MST-Department of Recreation Management & Exercise Science

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A Comparative Study on Participation Motives and Psychological Wellbeing of Female University Student-Athletes in Kenya and Turkey
(DergiPack Academic, 2024-03-17) Yıldız, Kadir; Güler, Hakan; Balaban, Şahan; Muthomı, Nkatha; Njenga, Daniel; Gıtau, Florence; Ajowı, Carolyne Achieng; Rotich, Jonathan
In this study, it was aimed to examine the motivation to participate, psychological well-being, harmony in life, and contentment with life assessment of female university student athletes in Kenya and Turkey. The study was designed with the descriptive and relational survey model as a quantitative research method. Motivation to Participate in Sport Scale (Gill et al., 1983), Psychological Well-being Scale (Diener et al., 2010), Harmony in Life Scale (Kjell et al., 2016) and Contentment with Life Assessment Scale (Lavallee et al., 2007) were used as data collection tools. The research group consisted of 379 students representing female university athletes in Turkey (224 athletes) and Kenya (155 athletes), and the participants were selected through convenience sampling among non-random sampling methods. As a result of the findings of the study, a significant difference was found in favor of Turkey in female athlete university students' motives for participation in sports and harmony in life. Psychological well-being levels of female athlete university students showed a significant difference in favor of Kenya. There was a significant difference between individual athletes and team athletes studying in Turkey in motivation to participate in sports and this difference was in favor of team athletes. As a result, female athlete university students' motives for participation in sports and adaptation in life were in favor of Turkey, but their psychological well-being levels were against Turkey. Although the psychological well-being levels of female athlete university students are in favor of Kenya, their motives for sports participation and harmony in life are against Kenya. In this case, it shows that there are issues that both countries should pay attention to in order for female university students to be better and more successful.
Efficacy of Eight Week Soccer Training Programme on Muscular Fitness and Cardiovascular Endurance: Case of Strathmore School, Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Abuto, Brian Ochieng’; Gitahi Theuri; Nkatha Muthomi
Muscular fitness and cardiovascular endurance training plays a key role in adding value to the overall performance of soccer players. However very few soccer players especially those of high school going age have embraced muscular fitness and cardiovascular endurance training. The study assessed the efficacy of an eight-week soccer training programme on the muscular and cardiovascular fitness of Kenyan high school soccer team. The Strathmore school student’s soccer team was the target population. The sample size consisted of 30 male respondents who underwent a before and after test. The programme involved their normal skill work plus the muscular fitness and cardiovascular endurance training routine. STATA version 16 (IBM limited, UK, 2016) was used for processing data. To obtain means, percentages, standard deviations and frequencies, descriptive statistics was calculated to analyze the status of the athletes after the training period. A paired T-test was used to test the hypotheses. The results of the study indicated that a substantial portion of the participants experienced significant change after the duration of the strength and conditioning program. All the parameters that were being tested showed a significant improvement (power; broad jump t(29)= 8.70, P < 0.05; cardiovascular endurance; shuttle run t(29)= 4.093, P < 0.05 ; muscular strength; pushups ¢(29)= 21.49, p = p-value; pull-ups t(29)= 16.38, P < 0.05; muscular endurance situps (29)=8.7,P < 0.05 , side bridge t(29)=11.34, P < 0.05). The research findings act as a future point of reference in the field of strength and conditioning with the findings contributing to the body of knowledge on muscular and cardiovascular fitness training in Kenyan soccer. The study recommended that sports coaches in youth soccer teams should in-cooperate strength and conditioning in their training routine. The study also recommended that the fitness status of the athletes should be determined in a bid to make informed decisions when creating programmes for the athlete,
Participation Constraints and Mitigation Strategies of University Student-Athletes in Selected Sports in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Ndirangu, Daniel Kiongo; Elijah Gitonga; Nkatha Muthomi
Participation in sports plays an important role in university students’ life, such as the development of a healthy lifestyle and promotion of education. However, there is low participation in sports in universities which may be due to various constraints, experienced or perceived by university students. The purpose of this study was to examine constraints hindering the university students-athletes participation in sports activities and the negotiation strategies they use or can be used to overcome sports participation constraints. The study used a cross-sectional survey design and questionnaires to collect data. Respondents were male (n=198) and female (n=191) student athletes from 4 (13%) public and 3 (17%) private universities in Kenya, participating in six selected sports. T-tests, One-way analysis of variance and correlation of coefficient were used to test the hypotheses of the study at 0.05 level of significance The findings indicated that participation in sports was mostly affected by structural constraints (M= 4.28 SD= 0.75) and least affected by social cultural constraints (M=3.09, SD= 1.20). The sports participation negotiation strategies that were used most by student-athletes were intrapersonal strategies (M= 4.10, SD= 0.84) while time management strategies were least used (M= 3.25, SD= 0.44). There were significant mean differences between male and female student-athletes in regard to structural constraints, (t = -2.21, p=0.03) and interpersonal constraints t = 1.14, p = 0.02). There was a significant difference of private and public institutions with regard to structural (t = .39, p=0.01) and intrapersonal constraints (t = 0.69, p=0.03). There was a significant difference between male and female athletes in the strategies of skill acquisition (t= 0.05, p = 0.02), financial management (t= -0.50, p = 0.04) and intrapersonal (t= -0.88, p = 0.03). Concerning the type of institution and negotiation strategies, there was a significant difference in interpersonal strategies (t = -.23, p=0.03), financial management strategies (t = -1.42, p=0.00), and time management strategies (t = 1.33, p=0.02). Results regarding the type of sport indicated that basketball players were the most constrained while volleyball players were the least constrained (F=4.347, p<0.05). Female students significantly experienced more constraints than male student-athletes. Student athletes from public universities experienced more constraints than those from private universities, whereas the use of negotiation strategies was higher in private universities compared to public university. The study recommended Kenyan universities to put in place programs and structures as opposed to merely unstructured university sports. Universities should encourage students to use sports facilities by coming up with more facilities and favorable environment. University students’ participation in sports should be enhanced in order to reduce the constraints that hinder them. A longitudinal study is recommended to investigate sports participation constraints and negotiation strategies of student athletes throughout their campus life.
Athlete Identity and Satisfaction of Student-Athletes in Selected Universities in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2023) Kurui, Ishmael Kiprono; Francis M.Mwangi; Agnes W. Kamau
Athletic Identity and Satisfaction are important aspects that form part of how a student-athlete perceives himself or herself and how they are viewed by society. Satisfied student-athletes perform better in sports and can feel more integrated into their teams. It remains unclear how athlete identity and satisfaction are influenced by student-athletes demographic characteristics of level of competition, year of study, age, and gender due to sparse literature, particularly in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to examine the status of selected Kenya University student-athletes identity and satisfaction. The specific objectives were to determine the status of athlete identity and satisfaction in relation to gender, age, year of study, and level of competition among selected Kenya University student-athletes, to examine the relationship between athlete identity and athletic satisfaction among selected Kenya University student-athletes, and to determine whether level of competition, age category, gender, and year of study have a significant influence on athlete identity and satisfaction among selected Kenya University student-athletes. Using an analytical cross-sectional design, the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale-Plus (AIMS-Plus), and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), a total of 309 (52.4% males and 47.6% females) Kenya University student-athletes participated in the study. Results showed that female student-athletes had a slightly stronger athlete identity (4.00 ± 0.478) compared to males (3.93 ± 0.503), but Pearson correlation showed no statistically significant relationship between athlete identity and gender (r (308) = -0.064, p =.264). Female student-athletes had stronger athlete satisfaction (4.24 ± 0.443) than males (4.09 ± 0.576), and Pearson correlation revealed a statistically significant relationship based on gender of student-athletes (r (308) = -0.135, p =.017). Pearson correlation indicated a negative and statistically significant relationship between student-athlete self-identity and gender (r (308) = -0.171, p =.003). A linear multiple regression revealed that selected demographic characteristics such as level of competition, age category, gender, and year of study collectively explained a small proportion of change (3.5%) in student athlete identity (R2 adjusted =.035, F (4, 263) = 3.391, p =.010) and (3.2%) in athlete satisfaction (R2 adjusted =.032, F (4, 263) = 3.210, p =.013). It was concluded that the athlete identity of selected Kenya University student athletes is strong and similar between males and females. It was also concluded that Kenya University student-athletes have high levels of athlete satisfaction, which vary by gender. Furthermore, Kenya University student-athletes have a low perception of themselves as athletes (self-identity), which significantly varies by gender, where male student-athletes show a relatively weaker self-identity than their female counterparts. It was also noted that respondent demographic characteristics such as level of competition, year of study, age, and gender have a weak influence (3.2%) on athlete satisfaction among Kenya University student-athletes, where only level of competition and gender predicted athlete satisfaction. It was recommended that Kenya universities sports departments and sports practitioners, in collaboration with coaches, should design programs (such as student-athlete mentorship) to help student-athletes navigate rigorous training and competition schedules that affect their identity. Further studies are needed to investigate athlete identity and satisfaction beyond demographic characteristics, such as examining variables like coach leadership, education goals, and injuries, to present robust and comprehensive information and contribute to the sparse literature on the subject.
University Student Athletes’ Perceptions of Sports Scholarships and Sports Participation Within Selected Kenyan Universities in Nairobi City County
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Araka, Kebaso Onchong’a Nelion; David Muigai; Mugala Bulinda Hannington
In Kenya, it has been noted that the development of education has been geared immensely by the spirit of sports. However, it is notable that a lot of talents are lost due to constraints encountered as a result of lack of support and motivation among the Kenyan students’ athletes. The general goal of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of sports scholarship on athletes’ participation in Kenyan Universities. In order to achieve the general goal, this study was guided by various specific objectives. These includes determining the major factors influencing athletes’ participation and analysis of the perceptions of athletes’ sports participation among university athletes. The study focused on Kenyan universities within Nairobi City County. A descriptive study design was used for this study while the study focused on the population of university athletes of handball, soccer, basketball and volley ball teams in the universities under Kenya Universities Sports Association. A purposive sampling technique was used to identify the sample of athletes. This study adopted a sample size of 10% of the total population for the various strata. Questionnaires were the primary instruments for data collection. Measures of dispersion were used for statistical analysis such as standard deviation, percentages and t-test. The study found that some of the major factors that influences participation of the athletes in diverse sporting activities include skills development, cognitive benefits, health and physical fitness, need for scholarships, spirit of competition, psychological benefits, friendship development and stress/tension management. The results showed that only a few students had benefitted from the scholarships while the majority of the athletes had not gotten any scholarship opportunity. Similarly, the process of accessing any scholarship opportunity was quite difficult and just a few athletes would be lucky to get any form of scholarship. Other factors that were reported to impact the whole process of securing scholarships among the athletes include proper linkages, exposure, playing environment and institutional support. The study showed significant relationship between availability of scholarship opportunities and sports participation. The study recommended that there is need to conduct further research on factors influencing accessibility of scholarships among university athletes.
Influence of Motivational Climate and Goal Orientation on Attitudes towards Doping among Athletes in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kipchumba, Kevin Kiprotich; Elijah G. Rintaugu; Francis M. Mwangi
Doping is a global problem that is increasing at an alarming rate and most recently among Kenyan athletes. Athletes who have ego orientation (as opposed to task orientation) and have performance climate (as opposed to mastery climate) have been associated to doping and the use of performance-enhancing substances in sports. However, there is paucity of data on the status of these associations among Kenyan athletes where increasing doping cases are threatening the country's international reputation in distance running performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of motivational climate and goal orientation on attitudes towards doping among athletes in Elgeyo-Marakwet Count, Kenya. Additionally, the study assessed the influence of selected demographic variables of age, gender, and length of experience on attitudes towards doping. Cross-sectional survey design was used and data was collected from athletes (N=323) from Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya who were recruited through stratified random sampling. An adapted version of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCQ-2) was used to assess the athletes' motivational climate, while athlete's goal orientation was assessed using the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). A modified version of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) was used to assess athletes' attitudes toward doping. Descriptive values of percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviations were calculated and used to organize and summarize the data. Spearman’s rank correlation was calculated to determine the relationship between motivational climate and goal orientation on attitudes towards doping and binary logistical regression analysis were computed to find out the significant influence of motivational climate, goal orientation and demographic variables of age, gender, and length of experience on attitudes towards doping. Based on responses to a five-point Likert scale, results of descriptive analyses showed the following: mastery climate; 4.17± 0.62, performance climate; 2.88±0.62, task-orientation; 4.14±0.65, ego-orientation; 3.07±0.79 and doping attitude scale; 2.32±0.70 (Mean ± Standard Deviation). Correlational analysis indicated significant inverse relationship between mastery climate and doping attitude (rho = -.242; p < 0.001) and a significant positive correlation between performance climate and doping attitude (rho = .362; p < 0.001) in motivational climate. In goal orientation, results indicated significant inverse relationship between task orientation and doping attitude (rho = -.158; p = 0.004) and a significant positive correlation between ego orientation and doping attitude (rho = .362; p < 0.001). The study showed that majority of the athletes, 65.6% (212), were the least likely to dope, whereas 34.4% (111) were highly likely to dope. Binary logistical regression analysis revealed that performance climate (χ2 = 9.94; p = 0.002) and ego orientation (χ2 = 12.90; p < 0.001) made significant contributions/influence to attitudes towards doping. On the other hand, mastery climate (χ2 = 2.21; p = .14), task orientation (χ2 = 2.00; p = 0.16), age (χ2 = 2.41; p = 0.12), gender (χ2 = .85; p = 0.36) and length of experience (χ2 = .10; p = 0.75) made no significant influence on athletes’ attitudes towards doping. In conclusion, the study found task orientation and mastery climate associated with anti-doping attitudes, while ego orientation and performance climate were associated with pro-doping attitudes. It is recommended that there should be more emphasis on coach and athlete education that promote the aspects of mastery climate and task orientation as opposed to performance climate and ego orientation as this may aid in anti-doping efforts.
Exercise Self-Efficacy and Physical Activity Status of Gyms and Outdoor Based Group Fitness Program Participants in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2022) Mwangi, Nicholas; Francis Mundia; Vincent Muasya
Health benefits of being physically active are well documented and accepted as a remedy for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Yet many people are reluctant to make lifestyle adjustments to adopt available fitness programs sustainably. This study assessed the Exercise Self-Efficacy (SEE) and Physical Activity (PA) status among young adults in Nairobi County who participate in Gym Based Group Fitness Programs (GBGFPs) and the Outdoor Based Group Fitness Programs (OBGFPs). Objectives were; to assess and compare SEE and PA status between gym and outdoor based group fitness program participants and to compare the efficacy of the two programs across socio-demographic characteristics. Reviewed research enlightens on health fitness components and physiological effects of the two programs but limited on PAS and SEE. A cross-sectional analytical survey research design was used. Stratified random sampling assisted obtain 341 respondents. The study used Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and SEE questionnaire. SPSS version 22 analysed data. Individual scores were summarized into percentages means and standard deviations. Cross tabulations for analysis of nominal level data to establish the physical performance in relation to gym and outdoor program. Chi square tested the demographic relationship of participants in gym and outdoor program. SEE was computed for each participant as a mean of the 11 items responses provided under the 3 Likert scale questionnaire to obtain an interval scale index after which independent sample t- test was done to determine the difference between the gym and outdoor program participants. Descriptive statistics showed that the gender distribution was 37.6%, 62.4% male and female respectively with 45.6%, 54.4% outdoor and gym participants respectively. The age was categorical with 23.8% 26-30 year-olds being the highest and 18.2% 36-40 year-old being the smallest group. The marital status was marked by married respondents being highest at 47.9% and divorced respondents lowest at 1.8%. Independent sample t- test was run to compute the mean differences as well as to test the difference in relation to 0.05 significance level for the rest of interval data. The Mean ±, Standard Deviation for exercise time for Outdoor and Gym based group fitness program was 2.42, ±0.459 and 2.18, ±0.485 respectively which showed more time was spent by outdoor participants than gym participants in PA. After assessing and comparing SEE using t-test a significance difference was observed between outdoor and gym participation on SEE at t(338)=-4.527,p<.000. Physical activity status first 3 categories namely (activity at work, travel/cycle and recreational activity showed a significant difference between outdoor and gym participation at t(240)=-7.562,p<.000, t(313)=-6.176,p<.000 and t(295)=-6.273,p<.000 respectively. However the fourth category sedentary behaviour showed no significant difference between the outdoor and gym participants at t(338)=-109,p<.913 . Relationship between mode of training and social-demographic status showed a significant relationship between both gym and outdoor participants, age and marital status at χ (4) = 82.513, p<.000, χ (3) = 9.158, p<.027 respectively. Gender against mode of training showed a no significant relationship between outdoor and gym program participants at χ (1) = 0.280, p<.597. The findings of this study inform and advocate for more efficacious fitness programs and bring more knowledge to the different socio-demographic classes on the need to indulge and sustain fitness. They will also greatly assist design more appropriate interventions in the world of fitness harnessing the benefits of outdoor and gym based programs.
Levels and Determinants of Physical Activity among Students in Public Boarding Secondary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(kenyatta University, 2021) Ngahu, Lydiah Nduta; Yasmin Goodwin; Lucy Joy Wachira
The purpose of this study was to establish the levels and factors that determine physical activity (PA) among adolescents in public boarding secondary schools in Nairobi City County. The study was guided by the following objectives; establish PA levels and determinants of PA, assess the relationship between PA levels across sociodemographic characteristics of students and environmental profile of schools in Nairobi City County and moderating influence of PA determinants on relationship between environmental profile and PA levels. Schools were stratified as National, Extra-County and County schools; and further tabulated based on gender and level of study. Schools were randomly selected from every stratum such that, there was equal representation from boys’ and girls’ schools in every stratum. Using Fisher’s formula, a sample size of 408 students was obtained from the targetted population of 40,200 students aged 14-17 years in this study. Simple random sampling method was used to obtain the respondents in the study. The validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to determine levels of PA; while determinants of physical activity were established using the Determinant Physical Activity Questionnaire (DPAQ). A checklist was also used to collect information about status of equipment, facilities and schools PA co-curricular policy. Physical activity data were coded and organized for analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 at the significant level of 0.05. Chi-square was used to determine the relationship between PA levels across school environmental profiles and students demographic characteristics. The one way ANOVA was used to compare PA levels across environmental profile of public secondary schools while pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to measure influence of PA determinants on the relationship between the environmental profile of school and PA levels. Results were presented as frequency counts, percentages, and in tables, charts and graphs. Most students (61.1%) were found to engage in PA of between 601-3000 METs, while 74.4% of students were moderately active achieving 1680 METs/min/week. Below half of the students (47.6%) achieved 2520 METs/min/week of the recommended PA of MVPA. A large proportion (73.9%) of students reported sitting for over seven hours and 31 minutes daily. Six determinants assessed facilitates PA such as environmental PA resources, motivation and goals while five determinants were barriers such as knowledge on current PA recommendation, social influence. Demographic characteristics of students such as gender (χ2 =35.44, p≤0.001) and school status (χ2 =21.47, p≤0.001) had a significant influence on PA levels as well as school environmental profile (F(2,388)=20.489, p≤0.001). There was a significant correlation between PA levels and school environmental profile (r=0.406, p=0.000) as well as PA determinants (r=0.183, p=0.000). The study concludes that gender, school status, environmental profile of schools and determinants of PA influence engagement in PA, determining levels of PA. The study recommends that girls, County schools, schools with poor environmental profiles, as well as barrier determinants of PA, be targetted and promoted to increase PA participation to achieve recommended MVPA levels of activity. In order to promote PA, the study strongly suggests that both, students and teachers, be made aware about the current minimal PA recommendations. In addition, it is also recommended that tailor-made progammes be developed based on the students’ needs and daily routines. The study recommends that similar studies be conducted among students in public day secondary schools, as well as students in private secondary schools for comparison purposes.
Evaluation of Children Participation in Physical Activities During Recess in Selected Primary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2020-11) Nduru, Angela Wamucii
There is a global concern that children are insufficiently active to experience health benefits of physical activity (PA). The World Health Organization recommends that children should engage in at least one hour of moderate to vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) daily, or accumulate at least 12,000 steps a day to achieve health benefits associated with the PA. This study investigated the contribution of recess PA towards alleviating the burden of overweight and obesity among children in Nairobi City County, Kenya, to help form the basis for intervention. The current cross-sectional design study evaluated PA participation using pedometers to count steps accumulated by learners during recess periods in relation to gender and the type of school attended (socioeconomic status) in selected primary schools in Westlands Constituency, Nairobi City County. The participants were grade/class five pupils (N = 262: Male n = 137; 52.3%; Female n = 125; 47.7%). Most of the participants (n = 164; 62.6%) were pupils in public schools compared to those enrolled in private schools (n = 98; 37.4%). Data was collected using belt clip piezo-electric pedometers. The dependent variable was the average steps collected twice a day for three days using a pedometer. The independent variables were the socioeconomic status of schools (represented by private and public schools), gender (male and female) and the duration of recess (short and long). Consent was sort from the pupils, parents, Headteachers, KUERC, NACOSTI and MoE before carrying out the research. Data was analyzed using IBM statistics SPSS version 24. Independent-Samples t-Tests were conducted to test the first two hypotheses associated with the study while the Paired-Samples t-Test was also conducted to test the third hypothesis with the confidence level for the three tests set at alpha = .05. There was no significant difference in mean three-day steps during recess between public and private primary school pupils, t(259.79) = 1.69, p = .09. The mean steps between male and female participants was significant, t(259.50) = 4.85, p = .001. Male pupils (M = 4,775.19, SD = 1,208.88), on average, accumulated more steps compared to female pupils (M = 4,097.29, SD = 1,055.24). The mean steps for short and long recess were significantly different, t(261) = 23.17, p = .001. The participants on average accumulated significantly more steps during long recess (M = 2,708.49, SD = 834.15) compared to short recess (M = 1,743.27, SD = 484.09). The researcher recommends replicating this study in more schools within Nairobi City County to establish whether the results obtained in this study are a true reflection of the whole population (urban schools), conduct a similar study to establish PA participation level during recess in rural public schools, and to evaluate PA participation level during PE lessons, before/after school, and during non-school days to comprehensively evaluate PA trends of Kenya’s school children. Based on the results from this study, the researcher recommends that schools in Westlands Constituency, Nairobi City County should encourage recess time PA since it contributes to 37% of the recommended 12,000 steps per day.
Perceptions of Teachers on Physical Education Teaching Resources and Implementations of Curriculum in Public Secondary Schools in Kisii County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019) Obungu, Gikenyi David
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the adequacy of teaching resources for the implementation of Physical Education curriculum in public secondary schools in Kisii County. The study aimed at establishing the extent of adequacy of indoor and outdoor facilities, equipment and apparatus, trained PE teachers, textbooks and related reference materials, time allocated for teaching PE and maintenance of facilities and extent of implementation of the PE curriculum in public secondary schools in Kisii County. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. Stratified random sampling procedures were used to attain a sample of 76 head teachers and 76 Physical Education teachers in the 317 public secondary schools in the county. A questionnaire and an observation check list were used to collect the data from the respondents. The response rate was 91% with 70 head teachers and 68 PE teachers responding. The SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the quantitative data where frequencies, charts, graphs and percentages were used to present the data. One way ANOVA was used in testing of the hypotheses. On the adequacy of physical facilities and equipment the study revealed that all the schools had facilities for soccer, volleyball, netball and track athletics though they were inadequate. All the schools did not have adequate indoor facilities and none of the schools had a swimming pool. On the adequacy of teachers, 81% of the respondents indicated that the number of PE teachers was inadequate while 69% of the respondents indicated that time allocated for PE was inadequate. On the availability of textbooks and reference materials 80% of the respondents indicated that there were no textbooks and reference materials for teaching PE. The study recommends that the National government and the Kisii County government in partnership with parents and nongovernmental organizations should partner to provide enough facilities and equipment to public secondary schools in the County for teaching and learning of PE. TSC should also employ more trained teachers to teach Physical Education in public secondary schools. The study finally recommends that PE should be made an examinable subject at KCSE as that is the only way to make all stake holders take the subject seriously.
Motivational Factors that Affect Primary Schools Pupil’s Participation in Organized Sports in Shinyalu Division of Kakamega District, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2002) Mukala, Hannington B.
The study investigated motivational factors that affect pupil's participation in organized sport in Shinyalu Division of Kakarnega District. The research examined the most important factors in youth sport, which included interest in sport, perceptions of success in sport and perceptions of failure in sport. Data were collected by survey, which was conducted in nine schools in Shinyalu Division or Kakamcga District. The study sample consisted of 20 pupils from each school, five boys and five girls from class 5 and also five boys and five girls from class 6. Three schools from Shinyalu Division were used for pilot study, but did not feature in the main study. Pupils responded to a questionnaire that focused on three salient factors in children sports, that is; interest in sports, success in sports and failure in sports. The questionnaire, with a three point Likert scale required pupils to tick either "Agree', "Not sure" or "Disagree". Data obtained from the research instrument were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and Chi-square. Findings of the study were as follows: The reported interest of pupils in sport was high, 81.7% of the pupils' agreed to train for selection in the school team. Many of the pupils' (88.3%) agreed that by more training, they will do better in sports. Pupils' reported being attracted to sport for a variety of reasons where learning the sport skills (78.3%) was the core reason. Pupil's reported that they will participate in sport regardless of the results, where never win as a setback to participation in sport had 34.4%. It was reported that participation of pupil's in sports was limited by physiological reasons like exhaustion (63.9%), hunger (47.7% and injuries (62.2%). Pupil's reported that they like playing in a free environment with less restriction like influence of teachers (35.0%) and sport captains (32.8%). From the above findings, the following recommendations were made: 1. Teachers and all those concerned with children sports should maintain and increase children's interest in sports. 2. Teachers and those concerned with children sports should tap, nurture and develop the talent of children. To increase children's participation and performance in sports, emphasis should be laid on the learning aspect of sport, and the other factor will be attained. 4. While offering sport activities to children, all factors which limit participation should be monitored and controlled to avoid withdrawal from sports.
Sources of Stress and Coping Strategies of Active Rugby Union Referees in Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2019-05) Muamba, Johnbosco Kioko
Rugby referees have for a long time volunteered to officiate matches in Kenya yet refereeing as an activity is stressful. It is an activity whereby the work environment is often unfriendly, performance is publicly scrutinized, and decisions elicit long debates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sources of stress that affect active rugby union referees in Kenya and the subsequent coping strategies they adopt to persist in the activity. The study assessed the impact of age, gender and experience the active referees had on their respective sources of stress and coping strategies. Cross-sectional descriptive research design was adopted to assess the sources of stress and coping strategies of referees of different age, gender and experience. The respondents were active rugby union referees in Kenya whereby a target of 80 referees active during the 2016 / 2017 Kenya Rugby Union season were involved in the study. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Data was summarised using percentages, mean values and standard deviations. The null hypotheses were tested using One-Way Anova, independent t-test and the Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation at 0.05 significance level. The results revealed that majority of the referees were aged 27-36 years (43.75%), male referees (85.75%) were more than female referees (16.25%) while referees with less than 5 years of experience were the majority (40%). Findings revealed that the referees encountered stress from different sources and coped actively with the stress. Intrapersonal and performance sources were responsible for causing the greatest amount of stress to the referees while organisational sources contributed the least. Fear of failure and accuracy with calls were the two most severe stressors that affected the referees while verbal abuse was the least severe. The referees used problem focused, emotion focused and avoidance coping mechanisms to fight stress. Problem focused was the most preferred mechanism while emotion focused was the least preferred. According to this study, there was no significant mean difference in sources of stress across different age categories (p=0.344) and sources of stress of male and female referees (p=0.344) but there was a significant mean difference in sources of stress across refereeing experience (p=0.009). This implies that neither age nor gender influenced sources of stress. However, referees’ experience influenced sources of stress. Therefore, the most experienced referees were the most stressed. On the other hand, findings showed that there was no significant mean difference in the rating of coping strategies by different age groups (p=0.348), there was no significant mean difference in the rating of stress coping strategies across sex groups (p=0.124) and there was no significant mean difference in the rating of stress coping strategies across different categories of refereeing experience (p=0.243). This implies that age, gender and experience did not influence choice of coping strategies. However, this study showed that there was a positive relationship between sources of stress and coping strategies (p=0.008). This implies that the more stress the referees came across, the more coping skills they developed. This study recommends that active rugby referees in Kenya should be subjected to continuous learning focused on stress and coping techniques in order to improve their coping skills and make them more effective. The study also recommends that the the Kenya Rugby Union should ensure that recruitment and career pathway for referees focus on talent identification since age, gender and experience do not lead to better coping skills which are essential in preventing burnout and early termination by referees.
Positional assessment of selected skill related physical fitness components amongst male Kenyan basketball players
(Kenyatta University, 2007-10) Kamande, Mwangi Isaac
The game of basketball requires a mastery of several skills to play and perform well in a competition. The aim of this study was to establish the differences in the selected skill related components of physical fitness in relation to playing positions amongst male basketball players during the Kenya Basketball Federation (KBF) 2005 Premier League season. The study assessed agility, leg explosive power and aerobic capacity in relation to playing positions. The league comprised 10 teams of 12 registered players each, thus the target population was 120 players. The sample included 48 male basketball players from 4 teams which is 40% of the total population. A stratified random sampling procedure was used to select the teams used in the study. Strathmore University "Blades" male basketball players were used for the pilot study. An ex-post facto research design was used in this study. The data obtained through this study was subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (S. P. S. S.). Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used in the analysis of the data. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the research hypotheses. The data collected were then presented using tables. Four hypotheses were tested and the results showed that there were no significant differences in agility amongst the guards who were 23 (48% of the total population), forwards 17 (35%) and centers 8 (17%) at p< 0.05. There were no significant differences in leg explosive power amongst the guards, forwards and centers at p< 0.05. There were also no significant difference in aerobic capacity amongst guards, forwards and centers at p< 0.05. The null hypotheses proposed were therefore not rejected. The players did not show significant differences in the scores of the components tested and this was attributed to the lack of specificity during training which takes place in total contrary to the specific requirements of the positional roles. The study recommended further research to establish the training regimens followed by various teams during the off-season and in the competitive season and especially as regards the requirements of the positional roles not only in basketball but also in other sports. The study also recommended that Kenya Basketball Federation and the clubs initiate fitness testing programmes so as to establish norms for the Kenyan basketball players. This would help to form a basis for developing the selection criteria and guidelines for policy formulation.
Determinants of Participation in Physical Activity in On-Site Fitness Centres: the Case of Employees at Kenyatta University and Africa Nazarene University, Kenya.
(Kenyatta University, 2018-11) Mukaro, Matilda
Many institutions have invested in health and fitness facilities with the aim of promoting productivity and reducing escalating healthcare cost associated with conditions that result from physical inactivity amongst employees. However, the reported uptake of these services is quite low. This study analysed the determinants of participation in physical activity in on-site fitness centres among employees of Kenyatta University and Africa Nazarene University in Kenya. A cross-sectional analytical design was used to guide the study that targeted 3516 members of staff employed on a permanent or contract basis in the two institutions. A sample of 537 respondents was calculated using Krejcie and Morgan‟s formula and 10% was added to cater for attrition and unforeseen response. The two institutions were purposively selected to represent institutions with well-equipped fitness centres which render services to their staff members, students and the surrounding communities, as well as to represent public and private institutions. Stratified random sampling was used to come up with three strata (management, teaching staff and non-teaching staff) since the population did not constitute a homogeneous group. Systematic sampling was used to sample the participants in the different strata. A closed-ended questionnaire, an interview guide and observation checklist were used for data collection. The content validity of the questionnaire was validated by the experts from the department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science of Kenyatta University. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for data coding and analysis. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance were used to analyse data at.05 level of significance. Kruskal Wallis Post hoc test was used to test any significant differences after significant H-tests. The study found that some university employees (25%) were physically active and 75% were less physically active (M = 38.20). There was a significant difference in the status of participation in PA between the two universities (p < 0.001). The Mann–Whitney U test results showed that there were significant differences in the psychological (p <.001), environmental (p <.001), health (p =.001), employment (p =.001) and operational (p <.001) determinants of participation in PA in on-site fitness centres in the two universities. The Kruskal Wallis test showed significant differences in the emotional (p = .023), psychological (p = .021), environmental (p = .004) and operational (p = .001) determinants of participation in PA in on-site fitness centres across different job categories. The Binary Logistics Regression analysis showed the self-rating (p = .001), health (p = .001) and the operational (p = .007) determinants to be the significant predictor variables. Based on the study findings, this study concluded that majority of employees are not physically active in the on-site fitness centres and that self-rating , health and operational determinants made a significant contribution in predicting participation in PA. It was, therefore, recommended that the on-site fitness centres should have a system of compensating for unused days one would have paid for but missed. The university employees should be educated to be concerned about their wellbeing and the need of spending some time engaging in physical activity, and that fitness packages should be equally available for all employees.
Constraints to Exercise Adherence and Negotiation Strategies among Clients at Selected Fitness Centres in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018) Kinuthia, Stanley Kagunda
The positive association between taking part in regular exercise activities and enhanced health benefits have been widely illustrated and documented and depend on continued participation. Despite this, most people are deficiently active or totally latent, with over a half of the individuals who begin an exercise routine dropping out within the initial six months. While various factors hinder adherence to exercise programmes, strategies to overcome these hindrances are of great importance in promoting sustained participation in exercise. This study assessed the constraints to exercise adherence and negotiation strategies among clients of selected fitness centres in Nairobi County, Kenya. A cross-sectional analytical quantitative research design was used where information was collected from clients enrolled at selected fitness centres across the County (N = 382). Constraints were assessed using Constraints Scale while negotiation strategies were measured using the Negotiation Scale Questionnaire. The conformity rate was 299 (78.3%), males were 160 (41.9%) and females 139 (36.4%). A majority of those conforming were in the age groups of 31-40 (22.8%), 21-30 (22.5%) and 41-50 (19.9%). The findings indicated that there was a positive correlation between conformity status and gender (rs = .10, df =381, p = .043), with males associated with more conformity to recommended exercise for general health. Spearman’s correlation further indicated significant relationships between: interpersonal constraints and gender (rs = .13, df =381, p = .011) and both structural (rs = .12, df =381, p = .025) and intrapersonal (rs = .10, df =381, p = .047) constraints and level of education. Interpersonal coordination had a significant inverse relationship with gender (rs = -.13, df =381, p = .015) and level of education (rs = -.11, df =381, p = .030) respectively. Mann-Whitney U test results showed significant differences between gender for both conformity status (Mdn = 1, U = 16679, Z = -2.020, p =.043, r = .10) and interpersonal constraints (Mdn = 3.67, U = 15500, Z = -2.545, p =.011, r = .13). Results also showed that males utilized interpersonal coordination negotiation strategies more than females (Mdn = 3.00, U = 15615.5, Z = -2.43, p = .015, r = .12). Further, Kruskal-Wallis H test results showed significant differences between conformity status and both age (H (5) = 65.66, p < 0.001) and level of education (H (4) = 14.99, p = .005) categories. Structural (H (4) = 12.54, p = .014) and interpersonal (H (4) = 13.92, p = .008) constraints also had significant differences across levels of education. Besides, the findings indicated significant differences for interpersonal coordination (H (5) = 23.761, p <0.001), financial resources (H (5) = 13.083, p = .023) and skills acquisition (H (5) = 23.310, p < 0.001) negotiation strategies across age groups. In addition, there were significant differences for interpersonal coordination across levels of education (H (4) = 14.798, p = .005). Indications were drawn from the results on the need for proprietors, managers and supervisors, fitness instructors, administrators and potential entrepreneurs to review their training programmes, activities and activity areas to help eliminate perceived constraints by their clients to foster adherence. Further, clients’ education is important in enhancing their awareness to negotiate and overcome exercise constraints.
Physical education safety precaution practices in private primary schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2018-05) Wayong’o, Stella Nasimiyu
Schools have been identified as key settings for promotion of physical activity in children through Physical Education programs. However, participation in physical activities has some potential risk for injury. Due to this, safety procedures have always been an integral part of the Physical Education program. The purpose of this study was to assess safety precaution practices employed in Physical Education lessons in private primary schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study was an assessment of the extent to which facilities, equipment, and supervision of activities were organized to prevent injuries during Physical Education lessons. Cross sectional analytical research design was adopted to assess safety precautions observed during PE. The respondents were Physical Education teachers and pupils in private primary schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya. A total of 20 schools, 40 teachers (50% male and 50% female) and 60 pupils (51.7% male and 48.3% female) were sampled. Self-administered questionnaires, interview schedules and observational checklists were used as tools of data collection. Proportional stratified sampling technique was used to select private high cost, private medium cost and private low cost primary schools. The results were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Chi Square was used to answer research questions and test the hypothesis at a significant level of 0.05. The results indicated that First Aid kits were available in all private primary schools though they were not adequate. Chi Square value of X2=5.369 and p value of 0.068 showed that there was no significant relationship between the types of school and availability of First Aid kits during PE lessons. 77.5% of PE teachers had knowledge in administering first aid. Majority (88.7%) of pupils knew whom to approach and where to go in case of an emergency. 33(85%) of the PE lessons conducted had safety rules displayed; however, adherence to the safety rules and regulations depended on the type of school. Chi Square value of X2 =7.464 and p value of 0.024 showed that there was significant relationship in the availability of safety rules and regulations during PE lessons between the type of school. Most schools had PE facilities and equipment though the adequacy and condition depended on the type of school. Chi square value of X2= 36.932 and p < .001 revealed that there was significant relationship between the types of school and the condition of ball games. The type of school determined the availability of emergency plans. Chi Square value of X2=7.059 and p value of .029 showed that there was significant relationship in presence of emergency programs between the types of school. Majority of private primary schools (52.5%) had manageable number of pupils during PE lessons. It was therefore recommended that for full implementation of safety precautions during PE lessons in private primary schools, all stakeholders concerned have to play their roles effectively. The government should be more aggressive in sensitizing the schools on the need to implement recommended safety precaution practices during PE lessons since most private primary schools are taking PE more seriously. The Ministry of Education should come up with a more refined policy on monitoring and evaluating the implementation of recommended safety precautions.
Evaluation of available football resources and their influence on performance of Kenya football premier league teams
(2017-10) Mwangi, Phyllis Kiraing’wa
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which available football resources influence the performance of Kenya premier league football teams. The main objective of the study was to determine the extent to which the available facilities, funding, calibre and number of managerial and technical personnel affect the performance of Kenya Premier League Football teams. The study employed the analytical survey research design targeting the 16 managers and 16 coaches of football clubs in the Kenya Premier League. Stratified random sampling was used to select 8 (50%) of the teams according to type, either corporate or community clubs. The study employed purposive sampling to select 8 team managers and 8 team coaches from the sampled teams. Further, simple random sampling was used to select 221players as respondents representing 50.0% of the total population. Questionnaires designed for the team players and managers/coaches were used for data collection. Data was analysed through descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages). The relationship between current football resources and performance was determined using Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient, at 0.05 level of significance. The study established that the major source of funds for most clubs was corporate sponsors and most of these funds had a significant (rs=0.011, p<.05) influence in the teams’ performance. The study also found over 50.0% of the respondents reported that team managers/coaches were not effective in their roles in terms of their managerial and technical roles, that is, they were not available when needed, not approachable and were not adequately equipped with the training needs of the clubs. Further analysis also revealed that there was a significant (rs=0.021, p<.05) relationship between personnel managerial competencies and the performance of the teams in the premier league. However, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient revealed that there was no significant (rs=0.126, p>.05) relationship between available football facilities and equipment and the performance in the premier league. From these findings, the study recommends that management of the Premier League clubs need to diversify their sources of funding so as to avail adequate financial resources to meet their needs. The study also suggests that Ministry of Sports, Culture and Arts should establish training programmes and facilitate the training of personnel for football clubs so as to enhance their performance in Kenya Premier League.
Attitude and practice of primary school pupils, teachers and head teachers in physical education in Kiambu county, Kenya
(2017-11) Kariuki, Maingi Patrick
Physical Education provides pupils with necessary attitude, knowledge and skills so as to perform a variety of physical activities and maintain physical fitness. This study aimed at assessing the attitude (Cognitive and Affective domains) and practice of primary school pupils, teachers and head teachers in Physical Education (PE) in Kiambu County. Independent variables for the study were: teachers, pupils, private and public primary schools while the dependent variable was attitude (cognitive and affective). The study hypothesized that there is no significant difference between primary school boys and girls on cognitive and affective domains of attitude towards learning of physical education in Kiambu County. It further hypothesized that there is no significant difference between pupils, teachers and head teachers in public and private schools on cognitive and affective domains of attitude towards learning physical education in Kiambu County. A Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Stratified sampling was used to get 12 sub-counties, class 7 and 8 pupils of the sampled schools, each class 16 pupils; of 8 boys and 8 girls from private and public schools making a total of 384 pupils as respondents. A similar procedure was used to pick 48 teachers, two school; a male and a female where it was possible while purposive sampling was used to get 24 head teachers, a total of 456 respondents. Questionnaires from Wear’s Attitude for Teachers and Adam’s Attitude for Pupils were used to collect data. Data was coded and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Mann Whitney U test was used to analyze attitude of boys and girls, male and female teachers and head teachers while Kruskal- Wallis test was used to analyze attitude of pupils, teachers and head teachers towards PE at a significant difference of 0.05. Kruskal Wallis and Man Whitney U Tests were used to find the relationship of pupils, teachers and head teachers and their attitude towards Physical Education. Descriptive findings showed that physical education is taught in very few schools with very low percentages in public schools. The attitude of pupils and teachers towards physical education were also established to be very low. Hypotheses testing showed no significant difference on cognitive and affective domains of attitude between boys and girls in private and public schools towards learning of physical education. Also, teachers and head teachers in both private and public schools showed no significant difference on cognitive and affective domains of attitude towards learning of physical education in primary schools in Kiambu County. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the Quality Assurance and Standards office ensure PE lessons are taught as recommended by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MOEST).The study recommended further study on quality assurance officers in physical education, benefits of physical education to the learners and a study on attitude of lower primary school pupils towards physical education
Determinants of women’s participation in recreational activities in Kibera informal settlement, Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-07) Mureithi, Purity Kagwiria
Both leisure and recreation are crucial components of a balanced and healthy lifestyle. This study assessed the determinants of recreation participation for women in Kibera Informal Settlement. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design to obtain information that describes the existing phenomena about available recreation opportunities and the factors that determine the frequency and level of participation. The study was carried out in Kibera Informal Settlement, Lang‟ata Sub-County, Nairobi County where a sample size of 384 female respondents was selected using random sampling technique. Self-administered structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions were administered to sampled women residing in Kibera informal settlement. Data were processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and the results were organized, tabulated and presented in frequencies and percentages. Chi-square (x2) test of independence at a significance level of 0.05 was used to test the null hypotheses. The study showed that most families had family sizes of 1 to 2 children, 223 (58.o7%) of the respondents had attained only primary education, 165(43.0%) of the respondents were not employed, 183(47.66%) reported as self-employed earning less than Ksh.10, 000 per month. The most popular indoor and outdoor activities were listening to music and walking respectively. Majority of the respondents reported availability of time and age as determinants of frequency of participation in both indoor and outdoor recreational activities while education level was reported as determinant of frequency of participation in indoor recreational activities. User charges, family size, income level, awareness, distance and transport to recreation opportunities do not determine frequency of participation in both indoor and outdoor recreational activities. Education level was not a determinant of frequency of participation in the outdoor recreational activities. The study recommends that the county government should set aside land for developing various recreational facilities within the informal settlement areas to be accessed by all residents to mitigate time constraints, for example, construction of swimming pools since swimming is reported as the least popular outdoor activity, the ministries of Health and Sports, Culture and the Arts to educate the members of the public within the informal settlement on the health benefits of recreation and good time management so as to encourage more people including those with higher levels of education to take part in various recreation activities since level of education emerged as one of the demographic factors influencing frequency of participation in indoor recreational activities, the city planning department to give greater emphasis on creation of streetscapes within and outside the informal settlement areas that enhances walking for recreation, Recreation service providers to avail affordable and pleasanter recreational facilities and programme catering for all ages since age arose as one of the demographic factors influencing frequency of participation in recreational activities among women in Kibera informal settlement.
Participation motives and competitive orientation of football players in the Kenyan women premier league
(2016) Ajowi, Carolyne Achieng’
This study set to investigate the participation motives and competitive orientations of women football players in the Kenyan premier league. The major objectives of the study were to examine what motivates them to participate in football, what goals they seek to achieve in playing football and how selected demographic factors of age, educational level and years of experience influence their participation motives and competitive orientation. The study also examined the relationship between participation motives and competitive orientations in sports. Data was collected using the instruments; Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) to assess their motives for participation and the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) to assess their competitive orientations. Out of a target population of 360 players in the league, simple random sampling procedure was used to select women football players N=192 from the 12 clubs to participate in the survey. Data was coded using SPSS version 20. Shapiro-Wilk's and Levenes’ tests were used to test normality of data and Homogeneity of Variances respectively. KMO and Bartlett’s tests were used to assess whether it is appropriate to run a principal component analysis. A principal component analysis was performed on the PMQ and TEOSQ items. One way ANOVA was used to determine whether competitive orientations and participation motivation of players differ based on age, playing experience and educational level. Tukey Post hoc test was used to test any significant differences after significant F-ratios. Pearson-product moment correlation coefficient was conducted to examine relationships among competitive orientations and participation motivation of the players. All hypotheses were tested at 0.05 significance level. Results revealed that the top participation motives ranked in order were: skill/team; fitness/win; friendship/affiliation; status/achievement and energy release. For competitive orientations, result revealed that players were more task oriented than ego- oriented. There were significant differences in participation motives based on playing experience and educational level; however, there were no age-based differences among women the players’ participation. On competitive orientation, the study found no significant differences in age and playing experience, however, there was a significant difference in educational level. Pearson product moment correlation analysis showed a relationship between task orientation and intrinsic sources of motivation (skill development/team), whereas ego orientation was found to relate well with more extrinsic forms of motivation (status/recognition). Overall, results of this study indicate that women football players in the Kenyan premier league v

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