MST-Department of Fashion, Design & Marketing

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Attributes Influencing Purchase Behavior of Household Bedding by Public Primary School Female Teachers in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2021-06) Karoro Warau, Angela; Gladwell Mbugua; Juliet Isika
There has been growing concern about purchase behaviour of household bedding in developed countries such as USA, Canada and Europe as a third of the average human beings lifetime is spent in bed. People use household bedding to provide warmth and comfort during sleep and to accessorise the bedroom. Although there is an assortment of goods available in the market for people to purchase many people are challenged with finding durable, good quality, aesthetically appealing products that they can afford. In Kenya, there is limited research in bedding thus creating the need for this study. The purpose of the study was to evaluate attributes influencing purchase behaviour of household bedding by Public Primary School Female Teachers (PPSFT) in Nairobi City County (NCC). The major objectives of the study were to: identify the demographic characteristics of PPSFT in NCC, investigate product characteristics of household bedding purchased by PPSFT in NCC, assess the psychological characteristics that influence purchase behaviour of household bedding by PPSFT in NCC, determine the purchase behaviour of household bedding by PPSFT in NCC and establish the relationship between age, income and job position on the purchase behaviour of household bedding by PPSFT in NCC. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional survey mixed methods research design to achieve its objectives. Data was collected using a questionnaire administered by the researcher to a total of 324 respondents out of which 276 were returned appropriately filled and therefore used in data analysis. The data collected was coded, entered and analysed using SPSS version 22. Means, percentages and frequencies were used for descriptive statistics and the data presented in frequency distribution tables. The study found that most PPSFT in NCC were between the ages 40-49 years, they were married and had 1-3 dependants. PPSFT in NCC had varying education levels and served as lower primary, upper primary, senior, and deputy or head teacher. PPSFT attributed their purchase behaviours to the price, raw materials, durability, size, care requirements and special finishes of household bedding, handling and examining the product and information from sales people. The study found that age and income were significant factors that influenced purchase of household bedding. The study concluded that PPSFT were cautious buyers as they only purchased products that were durable, practical and useful due to their low income levels. The study recommended that manufacturers, retailers, and designers of household bedding should avail affordable products that are suitable in functionality, raw materials, durability, size, care requirements, special finishes and aesthetic value. It also recommended that they should be aware of demographic characteristics of their customers and product knowledge and experience channels that PPSFT prefer so as to maximize the number of people likely to purchase them. Further research should be conducted to determine the purchase behaviour of household bedding among female teachers in private primary schools, as the study was limited to Public Primary School Female Teachers. It also recommended further research of the topic among different groups of women and within rural regions in Kenya.
Patternmakers’ professional qualification and pattern making practices in nairobi fashion houses, Kenya
(2017-11) Otieno, Verah Achieng’
Patternmakers are the technical backbone to the clothing manufacturing process and as such require a solid mastery of the technique. This can be ensured with proper training and experience, yet in Kenya little has been done to ascertain the levels of qualification of patternmakers in the fashion industry and whether these have any relationship with actual practices. This study adopted a descriptive research design to assess the relationship between the patternmakers‟ professional qualifications and pattern making practices within fashion houses in Nairobi. Specific objectives of the study were to: describe the patternmakers‟ demographic profile, describe the categories of clothes produced in the fashion houses, determine types of pattern making practices, assess patternmakers‟ professional qualification, and to establish the relationship between patternmakers‟ professional qualification and patternmaking practices. The study was based on a conceptual framework of education and training with labour market outcomes contextualized within fashion design. The target population was all patternmakers in the fashion houses within Nairobi. Sampling unit was one patternmaker per fashion house using criterion based sampling to reach a total of 44 patternmakers. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data from each patternmaker. Statistical Package for Social Sciences aided in data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables related to demographic characteristics, categories of clothes, patternmaking practices and levels of professional qualification. Chi-square (χ²) with an alpha level set at 0.05 was used to establish the relationship between professional qualification and the patternmaking practices. The results revealed that the majority of the patternmakers (90.9%) were below 45 years, and had tertiary education and above. Most were female (76%) and more than half of them (69.7%) were earning below 40,000 Kenya shillings per month. All of the fashion houses made dresses; pattern drafting was the most frequently used method of patternmaking, followed by freehand cutting while CADD was the least used. Majority of these patternmakers had at least a diploma or a degree. More than half of the respondents had less than 10 years of experience in patternmaking. There appeared to be a significant relationship between patternmakers‟ training background and use of pattern drafting method (χ² (8, n = 33) = 20.573, p < 0.008). Patternmakers with higher levels of training tended to frequently use pattern drafting. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between patternmakers‟ years of experience and use of pattern drafting as a method (χ² (6, n = 33) = 13.265, p = 0.039). Majority of the patternmakers (90.9%) with less than 5 years experience frequently used pattern drafting. It was however clear that besides the training undertaken, experience had contributed more to the improvement of skills. This study therefore recommends that, men should be sensitized to take up pattern making jobs, patternmakers should be versatile enough to make a wide range of clothing, patternmakers should upgrade their knowledge in patternmaking so as to be at par with technological development, curricula developed for fashion design courses should include all pattern making methods and training opportunities should be availed to those already in the job market. For further research, it was recommended that a research should be conducted on those with several years of working experience in order to gain deeper insight into the profession, research should be conducted on patternmakers in the garment industry, the Micro and Small enterprises sector to establish their qualification and methods of patternmaking used and a similar study should be conducted in other towns outside Nairobi to provide better picture of the fashion industry in terms of patternmaking across Kenya
Consumer perception, attitude and patronage towards purchase of imported versus locally-produced apparel in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2016-03) Nyarunda, Aytso Caroline
The purpose of this study was to analyze consumer perceptions, attitude and patronage towards purchasing locally-produced versus imported apparel among public servants in Kenya. The objectives of the Study were: to establish the attributes that professionals consider in selecting apparel; to determine the perception of public servants towards locally-produced and imported apparel; to establish the factors that influence the perception, preference and attitude of public servants towards locally-produced and imported apparel; and to establish the level of patronage of public servants in Nairobi on purchase of apparel products. The study adopted a survey design which was conducted within Nairobi County. A questionnaire was used to collect the primary data. The study targeted employees of the Central Government aged 25 years and above. The sampling procedure that was utilized was proportionate stratified multi-stage random sampling. From a population of 2000 employees, a sample size of 322 respondents was selected. The collected data was analyzed using statistical package for social science 17.0. Based on the findings of the study, it is clear that there is no variation in the attributes that consumers in Kenya consider when selecting apparel. The study findings also concluded that there is no significant difference in the perception of consumers in Kenya towards locally-produced and imported apparel. According to the findings both locally produced apparel and imported clothing are perceived in more or less the same standards. The findings showed that consumer attitudes toward locally-produced versus foreign apparel differed significantly. Consumers had an overall more positive attitude towards foreign apparel over Kenyan made apparel with regard to durability, quality, attractiveness, fashionableness, brand name, and choice of styles. However, no significant difference was found in consumer attitudes among various demographics, namely gender, age, income level and purchase frequency. Kenyan consumers preferred apparel originating in Eastern countries more than Western countries. Their three most preferred country of origin of apparel were Japan, America and China/Kenya, respectively. Interestingly, relative to other apparel attributes, a product’s country of origin was generally of low importance in consumer decision-making. For consumer ethnocentrism, the results indicated that there was a positive correlation between consumer ethnocentrism and attitude towards locally-produced apparel, but there was no negative correlation between consumer ethnocentrism and attitude towards foreign apparel. Furthermore, demographic variables did not show effects on consumer ethnocentrism. From the study, the following recommendations were made: quality and durability of apparel should be improved to satisfy local demand and preferences, there is need for product differentiation, promotion of the native image and manufacturers should embark on an elaborate strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis programme to enable them to deal with competition from imports.
Views on Physiological and Psychological Changes and Their Influence on Maternity Wear Selection among Women Attending Ante-Natal Clinic at Kenyatta National Hospital
(Kenyatta University, 2016-02) Barasa, Nelima
The pregnancy period in human beings is divided into three trimesters. During this period expectant women experience psychological, behavioral and biological changes that make them more sensitive about their bodies. This is due to dramatic body changes, which to some extent trigger negative thoughts and feelings in some women. With the wide variety of body shapes and sizes, physiological changes occur differently for every pregnant woman. These variations lead to problems of comfort, fit and sizing of maternity wear especially if not well selected. Despite an increasing interest in fashion and clothing, researchers in Kenya have conducted limited study about dressing and adorning the pregnant body. This leaves pregnant women with minimal sources of reference thus relying on trial and error or copying what other pregnant women wear. Therefore there is need for a study that focuses on the views on physiological and psychological changes and their influence on maternity wear selection among expectant women. The objectives of the study were to: identify the views of young expectant women aged 16-35 years regarding their physical body changes during pregnancy, establish the views of these young expectant women regarding their psychological changes during pregnancy, determine the physiological and psychological changes that influence maternity wear selection, discuss the social economic factors that influence maternity wear selection among these young expectant women and determine dress features that influence maternity wear selection among these young expectant women. The researcher adopted a descriptive research design to collect data, analyze and present. Pre-testing was done on a sample of 12 respondents attending ante-natal clinics at KNH to avoid ambiguity of the instruments. Convenience sampling was used to select 96 young expectant women. Interview schedules and questionnaires with open-ended and closed-ended items were used to collect data. Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize variables relating to demographic characteristics, young expectant women’s views on physiological and psychological changes and maternity wear selection. Data was grouped and summarized in tables and graphs. Open ended items were analyzed in relation to the responses given by the respondents while the quantitative aspects were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The findings indicated that young expectant women experience dramatic changes in their body silhouette, measurement, posture and weight which they viewed either positively or negatively. It was also revealed that the young expectant women experienced psychological changes like anxiety, joy, stress, fear and depression with the outstanding one being anxiety as a result of the changes in their physical body. Most of the respondents were not happy with the psychological changes, which made them select maternity wear that was either ill-fitting or oversized. Furthermore, physiological and psychological changes did not influence the young expectant women when selecting their maternity wear. In addition, socioeconomic factors like availability of money, cost of item, age and marital status highly influenced the respondents when selecting their maternity wear. Finally, all the young expectant women were influenced by colour when selecting their maternity wear. It was therefore concluded that young expectant women experience different views on physiological and psychological changes that influenced their maternity wear selection. Disparity in the way the young expectant women view these changes creates a need for each one of them to understand how to select maternity wear that is suitable in terms of sizing, fit and comfort. Ante-natal clinics in Kenya should consider including lessons on views on physiological and psychological changes and their influence on maternity wear selection among expectant women in their program.
Factors influencing selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing by students in technical institutions in Central Kenya
(Kenyatta University, 2012-11) Kimemia, Millicent Wamuyu
This research sought to investigate selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing; in Technical Institutions in Central Kenya. The objectives of this study were to investigate factors influencing selection of protective clothing, appropriateness of protective clothing used, to establish the factors influencing cleaning and storage of nondisposable and to investigate the general safety practices at workplace. A conceptual framework was used to show the process of selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing. The study area was purposively selected as it has majority of the Technical Institutions. Stratified sampling was used to select three Technical Institutions which participated in the study. Qualitative data was collected using a questionnaire which was administered by the researcher to a sample of 119 respondents in the participating departments. Majority of the respondents (88.2%) identified that colour was important when selecting protective clothing. Harmful materials handled by respondents and price were also important when selecting protective clothing. Most respondents indicated that lack of protective clothing made performance of certain tasks difficult. On investigating the factors influencing use of protective clothing, 79% of the respondents strongly agreed that use of protective clothing was very important, over 50% disagreed that there was adequate protective clothing in their institutions. It was established that injuries were common during practical lessons since 39.5% of the respondents indicated that they had been injured during practical lessons. In the study, 97.5% of the respondents felt that there is need for training on protective clothing but only 48.7% had participated in such training. The respondents had a positive attitude towards the use of protective clothing with 82.4% indicating that they were comfortable with the use of protective clothing. From the study, it emerged that there were inadequate cleaning and storage facilities in Technical Institutions with 70.6 % of respondents indicating that there were no cleaning facilities while 84% of the respondents felt that storage facilities were not available. Availability of signage indicating need for use of protective clothing was also identified as an important safety measure. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships between selected key variables. The study concluded that protective clothing is not fully used by students in Technical Institutions in Central Kenya. Technical Institutions in Central Kenya need to enlighten their students on care of textile articles and use in terms of selection, use and maintenance of protective clothing. The study indicated that, the training students had received on protective clothing did not playa significant role towards selection, use and maintenance. The study recommended that, the students in Technical Institutions in Central Kenya be trained on the use of protective clothing by their course instructors on reporting to the institutions. It also recommended that, the individual institutions should ensure that safety measures are adhered to in workshops and laboratories to promote the culture of using protective clothing.
Psycho- social and economic factors influencing the choice of clothing by professional women: a case of Machakos town in Kenya
(2014) Kitheka, Rose Kalunde; Wandaka, Isabella W.; Oigo, Bosibori E.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological, social and economic factors that influence the choice of clothing by professional women in Machakos Town. The study was prompted by the fact that professional women are exposed to a wide variety of clothing, due to frequent fashion and style changes. Besides, limited studies had been undertaken to address professional women’s clothing selection in Kenya’s towns outside Nairobi. The objectives of the study were to establish the influence of psychological, economic and social factors on the choice of clothing in Machakos Town. The research adopted a descriptive research design. Stratified random sampling technique was used, to represent sub groups of women employed in the private and public sector. The sample size of the study was 306 respondents, who were drawn from a population of 1430. Questionnaires containing both closed and open-ended questions were hand delivered to the respondents. Two hundred and eighty four respondents filled and returned the questionnaires, making a response rate of 92.8%. Data collected was analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The majority of respondents were aged between 40-49 years, with the youngest and the oldest being 22 and 59 years respectively. The majority of respondents had a monthly income of between Ksh.20, 001 – Ksh.30, 000. Just over half (57%) of the respondents were married. The majority of the respondents had degree certificates (56.7%), followed by those who had attained post secondary education (35.2%). The most outstanding psychological factors that influenced clothing choice was designs that suited figures (81%), followed by designs satisfying self esteem (79.4%). The study established that skirt suits were the preferred choice of clothing designs for religious functions (26.8%) and office wear (41.9%) respectively. The study established that jeans and tops were preferred for evening wear (26.4%) and casual wear (43%). Vitenge/African attires (47.7%) were highly preferred for weddings/special occasions. The study found that there was a significant association between marital status and choice of clothing, attractive clothing styles and choice of clothing. A significant association between income and choice of clothing was also noted. This study recommends that the clothing industry would benefit from marketing clothes that are suitable to the figures and also satisfy self esteem. The clothing manufacturing industry should be informed by the people’s income while pricing clothes in order to address the diversity of income in the country. Fashion designers should appreciate the dynamics of culture and religion while designing clothes, since many people are influenced by these factors while choosing their clothing. Based on the findings of this study, the researcher suggests that similar studies be carried out in other towns in the country, targeting men and also different age groups of both genders
Analysis of infrastructural support and trainer attributes in technical, industrial, vocational and Entrepreneurship Training tivet institutions in Kenya
(2014) Orangi, Ann Kwamboka
The purpose of this study was to analyze infrastructural support and trainer attributes in TIVET institutions in Kenya. Technical, Industrial, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training (TIVET) is acknowledged as a means of transforming and empowering the youth with skills, knowledge and attitudes to enable them become productive members of the society. The objective of the study were: 1) to establish the qualification of staff in selected institutions offering clothing and textile courses, 2) to determine training needs of staff in the selected TIVET institutions offering clothing and textile courses, 3) to establish the status of equipment and physical facilities used for training in clothing and textile courses and 4) to establish methods used in teaching clothing and textile courses in TIVET institutions. Descriptive survey design was used for the study.The samples included 8 technical institutes and 10 institutes of technology in Kenya offering courses in clothing and textile and were examined by Kenya National Examination Council. The respondents were the principals, deputy principals, lecturers, technicians and students in 18 TIVET institutions. A total of 452 respondents participated in the study (consisting of 250 second year students taking a diploma course in clothing and textile, 18 technicians, 148 lecturers and 36 principals and deputy principals). Questionnaireswere 250 for second years, 166 for Lectures and Technicians. Interview scheduleswere 36 for principal and their deputiesand observation check-listswere 250 for students which wereused as instruments for the study. The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) tool to analyse the data. Both the qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques were used. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequencies were used to reportdata. Data were presented in form of frequency tables, bar graphs, and pie charts. The results showed that the academic staff members were academically qualified; however, there was need for them to upgrade their technical skills. The study also found that there was further training need for the academic staff in the institutions studied as indicated by all the staff. The trainings required was in:entrepreneurship, bachelor degree in Clothing and textiles, use of IT in clothing and textile, machine maintenance, Diploma in clothing technology, technical skills upgrading and masters’ degree in fashion design.On the status of equipment and physical facilities, the study found that 172 (86%) of the respondents indicated that the facilities were inadequate. Ontraining methods used, the study established that practical work, lecture and teachers’ notes, demonstration, questions and answers and class discussion were used often. It was recommended that the Government should provide additional learning and training equipment to replace the out-dated ones. Teachers should go for additional training to upgrade their skills. It was suggested that a study needs to be done to establish the relevance of the curriculum used in TIVET institutions.
Attributes Influencing Consumer Perception of Apparel Quality with Special Focus on Care-labels, a case of Nairobi, Kenya
(2014-03-05) Owino, Michael O.
Apparel consumers use different criteria, including textile attributes and social environment when evaluating apparel quality. The apparel attributes consumers use are grouped into two, namely intrinsic attributes, including, garment style, color, fiber content, etc and extrinsic attributes such as price, country of origin, packaging, among others. Care-labels is also a critical attribute that influence perceptions of apparel quality, since it is associated with different fibres, texture, garment constructions, fabric finishes, among others, as well as time and money required in the care of apparel. The purpose of this study was to assess the attributes influencing perceptions of apparel quality, with special focus on care-labels. The major objectives of this study were to; determine the awareness of care-labels; investigate the existence of care-labels on the locally made and imported apparel products; compare the awareness of care-labels between the academic and non-academic staff and to compare the intrinsic and extrinsic apparel attributes in influencing perceptions of apparel quality. The study adopted a descriptive survey research approach. The target population was 3364, comprising 3000 from Kenyatta University (KU) and 364 from Kenya Utalii College (KUC) staff communities. The sample size was 10% of the target population, i.e. 336, which was worked out to reflect the proportions in KU and KUC, i.e. 300 and 36, respectively. The data were collected using questionnaires which were researcher-administered as well as "drop and pick" self-administered, in cases where the respondents were not available to give the information. The pre-test was used to test the validity of the research instrument and Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument. The raw data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse data. The null hypothesis was tested at p :s 0.05. An ANOVA was conducted to compare the consumer's education level in relation to the awareness of the individual care-label symbols. In addition, a post hoc test was also used to find out the effect of consumers' education level on the awareness of individual care-label symbols. Descriptive statistics revealed that the awareness of care-label symbols was low among consumers. The results also revealed that majority of consumers never find care-labels on the locally produced apparel compared to the imported ones. The t-test yielded a p-value of 0.000, implying that there was a relatively more awareness of care-labels among academic staff. The ANOVA results. revealed that education level determines the awareness of the symbols lto'Z, The findings from the post hoc test further confirmed that respondents with higher education had more awareness of care-label symbols and vice- a- versa. Descriptive statistics analysis indicated that intrinsic and extrinsic apparel attributes had mean scores of 4 and above, i.e. 4.034 and 4.5562, respectively, implying that both of them influenced consumer perceptions of product quality. However, extrinsic attributes had more influence on the apparel quality, since it had a higher mean score of 4.5562. The study recommends, among others, that apparel producers and retailers should promote the awareness of care-labels symbols and their interpretations. The teaching of Home Science in schools should be emphasized to enhance textile properties' knowledge at the basic level. It is also recommended that the textile and apparel producers be compelled using the relevant government legislation to put genuine and comprehensive care-labels instructions on their textile goods before . dispatching them to the market. The legislation should include care-labels instructions as a mandatory feature and one of the quality indicators of apparel to be used to assess the quality of apparel. The study further recommends that KEBS increase its efforts at ensuring that all apparel and other textile products bear care-label instructions.
Assessment of Size and Fit of Ready-made Formal Clothing among Male Consumers: a case of Kenyatta University
(2013-08-14) Cheruiyot, Monica
Fit is an important factor for consumers wearing ready-made clothes. Problems related to apparel fit stem from a variety of factors. This study therefore sought to explore size and fit issues of ready-made formal clothes among men with regards to: Origin of imported clothes, satisfaction based on availability of appropriately fitting clothes, fit problems experienced at critical fit points, fit preferences, knowledge on key body measurements and body shapes and finally, knowledge on the communication of size by size labels. The results of this study will facilitate the development of strategies that would help to solve fit problems and to promote the production of well-fitting formal clothing for Kenyan men. The review of related literature reveals the main factors affecting sizing systems and consequently, the fit of ready-made clothes. The research was designed by a descriptive survey. The study was carried out at Kenyatta University. The target population was men working on permanent and pensionable terms who were between the ages of 25 to 75 years. The sample was stratified as, the teaching staff (192) and non-teaching staff (294).The selection of the sample size was done randomly. Questionnaire and observation checklist were employed to collect data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze obtained data by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency tables, percentages, and bar graphs were used to summarize the results. The findings of the study indicated that men in Kenyatta University buy clothes that are made in China, Kenya, Bitain and America. Clothes sold in chain stores have an excellent fit, while those sold in the supermarkets, boutiques and market stalls have a good fit. The study further indicated that formal ready-made clothes, imported new, custom made and local ready-made clothes have a better fit than second hand clothes for men. The findings concluded that men are satisfied (49.9%) with ready-made clothes though they often alter them. This study found that men experience fit problems with widths of ready-made clothes. Generally they experience more fit problems with the upper torso than the lower torso. Length problems were found to be more at the lower torso and could be concluded that ready-made trousers are longer than required lengths. From this study, it is apparent that numbered coded labels and lettered coded labels effectively guide in selecting formal clothes but illustrated figure, size label and body measurements are extremely effective. The findings indicated also that men prefer to wear fitting and semi-fitting jackets, loosely fitting trousers, semi-fitting shirts and suits to work. It can be concluded that men (28.6%) would want their body measurements to be taken and size labels to be clear and informative. The researcher recommended that apparel manufacturing industries in Kenya and abroad should ensure that their sizing systems are a representative of their target market.
Assessment of the adoption of apparel computer aided design technology training in selected public universities in Kenya
(2013-03-25) Kamau, Veronica Wambui
The study examined the levels of adoption of Computer Aided Design (CAD) technology in training of clothing, apparel design courses. Application of apparel CAD technology in the training of the future labour force is a major step in coping with dynamic changes apparent in the textile and apparel industry. Application of apparel CAD technology in production processes in the textile and apparel firms is crucial if the industry is to remain competitive in the global market. The study aimed to establish whether apparel CAD training in selected public universities adequately addressed the changing labour requirement in the Kenyan apparel market, new demands in global apparel market and Kenya Vision 2030. The study focused on determining the status of apparel CAD technology program by assessing course contents, availability of teaching/learning resources and manpower to handle apparel CAD training. Descriptive survey research design was employed to investigate and describe status of the adoption of apparel CAD training in selected public universities and to determine established collaboration between universities and apparel industries in Kenya. A survey of 113 respondents from public universities and apparel industries was conducted. A total of 62 student respondents who included all third and fourth years as well as school-based and masters students from apparel design departments in the three universities, were purposively selected because they had undertaken a unit in apparel CAD. Twenty one lecturer respondents drawn from the three universities in the apparel design departments were included because they imparted skills to the students. Thirty heads of departments from six apparel industries were selected because the employees and interns worked under them. The universities included in the study were; Kenyatta University located in Nairobi; Moi University in Eldoret, and Egerton University in Nakuru. Apparel Industries included United Aryan (EPZ) Limited and MidCo Textiles (EA) Limited from Nairobi, Global Apparels EPZ Limited., AllTex EPZ Limited and Protex EPZ Limited from Athi River and Ken-Knit (Kenya) Limited from Eldoret. The study employed document analysis, questionnaires, interview schedules and observation checklists to obtain the data. The result showed that the adoption of apparel CAD technology at the public universities was low. The lecturers who had been trained in state of art CAD technology accounted for 28.6%: Appropriate CAD hardware and software teaching/learning resources were limited and accounted for 23.8%. The training students received was inadequate to prepare them to work in apparel industry. Only 23.3% of the students on industrial internship in apparel industries were rated as adequately trained. CAD courses did not adequately address specific areas of apparel design but dealt with basic introductory courses such as Corel Draw, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator. Heads of departments in the apparel industries pointed out that there was shortage of practical skills among the graduates and interns, whereas student respondents indicated provision of CAD hardware and software as the most urgent need. Lecturers in the departments of apparel design indicated that there was need for lectures to be trained in apparel CAD. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that there was no significant difference between computed means of respondents in relation to student knowledge in apparel CAD by the industries, students and lecturers and therefore, they agreed that the training on CAD technology the graduates received did not adequately meet the labour requirement in the apparel industry. It was concluded that collaboration between the universities and apparel industries in the area of curriculum development, CAD training for academic staff and students as well as provision of CAD teaching and learning resources be promoted
Socio-economic and Psychological factors influencing clothing preferences of the physically handicapped in Nairobi province, Kenya
(2012-02-10) Marinda, Pamela Ayiera; Tumuti, D.W.; Mugenda, Olive M.
The purpose of this study was to identify the clothing preference of the physically handicapped, and to determine the rating of socio-economic and psychological factors influencing these clothing preferences. This was a survey research that was undertaken among a sample of 120 physically handicapped persons from six institutions in Nairobi Province. Stratified random sampling methods was used to constitute the study sample. Data for the study were collected using an interview schedule and observation checklist. They were later analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) programme. The Chi-square technique was used to test for significant differences in selected categorical variable at alpha level P<0.05. The study revealed that most respondents had formal education but only a handful of them had formal employment. Their clothing preferences also varied their nature of disability. They selected clothing styles that could meet their physical needs with regard to fit, ability to dress themselves and ease of care and mobility. They also selected clothing items in which they looked attractive, and those that conformed to fashion trends since these contributed to the enhancement of their self-esteem. Other findings indicated that the respondents preferred second-hand clothes and tailored ones. Reasons given for this preference was that the former were cheaper were of good quality and had unique styles, while tailored clothes fitted well. Income available was rated highest among the socio-economic factors influencing respondents' clothing preferences. The least rated factor is that which is acceptable to age mates. The aesthetic value was found to be the most influential of all the psychological factors as far as clothing preference was concerned. Uniqueness of the item, prestige and popularity of the brand name; and to impress others respectively were the least influential factors. In all the psychological factors, female samples were influenced more than thermals while in clothing preference by age; mature adults were influenced more than the adolescents and young adults. There were significant differences in some socio-economic factors that influenced clothing preferences by age group with mature adults being influenced more. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made: a) Apparel manufacturers and designers in Kenya should create basic design patterns for disabled persons, which can be altered or adapted to meet the specific needs of the physically handicapped persons. This concept of designing from basic designs in apparel industry may add new designs in apparel industry may add new dimensions to consumerism for the disabled people in Kenya. b) To initiate a home-based business focusing on the clothing adaptation and alteration because disabled persons find shopping a difficult task. Desired clothing styles could be marketed through catalogues. c) Training for caregivers, home economists and health professionals on clothing needs of the disabled. d) Addressing factors that cause dissatisfaction with the locally available clothing among the physically handicapped.
Assessment of knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards reproductive health education : Acase study of Nairobi
(2012-02-10) Mugambi, Ruth Njoki
Research has shown that by the age of 16 years, many adolescents are sexually active. Consequently many girls drop out of school due to pregnancy. Few of the girls seek medical attention during pregnancy and those who do, would normally do so later in gestation. Yet, pregnant adolescent girls are more likely to face hazards at childbirth than older women. Research has also shown that the girl's partners are mainly their age mates. It is clear that young people can and do make important decisions on matters pertaining to their own lives, and need information that concerns their welfare. This study sought to find out the information available to the adolescents on reproductive health matters prior to entering the teenage cycle. The study further sought to determine where adolescents got their information on reproductive health from and the impact this information had on their attitudes and perceptions on reproductive health issues. This study was carried out in Nairobi. Data were collected through a descriptive survey, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and content analysis. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from six different types of schools in Nairobi. A total of 285 students were randomly selected to fill the questionnaire and six FGDs were organized. The study targeted adolescents, 13-16 years who were in secondary school. The findings from this research show that adolescents are exposed to information on areas of reproductive health both at school and at home. However, this information does not seem adequate for them in understanding their physical and emotional changes. On boy/girl relationships, the respondents saw these relationships as healthy and a phenomenon that comes naturally during adolescence. Clearly, the respondents did not approve of sexual relationships at their age and many feel that sex should only take place in marriage. The respondents viewed becoming pregnant as punitive enough in itself and further punishment like discontinued schooling, social and family ostracism should not be given to those who become pregnant. Mothers and Home Science teachers were the main source of information for the respondents on various aspects of reproductive health. However, the type of information each group offered was quite different. Teachers mentioned mainly by the boys offer information on the physical changes at puberty, the reproductive system and some information on STIs. Mother's discussions with their daughters are mainly on menstruation, what to do during menstruation and the consequences of engaging in pre-marital sex. The mass media, mainly books/magazines and TV also contributed in educating the respondents on almost all aspects of reproductive health.
Interior decoration practices among high, middle and low socio-economic households of Kisumu town, Kenya
(2012-01-31) Otieno, Gladys Akinyi; Mburungu, K.
This was a descriptive survey research whose purpose was to generate and document information on interior decoration practices among high, middle and low socio-economic status, interior decoration practices, interior decoration knowledge and income. The objectives of the study were to: (a) determine the factors that influence the choice and arrangement of furnishings among the households of Kisumu town, (b) identify the sources of information and materials used in interior decoration by the households of Kisumu town, (c) identify problems that hinder effective home decoration among the respondents, and (d) establish the respondents' satisfaction with the existing furnishings in their homes. The data were collected using an interview schedule and observation checklist. A total of 120 respondents were interviewed from Milimani, Migosi and Ondiek estates. The respondent was the person in the household who makes major decisions on house furnishing. The data were analysed by the use of descriptive statistics and measures. Results showed that age, occupation, and education determined the estate one lived in, hence the choice of furnishings. The households in high socio-economic status income could afford bigger houses and expensive furnishings. However, these households were few and mostly from Milimani estate. Majority of the respondents faced financial constraints and this was a major setback in house furnishing public exhibitions, agricultural shows, association with friends, newspaper advertisements, electronic media, home magazines and displays were common sources of information on house furnishing while seminars while seminars and workshops were least common. It was observed that most households had sofa sets, coffee tables, sideboards and carpets owing to their functional nature. Some of the least common items included easy chairs, cushions, chair-covers, teddy bears, divans, live and artificial plants. Woodcarvings, aquariums, coral reefs and batik were scarce too. This was attributed to the fact that they were so expensive that they could only be found in a few households of Milimani and Migosi estates. From the study's findings it has been recommended that awareness be created on locally available materials. This can be done by paying visits and holding demonstrations on their use in house furnishing by the Home Economics extension workers.
The status of the textile industry in a liberalized economy: a case of three composite firms in Uganda
(2012-01-12) Tenhwa, Florence N.
The purpose of the study was to establish the status of Ugandan textile industry in a liberalized economy. The study was conducted in three purposively selected composite textile firms in Uganda. Indepth interviews were carried out with key informants. These included six (6) managers, ten (10) supervisors and sixty-four machine operators. Additional data were generated through direct obseravtion using a checklist. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the demographic characteristics of respondents in the selected textile manufacturing firms, 2) establish sources and cost of raw materials used in the selected firms, 3) establish the characteristics of the selected firms, 4) identify productions processes selected textile firms, 5) identify the marketing techniques used in the textile firms, 6) establish the role of Uganda government in promoting the textile industry, 7) identify constraints facing the textile industry. Qualitative data analysis involved coding of the emerging issues. Presentation, discussion and conclusions were drawn from the emerging issues. Quantitative data were presented using frequencies and percentages. The study found out that the characteristics of the managers, supervisors and machine operators notably experience, education and training were important in promoting the status of the textile industry. Further, it was observed that education provided capacity to managers and workers for adoption of production and management techniques in the textile industry and enabled them to take advantage of the available opportunities for competitive and sustainable operations. Similarly, training of the workers enabled the managers and employees to carry out appropriate management, production and marketing activities. It was noted that cotton was the major material and was locally sourced directly from ginneries in Uganda. This is attributed to liberalisation of the economy. Other inputs like dyes and chemicals were imported. The study established that textile firms under study were large and employed both men and women. However, the proportion of men was higher than that of women. The major production processes identified were spinning, weaving, knitting, processing, cutting, sewing and finishing of the textile products. The firms targeted both local and international markets. The products were rated as of quality standard by the manufacturers since they have been recognised internationally. Among the products identified were fabric for men's and women's apparel, uniforms for school, bed sheets, and mattress covers. Knit-wear such as T-shirts and briefs were cited in one of the firms. The study concluded that the status of the composite firms is promising and the firms have the potential to develop and compete with others on the international market. Based on the findings of the study the following recommendations were made. The government of Uganda to: 1.) Continue taking strict measures to reduced importation of new and second-hand clothes, 2.) Encourage investments in the local textile industry 3.) Encourage training in the areas of training. 4.) In-service training was recommended for worker already employed in the textile industry.
The impact of maternal nutrition education of nutritional status of children under five years old in Butere Division, Kenya.
(2012-01-12) Shihundu, Damaris Ashioya
According to (Hadaad, 2002), maternal nutrition education has been observed as an important factor related to the nutritional status of children five years old. The purpose of this study was to find out whether maternal nutrition education had an impact on the nutritional status of children under five years in Butere Division, Kenya. Data were collected through oral interviews on one hundred mothers (N=100). This included 24-hour dietary recall. Qualitative assessment of nutritional status was done through clinical assessment of the child's physical features like hair, skin and eyes. Anthropometric measurements (height/length, weight and age) indicated the presence or absence of wasting and stunting among the children. Two groups of mother and child pairs (N=100) were selected for the study. Group 1 mothers (N1=50) were selected as they brought their children to the Maternal and Child Health clinic at Butere Health Centre for routine visits. Group II mothers (N2=50) were selected through two stage cluster sampling and they did not attend any Maternal and Child Health clinic. Data were analysed using frequencies and percentages. Spearman rho statistics was also used. The results were presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the study objectives showed that, all mothers (N=100) had some form of nutrition education, low nutrition education was observed among 46% of the mothers. Basic concepts of nutrition education (food groups, balanced diets and methods of cooking) lacked among mothers, (Group 1, 48% and Group II, 42%). The level of education among mothers influenced the feeding practices used. The higher the education level attained by the mothers the better their acquisition and use of nutrition education (Group I, 46% and group II, 52%). Low income, preference to certain foods, food availability from the farm or market at the time was noted as major external set-backs to selecting and preparing food for the children. Formal school (90%), relatives and friends of the mother (Group I, 46% and Group II, 64%) were a good source of nutrition education. Spearman rho indicated that there was a relationship between formal school, maternal nutrition education, income and nutritional status of the children. The following recommendations were made: Mothers be directly involved in projects and policies related to the nutrition of the children <5 years old, a practical approach be adopted in teaching nutrition education and more studies be carried out with the view of increasing awareness and empowering women in nutrition education and better feeding practices of young children.
Factors that contribute to the prevalence and practice of cohabitation among Kenyatta University students, Nairobi, Kenya
(2011-12-13) Muriithi-Kabaria, J.N.; Mugenda, Olive M.; Kithinji, C. T.
Cohabitation is emerging as an important factor in mate-selection in many societies. It has however been associated with a number of problems including unwanted pregnancies, abortions, marriage failures, sexual abuse, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS. In Kenya, cohabitation has widely been a matter of public debate with limited systematic studies to map out the trend, nature and correlates amongst various groups of the population. In an effort to fill this gap the current study focused on cohabitation among university students. The objectives of this study were aimed at: Identifying factors that contribute to cohabitation by university students and establishing the prevalence of cohabitation among university students. The study also sought to establish the relationship between parents' socio-economic and demographic status on the prevalence and practice of cohabitation. The study also aimed at establishing the influence of peers on the prevalence and practice of cohabitation among university students. The conceptual framework for this study was derived from Erick Erickson's theory of personality development and Brofenbrenner's Ecological Model of Human Development. One hundred and seventy six respondents in their second and fourth years of study were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The survey design with the use of questionnaires was employed to gather information from the respondents. In addition, Key Informants interviews were carried out with persons involved in students' affairs to provide more in depth understanding of the issues under study. The quantitative data collected from fieldwork were entered into a computer spreadsheet and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The tools used in the analysis included frequencies, percentages, means and Chi-Square test of significance. The results showed that there is a prevalence rate of cohabitation o f 2 7.4 percent. The significant factors that influenced the students cohabitation behavior included fathers' occupation (p=0.016), mothers' occupation (p=0.029), parents' residence (p=0.000), parents'/guardians' income (p=0.000), peer pressure (p=0.000), year of study (0.064) and fathers' level of education (0.074). The other factors, which included sex, age, and mothers' level of education, were not significantly related to cohabitation. The results of the study also revealed that majority of the respondents (63%) indicated that they are aware of students' cohabiting in campus. Most of the students had a negative attitude toward cohabitation before marriage (59%). Majority of the students in the study (77%) had a positive attitude towards peer counseling and religious teaching as deterrent measures of cohabitation. The researcher recommended that counseling services to the students need to be strengthened in the universities. It would also be important to review from time to time the financial assistance accorded to students from low-income households to ensure that adequate funds are awarded in line with the prevailing living standards and inflation. It is also recommended that the university authority should consider establishing special hostels for ladies who are expectant or who have children as a result of cohabitation.
Factors influencing professional women's likelihood to adopt clothing fashion: a case of Nairobi city
(2011-12-07) Isika, Juliet Kaindi; Mburugu, K. G.; Mugenda, Olive M.
The influence of fashion on clothing is as old as the custom of wearing clothing. The changing social attitude of many women has changed their attitude towards fashion as they buy clothes to satisfy themselves. This has resulted to a dilemma of sorts due to factors influencing them to adopt clothing fashion that `connect or click', due to pressure to augment their occupational status. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing the professional women's likelihood to adopt clothing fashion in Nairobi City. The objectives of the study were to; establish the sociodemographic characteristics of the professional women, determine information sources influencing clothing fashion adoption; identify the socio-cultural and psychological factors influencing clothing fashion adoption, establish the professional women's likelihood to adopt clothing fashion, establish factors that influence satisfaction with clothing fashion adoption and determine the relationship between satisfaction with clothing fashion adoption and selected independent variables. A descriptive survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire in four service institutions in Nairobi's central administrative division. A sample of 117 professional women was randomly selected to participate in the study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. The findings show a majority of professional women in Nairobi city are unmarried and well educated that is holding bachelor degrees. Most of them held middle level job positions and earned between Kshs. 20,000 - 30,000. However, most of them have three to five dependants. These factors may influence their clothing selection and buying practices, a factor considered in clothing adoption. Most of the professional women frequently adopt a range of clothing styles and pay in cash. They use clothing displays and fashion magazines as their main source of information. They are highly influenced by clothing styles that look beautiful and suit their figure types; this highly depends on their social activities and clothing that is accepted at work. The study concluded that the professional women's satisfaction with clothing fashion adoption practices results in having the likelihood to adopt clothing fashion and is the interplay of various factors. Some of the factors found to be associated with satisfaction in clothing fashion adoption are occupation level and socio-cultural factors. These issues should be addressed by those who manufacture and sell clothing fashion for professional women. The study recommended that a similar study be done among different age groups, such as pre-school, adolescents, and the elderly
Factors influencing selection and buying practices among primary school teachers: a case of Mwimbi Division, Meru South District
(2011-07-27) Riungu, Dorothy M.
Clothing is a factor in every day human life and interactions with others. Clothing is a systematic means of transmitting information about the wearer. Teachers should dress in order to succeed as role models to their pupils. When teachers dress professionally they obtain the respect and credibility necessary from pupils, parents and the community in general. However teachers are not easily recognized in the rural areas by the way they dress. They have lost identity and respect they used to command in society. This study was designed to find out factors influencing the way they dress. The purpose of this study was to determine factors influencing clothing selection among primary school teachers in rural areas with reference to Mwimbi division in Meru district. The main objective in this study was to identify the physical, psychological and socio-economic factors influencing teachers' clothing selection. The study was confined within 22 random sampled schools in Mwimbi division, Meru south, Eastern province, in which a total of 327 teachers were selected at random. The study adopted a descriptive design, since it is concerned with gathering of facts. The data for this study was collected using questionnaire, which was administered by the researcher to a sample of primary schools teachers in Mwimbi division. A pre-testing of the research tool was carried out in 4 schools in order to ascertain its validity and reliability. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as use of frequencies and percentages. The study established that sources of information on clothing that teachers use includes family members, friends, tailors, window shopping and fashion magazines. The various shopping outlets used by teachers include boutiques, tailoring stores, retail stores, open air markets, Mitumba markets (second hand clothes) and exhibitions. The physical characteristics of the clothes influencing clothing selection includes item construction and finishing, fabric quality, work suitability and cleaning and care. Psychological factors such as smart looking, acceptable style personal beliefs and values, latest style and unique outfit influenced clothing selection. Teachers' remuneration influenced clothing section and buying practices. The researcher recommends the government to improve teachers' remunerations so as to enable them to afford the ever competitive clothing fashion world. Further research is recommended with regard to teachers' attitudes towards exotic styles of dressing. Further research should also be done on this topic in urban areas
Determination of fibre properties of Agave Americana leaves as a textile fibre from Mbaruk, Nakuru District
(2011-05-09) Mbugua, Gladwell W.
Agave americana is an exotic plant, which is widely cultk,ated in the world for aesthetic purposes. It belongs to the family Agavaceae and in most varieties the leaf has a white or yellow marginal or central stripe from the base to apex. The Kenyan A. americana fibre has not yet been investigated as a textile fibre. The study aimed to investigate the potential of the fibre extracted from the Agave americana plant, and its quality for use as a textile fibre. This is essential since the United State (US) government has opened its market to Kenyan textiles products and other goods through the African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA). The Agoa Act requires that the beneficiary countries start growing other varieties of vegetable fibres to make fabrics instead of relying only on imported yarns and fabric and locally grown cotton. The soil conditions where the leaves were harvested was analysed and determined. The Agave americana fibres were extracted from the plant leaves and the physical and chemical properties determined. For the purposes of this study plant samples were purposively collected and subjected to retting process to obtain the fibres. The fibres were then randomly assigned for the experimental tests. The data analysis was both qualitative and quantitative. From the analysis the prevailing soil type is sandy clay loam and was also acidic. The fibres obtained were flexible, smooth and lustrous and had similar burning characteristics like other known cellulosiC fibres. The fibres are significantly long with a mean length of 65.2cm and a mead diameter of 0.15mm. This implies that the fibre has good spinning quality. The fbre has a tenacity of 2.94g/d (35.96cN/tex) when dry and 2.3g/d (20.60 cN/Tex) when wet. Generally natural fibres are hydrophilic in nature and this was evident with tile A. americana fibre with a moisture regain of 9.98% and moisture content of 9.19%. Yarns were spun from the fibres, dyed and samples of textile articles were made. The fibre disintegrated when exposed to strong acid and alkalis, but was resistant to weak acids and alkalis. From the findings of this research the fibre was bound to qualify as a potential source of textile fibres and this could provide a secondary source of raw materials for textile products. Similarly the allied activities of cultivating and processing the plant could be a potential source of employment opportunities and income generation for many Kenyans. In Kenya the plant is Frown as an ornamental outdoor and indoor plant and as a fence.

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