors to ensure competitiveness. The findings informed retention strategies in Kenya Prison Services.
Community Policing and Crime Management in Mathare North Informal Settlement in Nairobi City, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Ireri, Jason Kinyua
The study sought to examine Community Policing (CP) and crime management in Mathare North informal settlement in Nairobi City, Kenya. The study focused on three critical relationships; (1) the effect of policing practices on crime management; (2) the effects of stakeholders’ attitudes on crime outcomes, and (3), the effect of joint partnerships (multi-stakeholder initiatives, including Nyumba Kumi) on crime management. Broken Windows and Social Capital Theories were used for conceptual framework which helped inform how policing practices, neighborhood security structures and community relations were interpreted. The study employed a cross-sectional mixed-method design, analyzing data from 382 valid respondents. These were drawn from security personnel, local administrators and community stakeholders. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS, focusing on frequencies, percentages and multiple regression, while the qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The study was based in Mathare North, Nairobi, Kenya, because reports identified the area as one of the informal settlements with critical security risks, making it a suitable case study for assessing community-police approaches to crime control. Key findings captured in the study indicated that policing practices had a positive effect on crime management (regression B=0.953, p <.001), while stakeholders’ attitude b=0.016, p = .014) and joint partnership, (while small but statistically significant effect, p= .023) also led to improved crime outcomes. The participants acknowledged that, community policing initiatives contributed to trust and information sharing. They also agreed that joint patrols and partnerships are important in mitigating crime. This study recommends strengthening police-community collaboration, clarifying the role and governance of Nyumba Kumi structures ad conducting comparative studies across informal settlements to assess generalizability. The findings give a practical guidance for policymakers and local stakeholders seeking to improve security in the urban informal settlements.
Compensation Management Strategies and Service Delivery in Lapsset Corridor Development Authority, Nairobi, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-05) Maisori, Nyaichoro Benson
ABSTRACT This study sought to examine compensation management strategies and their effects on service delivery within the LAPSSET Corridor Development project by the LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority. The study’s objectives were: to assess the effect of reward and recognition on service delivery in LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority, to evaluate the effect of training on service delivery in LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority, and to examine the effect of allowances and bonuses on service delivery in LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority. In this study, Expectancy Theory, Human Capital Theory, and Equity Theory were used to explicate the variables. A descriptive correlational research design was used. The target population comprised the 96 employees situated at LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority headquarters. All the 96 employees at the headquarters served as sampling units, making this a census. The researcher collected primary data using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative data from the surveys were analyzed using statistical instruments (SPSS version 26) and methods to identify trends, correlations, and patterns related to compensation strategies and service delivery. Descriptive statistics, such as means, frequencies, and percentages, provided an overview of the data distribution. Inferential statistical methods, including correlation and regression analyses, were used to explore the strength and direction of the relationships between different variables. For the qualitative data gathered from the open-ended questions, thematic analysis was utilized to identify and interpret key themes and patterns within the responses. The study deduced that reward an recognition, training and allowances & bonuses had a positive effect on service delivery in LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority. It was concluded that that reward and recognition practices positively influence service delivery within LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority. It was concluded that promotion opportunities, recognition programs, and performance-based rewards significantly enhance employee motivation, thereby improving service delivery. It was also concluded that regular on-job training and digital literacy initiatives have contributed to the timely delivery of services and prompt responses to client inquiries. It was recommended that the Salaries and Remuneration Commission should introduce a flexible allowance system that adjusts to regional and field-specific conditions. This would ensure fairness in how travel, housing, and other allowances are allocated. Furthermore, the Commission should implement regular audits of total reward packages including bonuses, recognition, and career development opportunities to identify gaps and align benefits with employee needs and service delivery goals.
Organizational Culture Practices and Inmates’ Behaviour Change in Correctional Facilities in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Mogaka, Cynthia Bonareri
Correctional institutions in Kenya face persistent challenges in achieving sustainable inmate rehabilitation, particularly within urban counties such as Nairobi City County. Organizational cultural inconsistencies, lack of innovation, rigid hierarchical structures, and weak interdepartmental collaboration hinder effective behavior change among inmates. These institutional challenges limit the effect of rehabilitation programs and contribute to high recidivism rates. This study sought to examine the effect of organizational culture practices on inmate behaviour change in correctional facilities in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The primary aim was to assess how adaptive culture, teamwork culture, hierarchical culture, and adhocracy culture influence inmate rehabilitation outcomes. The study was guided by the Competing Values Framework and Social Learning Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting correctional officers in five major facilities within Nairobi City County. The target population comprised 1,060 prison officers from three major correctional facilities in Nairobi County: Kamiti Maximum Security Prison (585 officers), Lang’ata women’s maximum security prison (396 officers), and Nairobi remand and allocation maximum security prison (79 officers). Stratified random sampling was used to select a sample of 291 respondents. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS Version 26, employing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant positive relationships between all four organizational culture dimensions and inmate behaviour change. Multiple regression results showed that the four culture variables collectively explained 62.7% of the variance in behaviour change. Teamwork culture and adaptive culture were the strongest predictors, while hierarchical culture had the weakest yet significant influence. The findings highlight that collaborative, flexible, and innovative cultural environments significantly enhance rehabilitation outcomes. However, the study also identified challenges, including limited institutional support for innovation, rigid command structures, and weak post-release follow-up mechanisms. The study concludes that internal organizational culture practices strongly influence inmate rehabilitation. It recommends fostering teamwork, adaptive practices, and innovation, alongside reforms to hierarchical systems to enhance staff empowerment and program responsiveness. These insights offer a framework for strengthening rehabilitation strategies in Kenya’s correctional institutions. The study adhered to all ethical requirements, including obtaining NACOSTI authorization, securing informed consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, and guaranteeing voluntary participation throughout the data collection process.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Child Protection Services in Igembe Central, Meru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Kimathi, Ivy Gatwiri
The topic of study is socioeconomic determinants of child protection services in Igembe central in Meru County. There have been persistently low levels of effective child protection services in Igembe Central, Meru County, Kenya, driven by socio-economic challenges such as household poverty, neglectful parenting, low parental education, and cultural practices like female genital mutilation, resulting in high rates of child maltreatment, school dropouts, teenage pregnancies, and substance abuse. According to the Kenya Violence Against Children Survey (2019), 45.9% of female and 56.1% of male children experience violence before age 18, while the Meru County Youth and Adolescents Survey (2021) highlight unreported issues like child labour and early marriages. Despite government and civil society efforts, these issues persist due to administrative laxity, lack of awareness of existing services and cultural persistence. Three research objectives guided the study. They were to examine the influence of household income levels, to analyze the influence of parenting styles and to determine the influence of cultural norms and practices on child protection services in Igembe central. Ecological Systems Theory guided the study. Descriptive research design was used, and the target population was 52086, which included a children officer, primary school headteachers, assistant chiefs, head nurse pediatric department, OCPD and household heads in Igembe Central subcounty. The sampling methods used were purposive sampling and simple random sampling where a sample of 381 was used. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data and a response rate of 70.18% was achieved. Thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data and descriptive statistics and regression analysis on the quantitative data. A pilot study was carried out in Igembe Central. The researcher obtained a research authorization letter from the Kenyatta University graduate school and NACOSTI. Confidentiality and Anonymity was adhered to. The findings showed that household income had a dual effect: while higher income and education supported child welfare, child labour, especially in miraa farming remained common. Parenting styles were the strongest predictor of child protection outcomes (β = 0.563, p < 0.001). Neglectful and permissive parenting exposed children to exploitation, early pregnancies, and substance abuse, whereas authoritative parenting enhanced safety and wellbeing. Cultural norms, including FGM and child marriage, persisted despite legal prohibitions, reinforced by patriarchal structures such as Njuri Ncheke, though regression results showed a weaker predictive effect (β = 0.063, p = 0.159). The study concludes that child protection services in Igembe Central are weak and under-resourced, relying heavily on NGOs and schools. It recommends stronger law enforcement, community sensitization, and parenting support programs to align local practices with child rights.
Windle International Kenya and Refugee Higher Education Facilitation in Dadaab, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-09) Dido, Isacko Tura
Education, specifically higher education for refugees is important as it comes with opportunities, shaping the academic outcomes, social and emotional well-being, as well as future labor market and social integration potential. Unfortunately, there exist serious challenges in integrating refugees into higher education due to uncertainties of refugee environment. The study analyzed the contribution of Windle International Kenya and in refugee higher education facilitation with specific reference to Dadaab Camp in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were: to examine the effect of scholarships; intensive language courses and the placement of students to institutions of higher learning by Windle International Kenya. The study was informed by the Social Learning Theory and Systems Theory. The research used a descriptive research design in order to probe into the contribution of WIK to refugees’ higher education. The target population included five hundred and seventy-seven participants, including WIK staff, guardians of beneficiary students and the refugee students currently sponsored by WIK in Dagahaley Camp. Stratified random sampling was used to select the study’s sample size of 172 respondents, which is 30% of the target population. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires and interview schedules. SPSS Version 24 was used to analyze quantitative data, and the analyzed information was presented using tables, pie charts, percentages, and mean. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The research findings reveal a positive effect of Windle International Kenya's initiatives on refugee students in Kenya. Scholarships significantly enhance access to higher education by reducing financial barriers, with 75% of respondents acknowledging their role in improving academic performance and empowering students. Intensive language courses are perceived as crucial in preparing students for academic success, with 77.8% of participants agreeing on their effectiveness. However, some room for improvement exists in curriculum suitability and teaching methods. The placement program is also effective in facilitating access to higher education, though challenges like limited spots in universities and transparency issues were noted. Inferential statistics confirm the significant contributions of scholarships, language courses, and placement programs in improving educational outcomes for refugee students. The study underscores the need for tailored support and continuous improvement to address the diverse needs of refugee students effectively. The policy recommendation is enhancing the existing policies on refugee support especially on higher education. This will make the individuals and their families enjoy a sustainable means of livelihood.
Determinants of Absorption of Capital Budgets by Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Ogongo, Sammy Onyango
The absorption of capital budgets is a crucial factor in the effective delivery of public services, particularly in large urban centers such as Nairobi City County. Ineffective absorption rates result in stalled projects, underutilization of allocated funds, and unmet development goals, leading to a backlog of unimplemented projects, deteriorating infrastructure, and growing public dissatisfaction. The study main objective is to assess the determinants of absorption of capital budgets by Nairobi city county. The specific objectives were: to determine speller effects of budget planning on the absorption of capital budgets by Nairobi City County; to evaluate the actual practices of financial management on absorption of capital budgets in Nairobi City County; determine the procurement processes of capital budgets and rate of its absorption in Nairobi City County; analyze budget implementation compatibility in relation to absorption of capital budgets by Nairobi City County. The research topic was analyzed in a descriptive design. The population also included senior management, budget officers, procurement officers, financial managers, and project implementation staff responsible for overseeing and executing capital budgets. Specifically, the study focused on approximately 200 individuals who are directly involved in the planning, management, and execution of capital projects within Nairobi City County. A census was used instead of a sampling technique because the population of interest is relatively small, with 200 individuals. The study employed two primary research instruments: questionnaires and interview guides. All of the questionnaires were checked for completeness and accuracy before any processing of the data. The study analyzed the qualitative data using descriptive statistics with the aid of SPSS (Version 26). The results summarized using standard deviation, frequencies, means and percentages. The study results were further put in charts, graphs and tables. Based on the study findings, it can be concluded that the absorption of capital budgets by Nairobi City County is moderately effective, facing significant challenges despite a largely qualified and experienced workforce. While there are perceived strengths in legal compliance during budget planning and accountability through auditing, critical weaknesses persist across all stages, particularly in the lack of flexibility in budget reallocation, inadequate financial resources, untimely fund disbursements, and pervasive inefficiencies and rigidity within procurement processes. The study recommends that Nairobi City County should implement more flexible budget reallocation mechanisms to adapt to unforeseen project needs and facilitate timely fund utilization. The county should enhance its financial resource mobilization and ensure timely disbursement of funds to match planned capital project expenditures. A future study could explore the specific impact of political interference on capital budget absorption rates in county governments
Implementation of Education-Funded Projects and Access to Education for Early Childhood Development Learners in Samburu County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Lekaaso, Gabriel
The efficacy of implementing Early Childhood Development (ECD) initiatives in economically disadvantaged regions of Kenya has often been underexplored, despite their potential to improve academic achievement, educational attainment, social outcomes, and future employment prospects. This study examined factors influencing educational access for ECD learners in Samburu County, with a focus on resource allocation, technical capacity, security, stakeholder participation, and monitoring of education-funded projects. Guided by socio-cultural learning and constructivist theories, a descriptive design was enlisted and collected data through semi-structured questionnaires given to ECDE teachers, head teachers, and Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (QASO), as well as interview guides with School Management Committee (SMC) chairpersons. From a target of 139 questionnaires, 111 were returned (80% response rate), while 68 out of 95 planned interviews with SMC chairpersons were successfully conducted (72% response rate), both exceeding recommended thresholds and validating the adequacy of the data. Pearson correlation results revealed that monitoring had the strongest positive association with access to education (r = 0.487), while resource allocation (r = 0.211) and technical capacity (r = 0.202) showed weaker positive relationships. Stakeholder participation (r = –0.101) and security (r = –0.016) demonstrated negative or negligible associations. Regression analysis showed that the model was greatly significant (F(5,105) = 8.37, p < 0.001), with the five predictors jointly explaining 28.5% of the variation in access (R² = 0.285; Adjusted R² = 0.251). Monitoring emerged as the most influential and statistically important issue, underscoring its critical role in ensuring effective project implementation and improved access. The study concluded that while resource allocation, technical capacity, and security remain important, they were not independent predictors of access when considered alongside other variables. Stakeholder participation, unexpectedly, showed a small but significant negative effect, suggesting a need for more structured and proactive engagement. Overall, monitoring stood out as the strongest determinant of educational access for ECD learners. The study recommends strengthening monitoring mechanisms, enhancing resource allocation, building technical capacity, integrating security measures into education planning, and reframing stakeholder participation to foster constructive collaboration
Flood Disaster Preparedness and Safeguard of Livelihood in Garissa County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Horor, Zakaria Bulle
Flood disasters continue to pose significant threats to livelihoods in Garissa County, particularly due to its arid and semi-arid climatic conditions that heighten vulnerability to climate-related shocks. Despite interventions such as early warning systems, embankment construction, and community sensitization programs, recurrent floods continue to destroy household assets, disrupt socio-economic activities, and weaken community resilience. This study examined the effect of flood disaster preparedness on the safeguarding of livelihoods in Garissa County by focusing on four dimensions: flood risk assessment, fiscal resource allocation, community involvement, and emergency planning capacity building. The study was guided by the Disaster Risk Reduction Theory, the Theory of Adaptive Capacity, and Resilience Theory, and adopted a descriptive research design targeting 141,444 individuals, including disaster management officials, residents of flood-prone areas, and members of community-based organizations. A stratified random sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 384 respondents, from whom data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings indicated that all four dimensions of flood disaster preparedness had significant positive effects on livelihood safeguarding, with community involvement and emergency capacity building emerging as the strongest predictors. Key challenges identified included limited funding, weak coordination mechanisms, and low community participation in planning processes. The study concludes that integrated, community-centered preparedness strategies are essential for strengthening flood resilience and protecting livelihoods in Garissa County. It recommends enhanced investment in risk communication, participatory planning, and capacity development to support long-term sustainability and resilience for households in flood-prone areas
Workplace Wellness Programs and Employee Motivation in Kilifi County Assembly, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Mgiriama, Sharon Kadzo
There are notably low levels of employee motivation in Kilifi County government, contributing to widespread dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and disengagement among employees. This lack of motivation can be attributed to the absence of workplace wellness programs. This study investigated the effect of workplace wellness programs on employee motivation in Kilifi County Assembly, Kenya, focusing on recreational programs, drug and substance abuse cessation programs, and financial literacy programs. Low levels of motivation among public servants, including those in Kilifi County Assembly, were attributed to a lack of investment in workplace wellness initiatives. The primary objectives of the research were to assess the impact of these programs on employee motivation using the theories of self-determination, social learning, and expectation. The study employed a descriptive research design, targeting a population of 133 employees with a sample size of 54 respondents, representing 40% of the target population. Stratified sampling was used, and the primary data collection tool was a questionnaire, which was distributed and collected using a drop-off and pick-up method. A pilot test of the research instrument was conducted with six respondents in the Lamu County Assembly. The gathered data underwent regression and inferential statistical analyses, with results presented in tables, figures, and pie charts. The findings revealed that recreational programs significantly enhanced employee motivation by fostering teamwork, reducing stress, and improving workplace culture. Financial wellness programs were also found to positively influence motivation by alleviating financial stress, improving job satisfaction, and increasing productivity. Although drug and substance abuse cessation programs promoted healthier lifestyles, their direct impact on motivation was less pronounced. Correlation and regression analyses confirmed the critical role of recreational and financial literacy programs, while the influence of cessation programs was more limited. The study concluded that workplace wellness programs were vital for enhancing employee motivation and recommended enhancing recreational activities, integrating cessation programs with broader wellness initiatives, and expanding financial literacy wellness strategies. The study recommends that Kilifi County Assembly establish policies to enhance the integration and sustainability of wellness programs aimed at improving employee motivation. Policies should prioritize the diversification of recreational programs, ensuring they accommodate diverse employee preferences through team-building exercises, wellness-focused activities, and stress-relief initiatives. Future research was suggested to explore the long-term impacts of wellness programs and conduct cross-sectoral comparisons to provide a broader understanding of their effectiveness
Financial Inclusion and Women Economic Empowerment in Murang’a County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2024-06) Gicheha, Beatrice Wairimu
In Kenya, women represent a significant part of the economy, yet they face numerous barriers that limit their financial participation. In many communities, financial literacy for women is low, which impacts their confidence to engage with banks or financial institutions. Many financial institutions lack tailored products for women. For instance, access to credit is often limited for women entrepreneurs, who may not have sufficient collateral or a formal income stream and many women are simply unaware of the financial services available to them. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of financial inclusion on the economic empowerment of women, specifically within the context of Murang’a County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the influence of banking penetration, availability of banking services and banking usage on women economic empowerment in Kenya. The research was anchored in the financial intermediation theory. A descriptive research design was utilized, focusing on ten women's groups in Murang’a County, which together comprised a total of 474 members. Thus, the target population for the study was 474 individuals. A stratified sampling method was employed. Participants were chosen using a simple random sampling technique, resulting in a sample size of 217 individuals. Data collection was primarily conducted through questionnaires. A pilot study was carried out with 22 participants from a women's group in Kiambu County. The quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, employing measures such as mean and standard deviation, while inferential analysis was used to examine the relationships among the variables. The findings were presented in tables and figures. The study concluded that there exists a positive and significant relationship between banking penetration (β= 0.2150, p= 0.002), the availability of banking services (β= 0.3678, p= 0.002), and banking usage (β= 0.3415, p= 0.001) with women's economic empowerment in Kenya. The investigation concludes that enhanced banking penetration in Kenya empowers women by providing improved opportunities for saving, investing, and obtaining credit, facilitating the initiation or expansion of their enterprises, thus resulting in heightened economic autonomy and resilience. The provision of banking facilities allows women to save funds, access credit, and engage in investments that support the establishment or growth of their businesses, enhancing their earnings and ultimately realizing financial autonomy. Engaging with banking services grants women in Kenya access to an array of financial options like savings accounts, loans, and insurance, allowing them to plan for the future and effectively manage their finances. The study suggests that banks ought to customize their financial products and services to align with the unique needs and preferences of women. It is recommended that banks concentrate on augmenting the network of bank branches and ATMs in these regions to facilitate convenient access to banking services for women, eliminating the need for extensive travel. Furthermore, banks are encouraged to offer specialized financial literacy programs and training initiatives tailored specifically for women, aimed at enhancing their comprehension of the advantages associated with utilizing banking services, including savings accounts, loans, and insurance, and how these services can contribute to the attainment of their financial objectives.
Climate Adaptive Practices and Women Participation in Meru County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Ruguaru, Christine Nkatha
The influence of climate adaptive practices and the challenges for women participation is yet to receive comprehensive attention in the academic field. Women remain vulnerable to many challenges due to the key role they play when it comes to farming and the overall food provision in their households. This study was anchored on the Gender and Development (GAD) theory, social ecological model (SEM), and feminist theory. These theories champion gender-sensitive climate change resilience, thereby enhancing women's capabilities in the construction of climate-resilient agriculture. A sample size of 395 was selected from a population of 30429 using the Slovin model. A pilot study was conducted in Gatimbi ward. This study employed descriptive research design to collect data. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) as well as inferential statistics using multivariate regression model, Pearson Correlation coefficient, ANOVA and f-test. Qualitative data was collected by use of interview guides for Key Informant interviewees included agricultural extension officers and farmers group leaders. Resultant qualitative data was analyzed by thematic analysis where the data theme was coded and interpreted for meaning. Additionally, an observation checklist was used to complement the questionnaire. This research adhered to research ethics as established by Kenyatta University. Research approval was sought from KU, NACOSTI and other relevant bodies. This study concluded that the participation of female-headed households in climate-smart agriculture in Meru County is significantly influenced by a combination of household-level empowerment and external support systems. The findings confirm that decision-making power, access to credit, market linkages, and agricultural extension services are all vital enablers. The study recommends that the policy makers should facilitate alternative lending models for female farmers lacking traditional collateral. It also recommends that agricultural extension services should be expanded and tailored to meet the specific needs and schedules of female farmers. Additionally, the study recommends that National and County governments and non-governmental organizations should invest more in strengthening farmer cooperatives to improve market access and that there is a need to ensure that the legal frameworks are implemented to formalize women's land tenure rights to increase their economic decision-making power
Enforcement of Ethical Standards among Employees and Public Service Delivery at Bomet County Government, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-11) Chepkoech, Helen
The enforcement of ethical standards within public service delivery is a critical issue that significantly influences the effectiveness and efficiency of government operations. In recent years, ethical lapses such as corruption, mismanagement, and lack of accountability have raised public concern regarding the quality of services offered by county governments. These unethical practices not only erode public trust but also impede the development and well-being of communities. This study sought to examine the effect of enforcement of ethical standards among employees on public service delivery in Bomet County Government, Kenya. The specific objectives were to: examine the effect of compliance with laws among employees on public service delivery; assess the effect of regular monitoring among employees on public service delivery; and determine the effect of implementation of ethics training programs among employees on public service delivery in Bomet County. The study was guided by the Institutional Theory and Agency Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting a population of 165 employees working at the Bomet County Headquarters, comprising 15 heads of departments, 25 directors, and 125 frontline service providers. The sample size of 120 respondents was determined using the Yamane (1967) formula, and participants were selected through stratified random sampling to ensure proportional representation across departments. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. A pilot study involving 12 respondents (approximately 10% of the sample size) was conducted to test the research instrument. Content validity was ensured through expert review by two university research supervisors and one ethics specialist, while construct validity was checked through alignment of questionnaire items with study objectives. The reliability of the instrument was evaluated using Cronbach’s Alpha, with a reliability coefficient threshold of 0.7 set as acceptable for internal consistency. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, percentages, and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (ANOVA and multiple regression analysis), while qualitative data were analyzed thematically and presented narratively. The findings revealed that compliance with laws, regular monitoring, and implementation of ethics training programs among employees had a positive and statistically significant effect on public service delivery, with p-values of 0.002, 0.002, and 0.004, respectively. The study concluded that compliance with laws promotes transparency and accountability among employees, regular monitoring enhances adherence to standards and timely correction of deviations, while implementation of ethics training fosters professionalism and ethical behavior. It was recommended that the county government strengthen and harmonize ethical frameworks, institutionalize continuous ethics training, and establish an independent ethical oversight unit to ensure consistent adherence to integrity and public service values
Occupational Health and Safety Practices and Employee Productivity at the Kenya National Civil Registration Office, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-12) Otieno,Christine Auma
As the nation's economy has grown and the public and private sectors have expanded, there has been a growing interest in the connection between occupational safety and health (OSH) practices and worker productivity. Many organizations have recognized that inadequate safety standards not only endanger employees but also compromise productivity by contributing to increased absenteeism, higher medical costs, and reduced employee morale. The. study assessed the effect of workplace safety practices, evaluated the effect of safety training, assessed the effect of workplace ergonomics and determined the effect of workplace emergency management on employee productivity at the Kenya National Civil Registration office. This study was anchored on Goal-Setting, Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) and Human Factors and Ergonomics Theories. A descriptive study design was adopted, targeting 200 administrative staff, 105 registrars, and 351 clerical officers. The study used disproportionate stratified sampling, to sample 100 administrative staff, 52 registrars, and 70 clerical officers. Primary data collection was done using a questionnaire and an interview guide. The analysis of the quantitative data was done with aid of SPSS version 27 and present through mean and standard deviation, while qualitative data was done using thematic analysis. Inferential analysis was done using regression model Pearson Correlation Coefficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA) as well as Fisher’s test. The findings of this study conclusively demonstrate that a positive and significant relationship exists between occupational health and safety practices and employee productivity at the Kenya National Civil Registration office. The evidence suggests that a robust and comprehensive safety program, which includes clearly communicated policies, regular and relevant training, supportive ergonomic setups, and effective emergency management, is not merely a compliance issue but is a fundamental driver of a productive workforce. The study recommended that Kenya National Civil Registration office should establish a standardized and centrally managed occupational health and safety policy. The organization should invest in upgrading its ergonomic equipment to address physical discomfort among employees. A mandatory, hands-on safety training program should be implemented to ensure all employees are confident in their skills.
Teacher Motivation Practices and Employee Performance in Selected Public Primary Schools in Nairobi County
(Kenyatta University, 2025-08) Owacko, Dorine Carolyne
Teacher motivation plays a critical role in enhancing job performance and overall educational outcomes. This study examines the influence of both financial and non-financial motivation practices on teacher job performance in public primary schools in Westlands Sub-County, Nairobi. The research also aimed at exploring the extent to which work life balance influences employee performance among selected public primary schools in Westlands sub-county. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive analysis. Descriptive research design was employed, targeting 275 teachers and 24 school head teachers as key respondents. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and interviews, ensuring a balanced representation of perspectives. The analysis was conducted using statistical techniques, including descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and means, to establish relationships between motivation practices and job performance indicators. Findings reveal that financial motivation, including timely salary payments and allowances, significantly enhances teacher commitment and effectiveness. However, salary dissatisfaction and delays emerged as key demotivating factors, contributing to absenteeism and reduced engagement. On the other hand, non-financial motivators, such as recognition, career growth opportunities, and professional development, were found to be equally, if not more, influential in sustaining long-term motivation and performance. Schools with structured mentorship programs, opportunities for skill enhancement, and positive work environments reported higher levels of teacher satisfaction and engagement. Despite the existence of motivation practices, the study highlights gaps in implementation, with some schools offering inconsistent incentives. The findings suggest that a holistic approach, one that combines both financial and non-financial motivators, is essential for improving teacher job performance. The study recommends that education policymakers, school administrators, and stakeholders prioritize structured and sustainable motivation frameworks to enhance teacher effectiveness. Further research should explore long-term impacts of motivation strategies and their role in shaping educational outcomes in diverse learning environments
The Influence of Public Participation in Bill Legislation in the Kenya National Assembly: A Case Study of the Children's Bill 2021 (National Assembly Bill No.38of 2021)
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Gikibi,Caroline Njeri.
Public participation is essential in a democracy, as laws are made through legislative processes that must involve citizens. In Kenya, public engagement in the National Assembly’s law-making process promotes transparency, accountability, and government responsiveness. Kenya’s 2010 Constitution requires public participation, but its effectiveness in the National Assembly’s law-making remains unclear. Disputes highlight challenges in the process, citizen involvement, and legislators’ willingness to use public input. This raises questions about what constitutes genuine, inclusive, and impactful participation. This study aimed to investigate the influence of public participation, knowledge, procedure, design, and stakeholders' satisfaction on the outcome of the Kenyan legislative bill. The study was based on the notion of good governance and participatory democracy. The investigation utilised a descriptive research design. The Information was collected by distributing questionnaires to a selected group of individuals, including Kenya’s National Assembly staff, parties involved in the bill, and members of the public from Nyandarua County, using the Slovin Formula. The study had a response rate of 73% done by random sampling. The study analysed the quantitative data using the multinomial logistic regression model, a generalised linear model that was used to check whether the explanatory variables, including the demographic characteristics, were a significant fit to the model and sufficiently explained the passage of Kenyan parliamentary bills. These variables were found to be significant to the model using the Likelihood Ratio Test. The study further revealed that of the respondents did not have awareness of public participation, as well as the Children’s Bill 2021The study revealed that there was limited to no stakeholder engagement by the National Assembly during legislative processes. This absence of participation restricted opportunities for citizens, civil society, and other stakeholders to provide input on policy matters. The study further observed that low literacy levels in the county constrained citizens’ ability to engage effectively with legislative issues, thereby diminishing their capacity to contribute meaningfully to governance
Orphan and Vulnerable Children Cash Transfer and Sustainability of Child-Headed Households in Nairobi, City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2025-10) Kariara, Brigitte Muthoni
There is an increasing number of children in many countries lack parents who can give them with basic requirements as well as emotional care and support. Because of the terrible social and economic situations, older siblings become accountable for caring for their younger siblings, as the extended family is no longer able to look after these orphans. These children-headed households experienced many challenges making them even more vulnerable to poverty and ever dwindling livelihood opportunities. Based on this, the current study sought to assess orphan and vulnerable children cash transfer and sustainability of child-headed households in Kibera Slums, Nairobi, City County. The study specifically looked at how orphan and vulnerable children child-care provision, education support, psychosocial support and legal protection provision affect the sustainability of child-headed households in Kibera Slums, Nairobi, City County, Kenya. The investigation employed a descriptive research design. The target population for the study included 205 respondents, consisting of 100 Children in Hardship, 34 County Children Officers, and 71 Social Workers. A census was considered suitable given that the population size was effectively handled within the available resources and timeframe. The tool utilized for gathering data in this study was a semi-structured questionnaire. The study yielded quantitative data that was analyzed through both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The regression analysis further confirmed there was a positive and significant influence of OVC health care provision, OVC Education Support, OVC Psychosocial Protection and OVC Legal Protection on sustainability of child-headed households in Kibera Slums, Nairobi, City County. The study concludes that the sustainability of child-headed households is significantly influenced by a combination of health care provision, education support, psychosocial protection, and legal protection. These four factors collectively contribute to improving the well-being, financial stability, and overall resilience of child-headed households. The study recommends that policymakers, NGOs, and community-based organizations must work together to strengthen these support systems and address the unique challenges faced by child-headed households. For the sustainability of these households, there is a need for complementary interventions such as strengthening healthcare infrastructure, expanding health insurance coverage, and offering targeted support for reproductive health services.

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