MST-Department of Environmental Health
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Occupational Safety Culture in Devki Steel Mills Limited in Athi River, Machakos County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023-01) Amol, Daniel AluoraWorkers in Devki Steel Mills Limited are exposed to several hazards and as a result, an average of three workers go on sick leave monthly due to occupational incidents. The management sought to reduce these incidences using a leading indicator through Safety Culture. Determining the safety culture at Devki Steel Mills Limited was the main objective of this study. Independent variables considered were artefacts, espoused values and basic assumptions while the dependent variable was occupational safety culture. The study made use of an analytical cross sectional design. The study population was 800 permanent employees from which a sample of 260 respondents were selected through the stratified sampling technique. The study used an interviewer administered questionnaire and observation checklist to collect primary data. Key informant interviews were conducted to further elaborate on basic assumptions. Pre testing of the research tools was undertaken to ascertain that the tools were reliable and the resulting data was valid. The data was analysed through inferential statistics by aid of the SPSS version 24.0 software. Tables and charts were used to present the analysed data. This data was interpreted using a safety culture assessment tool provided by Worksafe New south Wales (NSW). The tool categorised an average score that lies between 0% and 49% as Poor, 50% and 74% as Average and above 75% as Good. Of the twenty five artefacts investigated, nineteen were observed. This resulted in a score of 76% which showed that the workplace made good use of safety artefacts. The study analysed the aspired values of the organisation using attributes of safe work procedures, Policies, Injury Management, Return to work and communication. With an average score of 42.9% the organisation scored poorly on upholding the aspired values. For Basic Assumptions, the study analysed attributes of Reporting Safety, Training, Supervision, Management Commitment and Safety prioritisation. The average score of these attributes was 39.3 % resulting in a poor rating for basic assumptions for safety in the organisation. The Pearson’s Correlation was used to deduce the factors that promoted safety culture. The results of the correlation were: management commitment to safety,51.2%, training and supervision, 49.8%, consultation of workers, 49.1% , reporting safety incidents, 45.1%, safe work procedures, 43.2% and injury management & return to work with a score of 38.9%. The study therefore concluded that: (i) the artefacts were installed for regulatory compliance, (ii) A lot of the stated values were not practiced as evidenced by the poor perception amongst respondents (iii) The study also concluded that workers' attitude towards safety in Devki Steel Mills Limited was improving but a lot more should be done in the areas of Induction, Training, Updating safe work procedures and increased resources allocated to safety programs. From the sum average of the first three objectives, the Worksafe NSW Tool ranked the organisation as having an Average safety culture with a mean score of 52.7%, (iv) From the Pearson’s correlation, the most important attribute in building a good safety culture was Management commitment to safety with injury management as the least important. The study recommends that: (i)the organisation incorporates care based artefacts in addition to the existing compliance based ones, (ii)Workers opinions on safety matters be sought through a clear communication channel between management and workers, (iii)the company should provide consistent training on workplace safety and raise awareness of the risk and dangers associated with the tasks performed and (iv) the management should be seen to promote safety through proactive measures as this will demonstrate to workers that the organisation is committed to their safety.Item Uptake of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcison Services and Associated Pyschosocial and Knowledge Based Factors among Men in Turkana County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2024-04) Lokorio, Ekidor AteyoKenya is amongst six high-burden nations in Africa grappling high HIV infections. Approximately 91.2% of Kenyan men have undergone circumcision. However, male circumcision is rarely practiced in Turkana community with male circumcision rates ranging from 5-10%. The study's goals were to identify the influences on consensual medical male circumcision acceptance in Turkana County caused by socio-cultural variables, psychological aspects, social-economic variables, and knowledge-driven factors. Utilizing a researcher-administered survey, KII schedules, and a FGD guide, data was gathered. 434 males made up the sample size. Cross-sectional methodology was used in the investigation. The data was analyzed with SPSS 22. Results showed that of 374 male participants in the study, 79.9% had undergone circumcision, 77.0% were aged 18-35 years, 94.1% were Christians, and 44.7% were unemployed while 54.8% were married. The overall mean scores of responses for socio-cultural factors, psychosocial factors, socio-economic factors, and information sources factors were 3.230 (neutral), 3.602 (positive), 2.894 (negative) and 3.48 (neutral), respectively. The study found that psychological factors, socio-cultural factors, socioeconomic factors, and information sources were significant predictors of embracing VMMC. Sociocultural factors were about 1.522 times more likely to increase uptake of VMMC (AOR= 1.522); p=0.034]. Psychological factors were predicted to increase uptake of VMMC by 1.544 (AOR= 1.554; p=0.028). Social economic factors were predicted to increase uptake of VMMC by 1.068 (AOR = 1.068; p=0.018). Information sources were predicted to increase uptake of VMMC by 1.622 (AOR= 1.622; P=0.013). Thus, this led to the rejection of all the research null hypothesis and the study concluded that socio-cultural, social-economic, psychosocial, and knowledge-based information sources have a positive and significant influence on uptake of VMMC in Turkana County. Additionally, this research recommends that the County Executive Committee members for Health services and sanitation in Turkana County should develop campaigns that respect and integrate local customs, traditions, and religious beliefs, emphasizing how VMMC aligns with these values. They should also train and mobilize peer educators who can relate to the community, sharing accurate information and subjective experiences to dispel myths and misconceptions. The study also advocates for additional educational programs at different educational levels in schools where tailored information about VMMC benefits and HIV/AIDS education will be made easily accessible and comprehensive to all groups of male students. Policymakers in the county government should also advocate for the local leadership to be adequately trained so that they can mobilize communities, sensitize, and educate them about behavioral change and the importance of VMMC.Item Quality of Drinking Water from Masinga-Kitui Water Supply System in Kitui County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023-06) Mulwa, Angeline N.; Akungah Daniel Nyagetiria; Jackim M. NyamariAbstractItem Pesticide Exposure among Farmers in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya(kenyatta university, 2023) Oyaro, Bikwendo Kevin; Jackim M. Nyamari; Joseph MusauKenya as a country relies on agriculture to sustain its economy. Agriculture contributes up to 33% GDP. The quality and quantity of agricultural produce is dependent on the use of different pest controlling mechanisms such as pesticides. The use of pesticides exposes farmers to health complications resulting from contact with chemicals through the application and handling. The main objective of this study was to determine pesticide exposure among farmers of Kwanza sub-county in Trans-Nzoia County. The specific objectives were; to determine the exposure rate of farmers to pesticides, to assess the level of knowledge, determine practice associated with handling pesticides, finding out the perceived health effects and determining the significant risk factors associated with pesticide exposure. To achieve its specific objectives, the study employed a cross-sectional study design. The study used purposive sampling to select participants from Kwanza subcounty and stratified random sampling was employed to pick the participants from within the four elective wards. The study involved 323 participants who filled semistructured questionnaires as a data collection tool. In addition to the use of semi- xi structured questionnaires, FGDs and observation checklist was also used to collect data. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Confidence interval used to prove exposure proportion, likert scale and a chi square test of independence to determine levels of knowledge and practice, Odds Ratio was used to show the association among variables (Sociodemographics and pesticide exposure). Qualitative data was analyzed and presented thematically according to the study objectives. The proportion of farmers exposed was 61% which was within range of CI calculated (51.6% and 70.4%). The socio-demographic factors income (1.66), gender (2.26), age (1.38) and education (4.02) were found to be strongly associated with pesticide exposure due to their OR values being above 1 and chi square test for independence being below P<0.05. Knowledge and practice were below the P<0.05 indicating significance and showing good knowledge and practice that is above average. The study established that farmers in Kwanza sub-county in Trans-Nzoia County employed standard practices when handling pesticides. The Gastro intestinal Tract was found to be the primary medium of acute exposure to pesticides among the farmers. The study found out that farmers’ knowledge of pesticides increased with high education level and training. On practice, the study established that training offered and level of education of individuals is effective in reducing exposure. The study concluded that farmers of Kwanza sub-county in Trans-Nzoia County had basic knowledge on the best practices to handle pesticides but lacked the necessary finances to implement. Thus, it is recommended that farmers in Kwanza sub-county needed to explore financial platforms to help on financial constraints. Furthermore, emphasis on avoiding contamination to reduce the occurrences of acute toxicity while on the farm should be implemented via sanitation practices. Additionally, it’s also recommended that regular monitoring and evaluation of practices when handling pesticides should be done to further increase on the practices of pesticide handling.Item Determinants of Dehydration among Children Under Five Years with Acute Diarrhea Attending Mbagathi Hospital in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2023-11) Muriu, Mary Wanjeri; Judy Mugo; Redempta MutisyaDiarrhea in the developing countries is the second death causing infection among children below five years of age. Millions of these deaths are caused by dehydration which is the most frequent and dangerous complication of diarrhea. Identification of determinants of dehydration among under five years old would help in predicting the children with acute diarrhea who are likely to die due to dehydration. The aim of the study was to establish predictors of dehydration among under five years old seeking treatment for acute diarrhea at Mbagathi County hospital in Nairobi county, Kenya. The specific objectives were to determine the socio- demographic characteristics of primary care givers (PCGs) and child associated with dehydration in under five years old with acute diarrhea attending Mbagathi county hospital, to identify the social- cultural beliefs of PCGs which are associated with dehydration in under five years old with acute diarrhea attending Mbagathi county hospital, to establish whether there was an association between the PCGs level of knowledge in diarrhea management and dehydration in under five years old with acute diarrhea at Mbagathi county hospital and to determine whether there was an association between the prior actions taken by PCGs to manage the acute diarrhea at home and dehydration in children under five years at Mbagathi county hospital. The study applied a hospital based unmatched case- control analytical design with mixed method approach. Purposive sampling was used to select 110 cases and 110 controls who met the inclusion criteria at a ratio of 1:1. The study participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The same sampling method was used to select PCGs to participate in focus group discussions (FGDs). Qualitative data was thematically analyzed by Nvivo software then transcribed and coded into themes. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS Version 25. A mixed effect logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between the predictors of dehydration. The results of the logistics regression analysis are presented in terms of odd ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The socio demographics characteristics of PCGs in cases and controls were almost similar in terms of proportion in both groups. The characteristics of child demographics were also almost similar in both groups. In univariate analysis the variables that were statistically significant at cut off p< 0.2 were then offered to the multivariable model. Findings from the adjusted multivariate model the variables that were statistically significant were highest level of education at p< 0.05 and initiation of zinc supplement at home immediately diarrhea started p<0.05. After adjusting for duration of diarrhea, results of the logistic regression showed that the variables median age of the PCGs at p<0.01 and initiating zinc supplement at home immediately diarrhea started at p< 0.02 were significant predictors of dehydration among children below five years. In conclusion there is risk of developing diarrhea- associated dehydration among children under five years with acute diarrhea attending Mbagathi hospital mainly in young mothers with low education and also due to delay in initiating zinc supplement when children develop diarrhea. Recommendation was that there is need for more focused health education on diarrhea management in young mothers and health promotion activities at the community level so as to sensitize the community and dispel myths and misconceptions on causes and management of diarrhea.Item Compliance to Occupational Safety and Health Practices among Workers in Flower Farms in Embu County, Kenya(kenyatta university, 2023) Barongo, Bevalyne Gechemba; Peterson Njogu Warutere; Isaac K. MakauThe Kenyan flower sector has experienced significant growth since the early 1980s. However, limited studies have been conducted on the provision of occupational safety and health services to employees in this industry. This study aimed to assess the compliance level with occupational safety and health practices among workers in flower farms in Embu County, Kenya. Specifically, the research evaluated risk identification and assessment practices, compliance with workers' health surveillance, and the awareness of safety and health among flower farm workers in Embu County. The study was guided by the Systems Theory of Accident Causation and Domino Theory. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed, isolating dependent and independent variables to determine the extent and frequency of their relationships. The study population consisted of employees working at Fides Kenya Ltd farm in Embu County. The sample size was calculated using the Slovin's formula based on the study population, and respondents were selected through stratified random sampling. Structured questionnaires, an observational checklist, focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KIIs) were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized for data analysis, employing percentages, means, standard deviations, and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation to assess the influence of independent and dependent variables. The study revealed a strong, significant positive correlation between risk identification and assessment practices and compliance with a safe work environment (r=0.799, P=0.001<0.01). Additionally, the surveillance of workers' health showed a strong, significant positive influence on compliance with occupational safety and health practices in flower farms in Embu County (r=0.711, P=0.021<0.05). Moreover, the degree of awareness of safety and health exhibited a strong, significant positive correlation with compliance of occupational safety and health practices (r=0.721, P=0.037<0.05). In conclusion, the study found a high level of risk identification and assessment practices, contributing to improved compliance with occupational safety and health practices among workers in flower farms in Embu County, Kenya. Additionally, the existence of a health surveillance program was identified, preventing diseases and illnesses and further enhancing compliance with occupational safety and health practices among workers. The results also indicated a high level of employee awareness of safety and health, leading to improved compliance with occupational safety and health practices. Based on the findings, it is recommended that management in flower farms in Embu County should ensure the participation of all employees in the application and review of OSH risk identification and assessment practices in accordance with Section 6 of the OSHA 2007. Additionally, implementing periodic and post-employment medical examinations for all workers is advised to comply with the Medical Examination Rules 2005. Furthermore, flower farm management should provide training programs that address new risks, such as changes in machinery or materials, to ensure compliance with Section 99 of the OSHA 2007.The results of this study are essential and can be utilized by policy makers, the county government, and the national government to streamline OSH implementation within the flower industryItem Cyanotoxins Exposure and Attributable Health Effects among Residents of Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Wakhungu, Dickson Wekesa; Daniel Akunga; Peterson WarutereAccess to safe domestic water remains a challenge in many rural community and water scarce areas. One key challenge is cyanotoxins in surface water that has been known to cause serious health effects among people using these sources. The main objective of the study was to determine health effects attributable to cyanotoxin exposure among residents of Tharaka-Nithi County. The study employed Analytical cross-sectional study design in which quantitative data was collected. Interview schedules were main subject ways of data collection from the household heads while water samples for cyanotoxins and physicochemical characteristics were subjected to laboratory analysis. Simple random sampling was used to select 6 water sources. Treated pipe water and residents using it were the control point. The number of households sampled was proportionate to the number of the households in the particular area which were subjected to systematic random sampling technique during data collection. Household heads or any other dependable adult present in the household at the time of interview and were willing to participate were illegible for participation. Those excluded in the study are those who met the inclusion criteria but were absent during the sampling or unwilling to participate. A household to start with was randomly picked and the calculated interval followed in a chosen direction until the required number of households was reached. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and presented using tables and bar graphs. Majority (54.40%) of the respondents were of age 46 and above years. Majority (54.93%) of respondents had primary level of education. Majority (48.53%) of respondents earn less than KShs 10000 per month. Majority (36.59%) of the respondents with more than one disease symptoms related to cyanotoxins use water with high level of cyanotoxins (3.6μg/L). Two sources of water were found to have significant level of cyanotoxin (3.6μg/L and 2.3μg/L) above WHO recommended value (1μg/L). The physicochemical characteristics were found to be high in sources with detected cyanotoxins: -Total nitrogen (7.01mg/l); total phosphorous (2.16 mg/l); pH (9.8); turbidity (21.2 NTU) and temperature (27.6oC). Chi-square test showed that the level of income had significant influence on the selection of the water source while the age and level of education had no significant influence on selection of water source. Pearson correlation found that cyanotoxin levels in the water source influenced the disease symptoms related to cyanotoxins and physicochemical characteristics influenced the cyanotoxin levels in water source. The findings of this study exposed the situation on the ground on health effects related to cyanotoxins and cyanotoxins levels in water sources and hence a wake-up call to the Public Health Officer and other Sub-County authorities on safety of the water sources. It also alerts the residents on the level of cyanotoxins in water they use and effects of using such water sources.Item Evaluation of Work-Related Health and Safety Risks Associated with Hairdressers in Nairobi City County, Kenya.(Kenyatta University, 2022) Chebet, Koskei Winnie; Peterson Warutere; Bernard B. O. AwuondaHairdressers work towards changing or maintaining a person’s image. They are exposed to awkward posture, prolonged standing, long working hours and chemical hazards capable of causing adverse health effects. They are at high risk for safety and health risks which have not been well elucidated. This study sought to evaluate the safety and health risks associated with hairdressers. Specifically, it investigated whether salon designs, ergonomic risk factor and hairdressing tasks have impact on hairdressers’ health and safety. The study used descriptive cross-sectional and analytical design. Systematic random sampling was used to select salons and hairdressers. Closed and open-ended questionnaires were distributed to 286 hairdressers who consented to participate in the study. Observation checklist, WISHA caution checklist, thermometer, light meter and noise level meter were used to collect data in the sampled salon. To determine the impacts of salon deigns, ergonomic risk factors and hairdressing tasks on the health and safety of hairdresser, data were analyzed descriptively and with regression analysis. The findings indicate that the space in most salons in inadequate. The average space for salons is 7.22M² and that most (68.5%) hairdressers work for long hours (11-12 hours). It was also established that few salons (5.48%) have adequate amount of light and that 8.22% salons have high temperatures. Results also showed that aprons are the most used PPEs by hairdressers. It was revealed that manual handling of salon equipment and awkward posture cause musculoskeletal disorders among the hairdressers. Their odd ratios impacting health and safety of hairdressers were 2.706 and 2.728 respectively. All hairdressing tasks were done on awkward positions. The study revealed that hairdressing salon designs; space, affect the lighting and temperatures affect the health and safety of hairdressers. The hours off work and minimal or no breaks also have negative impacts on the health and safety of hairdressers. The study recommends the enforcement of the enacted legislation by the ministry of health and regular provision of hairdresser-based information on ergonomic risks to minimize the health and safety risks in the industry.Item Utilization of Continuum of Care and Prevalence of Puerperal Sepsis among Postnatal Mothers in Kericho County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2022) Kipkirui, Beatrice Chelangat; Margaret Keraka; Josephat NyageroMaternal and infant mortality is a critical issue that has been a herculean challenge to governments all over the world and especially in less developed nations. The continuum of care is reportedly one of the major strategies of addressing this challenge. This study sought to put into perspective the various factors that influence the continuum of care (COC) practices and how the said practices influence occurrence of puerperal sepsis among postnatal mothers. The specific objectives included to determine the prevalence of puerperal sepsis amongst PN mothers, to determine the utilization of COC amongst postnatal mothers, to determine the factors affecting utilization of COC; and to determine COC association with puerperal sepsis. Literature on the contributing factors, continuum of care practices and occurrence of puerperal sepsis was reviewed, critiqued and research gaps outlined. A cross-sectional research design and a mixed approach were adopted. Positivism paradigm guided the study. The study variables included maternal factors, and health facility-related and occurrence of puerperal sepsis. The study was conducted in Kericho County where participants were postnatal mothers and health care workers. A sample of 385 postnatal mothers and8 postnatal mothers was considered by the study. A structured questionnaire and focus group discussion guide were used as tools for data collection. The tools were pretested with the view of assessing their validity and reliability. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences tool. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis. Pertinent logistical and ethical issues were considered. The findings indicated that in reference to adherence to the compliant of care practices, the mothers preferred to give birth at health facilities (95.2%). This notwithstanding, the completion of the continuum of care was not realized by the mothers in Kericho County. Although affordable, some mothers were deterred from seeking necessary continuum of care services from health facilities due to staff inadequacy and lengthy distance. The continuum of care practices was found to explain 83.1% variability in the occurrence of puerperal sepsis. It was also indicated that the effect of the continuum of care practices on occurrence of puerperal sepsis was statistically significant at p<0.001. The study concluded that the surveyed mothers did not complete the continuum of care since only a few attended ANC with majority opting to deliver at health facilities and attend PNC. Puerperal sepsis occurred while the mothers were at home not in the hospital. It is recommended that there ought to be more awareness on matters reproductive health in order to encourage more mothers to embrace the continuum of care practices through home visiting and postnatal follow ups by the healthcare providers.Item School Hygiene Promotion Approaches and their Influence on Pupil’s Hygiene Practices in Public Primary Schools in Dagoretti, Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Kathuni, Styvers Kirimi; Daniel Akunga; Esther Kitur; Sammy LetemaHygiene promotion in schools is an area of focus for public health practitioners in a bid to mitigate spread of water, sanitation and hygiene related diseases. There exist several hygiene promotion approaches that can be used in similar or different situations. Research indicates that selection and application of different approaches yields varied outcomes. The absence of clear guidelines on selection of hygiene promotion approaches, as is the case in Kenya, can lead to varied adoption of hygiene practices. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of hygiene promotion approaches on pupil’s hygiene practices. The study sought to establish the proportion of pupils practicing safe hygiene practices and the hygiene promotion approaches being employed by public primary schools in Dagoretti North and South Sub Counties in Nairobi City County. The study applied a descriptive cross-sectional design. Eligible schools in the study area had a population of 14,505 pupils and probability proportional to size was used to distribute the sampled 384 pupils across the schools. Questionnaires were administered to pupils with the aim of collecting data on hygiene knowledge and practices. Questionnaires were also used to collect data on selection of hygiene promotion approaches from 32 school health teachers. Pupil’s demographic data was collected from school head teachers. Five key informant interviews were conducted with Nairobi City County public health and education officers and a non-governmental organization staff. Observation checklists were used to triangulate information on hygiene practices by pupils. The data collected was entered and analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Scientists to determine association and significant differences between variables through Chi-Square and Fisher’s exact tests. For comparison of quantitative variables, one-way analysis of variance test was used. Results indicate that 95.6% of the pupils practiced hand washing at critical times, 98.7% used the toilet while 85.4% safely disposed solid waste. The study reveals that water, sanitation and hygiene in school approach is implemented by 31.3% of the school health teachers. There is a significant relationship between school health clubs approach and hand washing at critical times (p=0.04) and proper solid waste disposal (p=0.02). One way analysis of variance established that there is a statistically significant difference among hygiene promotion approaches and pupils hygiene knowledge, F(5, 162) = 6.41, p <0.05 ƞ²p = 0.076. Majority of the school health teachers (62.5%) noted that the school’s management support to a particular approach was the major factor influencing selection of the approach. There is a significant relationship between selection of an approach due to the factor that non-governmental organization or government officers came with the approach and a combination of school health clubs, Water Sanitation and Hygiene in schools and No Strings approaches (p=0.02). The study concludes that different hygiene promotion approaches have potential to influence hygiene practices and in particular, hand washing at critical times and proper solid waste disposal amongst pupils in public primary schools in Dagoretti. The study recommends formation of school health clubs and involvement of school’s management in selection and implementation of hygiene promotion approaches.Item Determinants of Occupational Injuries among Workers in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities in Ka-Kamega County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Makokha, Winnie Rabera; Jackim Nyamari; Isaac K. MakauOccupational injury is any bodily damage, that may be fatal or non-fatal in nature, resulting from a work-related accident. Though preventable, these injuries have resulted in serious socio-economic consequences that have been described as a major public health problem. In artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), occupational injuries are one of the many health concerns. Indeed, ASGM has been in existence in various parts of Kenya for decades including in Rosterman, Kakamega County. Despite ASGM being a common eco-nomic activity, health and safety concerns, such as occupational injuries have yet to be documented and addressed adequately. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of occupational injuries, assess the level of knowledge on health and safety among workers in ASGM, assess the application of organizational and regulatory frame-works in health and safety in ASGM and to determine risk factors associated with the in-juries among workers engaging in ASGM in Rosterman, Kakamega County, Kenya. This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design and stratified proportionate sam-pling was used as a sampling technique. A total of 313 ASGM workers were interviewed alongside six key informants. Interviewer-administered electronic based questionnaires, interview guides, observation checklists and photography, were used to collect the data. The questionnaires were administered through the Open Data Kit platform. The data anal-ysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 22. The relationship between independent and dependent variables was determined using chi-squared tests. Significant factors were analyzed further using logistic regression and ex-pressed as odds ratio. The study found that prevalence of occupational injuries was 44.73 % with the most affected body parts being hands and upper and lower limbs at 62.14% and 30% respectively. Hand injuries were reported to be the most severe at 45%. Occupational injuries were significantly associated with having an alternative source of income (p=0.019), alcohol consumption (p=0.027), personal safety culture (p=0.007), using ham-mer or mallet (p=0.002), using pick axe (p=0.036), excavating (p=0.042) and wearing pro-tective boots (p=0.023). The significant risk factors that predicted injuries included, alter-native source of income (p=0.027), personal safety culture (p=0.021) and use of hammer or mallet (p=0.022). Respondents who had an alternative source of income were 1.79 times more likely to experience injuries. Key informants reported two fatalities to have occurred at the Rosterman mines as a result of tunnel cave-in, asphyxiation, and electrocution. The respondents had varied knowledge on health and safety practices in ASGM including the importance of PPE and training on the prevention of injuries. It was observed that machin-ery such as the ore crusher does not undergo preventive inspection. In conclusion, the study revealed that injuries are prevalent in ASGM with the most affected body parts being hands. Various risk factors were associated with injuries including having an alternative source of income, using a mallet or hammer. The study recommended having workers sen-sitized on the kind of injuries they are exposed to. Also, relevant stakeholders should create awareness on the risk factors to injuries and initiate strategies to reduce the burden of inju-ries among ASGM workers.Item Prevalence of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders and its Associated Factors in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Githire, Margaret Mumbi; Kitur Esther; Muiruri King'ang'aHuman Immunodeficiency Virus associated Neurocognitive disorders are often undiagnosed in HIV-infected persons. Recent publications approximate the prevalence of Hiv associated neurocognitive disorder has always been under reported, and this is likely more among those who have had exposure to the virus for longer. Hiv associated neurocognitive disorder and its related effects on the daily life of a person may pose a great impact on medication adherence and may lead to mortality if not detected and managed early. In Kenya there are few studies published on the prevalence and dangers that Hiv associated neurocognitive disorder pose to the individual, the family and the rest of the public. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and its associated factors among people living with HIV in Dream Center, Nairobi City County. The study was a cross-sectional, descriptive survey of HIV-positive patients that seek care at the Center. 374 Participants were selected randomly during the clinic appointment. Two neurocognitive screening tools were administered: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool was used to assess the primary outcomes while the Katz index of independence in activities of daily living tool was used to analyze the secondary outcomes. A medication possession rate was used to assess the adherence among the patients. The data was processed using a multi-variate statistical analysis to assess relationship between the different variables. Prevalence rate of HIV associated neurocognitive disorder in Nairobi City County was concluded from the study as 62 % (n= 218) for mild neurocognitive impairments, 32.3% (n=114) for Asymptomatic Neuro cognitive disorder and 5.7% (n=20) for HIV associated Dementia. On Socio-demographic characteristics, there was no significant association between age, gender, education level and marital status in the study. Majority of the respondents were female (69.3%, n=244) and the predominant age range was 25-34 years (52.6%, n=184). The youngest respondent was 19 years and the oldest was 63 years. The mean age of the respondents was 33. There was no statistically significant (p=0.880) association between WHO clinical staging of HIV and Hiv associated neurocognitive disorder among the participants. There was significant association between the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen and Montreal Cognitive Assessment score at p value of 0.028. 53.9% (n=165). Most clients were on TDF/3TC/EFV as the dominant regimen at 53.9 %(n=190) and 31.3% (n=110) were on TDF/3TC/DTG regimen. There was no association between the viral load and the Mo CA scores (p-value of 0.252). The respondents with low detectable level of virus were 80.7 % (n=284). The adherence rates of the participants were optimal as shown by the majority (75%, n=264) of the participants who scored adherence rates above 95%, There was no statistically significant association observed between the neurocognitive disorders and adherence to HAART (p value=0.32). The results indicate that the prevalence of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorder is high among the patients attending Dream Center, Nairobi City County and there is a significant correlation between the HAART regimen and HIV associated neurocognitive disorder.Item Work-Related Injuries among Slaughterhouse Workers in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021-06) Mogute, Jane Riechi; Jackim M Nyamari; Isaac K MakauWorkplace injuries are no longer accidents; they are preventable. Increased meat consumption demand in developed countries means production of meat and meat products is poised to significantly increase. Working conditions in the slaughterhouse industry are of public health concern across the globe as it affects majority of slaughterhouse workers. The Slaughterhouse Industry being risky, requires enhancement of its workers‘ safety and health as they are regularly exposed to unsafe situations. This study therefore sought to establish work-related injuries among slaughterhouse workers in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study specifically focused on socio-demographic factors, prevalence of work related injuries, individual factors and attitude on work safety among respondents. The study adopted a cross sectional descriptive study design in 3 export slaughterhouses, 2 local category B slaughterhouses, 6 local category C slaughterhouses and 3 meat processing plants in Nairobi city county, Kenya. Latitude 0f 1170S and the longitude of 36490E with a total size of 696 sq. Kilometres with a population of 4,397,073 people (KNBS 2019). Clearance to conduct the study was obtained from Kenyatta University graduate school, Kenyatta University Ethical Review Committee, National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) and County director of Vetenary Services (CDVS) Nairobi City County. Quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used. Quantitative data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire administered by trained research assistants. Qualitative data collection utilized key informant interview guides and focused group discussion schedules. The study targeted a sample size of 291 slaughterhouse workers out of 846 slaughterhouse workers who were randomly selected from 11 slaughterhouses in Nairobi City County and interviewed. Three focused group discussions were held and 22 key informants interviewed. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0 was used to analyze quantitative data. Descriptive statistics were used to present quantitative data in form of frequency tables, percentages, pie charts and bar graphs. Qualitative data from focused group discussion sessions and key informants were triangulated with quantitative data as direct quotes or narrations from respondents. Inferential statistics were done using Chi Square tests to determine the association between study variables at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). The results revealed that the prevalence of work related among slaughterhouse workers in Nairobi City County was 36.2%. The common cause of work related injuries were slips and fall. Wounds or superficial injuries were the most reported injuries. Majority of socio demographic factors such as age (p=0.045), income (p=0.027) and highest level of education (p=0.024) were significantly associated with occurrence of work related injuries. Most of the individual factors such as work experience (p=0.007), awareness (p=0.002), training (0.026), motivation on work safety (p=0.001) and willingness to use personal protective equipment were significantly associated with work related injuries. 55.6% of respondents had negative attitude on adherence to work safety. The level of attitude (p=0.014) was significantly associated with occurrence of work related injuries. The study concludes that the prevalence of work related injuries was 36.2% among slaughterhouse workers in Nairobi City County. Majority of socio demographic factors influenced occurrence of work related injuries which were: Age, Income and level of education. Most individual factors played a key role towards occurrence of work related injuries which included: Work experience, Awareness, xv Training on work safety, Motivation and willingness to use PPES. Also categories of slaughterhouses was linked with level of compliance to OSHA, 2007. There were negative attitude towards adherence on work safety among respondents. These findings shall inform the County government of Nairobi together with management of slaughterhouses to enforce adherence to the policies on sensitization of work place safety, fostering attitude change through; trainings, motivation, self-awareness and use of appropriate personal protective equipment among slaughterhouse workers and circulation of constant reminders to reduce prevalence of work related injuries. This will ensure prevention of work related risks which may lead to ever rising cases of injuries. The study recommends that the income earned by slaughterhouse workers should be reviewed for better payment to avoid rushes at work so as to reduce high employee turnout associated with hiring of inexperienced individuals. Slaughterhouses should innovate injury mitigation measures such as; rewarding workers that promote safety in the slaughterhouse environment, training of workers and mentoring inexperienced employees.Item Risk Factors for Occurrence of Stillbirths among Women Delivering in Selected Hospitals of Marsabit County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2021) Wako, Badane Amina; Isabella Epiu; Samuel OtorGlobally, its estimated that out of 130 million births 4 million are stillborn, with majority occurring in developing countries. The Government of Kenya has put in place strategies for free maternity services to all mothers to offer early screening in pregnancy and prevented complications during delivery by use of skilled birth attendants. The current study sought to examine risk factors for occurrence of stillbirths among pregnant women delivering in Marsbait County. Specifically, the study sought to determine socio-economic, maternal, health system and knowledge factors associated with occurrence of stillbirths. The study employed cross-sectional descriptive study design targeting women who delivered at Marsabit County. The study used both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Questionnaires were used to collect Quantitative data while qualitative data was collected using Key Informant Interview schedules which targeted nurses working in the selected hospitals. A sample size of 387 mothers was selected from Kalacha Sub-County Referral Hospital, Laisamis Sub-County Referral Hospital, Moyale Sub-County Referral Hospital and Marsabit County Referral Hospitals using systematic sampling with a predetermined interval of 10 while 8 nurses were selected purposively to provide additional information as the Key Informants. Ethical considerations were followed to the latter. Confidentiality was maintained and quantitative data analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24.0 with results described as frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data were triangulated with quantitative results as direct narrations or verbatim quotes. Inferential statistics were calculated using Chi-Square and Fisher‟s Exact Tests at 95% confidence interval and p-values of <0.05 were considered significant. The study results revealed that the rate of stillbirth occurrence was 5.9 per cent. Socio-economic factors such age (p=0.006), education (p=0.007), occupation (p=0.002) and level of income (p=0.047), maternal factors such as antenatal attendance (p=0.031), use of illicit drugs(locally made brew “chang‟aa”) (p=0.041), low maternal weight (p=0.043) and tough domestic work (p=0.004), health system factors such as distance (p=0.002), cost of transport (p=0.036), health information (p=0.004), type of insurance (p=0.029) and culture (p=0.031) were significantly associated with outcome of delivery. The results further revealed low knowledge levels among respondents with significant influence (p=0.039) on outcome of delivery. The study concludes that the respondents from Marsabit County experience relatively high rates of stillbirths compared to the national figure. The outcome of delivery was significantly influenced by socio-economic, maternal and health system factors. The respondents further had low knowledge levels which influenced outcome of delivery. These results would also be of use to the Ministry of Health for purposes of health education, policy formulation and implementation with regards to workable short term interventions and long-term maternal and child health interventions. This will address high cases of stillbirth occurrence across the country thus improving the delivery outcomes of pregnancies among mothers delivering in public hospitalsItem Stress Levels among Construction Workers in Kibera Resettlement Action Plan Project in Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2020) Kioko, Ruth Kamene; Fidelis Kilonzo; Christine MajaleProfessionals engaged in the construction industry operate in highly competitive environment as they aim to keep pace with the global and national demands of infrastructural development. Workers engaged in the construction industry are expected to deliver designed projects within strict time lines and defined budgets. In this regard construction workers are subjected to emotionally and mentally demanding circumstances that contribute towards stress levels. Different studies done in segregated countries provide qualitative data concurrence that stress levels are high among construction workers. In Nigeria a study established there was high stress factors among construction workers. The contributing factors were insufficient thermal comfort, high work load; insufficient feedback on previous and ongoing building projects, inadequate security/ safety measures on site, and fragmentation of building work into specialized fields. In the United Kingdom, it was discovered that construction professionals were progressively viewing their work as being stressful. In Hong Kong, high levels of job burnout were evident among construction professionals. This has endangered their well-being and diminished their industrial efficiency and long-term competitiveness All things considered, to ensure that a given task is done considering spending plan and time, development laborers and specialists need to work for longer hours to achieve the targets that are set hence resulting to stress levels. This research looks at levels of stress in the construction business in Kenya with a focus on Kibera Resettlement Action Plan Project. In particular, the research investigates on what causes stress, stress levels and approaches to manage stress among work forces. This examination used a cross sectional descriptive investigation plan and focused on 176 employees working with H. Young and Company, (East Africa) Ltd to carry out the Kibera Resettlement Action Plan Project. The findings of the study found that the principal causes of work stress among construction workers are work overload, role conflict, complexity of roles and feedback which fall under task and organization stressors. The finding revealed that stress in construction firm is managed using different strategies that are either problem or emotional focused at the individual and company level and it established that male workers in the construction company had the highest levels of subjective stress while female workers in this construction company had the highest levels of objective stress. The study further found that general workers had the highest levels of subjective and objective stress followed by skilled workers and managers. The study thus postulates key recommendations in mitigation work stress among the construction workers. Foremost, the study recommends that construction firm to place more emphasis on task and organizational stressors especially with regard to role conflict, complexity of roles, work load and feedback. The second recommendation pertains to efforts by the management of construction firms in developing strategic ways that ensure the low cadre employees are not overburdened with work. The third recommendation is with regard to efforts by management of construction firm in regularly revising the company stress management strategies in order to maintain its efficacy. Finally, the study recommends that construction workers to form worker groups and unions in which they can share their work-related stress and report such stressors to the management for appropriate remedial measures.Item Compliance with Occupational Safety Practice among Petrol Station Pump Attendants in Kaduna state, Nigeria(Kenyatta University, 2020) Kakwi, Josephine Daniel; Anthony W. Nyambura; Rosebella IsemePetrol pump attendants in Kaduna encounter numerous hazards at the pump. This constitutes the most important threat to their survival at the workplace. Unfortunately, there are very few researches evaluating compliance with safe practices among pump attendants in Kaduna South, Nigeria. Therefore; the study objectives were to assess the compliance levels with safe practice, to establish pump attendant’s knowledge and attitude on safe practice and to determine the factors associated with the compliance rate. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. Two-stage cluster sampling technique was utilized to select 27 filling stations, of which, 212 petrol pump attendants were interviewed as respondents. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics including percentages and frequencies were utilised in summarizing the data. Findings of the study show that the level of compliance with safe practices in terms of fire extinguisher usage (76.9%) and use of PPE (77.8%) was good. However, other safe practices have been neglected. Knowledge was generally good, especially in terms of PPE usage (92%), fire extinguisher (99.1%), and the use of spill kits (64.6%). Pump attendant's also had a positive attitude towards compliance. Inferential analysis revealed that level of education (AOR 3.331, CI 95% 1.771-6.264), work experience (AOR 1.905, CI 95% 1.028-3.529) and attitude (AOR 5.216, CI 95% 1.458- 18.665) are the best predictors for compliance with safe practice. Therefore, the study concludes that pump attendants have a good knowledge and a positive attitude regarding safe practices, but recommends that education and training of pump attendants should be prioritized in order to boost compliance rate which was found to be poor. Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) should enforce the adoption of safety regulations in order to improve compliance by both managers and pump attendants.Item Attitudes and Perceptions Among Issey and Masese Communities Towards Conservation of Forest Resources in Mau Forest Complex, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Nyangweso, Hyline NyatichiForests cover approximately 30% of the earth‘s land surface area and provide critical ecosystem goods and services to mankind. However, forest cover in Kenya is among the lowest in the world, currently at around 7.6%. The Mau Forest Complex is the largest water tower in Kenya, but is threatened because of land use change and rapid human population growth in the adjoining areas. The overall objective of this study was to assess community attitudes and perception towards conservation of the Mau Forest, and relate them to alternatives to forest resource use. Methodology for data collection involved a case study survey. Semi-structured and structured questionnaires were used to collect data from the local residents and Community Forest Association officials, respectively. The hypotheses tested were that communities living in the periphery of Mau Forest Complex have positive attitudes and perceptions towards the forest and alternatives to forest resources, and that proximity influences the community‘s attitudes towards the forest and people-wildlife conflicts. Pearson correlation was used to find relationships between variables, and Chi-square test was performed to determine statistical significance differences (p < 0.05) in responses between the study areas (Masese and Issey). A total of 200 residents from Issey and Masese areas of Bomet were interviewed. Men and female respondents interviewed were 86% (n = 172) and 14% (n = 28), respectively. There were positive attitudes towards the forest among most (89%) of the community members. As a result, respondents were practicing some form of conservation of resources on their farms, such as tree planting, and soil and water conservation. However, 60% of the respondents indicated that they have had a bad experience with the forest, and people wildlife-conflicts were causes of negative attitudes towards the forest. This study gives a number of recommendations that can be used to foster forest conservation in Kenya, such as training of residents about the environment, encouraging the use of alternatives to forest resources, fostering local decision making and participation in forest management, and compensation of losses as a result of wildlife invasion of farms and homes. As elsewhere, these recommendations have the potential to create positive attitudes towards the Mau Forest Complex and an apparent increase in positive forest interactions and behavior that will ultimately lead to forest conservation and well-being in Kenya.Item Assessment of Water Quality in Aquaculture Ponds in Tigoni , Kiambu County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2020-01) Mbuthia, Milkah GathoniFisheries and aquaculture is an important source of food, income and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people around the world. Aquaculture production has increased fro m 29.5million tonnes in 2010 to 37.5 million ton nes in 2014 in the world and 1.3 million tons in 2010 to 3.8 million tonnes in Africa. There is no sufficient information suitability of water quality in aquaculture ponds in Tigoni . The aim of the study was to determine the suitability of aquaculture ponds for fish farming based on their water quality The specific objective s of the study were; t o find out quality of water in aquaculture ponds , t o identify the type of algae in aquaculture ponds and t o evalu ate the relationship s between water quality and algae in the aquaculture ponds. The study area was Tigoni in Kiambu County. Stratified random sampling design was used to select 8 sample ponds which water samples were collected twice a mont h for four months . Parameters were temperatures, pH, conductivity, dissolved Oxygen (DO), secchi depth, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrates, phosphate and algae identification was also done. The mean values for the physical parameters ranged from 19.69±0.48 0 C to 22 .54±0.57 0 C (water temperature), 7.57 ±0.52 (pH), 190.25±127.86 to 416.50±168.93 µS/cm (conductivity), 14.13±3.36 to 28.38±7.13cm (transparency) and 4.03±1.39 to 6.63±1.37 mg/l . Chemical parameter 1.99±0.52 to 2.82±0.48 mg/l (BOD), 5.06±1.05 to 57.57±15.84 mg/ l (phosphate) and 0.38±0.10 to 8.86±1.20 ( One Way ANOVA indicated significant difference between pond F and H (P=0.001) (temperature), pond A and G (P=0.001) (pH), pond A and C (p=002) (conductivity). Pond D from G (p=0.000) (Secchi depth), pon d C and G (P=0.001) (DO). Pond D and G (p=0.001) (BOD) Pond F and H (p=0.001) (phosphates) and pond A and H (0.000) (nitrates). Mean temperature were in the lower range with pond D and H bein g below optimum range. DO t test, pond G had a significant differ ence (t=7.500, α=0.05, p=0.00) and there was no significant difference in BOD in all ponds. A total of 12 genera of algae were identified. Composition per pond was; pond A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H recorded 6, 10, 7, 6, 6, 7, 10 and 11 genera respectively. Temperature, lowest Pond H 6 genera identified, highest mean pond 7 genera were identified. Phosphate, Pond H highest mean 11 genera pond F 7 genera. Nitrates highest in pond H 11 genera while lowest was in pond A 6 genera were identified. In conclusion , water quality in most aquaculture ponds did not vary signific antly from one pond to another and the quality in most aquaculture ponds met quality for fish farming . Ponds high in phosphates and nitrates had more genera of The study recommends wate r management intervention be practced to manage water quality and control algae growth also water and soil conservation to control nutrient load in water sources . R esearch on suitability of water used for aquaculture in the area , a comparative study for wa ter quality in liner and earthen ponds and the algae composition and abundance in the aquaculture pondsItem Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Shallow Well Water in Kawangware Location, Nairobi City County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2020-09) Njiraini, Beth WaitheraLack of access to clean drinking water adversely the public health. Kawangware location is undergoing rapid expansion in population, economic growth and urbanization. One of the challenges of this growth is pressure on public water supply. The inconsistent and inadequate water supply for the inhabitants has led to majority of the population relying on ground water for domestic and commercial uses more so, on shallow wells which seem to be relatively cheaper to construct. This has increased the vulnerability of underground water sources to sewage and waste water contamination and therefore exposing the population to infections by various water borne pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of shallow well water used by households in Kawangware Location and compare it with the Kenya Bureau of Standards for drinking water. Water samples were from the three sub-location that is Kabiro, Gatina and Kawangware. Cross-sectional Survey research design was used and was accompanied by laboratory tests to analyze the level of each parameter from twenty eight shallow wells. A total of 112 samples were collected. Water samples were collected in the morning and evening in the month July and August 2017.The collected samples were analyzed for temperature using a mercury thermometer; pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity and Total dissolved solids was determined using portable meters. Zinc, iron, cadmium and lead were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, potassium and sodium using a flame photometer, total hardness was analyzed using titration, nitrates, phosphate, and bacteriological analysis were tested in accordance with the Standard methods for the Examination of water and waste waters. Derived values of tables and graphs were adopted for data presentation. The measurements physico-chemical parameters were as follows: in Gatina all parameters were within KEBs drinking water standards except for turbidity value which ranged from 0.6-78 μS/cm, NO3- value ranged from 17- 19.5 mg/L,PO32- ranged from 0.02-15.8mg/L, Cd ranged from 0.03-0.06 mg/L and Pb ranged from 0.01-1 mg/L. In Kawangware site all the parameters were within KEBs drinking water standards except for turbidity value which ranged from 0.0-50.1 μS/cm, NO3- value ranged from 17.5-19.7mg/L,PO32- ranged from 0.02-42.8 mg/L, Cd ranged from 0.03-0.05 mg/L and Pb ranged from 0.06-0.09 mg/L. In Kabiro site all the parameters were within KEBs drinking water standards except for turbidity value which ranged from 0.0-100.9 μS/cm ,NO3- value ranged from 14.3-20.1 mg/L,PO32- ranged from 0.04-14.0 mg/L and Cd ranged from 0.03-0.06 mg/L.The result obtained for the microbial analysis indicated that all the water samples analysed from the shallow wells in Kawangware location were contaminated with both total coliform and faecal coliforms. The highest counts of total coliform was 1637 MPN/100 ml and was recorded at Kabiro whilst the lowest counts of 1013 MPN/100 ml was recorded at Kawangware. At the same time, the water from all the sub-location had faecal coliforms with Gatina sub-location recording higher numbers (434 MPN/100 ml) followed by Kawangware (298 MPN/100) and finally Kabiro (271 MPN/100 ml). The results of the study also revealed that the physico-chemical parameters of ground water were significantly different (P≤0.05) from the recommended levels by the KEBS (2010).Parameters like Nitrates, phosphates, turbidity, lead, cadmium, coliforms levels and feacal coliforms exceeded the KEBS standards with the rest being within the acceptable levels. The difference was not significant (p≤ 0.05) between the levels of turbidity, Iron and phosphates and that of KEBS. The ground water in the area is not safe for drinking due to elevated levels of Nitrates, phosphates, turbidity, lead, cadmium, total coliforms levels and feacal coliforms which poses a great health risk to the public therefore there is need to supply safe water for domestic purposes.Item Anthropogenic Impacts on Land Use and Land Cover Change in Ombeyi Wetland, Kisumu County, Kenya(Kenyatta University, 2020-11) Odhiambo, Nicodemus OsoroLand use and land cover change dynamics and associated human-induced transitions studies are very critical in the formulation of sustainable land management strategies, land use systems and policies. The study aimed at generating a characterized area estimate of Ombeyi wetland’s land use and land cover change schema for the period between 1990 and 2017, examining the spatial and temporal characteristics of anthropogenic impacts and their relationship with land use and land cover change in Ombeyi wetland, and to evaluate the impact of existing plan/program used for sustainable management of Ombeyi wetland. The study adopted a mixed-method design consisting of remote sensing and GIS-based analysis, key informants interview, and a household survey of 384 households. Remote sensing analysis revealed that between 1990 and 2017, the area covered by papyrus vegetation has decreased from 1017.01 Ha to 4.04 Ha while agricultural land and built-up area increased from 2966.5 Ha to 3450.8 Ha and 52.46 Ha to 581.2 Ha, respectively. Key informants attributed the changes to population increase (29.2%) and their associated demand for land and natural resources. Analysis of household-survey results validated the observed patterns during the remotely sensed data analysis phase, as majority of the respondents (90.1%) own land within the wetland through inheritance. The respondents reported farming (92.2%) as their main occupation with 72.4% of the same respondents attaining primary level education and below. Most of the respondents (24.7%) are aged between 21 and 30 years with 88.3 %, earning Kshs >2,500 or more monthly from wetland utilization. Wetland conservation was not popular as 70.1% of the respondents were against conservation while 98.1% have never participated in any conservation efforts. Results from the evaluation of the integrated management plan 2014-2018 objectives were, afforestation and re-afforestation in catchment areas (50%), improve environmental education and awareness (50%), halt pollution and improve water quality (45.45%), improved food security and household income (41.67%), and enhancement of participatory monitoring and evaluation (50%). Hypothesis testing for; there is significant spatial and temporal change in Ombeyi wetlands’ land cover types using T-test resulted in a p-value of 0.999, while correlational test for hypothesis; anthropogenic impacts significantly correlate with changes in land use and land cover resulted in a r-value of 0.892. Both hypotheses were accepted. The respondents proposed land use zoning (30.2%) as the most suitable conservation measure. The current state of land cover and its dynamics have had negative impacts on the livelihoods of residents and resources management.