RP-Department of Agricultural Sciences and Technology

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Optimizing sunflower production through the use of GIS-based soil fertility management strategy
(taylor & Francis, 2024-07-31) Nungulaa, Emmanuely Z.; Massaweb, Boniface J.; Chappac, Luciana R.; Nhundab, Daniel M.; Seleimand, Mahmoud F.; Alie , Nawab; Gitari, Harun I.
this study aimed to use a GiS-based approach in producing soil fertility maps and utilize the spatial data on achieving site-specific management of major nutrients in Morogoro, Tanzania. Soil samples were collected in six mapping units and analyzed for chemical properties such as ph, cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity. arcGiS 10.8 was used to produce nutrient variability maps of organic carbon, available p, total nitrogen and exchangeable K, ......
Insect frass fertilizer as a regenerative input for improved biological nitrogen fixation and sustainable bush bean production
(Frontiers, 2024-09-05) Chepkorir,Agnes; Beesigamukama, Dennis; Gitari, Harun I.; Chia, Shaphan Y.; Subramanian, Sevgan; Ekes, Sundayi; Abucheli, Birachi Eliud; Rubyogo, Jean Claude; Zahariadis, Theodore; Athanasiou, Gina; Zachariadi, Aikaterini; Zachariadis, Vasileios; Tenkouano, Abdou; Tanga, Chrysantus M
Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production is undermined by soil degradation and low biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) capacity. This study evaluated the effect of black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) on bush bean growth, yield, nutrient uptake, BNF, and profitability, in comparison with commercial organic fertilizer (Phymyx, Phytomedia International Ltd., Kiambu, Kenya), synthetic fertilizer (NPK), and rhizobia inoculant (Biofix, MEA Fertilizers, Nairobi, Kenya). The organic fertilizers were applied at rates of 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg N ha−1 while the NPK was applied at 40 kg N ha−1, 46 kg P ha−1, and 60 kg K ha−1. The fertilizers were applied singly and in combination with rhizobia inoculant to determine the interactive effects on bush bean production. Results showed that beans grown using BSFFF were the tallest, with the broadest leaves, and the highest chlorophyll content. Plots treated with 45 kg N ha−1 BSFFF produced beans with more flowers (7 – 8%), pods (4 – 9%), and seeds (9 – 11%) compared to Phymyx and NPK treatments. The same treatment also produced beans with 6, 8, and 18% higher 100-seed weight, compared to NPK, Phymyx, and control treatments, respectively. Beans grown in soil amended with 30 kg N ha−1 of BSFFF had 3–14-fold higher effective root nodules, fixed 48%, 31%, and 91% more N compared to Phymyx, NPK, and rhizobia, respectively, and boosted N uptake (19 – 39%) compared to Phymyx and NPK treatments. Application of 45 kg N ha−1 of BSFFF increased bean seed yield by 43%, 72%, and 67% compared to the control, NPK and equivalent rate of Phymyx, respectively. The net income and gross margin achieved using BSFFF treatments were 73 – 239% and 118 – 184% higher than the values obtained under Phymyx treatments. Our findings demonstrate the high efficacy of BSFFF as a novel soil input and sustainable alternative for boosting BNF and improving bush bean productivity.
Enhancing germination and seedling growth of barley using plasmaactivated water (PAW) with neutralized pH
(taylor & Francis, 2024-07-31) Seleiman, Mahmoud F.; Ali, Nawab; Nungula, Emmanuely Z.; Gitari, Harun I.; Alhammad, Bushra A.; Battaglia, Martin l.
achieving the highest seed germination and seedling growth rates is of paramount importance to maximize overall crop productivity. among different technologies aiming at increasing seed germination and early plant growth, cold atmospheric pressure plasma (Cap) and plasma-activated water (paW) are two of the most promising. however, Cap has been shown to decrease the ph of water, potentially constraining the utility of paW in applications involving ph-sensitive plants. here, we assessed the impact of magnesium addition to paW (Mg-paW), a potential mitigator of water acidity, on barley germination and growth compared to Cap technology without Mg (paW). although seed germination increased with both treatments compared to just Di water (control), the increase was higher when Mg-paW was added, increasing by 2.29 and 2.59 times on day 2 and day 3. application of Mg-paW also increased water absorption, seedling growth (both in terms of weight and length), concentrations of chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble protein and enzymatic activities compared to both the control and the paW treatment. the Mg-paW displayed a 1.8-fold higher total soluble protein level compared to paW alone. although both treatments reduced Malondialdehyde (MDa) content, a prominent stress marker in plants, Mg-paW application resulted in a 46% higher reduction in MDa content than paW alone. also, Mg-paW application increased superoxide dismutase (SoD) activity by 50%, and catalase (Cat) enzyme activity by 8% compared to paW alone. the implications of these discoveries extend to different agricultural applications, offering a promising avenue for improved early plant growth using Mg-paW technologies under neutral or near-to-neutral ph conditions.
Castor Meal and Ground Hydrothermalized Phonolite Optimize Sweet Potato Nutrition, Yield, and Quality
(MDPI, 2024-07-23) Parecido, Renan J.; Soratto, Rogério P.; Fernandes, Adalton M.; Blanes, Mayara C.; Fidelis, Luis G.; Gitari, Harun I.; Dutra, Sérgio G.
To assess the effect of pure castor meal and a mixture of castor meal with ground hydrothermalized phonolite rock (CM+HP mixture) in providing nutrients, particularly N and K, and optimizing yield and quality of sweet potato, a field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design. Treatments were the absence and presence of synthetic N and K fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and KCl) combined with rates of organic fertilizers (1.2 and 2.4 Mg ha−1 of castor meal, 2.25 and 4.5 Mg ha−1 of CM+HP mixture, plus a treatment without organic fertilizers). The CM+HP mixture maintained adequate N and K status in plant leaves. Organic fertilizers increased the number of storage roots per plant and the sweetness of the storage roots, while synthetic fertilizers increased the storage root mean weight. Castor meal combined with synthetic fertilizers improved soil health (increased organic matter and enzyme activity in the soil). The combined application of synthetic fertilizerswith2.4Mgha−1 ofcastormealor4.5Mgha−1 of CM+HP mixture had the greatest benefit on storage root yield, with an average increase of 128% (10.9 Mg ha−1) on marketable storage root yield, and the nutrient removal compared with the sole application of organic fertilizers
Sustainable fodder production in South Asia through silvopastoral systems
(Current Science, 2024-05-25) Sow, Sumit; Ranjan,Shivani; Kumar, Navnit; Nilanjaya; Gitari, Harun; Daya, Parmeswar; Kumar, Sanjay
Silvopasture is a farming practice involving the integration of tree and livestock grazing operations on the same land. Intensive management of these systems enables them to generate short and long-term economic returns from forest products and forage. Silvopastoral systems have been considered to increase efficiency while reducing the environmental burden and extreme ranching/animal husbandry systems. Over the past few years, there has been a rapid accumulation of scientific evidence supporting the role of silvopasture in meeting the fundamental needs of not only humans but also the animal population in the era of climate change. In South Asian countries like India, the silvopastoral system can be a viable option to provide balanced food as well as shelter for the livestock. This review aims to provide a critical and systematic evaluation of the scientific literature about the effect of different silvopasture systems on the fodder production, environment and performance of livestock, especially in the context of South Asia. We conducted a search using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar to identify the key literature on the theme. A total of 98 manuscripts underwent a four-step PRISMA appraisal process, resulting in the final selection. This process resulted in a final sample of 56 articles, which were used to explore the potential for long-term improvement in fodder quality through expanding the silvopastoral system. One of the key conclusions is that by improving the social acceptability of these silvopastoral systems and also addressing the challenges, their economic and environmental sustainability can be further enhanced.
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens D203 Ameliorates Rice Growth and Resistance to Rice Blast Disease
(Cogent Food & AgriCulture, 2024-06) Mirara, Francis; Dzidzienyo, Daniel Kwadjo; Mwangi, Maina
This study evaluated the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D203 encapsulated in alginate-bentonite coating enriched with titanium nanoparticles on rice germination and Magnaporthe oryzae infection. Seed coating was achieved using the ionic gelation/extrusion method with modifications. The study investigated various concentrations of strain D203 on biomass and bacterial release from the beads, along with its influence on detached leaves. Results showed that treatment with a strain D203 cell suspension (2 × 107 CFU/ml) significantly enhanced root and shoot lengths, despite a slightly lower germination rate (90%) compared to the control. Treatment with a concentration of 1 × 107 proved to be optimum for growth because it maintained germination at 100% and boosted biomass growth of shoot and root by 49.57% and 16.44%, respectively. Colonization by strain D203, explored through seed coating and subsequent resuspension from roots and media, peaked in roots, indicating preferential root zone inhabitation. In vitro studies demonstrated strain D203’s efficacy against M. oryzae at 21 and 40 days, with the 1 × 107 CFU/ml spray significantly reducing disease symptoms. Strain D203 exhibited a preventive effect, especially in early growth stages. The encapsulated form of strain D203 had a control effect comparable to 40% Hexaconazole but less effective than 75% Tricyclazole. Uncoated and encapsulated B. amyloliquefaciens treatments significantly improved sterile rice plant growth over 21 days, with the encapsulated bead treatment surpassing both controls and free cell treatments by days 14 and 21, despite slower initial growth. Encapsulation presents a promising alternative, potentially matching the effectiveness of chemical fungicides, emphasizing the importance of environmentally friendly alternatives in sustainable disease management strategies.
Artiﬁcial Intelligence for Maximizing Agricultural Input Use Efﬁciency: Exploring Nutrient, Water and Weed Management Strategies
(Tech Science Press, 2024-05-30) Sow, Sumit; Ranjan, Shivani; Seleiman, Mahmoud F.; Alkharabsheh, Hiba M.; Kumar, Mukesh; Kumar, Navnit; Padhan, Smruti Ranjan; Roy, Dhirendra Kumar; Nath, Dibyajyoti; Gitari, Harun; Wasonga, Daniel O.
Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economy, and there is an increasing global emphasis on automating agricultural processes. With the tremendous increase in population, the demand for food and employment has also increased signiﬁcantly. Agricultural methods traditionally used to meet these requirements are no longer adequate, requiring solutions to issues such as excessive herbicide use and the use of chemical fertilizers. Integration of technologies such as the Internet of Things, wireless communication, machine learning, artiﬁcial intelligence (AI), and deep learning shows promise in addressing these challenges. However, there is a lack of comprehensive documentation on the application and potential of AI in improving agricultural input efﬁciency. To address this gap, a desk research approach was used by utilizing peer-reviewed electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct for relevant articles. Out of 327 initially identiﬁed articles, 180 were deemed pertinent, focusing primarily on AI’s potential in enhancing yield through better management of nutrients, water, and weeds. Taking into account research ﬁndings worldwide, we found that AI technologies could assist farmers by providing recommendations on the optimal nutrients to enhance soil quality and determine the best time for irrigation or herbicide application. The present status of AI-driven automation in agriculture holds signiﬁcant promise for optimizing agricultural input utilization and reducing resource waste, particularly in the context of three pillars of crop management, i.e., nutrient, irrigation, and weed management.
Sustainable fodder production in South Asia through silvopastoral systems
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2024-05-25) Sow, Sumit; Ranjan, Shivani; Kumar, Navnit; Nilanjaya; Gitari, Harun; Dayal, Parmeswar; Kumar, Sanjay
Silvopasture is a farming practice involving the integration of tree and livestock grazing operations on the same land. Intensive management of these systems enables them to generate short and long-term economic returns from forest products and forage. Silvopastoral systems have been considered to increase efficiency while reducing the environmental burden and extreme ranching/animal husbandry systems. Over the past few years, there has been a rapid accumulation of scientific evidence supporting the role of silvopasture in meeting the fundamental needs of not only humans but also the animal population in the era of climate change. In South Asian countries like India, the silvopastoral system can be a viable option to provide balanced food as well as shelter for the livestock. This review aims to provide a critical and systematic evaluation of the scientific literature about the effect of different silvopasture systems on the fodder production, environment and performance of livestock, especially in the context of South Asia. We conducted a search using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar to identify the key literature on the theme. A total of 98 manuscripts underwent a four-step PRISMA appraisal process, resulting in the final selection. This process resulted in a final sample of 56 articles, which were used to explore the potential for long-term improvement in fodder quality through expanding the silvopastoral system. One of the key conclusions is that by improving the social acceptability of these silvopastoral systems and also addressing the challenges, their economic and environmental sustainability can be further enhanced
A Review on Nitrogen Flows and Obstacles to Sustainable Nitrogen Management within the Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa
(MDPI, 2024-05) Masso, Cargele; Gweyi-Onyango, Joseph; Luoga, Hilda Pius; Yemefack, Martin; Vanlauwe, Bernard
The Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) is located in the upper reaches of the Nile River Basin and is shared by five East-African countries. The population in the catchment is growing rapidly and the lake is facing several environmental problems. During the past few decades, numerous efforts have been made across the five countries, with the coordination of the Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC) to reduce the loading of reactive nitrogen (Nr) into the lake and Lake Watershed. However, most of the measures envisaged to ensure long-term sustainable N management are not as easily adopted as planned. This paper reports on a review study on N flows and obstacles in achieving sustainable N management in the LVB, with the objectives of improving the understanding of the N cycle and examining the N management practices and policies that can help reduce the loss of Nr in the region. The scientific literature related to a range of N flows, N management obstacles, and options to overcome obstacles has been analyzed using N prospects developed at the global level for their potential applicability across the LVB. The study showed that an unbalanced use of N input is a serious threat to agricultural productivity leading to extreme soil N mining and degradation, with the majority of LVB farms operating within negative N balances and above the safe operating boundary for N in production systems. From the projections in N input as recommended by various stakeholders, there would likely be changes in both current yield and N use efficiency (NUE) values; however, most small-scale farmers will continue to experience low yields, which remains a challenge for food security in the area. These results suggest that scientists as well as those involved in decisionmaking and policymaking processes should formulate new targets for fertilizer increment to reduce the yield gap for sustainability, focusing on more integrated soil fertility as a package for nutrient management in cropping systems.
Sustainable fodder production in South Asia through silvopastoral systems
(Current science, 2024-05) Sow, Sumit; Ranjan, Shivani; Kumar, Navnit; Nilanjaya; Gitari, Harun; Dayal, Parmeswar; Kumar, Sanjay
Silvopasture is a farming practice involving the integration of tree and livestock grazing operations on the same land. Intensive management of these systems enables them to generate short and long-term economic returns from forest products and forage. Silvopastoral systems have been considered to increase efficiency while reducing the environmental burden and extreme ranching/animal husbandry systems. Over the past few years, there has been a rapid accumulation of scientific evidence supporting the role of silvopasture in meeting the fundamental needs of not only humans but also the animal population in the era of climate change. In South Asian countries like India, the silvopastoral system can be a viable option to provide balanced food as well as shelter for the livestock. This review aims to provide a critical and systematic evaluation of the scientific literature about the effect of different silvopasture systems on the fodder production, environment and performance of livestock, especially in the context of South Asia. We conducted a search using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar to identify the key literature on the theme. A total of 98 manuscripts underwent a four-step PRISMA appraisal process, resulting in the final selection. This process resulted in a final sample of 56 articles, which were used to explore the potential for long-term improvement in fodder quality through expanding the silvopastoral system. One of the key conclusions is that by improving the social acceptability of these silvopastoral systems and also addressing the challenges, their economic and environmental sustainability can be further enhanced.
Conservation agriculture and weed management effects on weed community and crop productivity of a rice-maize rotation
(Heliyon, 2024-05) Sahoo, Subhra; Seleiman, Mahmoud F.; Roy, Dhirendra Kumar; Ranjan, Shivani; Sow, Sumit; Jat, Raj Kumar; Alhammad, Bushra A.; Gitari, Harun
In recent years, an increase in weed infestation, which is adversely affecting crop growth and productivity has been a major challenge facing the farmers of South Asia. The adoption of a permanent bed in combination with residue retention-based crop management practices may reduce weed abundance and increase crop productivity. In a two-year field study, we evaluated the responses of different organic weed management practices with contrasting tillage and residue (R) management strategies to weed dynamics and crop productivity under rice-maize rotation. The main plot treatments consisted of zero-tillage direct seeded rice and zero-tillage maize (ZTR fb ZTM); ZTDSR and maize both on permanent raised beds with residue (PBDSR+R fb PBDSM+R); PBDSR and PBM without residue (PBDSR-R fb PBDSM-R) and conventional tillage puddled transplanted rice and conventional tillage maize (CTR fb CTM). The subplots comprised unweeded control; vermicompost mulch; P- enriched vermicompost mulch; live mulch with Sesbania spp. in rice and Pisum sativum in maize and weed-free. Total weed density and biomass in rice and maize at 30 days after sowing (DAS) were minimum for PBDSR+R fb PBDSM+R compared to remaining tillage and residue management practices in both years. Apart from weed-free treatment, the highest weed control index was found with live mulch. Yield of rice and maize were found higher in permanent beds along with residue retention-based practices. In rice, the weed-free treatment showed the highest grain yield and live mulch reported 9.8 and 6.8% higher grain yield than vermicompost mulch and P-enriched vermicompost mulch respectively. Our study shows that conservation agriculture practices under rice-maize rotation is one of the ways to reduce weed density and improve crop productivity in South Asia and other similar agro-ecologies.
Maize-soybeans intercropping increases nutrient uptake, crop yield and modifies soil physio-chemical characteristics and enzymatic activities in a subtropical humid region based in Southwest China
(Research square, 2023-12) Nasar, Jamal; Ahmad, Munir; Gitari, Harun; Tang, Li; Chen, Yuan; Zhou, Xun-Bo
In China, the high use of nitrogen fertilization for agricultural production and intensive mono-cropping systems have adversely affected the agricultural ecosystem and environment. Therefore, to improve the sustainable agricultural production system, farming systems need to be adjusted within the country. Consequently, a two-year (2021–2022) field experiment was conducted on the maize/soybean intercropping practices with/without nitrogen (N) fertilization (i.e., N0; 0 N kg ha− 1 and N1; 225 N kg ha− 1) to know whether such cropping system can improve the nutrients uptake and crop yields, soil physio-chemical properties, and soil enzymes, which ultimately results in enhanced crop yield. The results revealed that maize intercropping treatments (i.e., N0MI and N1MI) had higher crop yield, biomass dry matter, and 1000-grain weight of maize than mono-cropping treatments (N0MM, and N1MM). Nonetheless, these parameters were optimized in N1MI treatments in both years. For instance, N1MI produced the maximum grain yield (10105 and 11705 kg ha− 1), biomass dry matter (13893 and 14093 kg ha− 1), and 1000-grain weight (420. and 449 g) of maize in the year 2021 and 2022, respectively. Conversely, soybean intercropping treatments (i.e., N0SI and N1SI) reduced such yield parameters for soybean. Also, the land equivalent ratio (LER) and land equivalent ratio for N fertilization (LERN) values were always greater than 1, showing the intercropping system's benefits in terms of yield and improved resource usage. Moreover, maize intercropping treatments (i.e., N0MI and N1MI) and soybean intercropping treatments (i.e., N0SI and N1SI) significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the nutrient uptake (i.e., N, Fe, P, K, Ca, and Zn) of maize and soybean, however, these nutrients uptakes were more prominent in N1MI and N1SI treatments of maize and soybean, respectively in both years (2021 and 2022) compared with their mono-cropping treatments. Similarly, maize-soybean intercropping treatments (i.e., N0MSI and N1MSI) significantly (p < 0.05) improved the soil-based N, K, P, NH4, NO3, and soil organic matter, but, reduced the soil pH. Such maize-soybean intercropping treatments also improved the soil enzymatic activities such as protease (PT), sucrose (SC), acid phosphatase (AP), urease (UE), and catalase (CT) activities. This indicates that maize-soybean intercropping could potentially contribute to higher and better crop yield, enhanced plant nutrient uptake, improved soil nutrient pool, physio-chemical characteristics, and related soil enzymatic activities. Thus, preferring intercropping to mono-cropping could be a preferable choice for ecological viable agricultural development.
Morphological, Pedological and Chemical Characterization and Classiﬁcation of Soils in Morogoro District, Tanzania
(National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2023-12) Nungula, Emmanuely Z.; Mugwe, Jayne; Massawe, Boniface H. J.; Gitari, Harun I.
Abstract This study was carried out in Morogoro district, Tanzania to characterize and classify soils using USDA Soil Taxonomy and World Reference Base (WRB) for Soil classiﬁcation methods. The site characteristics were identiﬁed during the reconnaissance survey for the determination of sampling units. Six soil proﬁle pits namely TUG-P1, TUG-P2, TUG-P3, TUG-P4, TUG-P5, and TUG-P6 were excavated, described, and sampled for laboratory physico-chemical analysis. Topsoil bulky densities were determined and ranged from 1.23 to 1.37 g cm-3. The surface soil pH ranged from moderately acidic to slightly acidic (5.69–6.58) and subsoil from strongly acidic to neutral (4.72–7.30). Soil organic carbon (OC) was low for both top (2.93–4.79 g kg-1) and subsoil (2.34–3.51 g kg-1). Total nitrogen was medium (2–4 g kg-1 for the topsoil and 2–3 g kg-1 for the subsoil. Available P rated low with the top soil having 4.81–6.22 cmol kg-1 and subsoil recording 3.12–6.14 cmol kg-1. The cation exchange capacity for topsoil ranged from 5.31 to 8.10 cmol kg-1 whereas for subsoil it was 4.91–8.10 cmol kg-1. Using the USDA Soil Taxonomy, soils were classiﬁed as Rhodic Siderudox (TUGP1), Typic Sombrustert (TUG- P2), Typic Eutrustolls (TUG- P3), Psamm Haplustepts (TUG- P4), Typic siderustepts (TUGP5) and Typic Siderudox (TUG- P6). Under WRB, soil was classiﬁed as Rhodic Umbric Ferralsols (Eutric, Arenic) (TUGP1), Haplic Vertsols (Aric, Orchric) (TUG- P2), Rhodic Eutric Cambisols (Arenic, Aric) (TUG- P3), Haplic Arenosols (Aric, Orchric) (TUG- P4), Rhodic Umbric Ferralsols (Eutric, Arenic) (TUG- P5) and Umbric Ferralsols (Eutric, Arenic) (TUG- P6). Soils showed a high level of weathering of parent material with deep depth, and ﬁne texture dominated by sesquioxides and kaolinitic clays. To sustain yields, the soil’s nutrient management ought to involve the use of integrated approaches such as the application of inorganic (synthetic fertilizer) and organic nutrient inputs.
Impact of Specific Leaf Extracts on Soil pH and Beta-Carotene in Amaranthus in Kiambu County, Kenya
(AJAHR, 2024-04) Njeru, N; Wa Githendu, Mukiri; Murungi, J.
Amaranthus (Amaranthus spp.) leaves are a good source of nutrients including vitamins antioxidants and dietary minerals including calcium, iron, and potassium. Soil pH is a very important chemical property of the soil, as it dictates the availability of plant nutrients. Acidic soils reduce availability of plant nutrients and hinder growth. This is corrected by adding lime which is expensive, does not add nutrients and requires re-application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of leaf extracts from selected tree leaves on soil acidity and beta-carotene levels of amaranthus. Plant leaves that were tested were Turril (Vitex keniensis) Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and Indian nettle (Plectranthus barbatus). The experiment setup was in a 2 x 7 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design(RCBDreplicated three timesThe treatments were; the three leaves extracts, lime, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizer and control.. Leaves were dried,ground and soaked in distilledwater for sixty days as pH was monitored and the resulting extract was added to soil for amanthus grown with plant extracts. Data on plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight and levels of beta carotene levels were collected. AOAC method was used for analysis of beta carotene. All data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance using SAS and least significant difference (LSD) for means separation. The results showed that leaf extracts significantly reduced soil acidity to above (6) while inorganic fertilizer increased the acidity (pH5.9) to (5.3) on all growing conditions while humus increased acidity during rainy and irrigation conditions. On beta carotene levels, Farmyard Manure had the highest levels(51.1µg) followed by the leaf extracts with extract 3-Plectras barbatus having higher levels. Control had the lowest levels of beta carotene followed by inorganic fertilizer and lime.These results suggest that farmers should be encouraged to grow vegetables using farmyard manure and leaf extracts to increase antioxidant levels and reduce soil acidity.They should also be encouraged to grow more of trees and shrubs studied to increase forest cover.
Multicriteria Land Suitability Assessment for Cassava and Bean Production using Integration of GIS and AHP
(Tylor and Francis, 2024-03) Nungula, Emmanuely Z.; Massawe, Boniface J.; Chappa, Luciana R.; Nhunda, Daniel M.; Seleiman, Mahmoud F.; Ali, Nawab; Gitari, Harun I.
Land valuation is essential for developing land use planning and achieving efficient land use, food security, and poverty reduction. This study aimed to assess land suitability for cassava and bean production using the multicriteria decision analysis AHP technique and GIS. Land suitability analysis considers factors affecting crop growth and development, particularly in producing beans and cassava. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was used to determine the importance of main and sub-criteria parameters. ArcGIS software was used to create crop suitability distribution maps for bean and cassava production. Each parameter was subjected to pair-wise comparison by employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The study found that the southern region displayed a vastly suitable level of 38% and 46% for beans and cassava, respectively. Farmers can use the comprehensive data to decide whether to plant beans and cassava on their lands, increasing revenue while preserving soil quality management. The GIS-AHP integration approach was suggested to determine optimal decisions based on chosen criteria.
Climate Smart Agriculture and its Implication on Climate Change Adaptation Measures within Smallholder Farming Systems in Gatundu South, Kenya
(UNESCO, 2024) Tei, Jilo Naghea; Waswa, Fuchaka
The impacts of climate change and the need for implementing adaptation and mitigation measures continues to dominate global environmental dialogue, with the Africa Climate Summit 2023 and Conference of Parties 28 being the most recent in this series. A hitherto marginalised aspect is the level of adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices in smallholder production systems. This study explored this dimension using Gatundu South as a case study. Rainfall data was obtained from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data. Socio-economic data targeting 384 respondents was collected using questionnaires. Standard procedures were used to analyse these data. Results showed that farmers are generally aware of climatic variability especially as evidenced by changes in rainfall patterns. Farmers adapt and attempt to mitigate effects of climate change and variability by using practices that deliver direct economic benefits and not necessarily the climate-smartness of the practices. Farmers did not associate their adaptation measures with the need to reduce emission of greenhouse gasses. To smallholder farmers, direct economic benefits are the primary incentives for the adoption of climate-smart practices. Further, the link between climate change and the invisible greenhouse gases is a knowledge gap among smallholder farmers. Therefore, adoption of climate smart agriculture practices can be enhanced if the narrative shifts to emphasise the negative contribution of greenhouse gases to farmers’ health and the concomitant medical costs, through their role in exacerbating air pollution
Effect of Extreme Drought on Reticulated Giraffe Population in Northeastern, Kenya
(ASSOCIATION FOR AGRICULTURE ENVIRONMENT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2023-12) Mohamed, Hussein Ali; Abdullahi, Ali; Nungula, Emmanuely Z.; Gitari, Harun
Occurrence of severe drought in northeastern Kenya has emerged as a critical threat to the giraffe population in the region, exacerbating a multitude of pre-existing challenges. The primary concern stems from the drying up of acacia trees, a crucial feed source for giraffes. As these trees wither due to the prolonged drought, the giraffes are confronted with a diminishing feed supply, leading to malnutrition and an alarming decline in their overall population. One immediate consequence of the drought is the migration of giraffes to neighboring countries such as Ethiopia and Somalia in search of sustenance. Unfortunately, the situation in these regions, particularly Somalia, has been aggravated by persistent civil unrest since 1991. The ongoing conflict not only exacerbates the challenges faced by giraffes but also poses additional threats to their survival. The violence and instability in these areas hinder conservation efforts, making it more difficult to implement protective measures and conservation programs. Beyond the drought and migration, giraffes in northeastern Kenya are grappling with a host of other issues. Habitat loss, primarily driven by human activities such as deforestation and land development, further diminishes the available living space for giraffes. The encroachment of agriculture, expanding settlements, and infrastructure development contribute to the shrinking of their natural habitats. HIGHLIGHTS m Reticulated giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis. reticulata) are a subspecies of giraffes found in East Africa, primarily in the arid and semi-arid regions of Kenya, Somalia, and Ethiopia. m Reticulated giraffes are easily recognized by their distinctive coat pattern, which features a network of sharp-edged, polygonal shapes outlined by a network of thin white lines. m They inhabit savannas, open woodlands, and grasslands, where they can find an abundance of acacia trees and other vegetation. m These animals are herbivores and primarily feed on the leaves, flowers, and fruits of acacia trees. Their long necks and prehensile tongues enable them to reach high branches
Evolving Dynamics of Insect Frass Fertilizer for Sustainable Nematode Management and Potato Production
(Frontiers in Plant Science, 2024-02) Anedo, Emmanuel O.; Beesigamukama, Dennis; Mochoge, Benson; Korir, Nicholas K.; Haukeland, Solveig; Cheseto, Xavier; Subramanian, Sevgan; Kelemu, Segenet; Tanga, Chrysantus M.
Potato production faces major challenges from inadequate soil fertility, and nematode infestation, yet synthetic fertilizers and nematicides are costly and harmful to the environment. This study explored the potential of chitin-fortified black soldier fly-composted organic fertilizer (BSFCOF) as a multipurpose organic fertilizer amendment for enhancing potato yield and suppressing potato cyst nematodes (PCN). The BSFCOF was applied at a rate equivalent to 150 kg N ha-1 and fortified with chitin from black soldier fly pupal exuviae at inclusion rates equivalent to 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% chitin. Data were collected on potato growth characteristics, PCN population densities, and soil chemical properties for two growing cycles. Results showed that chitin fortified BSFCOF significantly improved potato growth parameters, chlorophyll concentration, marketable tuber yield and number of marketable tubers. The marketable tuber yield achieved using chitin-fortified BSFCOF was 70 – 362%, and 69 – 238% higher than the values achieved using unfertilized soil during the first and second growing cycles, respectively. Soil amendment with chitin-fortified BSFCOF significantly reduced the number of cysts per 200 g soil-1, number of eggs and J2 per cyst-1, eggs g-1 soil and reproduction rate by 32 – 87%, 9 – 92%, 31– 98% and 31 – 98%, respectively. The PCN suppression increased with chitin inclusion rates. There were significantly higher values for soil pH, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and cation exchange capacity in soil amended with BSFCOF compared to unamended soil. This study demonstrates that BSFCOF fortified with 5% chitin is an effective soil enhancer with multiple benefits, including improved soil fertility, potato performance, and effective management of potato cyst nematodes.
Knowledge and Information Systems on Sorghum Amongst Sorghum Farmers in Nyanza, Eastern and Coastal Regions, Kenya
(IISTE, 2023-02) Muui, Catherine; Muasya, Reuben; Kambura, Ann; Nguluu, Simon
As climate change continues to impact negatively on crop productivity, hardy crops such as sorghum could end severe food insecurity due to their potential to withstand adverse conditions. Farmers rely on localized indigenous knowledge passed on by word of mouth, informal training systems and growing practices as farmers interact. Though there are many stakeholders in sorghum production and its value chain, access to information and knowledge by farmers is still limited especially in marginalized regions. To understand information and knowledge management systems in sorghum production and how stakeholders interact a study was conducted in Eastern, Nyanza and Coastal regions of Kenya using structured questionnaires. The results showed most farmers were females. Majority had attained primary and secondary education, while 7.5% had no education. Farmer-tofarmer source of information on where to source seed was highest compared to agricultural extension officers and media advertisement. 60% do not consult where to get seed, instead use on farm saved seeds. Majority use traditional knowledge through experience compared to sources such as ministry of Agriculture, trainings and fellow farmers. Farmer-to-farmer information network and market analysis was commonly used on where to sell the grain. On-farm saved seed was selected based on size and color and about 60% conduct germination test on the seed from whichever source before planting. Majority (82.5%) use on-farm saved seeds, manure/compost and cultural methods to control pests. Of the respondents, 15% (eastern) and 7.5% (coastal) reported they have no measures to respond to climate change. Majority use grain for human consumption and about 73.1% are not members of any farmer group. Therefore, sensitization on benefits of sorghum crop, formation of more active farmer groups, involvement of agricultural related stakeholders, provision of more support and capacity building could enable them attain optimum agricultural productivity
Root Development Does Not Antagonizeregeneration of Double Node Vegetatively Propagated Tea(Camellia sinensis) Cultivar Propagation
(ajhs, 2021-06) Mwangi, Simon M; Korir, Nicholas K; Mose, Richard; Osei-Kwarteng, Mildred; Akuja, Thomas E; Gweyi-Onyango, Joseph P
Gaps in tea farms and plantations resulting from poor planting material, storms, accidental mechanical operations and pests lead to monumental yield losses. Conventionally, single node cuttings have been used for infilling of such gaps in the past; however they take very long to regenerate and to eventually cover the gaps and are also expensive compared to normal seedlings. Therefore, double node cuttings can offer a faster and robust alternative for production of the infilling material. However, the fear has been that it poses greater demand for photosynthates for recovery and regeneration of shoots from more nodes and this may lead to competition between roots and shoots for assimilates and hence premature death instead. The current work was set to test the hypothesis that more nodes/ plus leaves lead to more demand of substrates from source to the nodes with little going to the roots, hence low chance of root initiation and thus not suitable for production of tea seedlings. A study to evaluate potential of different types of tea node cuttings (Single Node cutting SNC – and Two Node cutting TNC) as planting material was therefore conducted at Kangaita farm at the Kenya Tea Development Agency in Kirinyaga, Kenya. The experiment was laid as Complete Block Design with split plot arrangement in net shades. The regeneration of single node and double node cuttings from three popular commercial tea clones (TRFK 31/8, TRFK 6/8 and AHP S15/10) was assessed in relation to their root and shoot development in the nursery until transplanting at 8 months in screen house with polythene papers. Variables such as root length, root biomass, leaf size, shoot count, shoot length and survival were evaluated as a measure of root and shoot development. The results revealed that double node cuttings were more vigorous in generation of new shoots, which triggered early root development, with clear variation observable among the test clones. Clone TRFK 31/8 was more superior in root development while clone AHP S15/10 showed superior ability to produce two shoots. There results also revealed lack in difference in seedling survival from two types of regenerations. The study confirms that indeed there was no adverse competition between root and shoots for assimilates and demonstrates the potential of that double node tea cuttings to be used to generate robust planting material both for new fields and infilling. It is therefore recommended that this technique be adopted and more studies be done using cuttings with more nodes to optimize rooting and growth conditions during propagation.

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